The document summarizes a study that tested a novel antifungal drug (Drug A) in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Mice were infected with Aspergillus fumigatus and then received various doses of Drug A or a positive control, Posaconazole. The mice were divided into groups for assessing fungal burden or survival. Higher doses of Drug A and Posaconazole reduced fungal counts in the lungs, showing the drug's antifungal activity. However, Drug A unexpectedly increased mouse mortality compared to controls, suggesting it may be toxic. The results point to an experimental error requiring the study to be repeated.
Obiltoxaximab, a monoclonal antibody against the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis, was tested in animal models for its ability to prevent anthrax infection when given as pre- or postexposure prophylaxis. In rabbit and macaque models, a single dose of obiltoxaximab given up to 3 days before or up to 24 hours after exposure to aerosolized B. anthracis spores improved survival rates compared to controls. When given after systemic infection had begun, obiltoxaximab was still protective but resulted in lower survival rates. These results support the potential use of obiltoxaximab for pre- and postexposure prophylaxis against inhalational anth
Yamamoto Efficacy Projection of Obiltoxaximab for Treatment of Inhalational 2016Annette Shadiack
The document summarizes multiple studies that examined the efficacy of obiltoxaximab, a monoclonal antibody against anthrax protective antigen (PA), for the treatment of inhalational anthrax across a range of disease severity. In animal models (rabbits and macaques), a single intravenous dose of obiltoxaximab administered after the onset of symptoms led to significantly higher survival rates compared to placebo, ranging from 17% to 93% survival in rabbits and 6.3% to 78.6% in macaques. Higher pretreatment levels of bacteremia and toxins were associated with lower survival rates. Overall, obiltoxaximab monotherapy was shown to neutralize PA and increase survival
This document summarizes a study demonstrating that the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae secretes biologically active proteases via outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that play roles in cytotoxicity and inflammation. Specifically, it was shown that OMVs carry the proteases HAP and VesC in active forms, and that OMV-associated HAP induces apoptosis in intestinal cells while OMV-associated VesC causes necrosis, hemorrhage, and increased interleukin-8 responses. The proteases were also found to contribute to intestinal colonization in mice. Overall, the study reveals a mechanism by which V. cholerae secretes virulence factors via OMVs to cause disease.
Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room AirBhoj Raj Singh
In the study, the effect of the Gayatri Mantra playing for 24 hr on microbial quality of air was examined in 12 rooms of scientists of the ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India willing to participate in the study and in 7 empty classroom/ examination hall lying vacant since March 2020 due to COVID-19. Of the empty rooms, 6 were used as the control for the first two days, then after a week, all rooms were also used to detect the effect of playing the Gayatri Mantra. A total of 31 bacterial species of medical importance were isolated and identified in the air of the rooms. After playing the Gayatri Mantra in Raag Bhairvi for 24 h bacterial count significantly decreased in rooms inhabited by vegetarian (OR 24, CI 95: 0.00-0.88; p, 0.036) than in rooms occupied by non-vegetarians. Rooms occupied by vegetarians. The effect of Gayatri Mantra in the empty room had no significant difference but bacterial count reduced. Bacterial counts of rooms occupied by non-vegetarian increased significantly post Mantra playing. Bacterial counts of rooms occupied by non-vegetarians and empty rooms varied significantly (OR 18, p, 0.02, CI 95: 0.00 – 0.79). Empty rooms with and without mantra not varied significantly for the reduction of the bacterial count. Paenibacillus spp. was not detected in any of the 12 rooms occupied by the scientists/ staff but in 3 of the 7 empty rooms (p, 0.01) it was detected even without playing any mantra. It indicated that daily disturbance in the environment may be detrimental to the survival of Paenibacillus spp. After playing Mantra P. alvei, P. cookie, P. lautus were detected in 5 of the seven rooms occupied by Non-vegetarians, while P. pantothenicus continued to be present in three of the vacant rooms even after playing the Mantra. Paenibacillus spp. bacteria are known for their probiotic potential and its significance in the study is not clear. It seems that the Gayatri mantra has some enrichment effect on Paenibacillus spp. but a detrimental effect on other microbes.
1. The study assessed the efficacy of Nitazoxanide, Myrrh Total Oil, and Mirazid in treating Schistosomiasis mansoni infections in mice compared to Praziquantel.
2. Mice were infected with S. mansoni cercariae and treated with the drugs 50 days later. Efficacy was evaluated by examining parasite burden reduction, egg counts in stool and tissues, and biochemical changes.
3. Praziquantel showed the highest reduction in worm burden (up to 97%) and egg counts. Nitazoxanide and Mirazid also significantly reduced parasite burden and egg counts, though not as strongly as Praziquant
In vivo studies of wound healing and hepatoprotective agentsAdarsh Patil
1) Various in vivo models are used to evaluate wound healing and hepatoprotective activity, including excision wounds, incision wounds, and burn wounds in rats.
2) Parameters like wound contraction, epithelization time, tensile strength and histopathology are measured to assess wound healing.
3) Hepatoprotective activity is evaluated by pre-treating animals with the test substance before inducing liver damage using toxins like CCl4, D-galactosamine, or paracetamol. Liver function is then assessed through serum enzymes and histopathology.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the genotoxic effects of an aqueous extract of Goji berry (Lyciumbarbarum) using micronucleus and comet assays in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: an experimental group that received 200 mg/kg of the Goji berry extract orally, a positive control group that received cyclophosphamide, and a negative control group. The comet assay showed no significant increase in DNA damage in the experimental group compared to the negative control group at 4 or 24 hours. The micronucleus test also found no significant difference in micronuclei between the experimental and negative control groups for acute or chronic exposure. The results suggest that the Goji berry
The document summarizes a study that tested a novel antifungal drug (Drug A) in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Mice were infected with Aspergillus fumigatus and then received various doses of Drug A or a positive control, Posaconazole. The mice were divided into groups for assessing fungal burden or survival. Higher doses of Drug A and Posaconazole reduced fungal counts in the lungs, showing the drug's antifungal activity. However, Drug A unexpectedly increased mouse mortality compared to controls, suggesting it may be toxic. The results point to an experimental error requiring the study to be repeated.
Obiltoxaximab, a monoclonal antibody against the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis, was tested in animal models for its ability to prevent anthrax infection when given as pre- or postexposure prophylaxis. In rabbit and macaque models, a single dose of obiltoxaximab given up to 3 days before or up to 24 hours after exposure to aerosolized B. anthracis spores improved survival rates compared to controls. When given after systemic infection had begun, obiltoxaximab was still protective but resulted in lower survival rates. These results support the potential use of obiltoxaximab for pre- and postexposure prophylaxis against inhalational anth
Yamamoto Efficacy Projection of Obiltoxaximab for Treatment of Inhalational 2016Annette Shadiack
The document summarizes multiple studies that examined the efficacy of obiltoxaximab, a monoclonal antibody against anthrax protective antigen (PA), for the treatment of inhalational anthrax across a range of disease severity. In animal models (rabbits and macaques), a single intravenous dose of obiltoxaximab administered after the onset of symptoms led to significantly higher survival rates compared to placebo, ranging from 17% to 93% survival in rabbits and 6.3% to 78.6% in macaques. Higher pretreatment levels of bacteremia and toxins were associated with lower survival rates. Overall, obiltoxaximab monotherapy was shown to neutralize PA and increase survival
This document summarizes a study demonstrating that the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae secretes biologically active proteases via outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that play roles in cytotoxicity and inflammation. Specifically, it was shown that OMVs carry the proteases HAP and VesC in active forms, and that OMV-associated HAP induces apoptosis in intestinal cells while OMV-associated VesC causes necrosis, hemorrhage, and increased interleukin-8 responses. The proteases were also found to contribute to intestinal colonization in mice. Overall, the study reveals a mechanism by which V. cholerae secretes virulence factors via OMVs to cause disease.
Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room AirBhoj Raj Singh
In the study, the effect of the Gayatri Mantra playing for 24 hr on microbial quality of air was examined in 12 rooms of scientists of the ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India willing to participate in the study and in 7 empty classroom/ examination hall lying vacant since March 2020 due to COVID-19. Of the empty rooms, 6 were used as the control for the first two days, then after a week, all rooms were also used to detect the effect of playing the Gayatri Mantra. A total of 31 bacterial species of medical importance were isolated and identified in the air of the rooms. After playing the Gayatri Mantra in Raag Bhairvi for 24 h bacterial count significantly decreased in rooms inhabited by vegetarian (OR 24, CI 95: 0.00-0.88; p, 0.036) than in rooms occupied by non-vegetarians. Rooms occupied by vegetarians. The effect of Gayatri Mantra in the empty room had no significant difference but bacterial count reduced. Bacterial counts of rooms occupied by non-vegetarian increased significantly post Mantra playing. Bacterial counts of rooms occupied by non-vegetarians and empty rooms varied significantly (OR 18, p, 0.02, CI 95: 0.00 – 0.79). Empty rooms with and without mantra not varied significantly for the reduction of the bacterial count. Paenibacillus spp. was not detected in any of the 12 rooms occupied by the scientists/ staff but in 3 of the 7 empty rooms (p, 0.01) it was detected even without playing any mantra. It indicated that daily disturbance in the environment may be detrimental to the survival of Paenibacillus spp. After playing Mantra P. alvei, P. cookie, P. lautus were detected in 5 of the seven rooms occupied by Non-vegetarians, while P. pantothenicus continued to be present in three of the vacant rooms even after playing the Mantra. Paenibacillus spp. bacteria are known for their probiotic potential and its significance in the study is not clear. It seems that the Gayatri mantra has some enrichment effect on Paenibacillus spp. but a detrimental effect on other microbes.
1. The study assessed the efficacy of Nitazoxanide, Myrrh Total Oil, and Mirazid in treating Schistosomiasis mansoni infections in mice compared to Praziquantel.
2. Mice were infected with S. mansoni cercariae and treated with the drugs 50 days later. Efficacy was evaluated by examining parasite burden reduction, egg counts in stool and tissues, and biochemical changes.
3. Praziquantel showed the highest reduction in worm burden (up to 97%) and egg counts. Nitazoxanide and Mirazid also significantly reduced parasite burden and egg counts, though not as strongly as Praziquant
In vivo studies of wound healing and hepatoprotective agentsAdarsh Patil
1) Various in vivo models are used to evaluate wound healing and hepatoprotective activity, including excision wounds, incision wounds, and burn wounds in rats.
2) Parameters like wound contraction, epithelization time, tensile strength and histopathology are measured to assess wound healing.
3) Hepatoprotective activity is evaluated by pre-treating animals with the test substance before inducing liver damage using toxins like CCl4, D-galactosamine, or paracetamol. Liver function is then assessed through serum enzymes and histopathology.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the genotoxic effects of an aqueous extract of Goji berry (Lyciumbarbarum) using micronucleus and comet assays in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: an experimental group that received 200 mg/kg of the Goji berry extract orally, a positive control group that received cyclophosphamide, and a negative control group. The comet assay showed no significant increase in DNA damage in the experimental group compared to the negative control group at 4 or 24 hours. The micronucleus test also found no significant difference in micronuclei between the experimental and negative control groups for acute or chronic exposure. The results suggest that the Goji berry
The study investigated the protective effects of losartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Forty rats were divided into four groups: sham operation, ischemia, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), and I/R + losartan treatment. Biochemical markers and histopathological analysis of the jejunum tissue were performed. Losartan treatment reduced oxidative stress markers, inflammation, and apoptosis compared to the I/R group. This suggests losartan may protect against intestinal damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury.
EFFECTS OF IMMUNACE AND IRON DEXTRAN ON ANEMIA AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION OF T. BR...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Trypanosomosis has been associated with immunosuppression, anemia and oxidative damage while ImmuneAce and Iron Dextran
possess both immunostimulatory, antioxidative and erythrocytes enrichment effects. This study was designed to assess the effect
ofImmunace, Iron Dextran, Diminazene Aceturate and a combination of Immunace and Iron Dextran on T. brucei experimentally
infected rats to check packed cell volume (PCV) and parasitemiam. . Thirty rats, divided into six groups (A-F) of 5 each period and
were infected with Trypanosoma brucei 3 days post infection.They were treated as follows:3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days post treatment
with 0.02gml-1 immunace, 0.2ml of Iron Dextran, 3.5mg Kg-1 of Diminazene Aceturate and a combination therapy of Iron Dextran
and Immuneace. Haematological parametres were significantly (p<0.05) higher in all infected and treated groups compared to
group E. Hence, overall anti-oxidants capacity mitigated the negative effects observed in the measured parametres in rats better
than single administration..
Keywords: African Trypanosomiasis, parasitemia, trace metals, Anaemia, Iron Dextran and Immunosuppression.
This study examined the effects of desloratadine on ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: an ischemia-reperfusion injury group, an ischemia-reperfusion injury group treated with desloratadine, and a sham group. Ovarian tissue was analyzed for markers of oxidative stress and inflammation after ischemia and reperfusion. Results showed that desloratadine significantly reduced oxidative stress markers like MDA and increased antioxidant markers like GSH compared to the ischemia-reperfusion injury group. Desloratadine also decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines like NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Histological analysis revealed that desl
Experiment modelling of Auto-immune diseasesPratik Parikh
The document discusses experimental animal models of autoimmune diseases. It describes how animal models can help understand the pathogenesis and potential treatment of human autoimmune conditions since their immune systems share many similarities to humans. Some commonly used spontaneous animal models include the obese strain chicken for Hashimoto's thyroiditis and the non-obese diabetic mouse for type 1 diabetes. Induced models include the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model in mice and rats for multiple sclerosis. Proper animal models are selected based on their relevance to human diseases and characteristics like ease of handling and rapid reproduction.
Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effects of 4 different cavity disinfectants on Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria in different time periods.
Study Design: The antibacterial effects of Cavity Cleanser, Tubulicid Red Label, Chloraxid 2%, and Oxygenated Water cavity disinfectant solutions on E. faecalis (ATCC 29212), S. mutans (ATCC 25175), and L. acidophilus (RSKK 03037) bacterial strains were evaluated by disk diffusion method. In the study where vancomycin antibiogram disc constituted the positive control group, physiological saline solution was used as the negative control group. Standard, sterile, blank antibiogram discs of 5 mm in diameter, in which 15 μL of each material were added, were placed on agar plates at 2.5–3 cm intervals. The inhibition zone diameters formed around the discs that were left to incubate for 24–48 hours at 37°C were measured in millimeters. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene, and Bonferroni tests.
Results: At the end of the study the solutions tested showed a statistically significant antibacterial effect on all bacterial strains used (p<0.05). Cavity Cleanser disinfectant containing 2% chlorhexidine showed the highest antibacterial effect on S. mutans and L. acidophilus, and benzalkonium-containing Tubulicid Red disinfectant on E. faecalis.
Conclusion: The antibacterial effect of all cavity disinfectants used in the study was found to be higher at the end of the 48th hour than at the end of the 24th hour, but there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05).
Keywords: antibacterial agents; antibacterial effect; cavity disinfectants; chlorhexidine; contamination; dental caries; disinfection; disc diffusion; gram-negative bacteria; gram-positive bacteria
ABSTRACT
Background:The main objective of the study is to determine the anti-arthritic effect of whole plant ethanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum
belonging to the family Polygonaceae in Female wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model . Methods:The plants areal
parts were collected near Tirupathi hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Phytoconstituents were identified through the
chemical tests. Ethanol (95%) was used to obtain the whole plant extraction through Soxhlet extractor. Female SD rats were used for antiarthritic
screening. Arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of P.glabrum was studied at doses
of 250 and500 mg/kg. The effects were compared with those of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the study, theliver enzyme levels were
determined and a radiological examination was carried out. Results and Discussion:The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic
extract of Polygonum glabrum showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. P. glabrum at 250 and 500 mg/kg
significantly inhibited the FCA-induced arthritis in the rats. This was manifested by as a decrease in the paw volume. The arthritic control
animals exhibited a significant decrease in body weight compared with control animals without arthritis. P. glabrum treated animals showed
dose dependent reduction in decrease in body weight and arthritis.At the same time, P.glabrum significantly altered the biochemical and
haematological changes induced by FCA (P < 0.05). The anti-arthritic effect of P.glabrum was comparable with that of Indomethacin.
Conclusion:The whole plant extract of P.glabrum showed significant anti-arthritic activity against FCA-induced arthritis in female Wistar
rats.
This document discusses various animal models used for research including invertebrate models like Drosophila and C. elegans, rodent models, rabbit models, and large animal models. These models are used to study processes like genetics, development, and disease due to their similarities to humans. Drosophila and C. elegans have been important for discoveries in development and genetics. Rodent models are widely used due to their similarities to humans and short lifespans. Larger animal models are needed for pre-clinical research due to closer mimicry of human physiology. A variety of animal models at different sizes are essential for advancing biomedical research.
This document provides an overview of animal models used in periodontal research. It discusses the definition and history of animal models, the need for animal models in periodontal research given limitations of human studies, and various categories and classifications of animal models. The document then examines specific animal models used in periodontal research, including rats, mice, and hamsters, describing their anatomy, how periodontal disease presents in each, and advantages and limitations of each model.
This document discusses the use of animal models in biomedical research. It describes how animals are used to study human disease and test potential treatments in order to advance human health without risking harm to people. Common animal models mentioned include mice, rats, dogs, primates, and rabbits, which can provide insights into conditions like heart disease, cancer, neurological disorders, and infectious diseases. However, the use of animals in research also raises ethical issues, as it often involves invasive procedures that can cause pain and distress. Large numbers of animals are required for activities like vaccine production and drug testing, but only a small percentage of potential treatments ultimately succeed.
This document provides information about a PhD scholar named Haseeb Ahsan who is exploring the therapeutic potential of Naproxen derivatives in treating rheumatoid arthritis under the supervision of Dr. Alamgeer. It introduces rheumatoid arthritis and issues with current treatments. The scholar hypothesizes that newly synthesized Naproxen derivatives will have anti-arthritic effects and safety. The document outlines plans to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of compounds in vitro and in animal models of arthritis, and to assess toxicity.
A study on the toxic effect of different doses of Diclofenac sodium on the de...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
The toxic effects of different doses of diclofenac sodium (DS) on the kidney on the postnatal period (0-7 days) by morphometrical and immunohistochemical methods were investigated. For this purpose, 15 female adult wistar albino rats were used and divided into 5 main groups. Group Ia served as normal control, physiologic group Ib received normal saline, group II received low dose (3.9 mg/kg), group III received medium dose (9 mg/kg) and group IV received high dose (18 mg/kg). Male offspring’s from 0-7 days after birth were used in this study. On the 8th day of postnatal life, all animals were anesthetized. Then, the kidney samples were analyzed. Haematoxylin and eosin staining showed degeneration and necrosis, apparent atrophy of the glomeruli, mononuclear cell infiltration, congested vessels, increased fibrous tissue and distortion of the proximal convoluted tubules with interruption of the brush margin of the DS treated group. Increased level of Caspase-3 and upregulation of TNF-α with different doses of DS. In light of our findings, DS may lead to adverse effects that are dose-dependent in the prenatal subjected kidney to this drug.
Keywords : Diclofenac sodium; Proximal convoluted tubules; Apoptosis; Cyclooxygenase.
The document describes a study that investigated the toxic effects of venlafaxine (VEN) on rats. Rats received either a single high dose of VEN (350 mg/kg), or repeated doses of VEN (starting at 100 mg/kg and increasing by 50 mg/kg every 10 days) for 30 days. Both acute and chronic VEN exposure caused clinical signs of toxicity in rats including seizures, coma and death. Biochemical tests and histological examination found evidence of liver and kidney injury in rats exposed to VEN. The study suggests that both single high doses and repeated exposure to high doses of VEN can cause organ toxicity.
Antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of opuntia ficus indicaAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica. In vitro tests found the ethyl acetate extract of cladodes had activity against Plasmodium berghei, with lower parasitemia compared to controls. In vivo tests in mice found treatment with the cladode extract resulted in lower parasitemia than the control group on days 5, 8, and 10, though parasitemia was higher than the chloroquine group. However, some mice treated with the extract died between days 7-9, while no deaths occurred in the chloroquine group. The study presents an evaluation of antiplasmodial effects of O
Search for atoxic cereals: a single blind, cross-over study on the safety of...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Cereals of baking quality with absent or reduced toxicity are actively sought as alternative therapy to a gluten-free diet (GFD) for patients with coeliac disease (CD). Triticum monococcum, an ancient wheat, is a potential candidate having no toxicity in in-vitro and exvivo studies. The aim of our study was to investigate on the safety of administration of a single dose of gluten of Tm in patients with CD on GFD.
Chaga Mushroom Inonotus Obliquus Induces G0 G1 Arest And Apoptosis In Hum...Nguyen_Tuan
This document reports on a study that investigated the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) water extract on human hepatoma (liver cancer) cell lines HepG2 and Hep3B. The study found that Chaga extract inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner by inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death. Specifically, Chaga extract treatment led to down-regulation of proteins involved in cell cycle progression such as p53, pRb, p27, cyclins D1, D2, E, and cyclin-dependent kinases Cdk2, Cdk4, and Cdk6
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of zidovudine (AZT), an antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV/AIDS, on biochemical parameters in rats. The study found that administering zidovudine to rats resulted in increased erythrocyte fragility, elevated levels of serum enzymes AST and GST, and decreased levels of serum ALP and ratios of Fe2+/Fe3+. This suggests that zidovudine is hepatotoxic and negatively impacts the erythrocyte membrane and oxygen transport in the body. The changes observed were generally dose-dependent, with higher concentrations of the drug producing more pronounced effects.
Abstract
Objective(s):
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNP) are increasingly used in sunscreens, biosensors, food additives and pigments. In this study the effects of ZNP on liver of rats was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Experimental groups received 5, 50 and 300 mg/kg ZNP respectively for 14 days. Control group received only distilled water. ALT, AST and ALP were considered as biomarkers to indicate hepatotoxicity. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), SOD and GPx were detected for assessment of oxidative stress in liver tissue. Histological studies and TUNEL assay were also done.
Results:
Plasma concentration of zinc (Zn) was significantly increased in 5 mg/kg ZNP-treated rats. Liver concentration of Zn was significantly increased in the 300 mg/kg ZNP-treated animals. Weight of liver was markedly increased in both 5 and 300 mg/kg doses of ZNP. ZNP at the doses of 5 mg/kg induced a significant increase in oxidative stress through the increase in MDA content and a significant decrease in SOD and GPx enzymes activity in the liver tissue. Administration of ZNP at 5 mg/kg induced a significant elevation in plasma AST, ALT and ALP. Histological studies showed that treatment with 5 mg/kg of ZNP caused hepatocytes swelling, which was accompanied by congestion of RBC and accumulation of inflammatory cells. Apoptotic index was also significantly increased in this group. ZNP at the dose of 300 mg/kg had poor hepatotoxicity effect.
Conclusion:
It is concluded that lower doses of ZNP has more hepatotoxic effects on rats, and recommended to use it with caution if there is a hepatological problem.
Schistosomiasis is caused by a parasitic flatworm and affects over 200 million people worldwide. It is transmitted through contaminated water. The most common drug used to treat it, praziquantel, is losing effectiveness due to the emergence of resistant strains. This study identifies a new compound that shows promising potential as an alternative drug. The compound was found to be effective against all life stages of the parasite, including the three main species that infect humans. It had lower cytotoxicity than praziquantel and was equally or more effective at reducing worm burden in mice. Further testing is still needed to fully evaluate its efficacy and safety profile prior to clinical use in humans.
Efficiency of cape gooseberry in attenuating some biochemical disorders and o...Professor-Dr Hanaa Hassan
In conclusion, the present data indicated the efficacy of CG juice supplementation as an
anti-hepatocellular carcinoma in addition to its ability as a chemosensitizer for ADR treatment. This is
mediated by intracellular pathways, involving improvement the alterations in liver functions as well as
other aspects of HCC, the suppression of oxidative stress and modulation of antioxidant defense
mechanism. Thus, supplementation with edible CG may help in safe application of cancer technology
in medicine as well as in many other aspects of nowadays life. Fractionation guided evaluation could
help in the development of ideal anticancer in the near future.
Antischistosomal activity of Mirazid in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni:...Mohammad Aziz
- The study evaluated the antischistosomal activity of Mirazid (MZD) in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.
- Mice treated with MZD at 500 mg/kg for 5 days showed a reduction in fecal egg counts of 69.6% and worm burden of 72% compared to the control group at 4 weeks post-treatment.
- MZD also significantly reduced tissue egg counts in the intestine and liver at 2 and 4 weeks post-treatment compared to the control group.
Comparative evaluation of the effects of artemisinin based combination therap...Alexander Decker
This study compared the effects of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) and amodiaquine monotherapy on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity, fasting glucose levels, and parasite clearance rates in malaria-infected adults in Nigeria. Twenty subjects were divided into two groups, with one group receiving ACT and the other receiving amodiaquine monotherapy. Blood samples collected before and after treatment were analyzed for G6PD activity, glucose levels, and parasite density. There were no significant differences between the treatment groups in G6PD activity or fasting glucose levels. However, the ACT group had a significantly higher parasite clearance rate compared to the amodiaquine monotherapy group.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the histological effects of pre-exposure prophylactic consumption of sulfonamide drugs on the livers and kidneys of albino rats. Rats were divided into groups that received graded doses of Laridox(SP) for 21 days. Higher doses caused dullness, restlessness and weight loss in rats. Upon examination, livers and kidneys of rats that received higher doses showed inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, and signs of necrosis compared to controls. The study suggests that long term pre-exposure to higher doses of sulfonamide drugs can cause cellular defects and adverse effects on the liver and kidneys.
The study investigated the protective effects of losartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Forty rats were divided into four groups: sham operation, ischemia, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), and I/R + losartan treatment. Biochemical markers and histopathological analysis of the jejunum tissue were performed. Losartan treatment reduced oxidative stress markers, inflammation, and apoptosis compared to the I/R group. This suggests losartan may protect against intestinal damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury.
EFFECTS OF IMMUNACE AND IRON DEXTRAN ON ANEMIA AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION OF T. BR...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Trypanosomosis has been associated with immunosuppression, anemia and oxidative damage while ImmuneAce and Iron Dextran
possess both immunostimulatory, antioxidative and erythrocytes enrichment effects. This study was designed to assess the effect
ofImmunace, Iron Dextran, Diminazene Aceturate and a combination of Immunace and Iron Dextran on T. brucei experimentally
infected rats to check packed cell volume (PCV) and parasitemiam. . Thirty rats, divided into six groups (A-F) of 5 each period and
were infected with Trypanosoma brucei 3 days post infection.They were treated as follows:3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days post treatment
with 0.02gml-1 immunace, 0.2ml of Iron Dextran, 3.5mg Kg-1 of Diminazene Aceturate and a combination therapy of Iron Dextran
and Immuneace. Haematological parametres were significantly (p<0.05) higher in all infected and treated groups compared to
group E. Hence, overall anti-oxidants capacity mitigated the negative effects observed in the measured parametres in rats better
than single administration..
Keywords: African Trypanosomiasis, parasitemia, trace metals, Anaemia, Iron Dextran and Immunosuppression.
This study examined the effects of desloratadine on ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: an ischemia-reperfusion injury group, an ischemia-reperfusion injury group treated with desloratadine, and a sham group. Ovarian tissue was analyzed for markers of oxidative stress and inflammation after ischemia and reperfusion. Results showed that desloratadine significantly reduced oxidative stress markers like MDA and increased antioxidant markers like GSH compared to the ischemia-reperfusion injury group. Desloratadine also decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines like NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Histological analysis revealed that desl
Experiment modelling of Auto-immune diseasesPratik Parikh
The document discusses experimental animal models of autoimmune diseases. It describes how animal models can help understand the pathogenesis and potential treatment of human autoimmune conditions since their immune systems share many similarities to humans. Some commonly used spontaneous animal models include the obese strain chicken for Hashimoto's thyroiditis and the non-obese diabetic mouse for type 1 diabetes. Induced models include the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model in mice and rats for multiple sclerosis. Proper animal models are selected based on their relevance to human diseases and characteristics like ease of handling and rapid reproduction.
Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effects of 4 different cavity disinfectants on Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria in different time periods.
Study Design: The antibacterial effects of Cavity Cleanser, Tubulicid Red Label, Chloraxid 2%, and Oxygenated Water cavity disinfectant solutions on E. faecalis (ATCC 29212), S. mutans (ATCC 25175), and L. acidophilus (RSKK 03037) bacterial strains were evaluated by disk diffusion method. In the study where vancomycin antibiogram disc constituted the positive control group, physiological saline solution was used as the negative control group. Standard, sterile, blank antibiogram discs of 5 mm in diameter, in which 15 μL of each material were added, were placed on agar plates at 2.5–3 cm intervals. The inhibition zone diameters formed around the discs that were left to incubate for 24–48 hours at 37°C were measured in millimeters. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene, and Bonferroni tests.
Results: At the end of the study the solutions tested showed a statistically significant antibacterial effect on all bacterial strains used (p<0.05). Cavity Cleanser disinfectant containing 2% chlorhexidine showed the highest antibacterial effect on S. mutans and L. acidophilus, and benzalkonium-containing Tubulicid Red disinfectant on E. faecalis.
Conclusion: The antibacterial effect of all cavity disinfectants used in the study was found to be higher at the end of the 48th hour than at the end of the 24th hour, but there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05).
Keywords: antibacterial agents; antibacterial effect; cavity disinfectants; chlorhexidine; contamination; dental caries; disinfection; disc diffusion; gram-negative bacteria; gram-positive bacteria
ABSTRACT
Background:The main objective of the study is to determine the anti-arthritic effect of whole plant ethanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum
belonging to the family Polygonaceae in Female wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model . Methods:The plants areal
parts were collected near Tirupathi hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Phytoconstituents were identified through the
chemical tests. Ethanol (95%) was used to obtain the whole plant extraction through Soxhlet extractor. Female SD rats were used for antiarthritic
screening. Arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of P.glabrum was studied at doses
of 250 and500 mg/kg. The effects were compared with those of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the study, theliver enzyme levels were
determined and a radiological examination was carried out. Results and Discussion:The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic
extract of Polygonum glabrum showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. P. glabrum at 250 and 500 mg/kg
significantly inhibited the FCA-induced arthritis in the rats. This was manifested by as a decrease in the paw volume. The arthritic control
animals exhibited a significant decrease in body weight compared with control animals without arthritis. P. glabrum treated animals showed
dose dependent reduction in decrease in body weight and arthritis.At the same time, P.glabrum significantly altered the biochemical and
haematological changes induced by FCA (P < 0.05). The anti-arthritic effect of P.glabrum was comparable with that of Indomethacin.
Conclusion:The whole plant extract of P.glabrum showed significant anti-arthritic activity against FCA-induced arthritis in female Wistar
rats.
This document discusses various animal models used for research including invertebrate models like Drosophila and C. elegans, rodent models, rabbit models, and large animal models. These models are used to study processes like genetics, development, and disease due to their similarities to humans. Drosophila and C. elegans have been important for discoveries in development and genetics. Rodent models are widely used due to their similarities to humans and short lifespans. Larger animal models are needed for pre-clinical research due to closer mimicry of human physiology. A variety of animal models at different sizes are essential for advancing biomedical research.
This document provides an overview of animal models used in periodontal research. It discusses the definition and history of animal models, the need for animal models in periodontal research given limitations of human studies, and various categories and classifications of animal models. The document then examines specific animal models used in periodontal research, including rats, mice, and hamsters, describing their anatomy, how periodontal disease presents in each, and advantages and limitations of each model.
This document discusses the use of animal models in biomedical research. It describes how animals are used to study human disease and test potential treatments in order to advance human health without risking harm to people. Common animal models mentioned include mice, rats, dogs, primates, and rabbits, which can provide insights into conditions like heart disease, cancer, neurological disorders, and infectious diseases. However, the use of animals in research also raises ethical issues, as it often involves invasive procedures that can cause pain and distress. Large numbers of animals are required for activities like vaccine production and drug testing, but only a small percentage of potential treatments ultimately succeed.
This document provides information about a PhD scholar named Haseeb Ahsan who is exploring the therapeutic potential of Naproxen derivatives in treating rheumatoid arthritis under the supervision of Dr. Alamgeer. It introduces rheumatoid arthritis and issues with current treatments. The scholar hypothesizes that newly synthesized Naproxen derivatives will have anti-arthritic effects and safety. The document outlines plans to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of compounds in vitro and in animal models of arthritis, and to assess toxicity.
A study on the toxic effect of different doses of Diclofenac sodium on the de...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
The toxic effects of different doses of diclofenac sodium (DS) on the kidney on the postnatal period (0-7 days) by morphometrical and immunohistochemical methods were investigated. For this purpose, 15 female adult wistar albino rats were used and divided into 5 main groups. Group Ia served as normal control, physiologic group Ib received normal saline, group II received low dose (3.9 mg/kg), group III received medium dose (9 mg/kg) and group IV received high dose (18 mg/kg). Male offspring’s from 0-7 days after birth were used in this study. On the 8th day of postnatal life, all animals were anesthetized. Then, the kidney samples were analyzed. Haematoxylin and eosin staining showed degeneration and necrosis, apparent atrophy of the glomeruli, mononuclear cell infiltration, congested vessels, increased fibrous tissue and distortion of the proximal convoluted tubules with interruption of the brush margin of the DS treated group. Increased level of Caspase-3 and upregulation of TNF-α with different doses of DS. In light of our findings, DS may lead to adverse effects that are dose-dependent in the prenatal subjected kidney to this drug.
Keywords : Diclofenac sodium; Proximal convoluted tubules; Apoptosis; Cyclooxygenase.
The document describes a study that investigated the toxic effects of venlafaxine (VEN) on rats. Rats received either a single high dose of VEN (350 mg/kg), or repeated doses of VEN (starting at 100 mg/kg and increasing by 50 mg/kg every 10 days) for 30 days. Both acute and chronic VEN exposure caused clinical signs of toxicity in rats including seizures, coma and death. Biochemical tests and histological examination found evidence of liver and kidney injury in rats exposed to VEN. The study suggests that both single high doses and repeated exposure to high doses of VEN can cause organ toxicity.
Antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of opuntia ficus indicaAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica. In vitro tests found the ethyl acetate extract of cladodes had activity against Plasmodium berghei, with lower parasitemia compared to controls. In vivo tests in mice found treatment with the cladode extract resulted in lower parasitemia than the control group on days 5, 8, and 10, though parasitemia was higher than the chloroquine group. However, some mice treated with the extract died between days 7-9, while no deaths occurred in the chloroquine group. The study presents an evaluation of antiplasmodial effects of O
Search for atoxic cereals: a single blind, cross-over study on the safety of...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Cereals of baking quality with absent or reduced toxicity are actively sought as alternative therapy to a gluten-free diet (GFD) for patients with coeliac disease (CD). Triticum monococcum, an ancient wheat, is a potential candidate having no toxicity in in-vitro and exvivo studies. The aim of our study was to investigate on the safety of administration of a single dose of gluten of Tm in patients with CD on GFD.
Chaga Mushroom Inonotus Obliquus Induces G0 G1 Arest And Apoptosis In Hum...Nguyen_Tuan
This document reports on a study that investigated the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) water extract on human hepatoma (liver cancer) cell lines HepG2 and Hep3B. The study found that Chaga extract inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner by inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death. Specifically, Chaga extract treatment led to down-regulation of proteins involved in cell cycle progression such as p53, pRb, p27, cyclins D1, D2, E, and cyclin-dependent kinases Cdk2, Cdk4, and Cdk6
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of zidovudine (AZT), an antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV/AIDS, on biochemical parameters in rats. The study found that administering zidovudine to rats resulted in increased erythrocyte fragility, elevated levels of serum enzymes AST and GST, and decreased levels of serum ALP and ratios of Fe2+/Fe3+. This suggests that zidovudine is hepatotoxic and negatively impacts the erythrocyte membrane and oxygen transport in the body. The changes observed were generally dose-dependent, with higher concentrations of the drug producing more pronounced effects.
Abstract
Objective(s):
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNP) are increasingly used in sunscreens, biosensors, food additives and pigments. In this study the effects of ZNP on liver of rats was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Experimental groups received 5, 50 and 300 mg/kg ZNP respectively for 14 days. Control group received only distilled water. ALT, AST and ALP were considered as biomarkers to indicate hepatotoxicity. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), SOD and GPx were detected for assessment of oxidative stress in liver tissue. Histological studies and TUNEL assay were also done.
Results:
Plasma concentration of zinc (Zn) was significantly increased in 5 mg/kg ZNP-treated rats. Liver concentration of Zn was significantly increased in the 300 mg/kg ZNP-treated animals. Weight of liver was markedly increased in both 5 and 300 mg/kg doses of ZNP. ZNP at the doses of 5 mg/kg induced a significant increase in oxidative stress through the increase in MDA content and a significant decrease in SOD and GPx enzymes activity in the liver tissue. Administration of ZNP at 5 mg/kg induced a significant elevation in plasma AST, ALT and ALP. Histological studies showed that treatment with 5 mg/kg of ZNP caused hepatocytes swelling, which was accompanied by congestion of RBC and accumulation of inflammatory cells. Apoptotic index was also significantly increased in this group. ZNP at the dose of 300 mg/kg had poor hepatotoxicity effect.
Conclusion:
It is concluded that lower doses of ZNP has more hepatotoxic effects on rats, and recommended to use it with caution if there is a hepatological problem.
Schistosomiasis is caused by a parasitic flatworm and affects over 200 million people worldwide. It is transmitted through contaminated water. The most common drug used to treat it, praziquantel, is losing effectiveness due to the emergence of resistant strains. This study identifies a new compound that shows promising potential as an alternative drug. The compound was found to be effective against all life stages of the parasite, including the three main species that infect humans. It had lower cytotoxicity than praziquantel and was equally or more effective at reducing worm burden in mice. Further testing is still needed to fully evaluate its efficacy and safety profile prior to clinical use in humans.
Efficiency of cape gooseberry in attenuating some biochemical disorders and o...Professor-Dr Hanaa Hassan
In conclusion, the present data indicated the efficacy of CG juice supplementation as an
anti-hepatocellular carcinoma in addition to its ability as a chemosensitizer for ADR treatment. This is
mediated by intracellular pathways, involving improvement the alterations in liver functions as well as
other aspects of HCC, the suppression of oxidative stress and modulation of antioxidant defense
mechanism. Thus, supplementation with edible CG may help in safe application of cancer technology
in medicine as well as in many other aspects of nowadays life. Fractionation guided evaluation could
help in the development of ideal anticancer in the near future.
Antischistosomal activity of Mirazid in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni:...Mohammad Aziz
- The study evaluated the antischistosomal activity of Mirazid (MZD) in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.
- Mice treated with MZD at 500 mg/kg for 5 days showed a reduction in fecal egg counts of 69.6% and worm burden of 72% compared to the control group at 4 weeks post-treatment.
- MZD also significantly reduced tissue egg counts in the intestine and liver at 2 and 4 weeks post-treatment compared to the control group.
Comparative evaluation of the effects of artemisinin based combination therap...Alexander Decker
This study compared the effects of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) and amodiaquine monotherapy on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity, fasting glucose levels, and parasite clearance rates in malaria-infected adults in Nigeria. Twenty subjects were divided into two groups, with one group receiving ACT and the other receiving amodiaquine monotherapy. Blood samples collected before and after treatment were analyzed for G6PD activity, glucose levels, and parasite density. There were no significant differences between the treatment groups in G6PD activity or fasting glucose levels. However, the ACT group had a significantly higher parasite clearance rate compared to the amodiaquine monotherapy group.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the histological effects of pre-exposure prophylactic consumption of sulfonamide drugs on the livers and kidneys of albino rats. Rats were divided into groups that received graded doses of Laridox(SP) for 21 days. Higher doses caused dullness, restlessness and weight loss in rats. Upon examination, livers and kidneys of rats that received higher doses showed inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, and signs of necrosis compared to controls. The study suggests that long term pre-exposure to higher doses of sulfonamide drugs can cause cellular defects and adverse effects on the liver and kidneys.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the histological effects of pre-exposure prophylactic consumption of sulfonamide drugs on the livers and kidneys of albino rats. Rats were divided into groups that received graded doses of Laridox(SP) for 21 days. Higher doses caused dullness, restlessness and weight loss in rats. Upon examination, livers and kidneys of rats that received higher doses showed inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, and signs of necrosis compared to controls. The study suggests that long term pre-exposure to higher doses of sulfonamide drugs can cause cellular defects and adverse effects on the liver and kidneys.
Histological effects of pre-exposure prophylactic consumption of sulfa drugs ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that investigated the histological effects of pre-exposure prophylactic consumption of sulfonamide drugs on the livers and kidneys of albino rats. Rats were divided into groups that received graded doses of Laridox(SP) for 21 days. Higher doses caused dullness, restlessness and weight loss in rats. Upon examination, livers and kidneys of rats that received higher doses showed inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, and signs of necrosis compared to controls. The study suggests that long term pre-exposure to higher doses of sulfonamide drugs can cause cellular defects and adverse effects on the liver and kidneys.
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
THE KIDNEY OF WISTAR RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, ZUBAIRU SA3, MUSA T3, OYEPATA PJ2,
The document summarizes a study on the protein profiles of gamma ray irradiated blood stages of Plasmodium berghei, the malaria parasite, for developing a malaria vaccine candidate. Key findings include:
1) Protein profiles differed between infected and uninfected blood, indicating exported parasite proteins. Higher irradiation doses and dose rates resulted in more protein bands.
2) A dose of 150 Gy and dose rate of 380 Gy/hour altered protein profiles the most for vaccine development.
3) Protein profiles depended on parasite density in blood and differed between P. berghei and other rodent malaria species.
4) Profiles were unaffected by infection duration but depended on parasite composition in blood stages. Altered proteins could
Antimalarial activity gardenia lutea and sida rhombifolia ijrpppharmamailbox1
This study investigated the in vivo antimalarial activity of hydroalcoholic leaf extracts of Gardenia lutea and Sida rhombifolia against Plasmodium berghei in mice. The extracts were administered orally at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg to infected mice. The extracts showed significant antimalarial activity in a dose-dependent manner, reducing parasitemia compared to the negative control. The plant extracts also demonstrated an acceptable safety profile at test doses up to 2000 mg/kg. The results suggest that Gardenia lutea and Sida rhombifolia extracts have promising antimalarial properties worthy of further study.
This study compared the effects of three antimalarial drug regimens - Artemeter-Lumefantrine, Sulphadoxine-Pyrimetamine, and Halofantrine - on G6PD activity, hemoglobin concentration, and parasite clearance rate in 40 adult humans with malaria in Nigeria. The subjects were divided into four groups receiving each of the three drug regimens or no drug (control group). Blood samples were taken before and after treatment to analyze the biological parameters. The results showed that Sulphadoxine-Pyrimetamine significantly lowered hemoglobin levels and increased G6PD activity compared to the other regimens, while Halofantrine achieved the highest parasite clearance rate of 76%.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Abstract
Objective(s):
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) command a great deal of attention for biomedical applications nowadays. The data about the degree of toxicity and the accumulation of gold nanoparticles in-vivo is not enough to judge.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 32 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 including: three GNP-treated and one control group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received 0.5 cc of a solution containing 5, 10, and 100 ppm Au daily via intraperitoneal (IP) injection for 7 days, respectively. The control group was treated with 0.5 cc normal saline with same procedure. Then, several biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetat transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyrvate transaminase (SGPT) were evaluated at 2, 7 and 14 days after the last injection. After 14 days, all the rats were sacrificed and liver, lung tissues were separated and evaluated.
Results:
SGOT two days after intervention was significantly greater in the group 2 than the control group. In liver histological assessment, in group 1, basophils were observed around the central veins, in group 2 fading and no observation of central veins was seen, and in group 3 hepatic damage was noticed. The lung histological results showed severe vascular hyperemia in group 1, air sacs damage in group 2, and complete air sacs destruction in group 3.
Conclusion:
The results showed extreme changes in the histopathology of lung and liver tissues caused by spherical nanogold with 5-10 nm size in all of three treatment groups.
SHER-E-KASHMIRUNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ANDTECHNOLOGY, KASHMIR.pptxcdrecordsection
This case study evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of formulations containing extracts of Berberis aristata, Solanum nigrum, and Aloe vera (Formulation A), and a decoction of Phyllanthus fraternus (Formulation B), on patients receiving antitubercular treatment. Patients taking the formulations showed no significant increases in liver enzymes, while the control group showed significant increases. The formulations helped prevent antitubercular treatment-induced hepatotoxicity and allowed patients to complete their treatment courses.
This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as dates. Mice were injected with various concentrations of a Phoenix dactylifera extract. Results showed that the extract significantly increased phagocytic activity and reduced the half-life of carbon in the blood, indicating enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. The extract also significantly increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver. The concentration of 50 mg/kg produced the highest effects on phagocytosis and glutathione. Therefore, the study suggests that Phoenix dactylifera has immune-stimulating and antioxidant activities, with 50 mg/kg having the strongest impact.
Sodium Thiosulfate (Hydrogen Sulfide Donor): Ameliorates the Pituitary-testic...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This study investigated the protective effects of sodium thiosulfate (STS) on the pituitary-testicular axis dysfunction caused by cyclophosphamide (CYP) and/or ionizing gamma radiation (IR) in rats. Rats received STS before and during treatment with CYP and/or IR, while control groups received CYP and/or IR only. STS significantly reduced oxidative stress in the pituitary gland and testes by lowering malondialdehyde and increasing antioxidant enzyme activities. It also elevated reduced luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone levels. Furthermore, STS reduced pathological changes and apoptosis in the pituitary and testes induced by CYP and/or IR. This study demonstrates
This study investigated the effects of methanolic extract of Dissotis rotundifolia on cadmium-induced testicular damage in rats. Thirty rats were divided into seven groups, with some groups receiving cadmium chloride and/or varying doses of the D. rotundifolia extract or vitamin E. Administration of cadmium decreased testicular weights and antioxidant enzyme levels and increased lipid peroxidation compared to the control group. Co-administration of the extract with cadmium showed signs of ameliorating the cadmium-induced damage at a dose of 50mg/kg. The extract alone also showed signs of pro-fertility effects by improving testicular histology and sperm parameters at 50mg
Effect of parkia biglobosa extract on open skin wound with joseph simeon oyepataoyepata
Effect of Parkia biglobosa extract on open skin wound
healing in dexamethasone- induced hyperglycaemia
and histological assessment in rats
Modupe Iretiola Builders1*, Oyepata Simeon Joseph1 and Akpobome Raymond Vhriterhire2
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
1. ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Biochemical Studies on the effects of
(Mirazid) compared to Praziquantel in Experimental
Mohammad Aziz
1
Department of Parasitology,Medical Research Instit
Egypt.Safepharma Research Laboratory, Alexandria, Egypt.
2
Department of Parasitology,Faculty of veterinary medicine, Souhag University, Souhag; Egypt, 82524
Corresponding Author
Schistosoma mansoni worms inhabit the portal triad which may affect the blood elements.To compare the ameliorative
effects of Commiphora molmol extract (Mirazid,MZD) and Praziquantel (PZQ)
S.mansoni-infected mice. Swiss albino mice (n=72) were used in this study and were divided into 4 equal groups of 18 mice
each; G1; was normal non-infected non
into G2; non-treated infected control group given only the vehicle; G3 was infected and treated with MZD at a dose of 500
mg/kg for 5 days and G4 was infected and treated with PZQ in a dose of 500 mg/kg for 2 days. Treatment started 7 w
post-infection by oral route. Blood samples were collected at 1, 2 and 4 week post treatment to obtain serum for liver
functions (ALT, AST and ALP), kidney functions tests (blood urea and serum creatinine) and cholinergic function (serum
cholinesterase level). PZQ ameliorated the activities of the serum enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate
aminotransferase and alkline phosphatase more than MZD compared to infected untreated groupas PZQ
significantly ALT at 1, 2 and 4 WPT as well as AST
reduction in ALT activity at 1, 2 and 4 WPT as well as AST and ALP activity only at 2 and 4 WPT. PZQ caused progressive
significant reduction in the elevated levels of urea and creatinin
MZD.PZQ and MZD caused significant elevation in the level of AChE, this effect was greater detected earlier for MZD, at 2
and 4 WPT for PZQ. PZQ and MZD were safe drugs without adverse biochemical effe
showed more corrective action than MZD.
Key words: acetylcholinesterase, biochemical, C
mansoni.
z
ntal
INTRODUCTION
Schistosomiasis is a standout amongst the most far reaching of the major p
negative financial and general wellbeing sway in tropical and subtropical locales of the world (
EEMRO, 2007). Horribleness because of
reactions to schistosome egg antigens to frame granulomas for the most part in the digestion systems and
the liver where the eggs are caught
Praziquantel (PZQ) is the chemotherapeutic specialist of decision
worm of all schistosome species. Surely, it has successfully turned into the main hostile to schistosomal
drug that is monetarily accessible everywhere throughout the world
(MZD) rose in Egypt since 2002 as another treatment of schistosomiasis as a characteristic determined
pharmaceutical arrangement of myrrh or
World Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Microbiology and Toxicology
World J. Clin. Pharmacol. Micrbiol. Toxicol Vol
Online ISSN 2454-1729
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Biochemical Studies on the effects of
(Mirazid) compared to Praziquantel in Experimental Schistosomiasis
mansoni
Mohammad Aziz1
, Amer Ragheb Adel Aziz 2
Department of Parasitology,Medical Research Institute ,Alexandria University, Alexandria,
Egypt.Safepharma Research Laboratory, Alexandria, Egypt.
Faculty of veterinary medicine, Souhag University, Souhag; Egypt, 82524
Corresponding Author :Amer Ragheb Adel Aziz (amerrageb77@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
worms inhabit the portal triad which may affect the blood elements.To compare the ameliorative
extract (Mirazid,MZD) and Praziquantel (PZQ) on some biochemical parameters in
Swiss albino mice (n=72) were used in this study and were divided into 4 equal groups of 18 mice
infected non-treated control .G2-G4 were infected with 100 S.mansoni
treated infected control group given only the vehicle; G3 was infected and treated with MZD at a dose of 500
mg/kg for 5 days and G4 was infected and treated with PZQ in a dose of 500 mg/kg for 2 days. Treatment started 7 w
infection by oral route. Blood samples were collected at 1, 2 and 4 week post treatment to obtain serum for liver
functions (ALT, AST and ALP), kidney functions tests (blood urea and serum creatinine) and cholinergic function (serum
ameliorated the activities of the serum enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate
aminotransferase and alkline phosphatase more than MZD compared to infected untreated groupas PZQ
significantly ALT at 1, 2 and 4 WPT as well as AST and ALP activity at 2 and 4 WPT whereas, MZD resulted in significant
reduction in ALT activity at 1, 2 and 4 WPT as well as AST and ALP activity only at 2 and 4 WPT. PZQ caused progressive
significant reduction in the elevated levels of urea and creatinine at 1, 2 and 4 WPT, respectively than the produced by
MZD.PZQ and MZD caused significant elevation in the level of AChE, this effect was greater detected earlier for MZD, at 2
PZQ and MZD were safe drugs without adverse biochemical effects on infected treated mice and PZQ
showed more corrective action than MZD.
acetylcholinesterase, biochemical, Commiphora molmol, kidney, liver, mice, mirazid, praziquantel, S
Amer Ragheb Ade lmol
compared to Praziquantel in iol.Toxicol. Vol 2 [
Schistosomiasis is a standout amongst the most far reaching of the major parasitic illnesses and its
negative financial and general wellbeing sway in tropical and subtropical locales of the world (
). Horribleness because of S. mansoni disease is basically as an aftereffect of the host's
me egg antigens to frame granulomas for the most part in the digestion systems and
the liver where the eggs are caught (Bindseliet al., 2004).At present, there is no antibody accessible, and
Praziquantel (PZQ) is the chemotherapeutic specialist of decision with great viability against the grown
worm of all schistosome species. Surely, it has successfully turned into the main hostile to schistosomal
drug that is monetarily accessible everywhere throughout the world(Abdul-Ghani, et al., 2009)
) rose in Egypt since 2002 as another treatment of schistosomiasis as a characteristic determined
pharmaceutical arrangement of myrrh or Commiphora molmol.
World Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Microbiology and Toxicology
Toxicol Vol 2 [2] March 2016: 05-12
Page | 5
CommiphCommiphora molmol extract
Schistosomiasis
ute ,Alexandria University, Alexandria,
Faculty of veterinary medicine, Souhag University, Souhag; Egypt, 82524.
amerrageb77@yahoo.com)
worms inhabit the portal triad which may affect the blood elements.To compare the ameliorative
on some biochemical parameters in
Swiss albino mice (n=72) were used in this study and were divided into 4 equal groups of 18 mice
mansoni cercariae and classified
treated infected control group given only the vehicle; G3 was infected and treated with MZD at a dose of 500
mg/kg for 5 days and G4 was infected and treated with PZQ in a dose of 500 mg/kg for 2 days. Treatment started 7 weeks
infection by oral route. Blood samples were collected at 1, 2 and 4 week post treatment to obtain serum for liver
functions (ALT, AST and ALP), kidney functions tests (blood urea and serum creatinine) and cholinergic function (serum
ameliorated the activities of the serum enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate
aminotransferase and alkline phosphatase more than MZD compared to infected untreated groupas PZQ decreased
and ALP activity at 2 and 4 WPT whereas, MZD resulted in significant
reduction in ALT activity at 1, 2 and 4 WPT as well as AST and ALP activity only at 2 and 4 WPT. PZQ caused progressive
e at 1, 2 and 4 WPT, respectively than the produced by
MZD.PZQ and MZD caused significant elevation in the level of AChE, this effect was greater detected earlier for MZD, at 2
cts on infected treated mice and PZQ
, kidney, liver, mice, mirazid, praziquantel, Schistosoma
Commip
World J. Clin. Pharmacol.
arasitic illnesses and its
negative financial and general wellbeing sway in tropical and subtropical locales of the world (WHO; and
disease is basically as an aftereffect of the host's
me egg antigens to frame granulomas for the most part in the digestion systems and
.At present, there is no antibody accessible, and
with great viability against the grown-up
worm of all schistosome species. Surely, it has successfully turned into the main hostile to schistosomal
Ghani, et al., 2009). Mirazid
) rose in Egypt since 2002 as another treatment of schistosomiasis as a characteristic determined
CITATION OF THIS ARTICLE
Mohammad Aziz, Amer Ragheb Adel
March 2016: 05-12
compared to Praziquantel in ExperimeExperimental
l AziAziz. Biochemical Studies on the effects of Commiphoramohoramolmol extract (Mirazid)
Schistosomiasis mansoni. World J. Clin. Pharmacol. MMicrobicrobiol.Toxicol. Vol 2 [2]
2. Download Full Paper from www.wjcpmt.com
Page | 6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animals
Animals were housed in polycarbonate boxes with steel-wire tops (not more than six for each enclosure)
and had relations with wood shavings. Surrounding temperature was controlled at 22 ± 30C with a relative
stickiness of 50± 15% and a 12-h light/dull photoperiod. Food and water were provided ad libitum.
Drugs:
MZD and PZQ was bought from neighborhood advertise and were broken down in 4% Cremophor EL as a
vehicle.
Exploratory outline and treatment regimens
Cercarial shedding:
Infected B. alexandrina snails were washed with dechlorinated water and kept in a circulated air through
aquarium (utilizing an electric pump) in a dull spot (by covering the glass bath with a dark plastic pack).
Before use, snails were washed delicately with a little volume of water to expel excrement and different
flotsam and jetsam, then resuspended in water (1ml/snail) and left revealed in a glass test tube under white
bright light for a time of 30–60min to discharge the cercariae. Tender shaking to guarantee homogenous
dispersion of cercariae and 1ml of cercarial suspension was pipetted and set on glass slides; a drop of iodine
was added to every slide to kill, stain and alter the cercariae. The quantity of cercariae was checked in every
slide with the guide of a stereobinocular microscope.Generally, three counts were made 3ml cercarial
suspension and the exact number per 1ml was ascertained Fawcett, and Scott. (1960).
Cercarialinfection of mice:
Mice were infected utilizing as per Smithers and Terry (1965). Every mouse was exposed independently to
around 100 S. mansoni cercariae, and then infected mice were then isolated in an independent stainless
steel wiremesh cages, and got a standard very much adjusted eating routine and water.The mice were
housed in a room under controlled natural temperature. Stool examination was performed 50 days after
cercarial infection to decide the shedding of eggs.
Drug administration:
At 7 weeks post infection(WPI), MZD was orally given to mice in a dosage 500 mg/kg for 5 days (0.1ml
solution for each mouse).The measurement was chosen as indicated by Botros et al., (2004) and Massoud
et al., (2004) which is four-fold the therapeutic dose in mice (125 mg/kg) based on Food and Drug
Administration guidelines by converting the human dose to those for experimental animals. PZQ was given
in a dose of 500 mg/kg for 2 days according to William et al., (2003).
Biochemical studies:
Blood samples were collected in centrifuge tubes without anticoagulant and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for
20 min. Serum was stored at - 200
C until used for biochemical assays using commercial kits. The liver
function tests were assessed using alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransaminase
(AST,Diasys diagnostics) according to Reitman and Frankel (1957) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP,Tecno
diagnostics) according to Kind and King(1954).Blood urea and serum creatinine were used to assess kidney
functions using urea and creatinine kits (Diamond Diagnostics) according to Fawcett and Scott (1960), the
previous tested parameters were counted by photometer 5010 (fully-automated chemistry analyser, India).
Cholinesterase (ChE) level was selected to assess the neurotoxic potential inmice blood using Spinreact
chemistry analyser/Spinlab (Spain) according to the colorimetric method of Ellmanet al., (1961).
Ethical considerations:
The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the MRI, University of
Alexandria.
Statistical analysis
The data were coded, collected, tabulated, and analyzed using the independent two-sample t-test with
Minitab statistical software, version 14 (Minitab Inc, Pennsylvania State College, Pennsylvania,USA).
Descriptive statistics were expressed as arithmetic meanSD as measures of central tendency and
dispersion, respectively. The level of significance (P<0.05) was considered statistically significant.
Change in infected (%)=mean values in non-infected (c)-mean values in non-treated (t) X 100 mean values
in non-infected (c)
Change in treated (%)=mean values in non-treated (c)-mean values in treated (t) X 100 mean values
in non-treated (c)
RESULTS
In this work, mice in the infected non-treated group showed highly significant elevation of serum ALT
(54.5%, 80.6% and 202.2%), AST (45.8%, 49.2% and 79.5%) and ALP levels (123.2%, 127.9% and 212.2%) compared
Aziz and Aziz
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to non-infected normal mice at 8, 9 and 11 WPI. But under the effect of PZQ, the serum ALT decreased
significantly 29.1%, 35.1% and 53.5% at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after treatment. PZQ also reduced AST (21.3% and
50.3%) and ALP activity (43.2% and 65.5%) at 2 and 4 WPT as in Table (1).Table (2) indicating the treatment of
infected mice with PZQ or MZD caused progressive significant reduction in the elevated levels of urea
(12.5%, 33.9% and 60.2%) for PZQ and (21.3%, 26.8% and 45.7%) for MZD at 1, 2 and 4 WPT, respectively, both
drugs significantly reduced creatinine at 4 WPT.AChE activity in S.mansoni-infected mice 8 WPI with 100
cercariae showed progressive decrease with the time of infection as there was significant decrease 11.4% at
8WPI, and at 9 and 11 WPI. there was highly significant decrease in blood AChE activity 19.8% and 23.5%,
respectively).Treatment of mice with PZQ and MZD caused significant elevation in the depressed level of
AChE, This effect was greater detected earlier for MZD (10.3%, 16.2% and 25.4%).It was observed (22.5% and
31.8%) at 2 and 4 WPT for PZQ.
Table (1): Liver function testsin S. mansoni-infected mice treated with different drugs at different times.
Parameters WPT MZD PZQ Infected Non-
treated
Non-infected
Non-treated
ALT (U/L) 1 49.25±4.66 B
(-23.5%)
45.60±1.40 B
(-29.1%)
64.40±3.90 A
(54.5%)
41.37±6.21
2 68.50±8.61 B
(-25.9%)
60.00±6.56 B
(-35.1%)
92.50±3.54 A
(80.6%)
51.20±7.96
4 60.00±6.79B
(-40.1%)
53.75±6.27 B(-
53.5%)
100.33±6.51 A
(202.2%)
33.20±5.89
AST (U/L) 1 109.67±4.93
(-8.3%)
110.50±10.66
(-7.6%)
119.60±11.00 A
(45.8%)
82.00±6.96
2 130.00±12.7 b (-
9.7%)
113.33±11.73 B (-
21.3%)
144.00±7.13 A
(49.2%)
96.50±7.92
4 95.00±9.08 B
(-40.25%)
79.00±4.85 B
(-50.3%)
159.00±8.17 A
(79.52%)
88.57±9.24
ALP (U/L) 1 89.00±6.24
(-20.6%)
78.50±26.41
(-30%)
112.20±37.60 A
(123.2%)
50.25±17.71
2 118.50±8.33 B (-
32.2%)
99.33±4.16 B
(-43.2%)
175.00±9.40 A
(127.9%)
76.77±2.01
4 78.67±3.32 B
(-49.3%)
53.50±4.57 B
(-65.5%)
155.33±6.01 A
(212.2%)
49.75±2.41
a: Statistically significant at P value < 0.05 compared to non-infected.A : Statistically highly significant at P
value < 0.01 compared to non-infected. b : Statistically significant at P value < 0.05 compared to non-treated ,
B: Statistically highly significant at P value < 0.01 compared to non-treated.
Figure (1): Liver function testsin S. mansoni-infected mice treated with different drugs at different times.
112.2110
45.6
89
109.67
49.25
175
113.33
60
118.5
130
68.5
155.33
79
53.7578.67
95
60
ALPASTALTALPASTALT
Liver function tests in S. mansoni-infected mice treated with different drugs at
different times
1WPI 2WP 4WPI
Aziz and Aziz
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Table (2): Kidney function tests inS.mansoni-infected mice under different treatments at different follow
up periods.
Parameters WPT MZD PZQ Infected Non-
treated
Non-infected
Non-treated
Blood Urea
(mg/dl)
1 31.45±2.58 B(-
21.3%)
35.00±2.60 B (-
12.5%)
40.00±2.92 A
(+61.2%)
24.80±1.74
2 40.25±3.89 B (-
26.8%)
36.33±6.03 B (-
33.9%)
55.00±4.14 A
(+88.3%)
29.20±2.66
4 40.00±3.00 B (-
45.7%)
29.25±3.30 B(-
60.2%)
73.67±7.75 A
(+255.3%)
20.73±3.84
Serum
Creatinine
(mg/dl)
1 1.28±0.09
(+20.7%)
0.78±0.31 (-
26.4%)
1.06±0.30
(+17.7%)
0.9±0.44
2 1.18±0.08 (-
5.6%)
0.90±0.36 (-
28%)
1.25±0.09 a
(+78.5%)
0.70±0.43
4 0.90±0.01 b (-
33.1%)
0.75±0.24 b (-
48.2%)
1.45±0.54 A
(+150%)
0.58±0.17
Values were expressed as mean ± SD, Numbers in parentheses indicate the percentage change.a: Statistically
significant at P value < 0.05 compared to non-infected.A : Statistically highly significant at P value < 0.01
compared to non-infected. b : Statistically significant at P value < 0.05 compared to non-treated , B:
Statistically highly significant at P value < 0.01 compared to non-treated.
Figure (2): Kidney function tests inS.mansoni-infected mice under different treatments at different follow
up periods.
Table (3):Theblood acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levelin S. mansoni-infected mice treated with Mirazid or
Praziquantel 1,2 and 4 weeks post-treatment compared to non-treated and non-infected mice.
WPT MZD PZQ Non-treated Non-Infected
1 9.91±1.5b
(+10.3%)
9.32±0.19
(+3.5%)
9.00±0.8 a (-
11.3%)
10.15±0.65
2 9.30±0.40B
(+16.2%)
9.80±0.40B
(+22.5%)
8.00±0.17A (-
19.8%)
9.98±0.48
4 9.50±0.92B
(+25.4%)
9.98±0.15B
(+31.8%)
7.57±0.66 A (-
23.5%)
9.90±0.40
Values were expressed as mean ± SD, Numbers in parentheses indicate the percentage change.a: Statistically
significant at P value < 0.05 compared to non-infected.A : Statistically highly significant at P value < 0.01
compared to non-infected. b : Statistically significant at P value < 0.05 compared to non-treated , B:
Statistically highly significant at P value < 0.01 compared to non-treated.
0.78
35
1.28
31.45
0.9
36.3
1.18
40.25
0.75
29.25
0.9
40
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Serum Creatinine
(mg/dl)
Blood Urea (mg/dl)Serum Creatinine
(mg/dl)
Blood Urea (mg/dl)
PZQMZD
Kidney function tests in S.mansoni-infected mice under different
treatments at different follow up periods
1 WPI
2 WP
4 WPI
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Fig.3.blood acetylcholinesterase levelin S.mansoni-infected mice under different treatments at different
periods of follow up.
DISCUSSION
Liver harm can be recognized by measuring the adjustments in liver compounds (ALT, AST and ALP) levels
contrasted with the control. Where its hepatocytes show contrasts in the confinement and centralization
of some enzymatic frameworks. These enzymes served as markers for various cell organelles and any
imperfection of them will be reflected to the catalyst movement itself (Ammar et al., 2009; and Meera et
al., 2009).ALT is a liver particular chemical just essentially raised in hepatobiliary sicknesses. Increment in
AST level can happen regarding harms of heart or skeletal muscle and also liver parenchyma. ALP is of
enthusiasm for the analysis of hepatobiliary issue and bone infections. Parallel estimation of ALT, AST and
ALP is in this way connected to recognize liver from heart or skeletal muscle damages.So considering
changes in these enzymatic levels could be useful in assessing the harming impacts of S.mansoni infection
on the liver of the host and assessing the conceivable reactions of various medicines and the change
happening in such enzymes after medications, Burtis A., and Tietz. (1999).
Botros et al.,(2007) discovered 112.1% elevation in ALT level in S.mansoni-infected mice at 8 WPI .El-Lakkany
et al.,(2012) reported 80% increase in serum ALT at 9 WPI, Saba-El Rigal and Hetta (2006) discovered 238.9%
and 119.3% rise in the serum AST and ALP levels separately at 8 WPI.Abdel-Mottaleb et al., (2008)
discovered 88% increment in serum ALP at 11 WPI. El-Shenawy et al. (2008) and Mahmoud et al., (2002)
credited the increased liver enzyme level to the hepatic cell harm and expanded cell film porousness or to
substantial Schistosoma egg deposition. Awadalla et al., (1975),and El-Aasar et al., (1989) ascribed the
elevation in enzymatic activities to the bothering of the liver cells by poisons or metabolic products of
developing schistosomules, grown-up worms and eggs or to expanded loss of intracellular enzymesby
dispersion through cell membranes which seems to go about as a jolt to the blend of more enzymes.
Higher rates of formation would, thusly, expand the rate of dispersion and henceforth elevate serum
activities. this was consistent with the discoveries of Botros et al., (2007) who discovered 33.2% and 43.3%
diminishment in ALT level in PZQ-treated mice at 1 or 2 WPT (500 mg/kg for 2 days at 6 WPI).
Notwithstanding, Sewify (2009), and El-Lakkany et al., (2012) discovered immaterial change in the AST level
at 2 WPT in PZQ-treated mice. MZD treatment of infected mice brought about critical changes in the action
of liver enzymes. This was showed by critical diminishment in ALT movement at 1, 2 and 4 WPT (23.5%, 25.9%
and 40.1%). The huge diminishment in serum AST and ALP levels happened just at 2 WPT (9.7% and 32.2%)
and at 4 WPT (40.25%, and 49.3%). Massoud et al., (2000) reported non-noteworthy change in serum liver
chemicals in solid rats orally given MZD dosages extending from 50-200 mg/kg for 2 months at 1, and 2 or 4
WPT. Saba-El Rigal and Hetta (2006) utilized MZD as a part of dosage of 600 mg/kg for 3 days in S.mansoni-
infected mice (100 cercariae at 8 WPI). The level of ALT and AST was diminished 48.5% and 52.7%, separately
at 3 WPT contrasted with the non-treated mice. Omar et al., (2005) concentrated on the impact of MZD
500 mg/kg or PZQ 1500 mg/kg day by day for 6 weeks on normal rats. There was non-noteworthy increase
in the mean estimation of ALT in MZD-regarded rats when contrasted with the ordinary non-treated
control; while PZQ instigated high elevation in the mean estimation of ALT contrasted with MZD. Likewise,
PZQ prompted high increase in the mean estimation of AST level contrasted with MZD. Nephropathay or
9.91
9.3
9.5
9.32
9.8
9.98
1WPT2WPT4WPT
(AChE) level in S. mansoni-infected mice treated with
Mirazid or Praziquantel 1,2 and 4 weeks post-treatment
MZD PZQ
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nephrotic disorder was accounted for in human and exprimental animals infected with S. mansoni. The
malady is accounted for to advance to end stage renal failure (Barsoum (2004), and Junior et al., 2013).
Schistosomal nephropathy is most likely produced by chronic deposition of circulating immune complexes,
antischistosome antibodies and schistosome antigens (Moriearty, and Brito (1977).Blood urea and serum
creatinine are routinely utilized as biomarkers for appraisal of renal capacities. Urea is the last consequence
of protiens metabolism; it is framed in the liver from their destruction. High level of urea can show up in
the blood (uremia); in diet with abundance of protiens, renal maladies, heart disappointment,
gastrointestinalhemorrhage. Creatinine is the consequence of the corruption of creatine (part of muscles),
it can be changed into ATP, that is a wellspring of high vitality for cells. The creatinine generation relies on
upon the alteration of the muscle mass, and it fluctuates little and the levels for the most part are
extremely steady. Creatinine is discharged by the kidneys. With dynamic renal deficiency, there is
maintenance in blood urea and raised creatinine level (Barsoum et al., 2013). In this study, the blood urea
and serum creatinine in S.mansoni-infected mice was elevated because of the period of disease as they
were progressively raised. EL-Shenawy et al., (2008) had reported almost comparative results as the blood
urea and serum creatinine of mice infected by S.mansoni, demonstrated that huge increment (300% and
166.6%) individually when contrasted with non-contaminated mice at 7 WPI (100 cercariae).Sheir et al.,
(2001) and Massoud et al., (2000) reported that MZD was of no harm on kidney functions of normal healthy
rats (orally given 50,100 and 200 mg/kg for two months) or healthy volunteers (10 mg/kg for 3 days
following 2 months) and in addition infected treated patients. increase or decrease of the blood AChE will
bring changes in the concentration of acetylcholine as when the enzyme is restrained, acetylcholine then
gathered prompting toxicity showed by nicotinic, muscarinic or focal signs and indications as per the level
of inhibition and therefore the receptors influenced, Giacobini (2004); Ballard et al., (2005); Schetinger et
al., (2000); Kawashima , and Fujii, (2003); Lassiter et al.,(2003); Santarpia et al., (2013).Almost like the
outcomes got by Sewify (2009), Saba El-rigal and Hetta (2006); who discovered 14% and 56.1% inhibition in
serum cholinesterase (SCE) level in S.mansoni-infected mice at 7 or 8 WPI (with 100 cercariae either by
paddling procedure or tail immersion technique), individually. The later said that the low SCE level is
ascribed to low serum total proteins. AChE activity in S.mansoni-infected mice 8 WPI with 100 cercariae
indicated dynamic reduction with the season of infection as there was noteworthy lessening 11.4% at 8WPI,
and at 9 and 11 WPI. there was very noteworthy lessening in blood AChE level 19.8% and 23.5%, individually),
which might be expected hepatocellular damage and thusly low serum protiens or may emission of toxins
by the grown-up schistosomes hindering the enzyme activity. Badria et al.(2001) expressed that MZD in a
measurements of 500 mg/kg for 3 days for S.mansoni-infected mice brought about death of adult worms
;might be because of loss of musculature (paralysis) . Hassan et al. (2003), and Sharaf (2004);examined the
muscle tension of S.mansoni worms under the effect of MZD in rising concentrations 100,200,300 and 400
µg/ml .The drug elicited somatic muscle contraction and reached highest response with the higher
concentration. It was found that exposure of isolated rabbit duodenum to MZD 150-300 µg/ml induced
inhibitory effect on motility. However, it failed to evoke the contractile effect of acetylcholine (2µg/ml), so
MZD is devoid of an effect on the muscarinic receptors.Saba-El rigal and Hetta (2006) found that MZD
proved to have highly significant stimulatory activity on SCE level (14%) in normal mice.
Conclusion:This study declared that PZQ and MZD were highly safe without adverse haemtological or
biochemical effects on infected treated mice with the advandage of more ameliorative effects in PZQ in
comparsion to MZD.Schistosomiasis is associated with many complications; the most important of these
are liver damage (WHO, 2010).Among the five different schistosome species, Schistosoma mansoni is the
most abundant one in Egypt (Helmy et al.,2009). Pathology associated with S. mansoni results primarily
from the accumulation of parasite eggs, giving rise to hepatomegaly that may be superseded by extensive
liver fibrosis (Gryseels et al., 2006). It has also been shown that the granulomatous inflammatory response
to S. mansoni eggs entrapped in the liver induces oxidative stress.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Authors wish to express their thanks to all staff members of department of Parasitology, Medical Research
Institute ,Alexandria University, Safepharma Research Laboratory and department of Parasitology,Faculty
of veterinary medicine, Souhag University for their sincere cooperation during the study.
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS
Mohammed Aziz and Amer R. Abdel Aziz worked in this study from preparation of animals under study,
and drugs, and the sharing in the design of the experiment, biochemical studies, biostatistical analysis till
Aziz and Aziz
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reading the results, and prepared the final manuscript, both authors read and approved the final version of
the manuscript.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests, and Compliance with Ethical Standards,
and research involving animals' participants.
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Elution of renal antischistosome antibodies in human schistosomiasis mansoni. Am J
Omar AMA, Elmesallamy GE, Eassa S. (2005)Comparative study of the hepatotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic
effects of praziquantel, Distocide& the natural myrrh extract Mirazid on adult male albino rats. J Egypt Soc
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glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol.;28: 56-63.
Rigal N, Aly SA, RizkM , Said A.(2006) Effects of Ailanthus altissimaand Ziziphus spina christi e
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acetylcholinesterase and ATPase activities. Neurochemistry Research;25:949-55.
Study of some plant essential oil compounds against Schistosoma mansoni
experimental animals. MSc.Thesis Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology,High Institute of Public
The effect of antischistosome drugs on schistosomes and theimmune response of their hosts.
MD Thesis Institute of Biomedical LifeSciences.Division of Infection and Immunity.University of Glasgow.
Sheir Z, Nasr A, MassoudA,Salama O ,Badra G, El Shennawy H, et al . (2001)Herbal safe effective anti
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spectrum anthelmintic flubendazole together with praziquantel in experimental Schistosoma
-7.
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Aziz and Aziz
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Elution of renal antischistosome antibodies in human schistosomiasis mansoni. Am J
Comparative study of the hepatotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic
& the natural myrrh extract Mirazid on adult male albino rats. J Egypt Soc
Colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic and
Ziziphus spina christi extracts on
infected mice. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci.;
Butyrylcholinesterase as a prognostic marker: a review of the
New benzodiazepines alter
Schistosoma mansoni infection in
edical Entomology,High Institute of Public
The effect of antischistosome drugs on schistosomes and theimmune response of their hosts.
and Immunity.University of Glasgow.
Herbal safe effective anti-schistomicidal
Schistosoma mansoni and the
country meeting on strategies to eliminate
8 Nov. 2007;p.8.
Effect of simultaneous and/or consecutive administration of the broad
Schistosomamansoni infection.
article published by World Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Microbiology and
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