B sc Botany Syllabus KU
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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Morphology of nematodes
Nematodes have slender, elongated bodies that vary in size from 0.2 mm to over 1 meter long. They are generally bilaterally symmetrical and colorless. While their bodies appear unsegmented, some nematodes have a segmented appearance due to their cuticle. The body can be divided into head, tail, and four longitudinal zones. The head contains mouth structures while the tail varies in shape between species.
3.4 phylocode
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plant disease control
This document discusses principles of disease control in agricultural microbiology. It outlines four main principles: 1) Avoidance/Exclusion to prevent import and spread of pathogens, 2) Eradiation to reduce pathogen amounts, 3) Protection to directly protect plants from infection, and 4) Resistant varieties that hinder pathogen development. Specific control methods are described under each principle, including quarantine, sanitation, crop rotation, biological and chemical controls, and genetic engineering to develop resistant varieties.
History of plant pathology
Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases. It deals with the causes and mechanisms of disease development, plant-pathogen interactions, and disease management methods. Some key events in the history of plant pathology include the first use of microscopy to observe fungi and bacteria in the 16th-17th centuries, the 19th century discoveries of the fungal causes of late blight and anthrax, and the early 20th century discoveries of viral and other non-fungal pathogens. Modern plant pathology incorporates genetics, microbiology, and other fields to understand and address important diseases.
Insect abdomen and its appendages
The insect abdomen contains 11 segments plus a telson. The basic structures include 8 pairs of spiracles and tympanum auditory organs in grasshoppers. Abdominal modifications include reduced segments in springtails and house flies. Ant abdomens fuse segments and queen termite abdomens become bloated. Abdominal appendages include styli in silverfish, gills in aquatic larvae, dolichasters and prolegs in larvae, and cerci, ovipositors, and genitalia in adults. The document provides details on the morphology and functions of these various abdominal structures in insects.
INSECT MOUTH PARTS AND THEIR MODIFICATION.pptx
Insect mouthparts come in two main types - mandibulate for chewing and haustellate for sucking liquids. Mandibulate mouthparts consist of labrum, mandibles, maxillae and labium and are found in insects like dragonflies, termites and beetles. Haustellate mouthparts can be piercing-sucking like in bugs, siphoning like in butterflies, or sponging like in flies. Piercing-sucking types use stylets to penetrate tissues and suck fluids, while siphoning and sponging types lack stylets and suck or sponge up liquids. Caterpillars have mandibulate mouthparts but moths and butterflies have siph
Order hemiptera
1. This document provides information on the course Fundamentals of Entomology II, including definitions and characteristics of different orders of insects including Hemiptera and Homoptera.
2. It describes key features and examples of different families of true bugs and plant-sucking insects like aphids, whiteflies, and scale insects.
3. The insect orders and families discussed include agricultural pests that feed on and transmit pathogens in important crop plants.
Insect morphology
This document outlines the course for Insect Morphology taught by Dr. Zeinab Abu-Elnaga at Mansoura University. It includes an introduction to insect systematics, general insect characters, attributes of insect survival and dominance, economic importance of insects, and outlines the external morphology of insect body regions including the head and its appendages, thorax and its appendages, and modifications of these structures. The document describes in detail the typical and modified structures of insect mouthparts, antennae, wings, and legs.
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Morphology of nematodes
Nematodes have slender, elongated bodies that vary in size from 0.2 mm to over 1 meter long. They are generally bilaterally symmetrical and colorless. While their bodies appear unsegmented, some nematodes have a segmented appearance due to their cuticle. The body can be divided into head, tail, and four longitudinal zones. The head contains mouth structures while the tail varies in shape between species.
3.4 phylocode
The document discusses the PhyloCode, an alternative nomenclatural code proposed as taxonomy increasingly relies on phylogenetic hypotheses rather than Linnaean hierarchy. It was developed in the 1990s in response to criticisms of traditional taxonomy. The PhyloCode names both species and clades rather than classifying into ranks, excludes ranks above species, and aims to change existing names as little as possible while basing stability on clades. It remains controversial and a draft, with its success depending on adoption by taxonomists.
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This document discusses principles of disease control in agricultural microbiology. It outlines four main principles: 1) Avoidance/Exclusion to prevent import and spread of pathogens, 2) Eradiation to reduce pathogen amounts, 3) Protection to directly protect plants from infection, and 4) Resistant varieties that hinder pathogen development. Specific control methods are described under each principle, including quarantine, sanitation, crop rotation, biological and chemical controls, and genetic engineering to develop resistant varieties.
History of plant pathology
Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases. It deals with the causes and mechanisms of disease development, plant-pathogen interactions, and disease management methods. Some key events in the history of plant pathology include the first use of microscopy to observe fungi and bacteria in the 16th-17th centuries, the 19th century discoveries of the fungal causes of late blight and anthrax, and the early 20th century discoveries of viral and other non-fungal pathogens. Modern plant pathology incorporates genetics, microbiology, and other fields to understand and address important diseases.
Insect abdomen and its appendages
The insect abdomen contains 11 segments plus a telson. The basic structures include 8 pairs of spiracles and tympanum auditory organs in grasshoppers. Abdominal modifications include reduced segments in springtails and house flies. Ant abdomens fuse segments and queen termite abdomens become bloated. Abdominal appendages include styli in silverfish, gills in aquatic larvae, dolichasters and prolegs in larvae, and cerci, ovipositors, and genitalia in adults. The document provides details on the morphology and functions of these various abdominal structures in insects.
INSECT MOUTH PARTS AND THEIR MODIFICATION.pptx
Insect mouthparts come in two main types - mandibulate for chewing and haustellate for sucking liquids. Mandibulate mouthparts consist of labrum, mandibles, maxillae and labium and are found in insects like dragonflies, termites and beetles. Haustellate mouthparts can be piercing-sucking like in bugs, siphoning like in butterflies, or sponging like in flies. Piercing-sucking types use stylets to penetrate tissues and suck fluids, while siphoning and sponging types lack stylets and suck or sponge up liquids. Caterpillars have mandibulate mouthparts but moths and butterflies have siph
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1. This document provides information on the course Fundamentals of Entomology II, including definitions and characteristics of different orders of insects including Hemiptera and Homoptera.
2. It describes key features and examples of different families of true bugs and plant-sucking insects like aphids, whiteflies, and scale insects.
3. The insect orders and families discussed include agricultural pests that feed on and transmit pathogens in important crop plants.
Insect morphology
This document outlines the course for Insect Morphology taught by Dr. Zeinab Abu-Elnaga at Mansoura University. It includes an introduction to insect systematics, general insect characters, attributes of insect survival and dominance, economic importance of insects, and outlines the external morphology of insect body regions including the head and its appendages, thorax and its appendages, and modifications of these structures. The document describes in detail the typical and modified structures of insect mouthparts, antennae, wings, and legs.
Insect systematics
This document provides information about insect systematics and classification. It discusses the following key points:
- Systematics is the scientific study of classification and evolutionary relationships of organisms, including insects. Carl Linnaeus established the binomial nomenclature system in 1758.
- There are guidelines for scientific naming established by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, including naming conventions, holotype/paratype designations, and dealing with synonyms and homonyms.
- Modern insect classification is based on wing characters and places insects into orders such as Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, etc. over 1.5 million insect species have been described to date.
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This document discusses the dispersal of plant pathogens. It defines dispersal as the transport of spores or infectious bodies from one host to another, resulting in the spread of disease. Dispersal can be direct through soil, seed, and planting material, or indirect through external agents like wind, water, insects, animals and humans. It then describes various modes of indirect dispersal, including wind which can disperse spores over short or long distances, water which can disperse propagules via rain splash or flowing water, and biological vectors like insects that transmit pathogens mechanically or through feeding. Other modes covered are dispersal by animals, humans, seed trade and farming activities. The document provides examples to illustrate different types of dispers
Lec. 9 Structure and modifications of mouth parts.ppt
1. Insects have a variety of mouthpart structures adapted for different feeding behaviors. These include chewing and biting parts, chewing and lapping parts, piercing and sucking parts, rasping and sucking parts, and siphoning parts.
2. Chewing and biting mouthparts consist of labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx and are found in insects like cockroaches and grasshoppers. Siphoning mouthparts form a tubular proboscis from elongated galeae of the maxillae for sucking nectar, as in butterflies.
3. Piercing and sucking mouthparts are adapted for feeding on blood or plant sap
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This document summarizes the wing venation patterns of various insect orders. It describes the basic longitudinal veins (costa, subcosta, radius, media, cubitus, anal) and cross veins that make up the wing venation in insects. It provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of the wing venation in specific examples, including damselflies, dragonflies, cockroaches, grasshoppers, stick insects, cicadas, beetles, flies, and butterflies. The wing venation patterns vary between orders and can be useful for species identification.
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This document discusses beneficial and injurious insects. It begins by describing several commercially beneficial insects that produce honey, wax, lac, dyes and silk. It then discusses different categories of beneficial insects including those used for pollination, as predators of other insects, as parasites of harmful insects, and as decomposers. The document also notes several crops that depend on insect pollination. It concludes by describing several categories of injurious insects including disease transmitters, household pests, and those that damage domestic animals and crops.
structure and function of insect respiratory system
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sclerites of thoraci segment in insect
1. The insect thorax is composed of hardened plates called sclerites that allow for locomotion. Each of the three thoracic segments contains a notum, pleuron, and sternum sclerite.
2. Legs and wings articulate from specific sclerites. Each segment contains one pair of legs articulating from the pleuron, and wings articulate from the notum and pleuron.
3. The sclerites are further divided into subsections. The notum contains the prescutum, scutum, and scutellum. The sternum contains the presternum, basisternum, and sternellum. The pleuron contains the episternum and epimeron
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Insect metamorphosis
This document discusses the different types of metamorphosis, insect eggs, larvae, and pupae. There are four main types of metamorphosis: ametabola (no metamorphosis), hemimetabola (incomplete metamorphosis), paurometabola (gradual metamorphosis), and holometabola (complete metamorphosis). Insect eggs can be laid singly or in groups, and come in different shapes and structures. Larvae are generally oligopod, polypod, or apodous. Pupae are either obtect, exarate, or coarctate. The document provides examples and details on the characteristics of each type.
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This document discusses the structure and modification of insect legs. It notes that all insects have three pairs of legs, which gives them the name hexapods. The basic structure of an insect leg consists of five segments: the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. The document describes each segment and provides examples of how legs are modified for different purposes, such as cursorial, ambulatory, saltatorial, fossorial, raptorial, and others.
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"Equisetum" Structural development Reproduction
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This document provides information on the key distinguishing characteristics of different insect orders, including their names, etymologies, antennae, mouthparts, wings, legs and other features. It covers 32 major orders of insects, from Thysanura to Hymenoptera, with 1-4 defining bullet points per order.
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1) The document contains an exam for engineering chemistry with multiple choice and long answer questions.
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Insect systematics
This document provides information about insect systematics and classification. It discusses the following key points:
- Systematics is the scientific study of classification and evolutionary relationships of organisms, including insects. Carl Linnaeus established the binomial nomenclature system in 1758.
- There are guidelines for scientific naming established by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, including naming conventions, holotype/paratype designations, and dealing with synonyms and homonyms.
- Modern insect classification is based on wing characters and places insects into orders such as Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, etc. over 1.5 million insect species have been described to date.
Dispersal of plant pathogen
This document discusses the dispersal of plant pathogens. It defines dispersal as the transport of spores or infectious bodies from one host to another, resulting in the spread of disease. Dispersal can be direct through soil, seed, and planting material, or indirect through external agents like wind, water, insects, animals and humans. It then describes various modes of indirect dispersal, including wind which can disperse spores over short or long distances, water which can disperse propagules via rain splash or flowing water, and biological vectors like insects that transmit pathogens mechanically or through feeding. Other modes covered are dispersal by animals, humans, seed trade and farming activities. The document provides examples to illustrate different types of dispers
Lec. 9 Structure and modifications of mouth parts.ppt
1. Insects have a variety of mouthpart structures adapted for different feeding behaviors. These include chewing and biting parts, chewing and lapping parts, piercing and sucking parts, rasping and sucking parts, and siphoning parts.
2. Chewing and biting mouthparts consist of labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx and are found in insects like cockroaches and grasshoppers. Siphoning mouthparts form a tubular proboscis from elongated galeae of the maxillae for sucking nectar, as in butterflies.
3. Piercing and sucking mouthparts are adapted for feeding on blood or plant sap
Kingdom fungi (ustilago)
Habit and Habitat of Ustilago
Symptoms of Ustilago
Vegetative Structure of Ustilago
Reproduction in Ustilago
Biological control
The document discusses biological pest control, which relies on predation, parasitism, and other natural mechanisms. There are three basic strategies for biological control: importation, augmentation, and conservation. Importation involves introducing a pest's natural enemies into a new location. Augmentation involves supplemental releases of natural enemies to boost populations. Conservation avoids harmful practices and promotes natural enemy populations through habitat manipulation. Common biological control agents are predators, parasitoids, pathogens like bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and viruses. Each uses different mechanisms to control pests but with the goal of providing a safe, effective and sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides.
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This document summarizes the wing venation patterns of various insect orders. It describes the basic longitudinal veins (costa, subcosta, radius, media, cubitus, anal) and cross veins that make up the wing venation in insects. It provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of the wing venation in specific examples, including damselflies, dragonflies, cockroaches, grasshoppers, stick insects, cicadas, beetles, flies, and butterflies. The wing venation patterns vary between orders and can be useful for species identification.
economic importance of insects
This document discusses beneficial and injurious insects. It begins by describing several commercially beneficial insects that produce honey, wax, lac, dyes and silk. It then discusses different categories of beneficial insects including those used for pollination, as predators of other insects, as parasites of harmful insects, and as decomposers. The document also notes several crops that depend on insect pollination. It concludes by describing several categories of injurious insects including disease transmitters, household pests, and those that damage domestic animals and crops.
structure and function of insect respiratory system
structure and function of insect respiratory system and also various modifications in respiratory systems in terrestrial and aquatic insects
sclerites of thoraci segment in insect
1. The insect thorax is composed of hardened plates called sclerites that allow for locomotion. Each of the three thoracic segments contains a notum, pleuron, and sternum sclerite.
2. Legs and wings articulate from specific sclerites. Each segment contains one pair of legs articulating from the pleuron, and wings articulate from the notum and pleuron.
3. The sclerites are further divided into subsections. The notum contains the prescutum, scutum, and scutellum. The sternum contains the presternum, basisternum, and sternellum. The pleuron contains the episternum and epimeron
Biological Control of Insects
This document discusses biological control of insect pests. It defines biological control as using natural enemies to reduce damage from insect pest populations. The document then covers the history of biological control from early efforts in 200 AD through the modern period. It discusses three approaches to biological control - classical biological control involving introducing exotic natural enemies, augmentative biological control involving adding natural enemies, and conservation biological control involving protecting existing natural enemies.
Insect metamorphosis
This document discusses the different types of metamorphosis, insect eggs, larvae, and pupae. There are four main types of metamorphosis: ametabola (no metamorphosis), hemimetabola (incomplete metamorphosis), paurometabola (gradual metamorphosis), and holometabola (complete metamorphosis). Insect eggs can be laid singly or in groups, and come in different shapes and structures. Larvae are generally oligopod, polypod, or apodous. Pupae are either obtect, exarate, or coarctate. The document provides examples and details on the characteristics of each type.
Insect wing venation and Its modification Dr.Sunil Prajapati
The document discusses wing venation and modifications in insects. It describes the basic anatomy of insect wings including the principal veins and margins. The document also examines different types of wing modifications among insect orders like tegmina in grasshoppers, elytra in beetles, hemelytra in bugs, and halteres in flies. It analyzes various wing coupling mechanisms that link the forewings and hindwings during flight.
TYPES OF INSECT LEGS
Structure and types of insect legs and identification of insect legs, Modification in insect legs - Cursorial leg(running leg), Ambulatorial leg(walking leg), Saltatorial leg(jumping leg), Scansorial leg(climbing leg), Fossorial leg(digging leg), Natatorial leg(swimming leg), Raptorial leg(grasping leg), Basket – like leg, Sticking leg, Foragial leg, Prolegs or False legs or Pseudolegs
Insect leg and their modification
This document discusses the structure and modification of insect legs. It notes that all insects have three pairs of legs, which gives them the name hexapods. The basic structure of an insect leg consists of five segments: the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. The document describes each segment and provides examples of how legs are modified for different purposes, such as cursorial, ambulatory, saltatorial, fossorial, raptorial, and others.
History of plant pathology
Introduction to the science of plant pathology, its objectives, scope and historical background. Classification of plant diseases, symptoms, signs, and related terminology. Parasitic causes of plant diseases (fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasma, protozoa, algae and flowering parasitic plants), their characteristics and classification. Non-parasitic causes of plant diseases. Infection process. Survival and dispersal of plant pathogens. Plant disease epidemiology, forecasting and disease assessment. Principles and methods of plant disease management. Integrated plant disease management.
Taxonomic systems in plants
The document discusses the history and evolution of taxonomic plant classification systems from ancient to modern times. It describes early artificial systems from 2000 BC based on single characteristics like use or appearance. Natural systems from the 1600s classified plants based on multiple natural characteristics. Phylogenetic systems from the 1800s classify plants based on evolutionary relationships revealed by modern techniques. The most widely accepted current systems combine natural and phylogenetic approaches.
"Equisetum" Structural development Reproduction
The plant body of Equisetum has an underground rhizome and an aerial shoot. The shoot has scale-like leaves arranged in whorls and ridges with stomata located in furrows. It reproduces sexually through antheridia and archegonia on separate gametophytes. Upon fertilization of the egg, the zygote develops into a four-celled embryo that grows into a new sporophyte, with multiple sporophytes potentially developing from a single gametophyte.
Classification of insects
Neuroptera is an order of insects that includes lacewings, antlions, and dobsonflies. The order is divided into two suborders - Planipennia which includes lacewings and antlions, and Megaloptera which includes dobsonflies and snakeflies. Neuroptera have four membranous wings with extensive branching veins, are soft-bodied, and have mandibulate mouthparts. Both the larvae and adults are predominantly predatory, with larvae of some families being important predators of agricultural pests. Some key families include green lacewings, brown lacewings, antlions, dobsonflies, and snakeflies.
Role of fungi as biocontrol agents
Fungi can be used as biocontrol agents to control plant diseases. Some key fungal biocontrol agents include Trichoderma species, Gliocladium virens, Coniothyrium minitans, and Ampelomyces quisqualis. Trichoderma reduces plant pathogens through direct antagonism mechanisms like mycoparasitism, antibiosis, and competition. Commercial products containing Trichoderma are used as biopesticides. Fungal biocontrol agents can also be used to control nematodes, insects, and other pests through parasitism and production of toxins. Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus used as a biological insecticide against various insect
Insects orders
This document provides information on the key distinguishing characteristics of different insect orders, including their names, etymologies, antennae, mouthparts, wings, legs and other features. It covers 32 major orders of insects, from Thysanura to Hymenoptera, with 1-4 defining bullet points per order.
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Lec. 9 Structure and modifications of mouth parts.ppt
Lec. 9 Structure and modifications of mouth parts.ppt
structure and function of insect respiratory system
structure and function of insect respiratory system
Insect wing venation and Its modification Dr.Sunil Prajapati
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F4 Experiments
1. The document describes an experiment to investigate how the period of a simple pendulum varies with its length. It was found that the longer the pendulum, the longer its period of oscillation.
2. An experiment is described to study how the velocity of a trolley varies with the angle of inclination of a plane. It was found that a higher angle of incline results in a higher velocity.
3. Two experiments are presented to demonstrate inertia - using a saw blade and masses, and using an inertia balance. Both found that objects with larger masses have greater inertia.
Solution Manuals of Physics Textbooks
Access solution manuals of Physics textbooks at CrazyforStudy.com, every solution manual is prepared by expert and highly qualified Physics tutors.
Laws Of Thermodynamics
The document summarizes the four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form.
2) The second law states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases.
3) The third law states that the entropy of a system approaches a minimum, zero, as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
4) There is no universally accepted fourth law, but some proposals include the Onsager reciprocal relations regarding heat and matter flow parameters.
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1st semester chemistry stream (2013-June) Question Papers
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
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