This document discusses using molecular genotyping methods to investigate the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in Taiwan. It provides background on M. tuberculosis and describes several genotyping methods including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), spoligotyping, variable number tandem repeats (VNTR), and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU). The study aims to evaluate the genotyping efficiency of these methods, select appropriate genetic markers, and establish high-throughput protocols. Preliminary results on 479 samples from Taiwan show discrimination of strains by region, age, gender and genotype. Locus discrimination power and Hunter-Gaston discrimination index are also reported for different genotyping methods.
This document summarizes information presented about Mycobacterium tuberculosis and tuberculosis. It discusses that M. tuberculosis grows slowly, doubling every 24 hours, and takes 3-4 weeks to culture. It also notes that tuberculosis infects around 2 billion people globally and causes 1.6 million deaths per year. The document also mentions that multidrug resistant tuberculosis is emerging worldwide and there are an estimated 50 million people infected with multidrug resistant strains.
The document describes malaria immunology and epidemiology studies conducted in Papua New Guinea between 2004-2017. It involved several cohort and intervention studies with observational cohorts of approximately 500-2000 individuals. The studies aimed to understand immunity targets and mechanisms to malaria in order to rationalize vaccine development. They examined both antibody and cellular immune responses. Key findings included that γδ T cells are a major source of IFNγ response and certain NK cell receptors are associated with risk of high density infections.
Objective: To probe into the influence of miR-21 on the proliferation as well as apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its causative role.
Study Design: We adopted microarray for detecting the differentially expressed genes in OSCC tumor tis-sues and paracancerous tissues. We assessed the link of miR-21 expression with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and tumor differentiation. We employed CCK-8 and EdU assay for detecting the impact of miR-21 inhibitor and miR-21 mimic on Cal-27 cell proliferation, as well as TUNEL and AnnexinV-FITC/PI double staining for detecting miR-21 expression on cell apoptosis. We forecasted the possible target of miR-21 via TargetScan, as well as detected the interaction of miR-21 with PTEN via luciferase reporter experiment. The function of miR-21 expression in PTEN signaling pathway was monitored via western blot. We constructed PTEN overexpression plasmid and conducted rescue experiment to evaluate overexpressed PTEN on miR-21–induced proliferation.
Results: Microarray and RT-qPCR indicated that miR-21 expression increased demonstrably in OSCC. Subsequently, statistical analysis showed that miR-21 expression was plainly correlated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, tumor differentiation, and smoking history. CCK-8 and EdU method exhibited that miR-21 mimics manifestly promoted Cal-27 cell proliferation, while miR-21 inhibitor blatantly inhibited Cal-27 cell proliferation. TUNEL and V-FITC/PI double staining assay showed that miR-21 inhibitor conspicuously promoted Cal-27 cell apoptosis. CCK-8 and EdU assay exhibited that overexpressed PTEN abolished the pro-proliferation influence of miR-21 mimic. TUNEL and V-FITC/PI experiments pointed out that knocking down PTEN abrogated the pro-apoptosis impact of miR-21 inhibitor.
Conclusion: miR-21 contributes to OSCC cell proliferation via targeting PTEN and inhibits its apoptosis.
Keywords: Akt/PKB signaling pathway; apoptosis; biomarkers, tumor; carcinoma, squamous cell; cell line, tumor; cell proliferation; microRNAs; miR-21; miRNA-21; mouth neoplasms; oral cancer; oral squamous cell carcinoma; proliferation; real time PCR
This research article describes a novel method using high-density peptide microarrays and computational analysis to identify B-cell epitopes in patients with celiac disease. Overlapping peptide sequences from native and deamidated gliadin proteins were synthesized onto silicon wafers. Serum samples from celiac patients and controls were tested on the microarrays. Computational analysis identified distinct epitope sets that differentiated celiac patients from controls with high accuracy. The identified epitopes have potential for developing improved diagnostic tests for celiac disease.
HIV RT Inhibitions in vitro and or or in vivo: materials and methods Titas Mallick
1. The document discusses HIV/AIDS, providing statistics on people living with HIV/AIDS globally in 2017 and historical data on the epidemic.
2. It then covers the history of HIV drug development, including the discovery of HIV and early treatments with drawbacks, leading to current HAART therapies and prevention methods.
3. The objectives of the project are outlined, including producing and purifying HIV RT protein, isolating and purifying plant crude extracts, testing RT functionality, and identifying potential RT inhibitor molecules from plant extracts.
Candidemia in HIV-positive patients in Dschang District Hospital (West Region...Claude Nangwat
Candidemia has been identified as a public health problem in HIV-infected patients. The evaluation of CD4 count, transaminases and blood glucose, are being used as a means to monitor the health of HIV-infected patients, without excluding the diagnosis of candidemia and other opportunistic infections. In order to contribute in improving the care of HIV-infected patients attending Dschang District Hospital and later on, in other hospitals in Cameroon, we conducted from June to September 2014 a cross-sectional study, with general objective; to determine the association between candidemia and selected biochemical and haematological parameter changes in HIV-infected patients, as a possible indicator in monitoring HIV disease progression.
To do this, blood samples were collected from HIV-infected patients assigned to the UPEC of Dschang District Hospital for follow up, and haemogram report, CD4 counts, ALAT level, ASAT level, and glucose level in blood were evaluated by cytometric and spectrophotometric assays. Candida species were isolated from some blood samples, and then identified using CHROMagar Candida culture medium. The broth microdilution method was afterwards used to test the susceptibility of the fungal isolates vis-a-vis three conventional antifungal agents.
Mycological analysis of blood samples showed that eight (08) patients had candidemia, a prevalence of 6.11%. Eight (08) isolates were obtained from these eight (08) candidemic HIV-infected patients; this consisted of 4(50%) Candida albicans, 3(37.5%) Candida parapsilosis and 1(12.5%) Candida glabrata. All these isolates were resistant (MICs ranged from 2 to >256 µg/mL) to the antifungals used, that is, ketoconazole, amphotericin B and nystatin.
A significant correlation was found between candidemia and white blood cell count, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.240 (p < 0.05). Based on the results obtained, the systematic diagnosis of candidemia should be performed in patients infected with HIV in Cameroon in order to improve on their care.
Key words: Candidemia, HIV, biochemical parameters, hematological parameters, Antifungals activities.
Dr. David Mooney - Simposio Internacional 'Terapias oncológicas avanzadas'Fundación Ramón Areces
Los días 15 y 16 de octubre de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces y la Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia, en colaboración con la Fundación de la Innovación Bankinter, reunieron en Madrid a algunos de los mayores expertos mundiales en nuevas terapias contra el cáncer. El Simposio Internacional, coordinado por la profesora y académica María José Alonso, analizó el momento actual de la lucha contra esta enfermedad. También fue un punto de encuentro para científicos de los más innovadores institutos de investigación en oncología, quienes debatieron sobre tres grandes temas: la Medicina Personalizada contra el cáncer, los nanomedicamentos en la terapia del cáncer y las terapias basadas en la inmunomodulación.
This document discusses using molecular genotyping methods to investigate the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in Taiwan. It provides background on M. tuberculosis and describes several genotyping methods including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), spoligotyping, variable number tandem repeats (VNTR), and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU). The study aims to evaluate the genotyping efficiency of these methods, select appropriate genetic markers, and establish high-throughput protocols. Preliminary results on 479 samples from Taiwan show discrimination of strains by region, age, gender and genotype. Locus discrimination power and Hunter-Gaston discrimination index are also reported for different genotyping methods.
This document summarizes information presented about Mycobacterium tuberculosis and tuberculosis. It discusses that M. tuberculosis grows slowly, doubling every 24 hours, and takes 3-4 weeks to culture. It also notes that tuberculosis infects around 2 billion people globally and causes 1.6 million deaths per year. The document also mentions that multidrug resistant tuberculosis is emerging worldwide and there are an estimated 50 million people infected with multidrug resistant strains.
The document describes malaria immunology and epidemiology studies conducted in Papua New Guinea between 2004-2017. It involved several cohort and intervention studies with observational cohorts of approximately 500-2000 individuals. The studies aimed to understand immunity targets and mechanisms to malaria in order to rationalize vaccine development. They examined both antibody and cellular immune responses. Key findings included that γδ T cells are a major source of IFNγ response and certain NK cell receptors are associated with risk of high density infections.
Objective: To probe into the influence of miR-21 on the proliferation as well as apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its causative role.
Study Design: We adopted microarray for detecting the differentially expressed genes in OSCC tumor tis-sues and paracancerous tissues. We assessed the link of miR-21 expression with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and tumor differentiation. We employed CCK-8 and EdU assay for detecting the impact of miR-21 inhibitor and miR-21 mimic on Cal-27 cell proliferation, as well as TUNEL and AnnexinV-FITC/PI double staining for detecting miR-21 expression on cell apoptosis. We forecasted the possible target of miR-21 via TargetScan, as well as detected the interaction of miR-21 with PTEN via luciferase reporter experiment. The function of miR-21 expression in PTEN signaling pathway was monitored via western blot. We constructed PTEN overexpression plasmid and conducted rescue experiment to evaluate overexpressed PTEN on miR-21–induced proliferation.
Results: Microarray and RT-qPCR indicated that miR-21 expression increased demonstrably in OSCC. Subsequently, statistical analysis showed that miR-21 expression was plainly correlated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, tumor differentiation, and smoking history. CCK-8 and EdU method exhibited that miR-21 mimics manifestly promoted Cal-27 cell proliferation, while miR-21 inhibitor blatantly inhibited Cal-27 cell proliferation. TUNEL and V-FITC/PI double staining assay showed that miR-21 inhibitor conspicuously promoted Cal-27 cell apoptosis. CCK-8 and EdU assay exhibited that overexpressed PTEN abolished the pro-proliferation influence of miR-21 mimic. TUNEL and V-FITC/PI experiments pointed out that knocking down PTEN abrogated the pro-apoptosis impact of miR-21 inhibitor.
Conclusion: miR-21 contributes to OSCC cell proliferation via targeting PTEN and inhibits its apoptosis.
Keywords: Akt/PKB signaling pathway; apoptosis; biomarkers, tumor; carcinoma, squamous cell; cell line, tumor; cell proliferation; microRNAs; miR-21; miRNA-21; mouth neoplasms; oral cancer; oral squamous cell carcinoma; proliferation; real time PCR
This research article describes a novel method using high-density peptide microarrays and computational analysis to identify B-cell epitopes in patients with celiac disease. Overlapping peptide sequences from native and deamidated gliadin proteins were synthesized onto silicon wafers. Serum samples from celiac patients and controls were tested on the microarrays. Computational analysis identified distinct epitope sets that differentiated celiac patients from controls with high accuracy. The identified epitopes have potential for developing improved diagnostic tests for celiac disease.
HIV RT Inhibitions in vitro and or or in vivo: materials and methods Titas Mallick
1. The document discusses HIV/AIDS, providing statistics on people living with HIV/AIDS globally in 2017 and historical data on the epidemic.
2. It then covers the history of HIV drug development, including the discovery of HIV and early treatments with drawbacks, leading to current HAART therapies and prevention methods.
3. The objectives of the project are outlined, including producing and purifying HIV RT protein, isolating and purifying plant crude extracts, testing RT functionality, and identifying potential RT inhibitor molecules from plant extracts.
Candidemia in HIV-positive patients in Dschang District Hospital (West Region...Claude Nangwat
Candidemia has been identified as a public health problem in HIV-infected patients. The evaluation of CD4 count, transaminases and blood glucose, are being used as a means to monitor the health of HIV-infected patients, without excluding the diagnosis of candidemia and other opportunistic infections. In order to contribute in improving the care of HIV-infected patients attending Dschang District Hospital and later on, in other hospitals in Cameroon, we conducted from June to September 2014 a cross-sectional study, with general objective; to determine the association between candidemia and selected biochemical and haematological parameter changes in HIV-infected patients, as a possible indicator in monitoring HIV disease progression.
To do this, blood samples were collected from HIV-infected patients assigned to the UPEC of Dschang District Hospital for follow up, and haemogram report, CD4 counts, ALAT level, ASAT level, and glucose level in blood were evaluated by cytometric and spectrophotometric assays. Candida species were isolated from some blood samples, and then identified using CHROMagar Candida culture medium. The broth microdilution method was afterwards used to test the susceptibility of the fungal isolates vis-a-vis three conventional antifungal agents.
Mycological analysis of blood samples showed that eight (08) patients had candidemia, a prevalence of 6.11%. Eight (08) isolates were obtained from these eight (08) candidemic HIV-infected patients; this consisted of 4(50%) Candida albicans, 3(37.5%) Candida parapsilosis and 1(12.5%) Candida glabrata. All these isolates were resistant (MICs ranged from 2 to >256 µg/mL) to the antifungals used, that is, ketoconazole, amphotericin B and nystatin.
A significant correlation was found between candidemia and white blood cell count, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.240 (p < 0.05). Based on the results obtained, the systematic diagnosis of candidemia should be performed in patients infected with HIV in Cameroon in order to improve on their care.
Key words: Candidemia, HIV, biochemical parameters, hematological parameters, Antifungals activities.
Dr. David Mooney - Simposio Internacional 'Terapias oncológicas avanzadas'Fundación Ramón Areces
Los días 15 y 16 de octubre de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces y la Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia, en colaboración con la Fundación de la Innovación Bankinter, reunieron en Madrid a algunos de los mayores expertos mundiales en nuevas terapias contra el cáncer. El Simposio Internacional, coordinado por la profesora y académica María José Alonso, analizó el momento actual de la lucha contra esta enfermedad. También fue un punto de encuentro para científicos de los más innovadores institutos de investigación en oncología, quienes debatieron sobre tres grandes temas: la Medicina Personalizada contra el cáncer, los nanomedicamentos en la terapia del cáncer y las terapias basadas en la inmunomodulación.
ABSTRACT- Multiple Drug resistance (MDR) tuberculosis timely diagnose is of utmost clinical relevance and needs to be diagnose at initial stages for the proper treatment. The current study was done to detect the several genes for MDR tuberculosis (TB) in clinical isolates by molecular tools. 60 clinical isolates were collected and subjected for AFB smear preparation, Nested PCR (IS6110) for mycobacterium tuberculosis complex detection and MDR TB PCR targeting rpoB, kat G, mab A promoter. 12 came positive for AFB smears, out of which 08 were pulmonary and 04 were extra pulmonary. Nested PCR targeting IS6110 gene was amplified at 123 base pairs with 340 base pairs as IC (internal control) was seen in 25 cases which include 19 pulmonary and 6 extra pulmonary. The Positive TB PCR specimens were subjected for MDRTB PCR Only 06 cases yielded, an amplicon of 315 bp confirming the rpoB gene resistance for resistance for rifampcin drug. In any of the 06 positives none of the other resistance gene other than rpoB was amplified. Targeting multiple genes at once, additional information will be gained from a single test run that otherwise would require several times the reagents and more time to perform. Current study signifies the usage of quick, cost effective, DNA sequences based method for MDR TB detection where disease will be diagnosed earlier and hence treatment would be started at an early stage.
Keywords: Multiple drug resistance, amplicon, Polymerase chain reaction, Nested PCR, Rifampicin.
Profiling Hospital-Acquired Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance Genes WebinarQIAGEN
Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are caused by bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens that easily spread through the body. The most common HAIs include urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections and pneumonia. HAIs are becoming more virulent and more resistant to the antibiotics typically used to fight them, making antibiotic resistance a serious public health concern. In this webinar, we will provide an overview of hospital-acquired pathogens and antibiotic resistance. We will also present tools to help you identify and characterize hospital-acquired bacterial species and antibiotic resistance genes in your research samples.
Microbiome Identification to Characterization: Pathogen Detection Webinar Ser...QIAGEN
This document discusses the development of rapid detection methods for microbial and microbiome analysis and their applications to human health. It provides an overview of QIAGEN's microbial qPCR products and discusses focused metagenomics applications like screening for antibiotic resistance genes in the food supply and human gut. Limitations of current methods are outlined and the benefits of qPCR for rapid, specific, and sensitive microbial detection are described.
The study evaluated HIV-1 DNA load in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and monocytes from long-term HAART-treated and antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients. The HIV-1 DNA load was significantly lower in PBLs and monocytes of HAART-treated patients compared to naïve patients. While HAART effectively reduced viral reservoirs, HIV-1 DNA load analysis provides additional insights into monitoring HIV-1 infection and treatment effectiveness. The study demonstrated that long-term HAART decreases the HIV-1 DNA burden in immune cells.
Anthracnose and powdery mildew Resistance breeding in chilli Manoj Gowda
This document summarizes molecular approaches for breeding anthracnose and powdery mildew resistance in chili peppers. It discusses conventional breeding approaches for anthracnose resistance and then focuses on molecular approaches. For anthracnose, it covers identifying resistant sources from other Capsicum species, inheritance studies of resistance, identifying QTL, developing markers linked to resistance genes. For powdery mildew, it discusses inheritance of resistance, developing markers linked to the PMR1 resistance gene through mapping populations, and comparing genetic and physical maps to identify the PMR1 locus. The objective is to utilize molecular markers to more efficiently breed for resistance to these important diseases in chili.
Join Fight CRC in a webinar about biomarkers. In this session, Dr. Chris Lieu will focus the discussion on the NTRK biomarker, in addition to ctDNA, and Next-Generation Sequencing.
West Immunotherapy, Vaccines for Lung Cancer Mage-A3, Stimuvax, and LucanixH. Jack West
This document summarizes information about three cancer vaccines - MAGE-A3, Stimuvax (L-BLP25, Tecemotide), and Lucanix (Belagenpumatucel-L). It discusses past and ongoing clinical trials of these vaccines in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including trial designs, results, and potential efficacy in patient subgroups. Key information presented includes Phase 3 trial results for Stimuvax showing a possible survival benefit in patients receiving concurrent chemotherapy and radiation, and evidence that Belagenpumatucel-L may benefit certain NSCLC patient subgroups based on retrospective analyses.
This document summarizes the potential role of medicinal mushrooms in breast cancer treatment. It discusses how breast cancer has become a major health issue and current treatments have limitations. Medicinal mushrooms contain compounds like polysaccharides and proteins that have shown anti-cancer effects in studies. In particular, Ganoderma lucidum has been found to inhibit NF-kB activity in invasive breast cancer cells. The document examines how medicinal mushrooms may provide alternative treatment options and their compounds deserve further study for their anti-cancer mechanisms and applications.
This document provides a summary of the professional experience and qualifications of Vernon L. Mar:
- Over 20 years of experience in biomedical research, including roles at Neumedicines, Inc., Amgen Inc., and the VA Medical Center, focusing on areas such as cancer biology, immunology, and vaccine development.
- Extensive experience with molecular biology techniques including cloning, protein expression and purification, and assays related to apoptosis, proliferation, and immunology.
- Key contributions include identifying biomarkers for IL-12 clinical trials, developing an enhanced tumor-directed IL-12 protein, and engineering a non-toxic pertussis toxoid vaccine as part of the team that cloned thrombopoietin.
This year's 3rd Annual TCGC: The Clinical Genome Conference, held June 10-12, 2014 in San Francisco, is a three-day event that weaves together the science of sequencing and the business of implementing genomics in the clinic. It uniquely illustrates the mutual influence of those areas and the need to therefore consider the needs, challenges and opportunities of both - from next-generation sequencing and variant interpretation to insurance reimbursement and electronic health records - throughout the entire research process.Learn more at http://www.clinicalgenomeconference.com
This case report describes a 74-year-old male nursing home resident admitted for left lower lung pneumonia. His medical history includes right medulla infarction with left hemiparesis, subglottic stenosis post tracheostomy, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Laboratory tests and imaging show bilateral lower lung pneumonia with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Sputum cultures grow Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to many antibiotics. The patient is treated with a combination of intravenous antibiotics including ceftazidime, azithromycin, imipenem, and nebulized colistin, with resolution of symptoms and pneumonia.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the use of a recombinant Toxoplasma gondii surface antigen 1 (SAG1) for the serodiagnosis of acute and chronic Toxoplasma infections in humans. The researchers cloned the SAG1 gene from T. gondii genomic DNA and expressed the recombinant protein in E. coli. They then used the recombinant SAG1 antigen in ELISA tests to detect IgM and IgG antibodies in human sera, comparing it to a commercial ELISA kit. The recombinant SAG1 ELISA showed 93% sensitivity and 95% specificity for IgG detection, and 87% sensitivity and 95% specificity for IgM detection, demonstrating its potential as a diagnostic tool for toxoplasmosis
Fungal infections in hematology patients: advances in prophylaxis and treatmentspa718
This document summarizes advances in prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections in hematology patients. It discusses risk stratification approaches and major clinical trials on antifungal prophylaxis. High-risk patients may receive both prophylaxis and pre-emptive or empirical antifungal therapy. Trials show fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, micafungin and voriconazole effective for prophylaxis in reducing invasive fungal infections and mortality compared to placebo or other antifungals. Guidelines recommend monitoring drug levels and risk-based antifungal management for hematology patients.
A New Frontier of Precision Medicine: Using PET for Image-Guided Neurointerve...InsideScientific
Mice are by far the most frequently used animal for modeling disease and developing therapeutic strategies including neurointerventions. However, due to its anatomical and physiological barriers, the brain is a difficult target for delivery of therapeutic agents. Systemic administration is plagued with marginal brain accumulation and high risk of off-target side effects.
In this webinar sponsored by Scintica Instrumentation, Dr. Piotr Walczak, Dr. Mirosław Janowski and Dr. Wojciech Lesniak address this challenge and discuss why advanced imaging is essential to perform image-guided neurointerventions.
First, Dr. Janowski provides rationale as to how imaging can be used to better understand how therapeutic agents are delivered to the brain and subsequently cleared. Next, Dr. Walczak reviews methodological and technological advances for improving precision and reproducibility of brain targeting in mice based on MRI and two-photon microscopy. Finally, Dr. Lesniak presents recently-published results using ARGUS PET/CT to quantify intra-artrial delivery of antibodies, nanobodies and poly(amidoamine) dendrimers.
Key Topics Include:
- Overview of Pre-Clinical PET/CT imaging
- Examples from applications including oncology, neurology, cardiology and dynamic imaging
- An introduction to SuperArgus PET/CT and what makes it unique
To learn more, go to:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/precision-medicine-using-pet-image-guided-neurointervention/
Mechanism of resistance to target therapyVito Lorusso
1. The document discusses resistance mechanisms to targeted kinase inhibitors (TKI) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).
2. Primary resistance is defined as a lack of response from the start of TKI therapy, while secondary resistance arises after an initial response followed by disease progression. Mechanisms of primary resistance include alternative pro-angiogenic pathways and non-angiogenic tumor growth.
3. Secondary resistance mechanisms include a new angiogenic wave induced by hypoxia, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, intratumoral heterogeneity, and gene mutations. Overcoming resistance may involve using non cross-resistant drugs that target pathways driving resistance.
Undergraduate Research Conference Poster 2015Kendra Liu
This study developed a method to quantify and detect the physiological state of bacterial and eukaryotic cells using fluorescent dyes and microchip-based flow cytometry on the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer System. Salmonella enterica and Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells were stained with SYTO62 and SYTOX dyes to label live and dead cells, respectively, and counted on the instrument. Cell numbers determined with this method matched counts from traditional plating and microscopy methods. The assay takes 30 minutes to analyze 6 samples and distinguishes live from dead cells rapidly with low sample and reagent use.
tansgenic mice:methodology and applicationtinasingh30
This document discusses the generation and applications of transgenic mice. It describes four main methods for generating transgenic mice: retroviral vector method, microinjection method, engineered embryonic stem cell method, and yeast artificial chromosome transgenesis. Transgenic mice can be used as disease models and to study the biological basis of human diseases. They have been made for conditions like Alzheimer's disease and cystic fibrosis. Transgenic mice are also used as test systems to evaluate potential therapies.
This document discusses a presentation on microbiome identification and characterization technologies. It begins with an introduction to the human microbiome and catalogs our "second genome". It then discusses how technologies like 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenomics have unlocked the ability to study the microbiome. Population studies of microbiome composition and disease associations are also reviewed. The presentation goes on to provide examples of how to design assays to identify and profile relevant microbiome targets, and discusses solutions for identification and profiling in microbiome research.
Objective: To generate preliminary information about of enteroviruses and Enterovirus 71 (EV71) in patients with aseptic meningitis in Khartoum State, Sudan.
Method: Cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected from 89 aseptic meningitis patients from different Khartoum Hospitals
(Mohammed Alamin Hamid Hospital, Soba Teaching Hospital, Omdurman Military Hospital, Alban Gadeed Teaching Hospital and Police Hospital) within February to May 2015. Among these 89 patients, 43 (48%) were males and 46 (52%) were females. The patient’s age ranged between 1 day and 30 years old. The collected specimens were assayed to detect enteroviruses and EV71 RNA using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique
Paternal radiation exposure led to increased expression of miR-29a and miR-29b in the male germline. This upregulation of miR-29 caused decreased expression of the de novo methyltransferase DNMT3a and profound hypomethylation of LINE1 and SINE B2 transposable elements in the germline. Hypomethylation of these transposable elements was also found in the thymus tissue of offspring conceived from exposed fathers and was associated with decreased expression of the LSH chromatin remodeling protein. Furthermore, miR-468 expression was significantly upregulated in the offspring thymus and directly targeted LSH, contributing to its decreased expression and hypomethylation of transposable
LncRNA WARS2-IT1 Functions as an Oncogene and is Associated with Poor Outcome...semualkaira
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common malignant brain tumors in adults and has high mortality and relapse rates. Over the past few years, great advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of GBM, but unfortunately, the five-year overall survival rate of GBM patients is approximately 5.1%. Our study aimed to investigate the new mechanism of Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) WARS2-IT1 regulate the malignant progression of Glioblastoma.
ABSTRACT- Multiple Drug resistance (MDR) tuberculosis timely diagnose is of utmost clinical relevance and needs to be diagnose at initial stages for the proper treatment. The current study was done to detect the several genes for MDR tuberculosis (TB) in clinical isolates by molecular tools. 60 clinical isolates were collected and subjected for AFB smear preparation, Nested PCR (IS6110) for mycobacterium tuberculosis complex detection and MDR TB PCR targeting rpoB, kat G, mab A promoter. 12 came positive for AFB smears, out of which 08 were pulmonary and 04 were extra pulmonary. Nested PCR targeting IS6110 gene was amplified at 123 base pairs with 340 base pairs as IC (internal control) was seen in 25 cases which include 19 pulmonary and 6 extra pulmonary. The Positive TB PCR specimens were subjected for MDRTB PCR Only 06 cases yielded, an amplicon of 315 bp confirming the rpoB gene resistance for resistance for rifampcin drug. In any of the 06 positives none of the other resistance gene other than rpoB was amplified. Targeting multiple genes at once, additional information will be gained from a single test run that otherwise would require several times the reagents and more time to perform. Current study signifies the usage of quick, cost effective, DNA sequences based method for MDR TB detection where disease will be diagnosed earlier and hence treatment would be started at an early stage.
Keywords: Multiple drug resistance, amplicon, Polymerase chain reaction, Nested PCR, Rifampicin.
Profiling Hospital-Acquired Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance Genes WebinarQIAGEN
Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are caused by bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens that easily spread through the body. The most common HAIs include urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections and pneumonia. HAIs are becoming more virulent and more resistant to the antibiotics typically used to fight them, making antibiotic resistance a serious public health concern. In this webinar, we will provide an overview of hospital-acquired pathogens and antibiotic resistance. We will also present tools to help you identify and characterize hospital-acquired bacterial species and antibiotic resistance genes in your research samples.
Microbiome Identification to Characterization: Pathogen Detection Webinar Ser...QIAGEN
This document discusses the development of rapid detection methods for microbial and microbiome analysis and their applications to human health. It provides an overview of QIAGEN's microbial qPCR products and discusses focused metagenomics applications like screening for antibiotic resistance genes in the food supply and human gut. Limitations of current methods are outlined and the benefits of qPCR for rapid, specific, and sensitive microbial detection are described.
The study evaluated HIV-1 DNA load in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and monocytes from long-term HAART-treated and antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients. The HIV-1 DNA load was significantly lower in PBLs and monocytes of HAART-treated patients compared to naïve patients. While HAART effectively reduced viral reservoirs, HIV-1 DNA load analysis provides additional insights into monitoring HIV-1 infection and treatment effectiveness. The study demonstrated that long-term HAART decreases the HIV-1 DNA burden in immune cells.
Anthracnose and powdery mildew Resistance breeding in chilli Manoj Gowda
This document summarizes molecular approaches for breeding anthracnose and powdery mildew resistance in chili peppers. It discusses conventional breeding approaches for anthracnose resistance and then focuses on molecular approaches. For anthracnose, it covers identifying resistant sources from other Capsicum species, inheritance studies of resistance, identifying QTL, developing markers linked to resistance genes. For powdery mildew, it discusses inheritance of resistance, developing markers linked to the PMR1 resistance gene through mapping populations, and comparing genetic and physical maps to identify the PMR1 locus. The objective is to utilize molecular markers to more efficiently breed for resistance to these important diseases in chili.
Join Fight CRC in a webinar about biomarkers. In this session, Dr. Chris Lieu will focus the discussion on the NTRK biomarker, in addition to ctDNA, and Next-Generation Sequencing.
West Immunotherapy, Vaccines for Lung Cancer Mage-A3, Stimuvax, and LucanixH. Jack West
This document summarizes information about three cancer vaccines - MAGE-A3, Stimuvax (L-BLP25, Tecemotide), and Lucanix (Belagenpumatucel-L). It discusses past and ongoing clinical trials of these vaccines in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including trial designs, results, and potential efficacy in patient subgroups. Key information presented includes Phase 3 trial results for Stimuvax showing a possible survival benefit in patients receiving concurrent chemotherapy and radiation, and evidence that Belagenpumatucel-L may benefit certain NSCLC patient subgroups based on retrospective analyses.
This document summarizes the potential role of medicinal mushrooms in breast cancer treatment. It discusses how breast cancer has become a major health issue and current treatments have limitations. Medicinal mushrooms contain compounds like polysaccharides and proteins that have shown anti-cancer effects in studies. In particular, Ganoderma lucidum has been found to inhibit NF-kB activity in invasive breast cancer cells. The document examines how medicinal mushrooms may provide alternative treatment options and their compounds deserve further study for their anti-cancer mechanisms and applications.
This document provides a summary of the professional experience and qualifications of Vernon L. Mar:
- Over 20 years of experience in biomedical research, including roles at Neumedicines, Inc., Amgen Inc., and the VA Medical Center, focusing on areas such as cancer biology, immunology, and vaccine development.
- Extensive experience with molecular biology techniques including cloning, protein expression and purification, and assays related to apoptosis, proliferation, and immunology.
- Key contributions include identifying biomarkers for IL-12 clinical trials, developing an enhanced tumor-directed IL-12 protein, and engineering a non-toxic pertussis toxoid vaccine as part of the team that cloned thrombopoietin.
This year's 3rd Annual TCGC: The Clinical Genome Conference, held June 10-12, 2014 in San Francisco, is a three-day event that weaves together the science of sequencing and the business of implementing genomics in the clinic. It uniquely illustrates the mutual influence of those areas and the need to therefore consider the needs, challenges and opportunities of both - from next-generation sequencing and variant interpretation to insurance reimbursement and electronic health records - throughout the entire research process.Learn more at http://www.clinicalgenomeconference.com
This case report describes a 74-year-old male nursing home resident admitted for left lower lung pneumonia. His medical history includes right medulla infarction with left hemiparesis, subglottic stenosis post tracheostomy, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Laboratory tests and imaging show bilateral lower lung pneumonia with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Sputum cultures grow Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to many antibiotics. The patient is treated with a combination of intravenous antibiotics including ceftazidime, azithromycin, imipenem, and nebulized colistin, with resolution of symptoms and pneumonia.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the use of a recombinant Toxoplasma gondii surface antigen 1 (SAG1) for the serodiagnosis of acute and chronic Toxoplasma infections in humans. The researchers cloned the SAG1 gene from T. gondii genomic DNA and expressed the recombinant protein in E. coli. They then used the recombinant SAG1 antigen in ELISA tests to detect IgM and IgG antibodies in human sera, comparing it to a commercial ELISA kit. The recombinant SAG1 ELISA showed 93% sensitivity and 95% specificity for IgG detection, and 87% sensitivity and 95% specificity for IgM detection, demonstrating its potential as a diagnostic tool for toxoplasmosis
Fungal infections in hematology patients: advances in prophylaxis and treatmentspa718
This document summarizes advances in prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections in hematology patients. It discusses risk stratification approaches and major clinical trials on antifungal prophylaxis. High-risk patients may receive both prophylaxis and pre-emptive or empirical antifungal therapy. Trials show fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, micafungin and voriconazole effective for prophylaxis in reducing invasive fungal infections and mortality compared to placebo or other antifungals. Guidelines recommend monitoring drug levels and risk-based antifungal management for hematology patients.
A New Frontier of Precision Medicine: Using PET for Image-Guided Neurointerve...InsideScientific
Mice are by far the most frequently used animal for modeling disease and developing therapeutic strategies including neurointerventions. However, due to its anatomical and physiological barriers, the brain is a difficult target for delivery of therapeutic agents. Systemic administration is plagued with marginal brain accumulation and high risk of off-target side effects.
In this webinar sponsored by Scintica Instrumentation, Dr. Piotr Walczak, Dr. Mirosław Janowski and Dr. Wojciech Lesniak address this challenge and discuss why advanced imaging is essential to perform image-guided neurointerventions.
First, Dr. Janowski provides rationale as to how imaging can be used to better understand how therapeutic agents are delivered to the brain and subsequently cleared. Next, Dr. Walczak reviews methodological and technological advances for improving precision and reproducibility of brain targeting in mice based on MRI and two-photon microscopy. Finally, Dr. Lesniak presents recently-published results using ARGUS PET/CT to quantify intra-artrial delivery of antibodies, nanobodies and poly(amidoamine) dendrimers.
Key Topics Include:
- Overview of Pre-Clinical PET/CT imaging
- Examples from applications including oncology, neurology, cardiology and dynamic imaging
- An introduction to SuperArgus PET/CT and what makes it unique
To learn more, go to:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/precision-medicine-using-pet-image-guided-neurointervention/
Mechanism of resistance to target therapyVito Lorusso
1. The document discusses resistance mechanisms to targeted kinase inhibitors (TKI) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).
2. Primary resistance is defined as a lack of response from the start of TKI therapy, while secondary resistance arises after an initial response followed by disease progression. Mechanisms of primary resistance include alternative pro-angiogenic pathways and non-angiogenic tumor growth.
3. Secondary resistance mechanisms include a new angiogenic wave induced by hypoxia, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, intratumoral heterogeneity, and gene mutations. Overcoming resistance may involve using non cross-resistant drugs that target pathways driving resistance.
Undergraduate Research Conference Poster 2015Kendra Liu
This study developed a method to quantify and detect the physiological state of bacterial and eukaryotic cells using fluorescent dyes and microchip-based flow cytometry on the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer System. Salmonella enterica and Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells were stained with SYTO62 and SYTOX dyes to label live and dead cells, respectively, and counted on the instrument. Cell numbers determined with this method matched counts from traditional plating and microscopy methods. The assay takes 30 minutes to analyze 6 samples and distinguishes live from dead cells rapidly with low sample and reagent use.
tansgenic mice:methodology and applicationtinasingh30
This document discusses the generation and applications of transgenic mice. It describes four main methods for generating transgenic mice: retroviral vector method, microinjection method, engineered embryonic stem cell method, and yeast artificial chromosome transgenesis. Transgenic mice can be used as disease models and to study the biological basis of human diseases. They have been made for conditions like Alzheimer's disease and cystic fibrosis. Transgenic mice are also used as test systems to evaluate potential therapies.
This document discusses a presentation on microbiome identification and characterization technologies. It begins with an introduction to the human microbiome and catalogs our "second genome". It then discusses how technologies like 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenomics have unlocked the ability to study the microbiome. Population studies of microbiome composition and disease associations are also reviewed. The presentation goes on to provide examples of how to design assays to identify and profile relevant microbiome targets, and discusses solutions for identification and profiling in microbiome research.
Objective: To generate preliminary information about of enteroviruses and Enterovirus 71 (EV71) in patients with aseptic meningitis in Khartoum State, Sudan.
Method: Cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected from 89 aseptic meningitis patients from different Khartoum Hospitals
(Mohammed Alamin Hamid Hospital, Soba Teaching Hospital, Omdurman Military Hospital, Alban Gadeed Teaching Hospital and Police Hospital) within February to May 2015. Among these 89 patients, 43 (48%) were males and 46 (52%) were females. The patient’s age ranged between 1 day and 30 years old. The collected specimens were assayed to detect enteroviruses and EV71 RNA using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique
Paternal radiation exposure led to increased expression of miR-29a and miR-29b in the male germline. This upregulation of miR-29 caused decreased expression of the de novo methyltransferase DNMT3a and profound hypomethylation of LINE1 and SINE B2 transposable elements in the germline. Hypomethylation of these transposable elements was also found in the thymus tissue of offspring conceived from exposed fathers and was associated with decreased expression of the LSH chromatin remodeling protein. Furthermore, miR-468 expression was significantly upregulated in the offspring thymus and directly targeted LSH, contributing to its decreased expression and hypomethylation of transposable
LncRNA WARS2-IT1 Functions as an Oncogene and is Associated with Poor Outcome...semualkaira
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common malignant brain tumors in adults and has high mortality and relapse rates. Over the past few years, great advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of GBM, but unfortunately, the five-year overall survival rate of GBM patients is approximately 5.1%. Our study aimed to investigate the new mechanism of Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) WARS2-IT1 regulate the malignant progression of Glioblastoma.
LncRNA WARS2-IT1 Functions as an Oncogene and is Associated with Poor Outcome...semualkaira
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common malignant brain tumors in adults and has high mortality and relapse rates. Over the past few years, great advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of GBM, but unfortunately, the five-year overall survival rate of GBM patients is approximately 5.1%. Our study aimed to investigate the new mechanism of Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) WARS2-IT1 regulate the malignant progression of Glioblastoma.
LncRNA WARS2-IT1 Functions as an Oncogene and is Associated with Poor Outcome...semualkaira
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common malignant brain tumors in adults and has high mortality and relapse rates. Over the past few years, great advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of GBM, but unfortunately, the five-year overall survival rate of GBM patients is approximately 5.1%. Our study aimed to investigate the new mechanism of Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) WARS2-IT1 regulate the malignant progression of Glioblastoma.
Src jbbr-20-120 Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL M...dr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
This study compared microscopy and PCR techniques for diagnosing malaria in suspected patients in Nepal. Of 824 suspected malaria cases tested, 19.2% were confirmed by microscopy, with most being P. vivax (10.9%) or P. falciparum (7.7%) infections. PCR testing of 132 blood samples detected more cases than microscopy, including some microscopy-negative samples. PCR was better able to detect mixed infections and identified some samples to the species level that microscopy identified only as Plasmodium. While PCR is more sensitive for detection and useful for research, microscopy remains the standard for routine diagnosis due to its lower cost and feasibility.
1) A study compared antimicrobial resistance (AMR) marker detection using a targeted metagenomics panel (UPIP) to phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) using urine samples.
2) UPIP detected relevant gram-negative uropathogens and AMR markers associated with fluoroquinolone resistance, including gyrA and parC variants, in urine samples.
3) Detection of AMR markers by UPIP showed good agreement with AST results for ciprofloxacin resistance but lower agreement for levofloxacin, demonstrating potential for UPIP to predict antimicrobial susceptibility.
Radiotherapy promotes the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in mice with Lewis lung cancer into anti-tumor M1 macrophages. This is accompanied by increased expression of the long non-coding RNA lincRNA-p21 in the TAMs. TAMs exposed to radiation therapy suppress the viability and invasion of Lewis lung cancer cells in culture. Overexpression of lincRNA-p21 in TAMs enhances their anti-tumor effects, while decreasing lincRNA-p21 reduces the effects of radiation therapy, suggesting lincRNA-p21 plays a key role in the anti-tumor actions of radiotherapy in lung cancer.
This document describes the development of a universal PCR method for the detection and identification of common bacterial pathogens in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The method uses a single set of primers to amplify a portion of the 16S rRNA gene which is conserved across many bacterial species. While the amplified products are all the same size, restriction enzyme digestion patterns differ between species, allowing identification. Testing on 150 CSF samples found the PCR method had a sensitivity of 92.3% compared to culture. The PCR-restriction enzyme analysis approach provides a rapid and accurate method for detecting and identifying bacteria in CSF.
- The document discusses research on the cotton root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita), an endoparasitic nematode that infects thousands of plant species and causes billions in crop damage worldwide.
- The research uses Arabidopsis thaliana plants, including mutant strains, to study the nematode's infection process. Mutant plants have mutations in an ABC transporter gene (At4g15320) involved in secreting chemicals that nematodes use to locate host plants.
- The goal is to see if the mutant transporter gene affects nematode infection rates compared to wild-type Arabidopsis. Results found the mutant was actually not a true mutant and showed similar nematode infection to the
This study was conducted in the malaria endemic settlements of Lake-Alau, Borno State, Nigeria, between August to December, 2012. The relationship between the mean parasite densities on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 during follow-up and the trends of recoveries from thrombocytopenia in children (≤59 months) was conducted on Plasmodium falciparum malaria using the Standard therapeutic guidelines protocols. A sample size of 313 children was enrolled for the study, all suffered from uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and treated with either Artesunate + Sulphadoxine - Pyrimethamine (AT+SP) and Amodiaquine + Sulphadoxine - Pyrimethamine (AQ+SP). The results shows if the study showed that there was a higher initial platelet count of 77975 x109∕µl in AQ+SP group compared to AT+SP (55281 x 109 ∕ µl) patients, and also the influence of parasitaemia on platelet distribution was relatively higher (98.30%) in AT+SP compared to AQ+SP (95.98%) combinations. Both drugs significantly acted in a similar pattern but the trend of mean daily reduction in parasite density per µl of blood which caused a mean recovery in platelets by 48,606 x109∕µl in AQ+SP as against 37,956 x109∕µl for AT+SP over 28 days of follow-up.
Rapid identification of dermatophyte species by 28S rDNA Polymerase Chain Rea...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
The document summarizes a study on the protein profiles of gamma ray irradiated blood stages of Plasmodium berghei, the malaria parasite, for developing a malaria vaccine candidate. Key findings include:
1) Protein profiles differed between infected and uninfected blood, indicating exported parasite proteins. Higher irradiation doses and dose rates resulted in more protein bands.
2) A dose of 150 Gy and dose rate of 380 Gy/hour altered protein profiles the most for vaccine development.
3) Protein profiles depended on parasite density in blood and differed between P. berghei and other rodent malaria species.
4) Profiles were unaffected by infection duration but depended on parasite composition in blood stages. Altered proteins could
1) The C-terminal carboxylate group of integrin β1 is necessary for its association with the kindlin-2 adapter protein. Affinity measurements indicate this interaction is coordinated by a putative carboxylate-binding motif in the FERM subdomain F3 of kindlin-2.
2) Injection of mRNA encoding mutant integrin β1 cytoplasmic tails that lack the C-terminal carboxylate group perturbed laterality organ development in zebrafish, indicating the carboxylate group is required for physiological functions.
3) The unusual interaction between integrin β1 and kindlin-2 identified here represents a novel protein-protein interaction mode governed mainly by the integrin
PCR and DNA sequence analysis were used to identify potato cyst nematodes (PCN) from Victoria, Australia. Only Globodera rostochiensis was detected among 87 soil samples. Sequence analysis revealed genetically diverse G. rostochiensis populations but no variation in diagnostic primer binding sites. Real-time PCR detected DNA at lower levels than conventional PCR and distinguished species via melting peaks of 83.3°C for G. pallida and 88.7°C for G. rostochiensis. The study identified PCN species in Victoria and implications for monitoring and control strategies.
This document summarizes research on the role of NFAT5 deficiency in immunodeficiency and autoimmune enterocolopathy. The researchers identified a deletion of the NFAT5 gene in a patient with unexplained infections and chronic intestinal inflammation. Further analysis showed NFAT5 deficiency resulted in reduced natural killer cells and impaired T cell function and cytokine production. Studies in human cells and mouse models confirmed the link between immune cell dysfunction and NFAT5 deficiency. The research demonstrates how genetic analysis can help clinical diagnosis and provide novel insights into disease mechanisms.
This document describes the development of 21 new nuclear genetic markers for the wall lizard genus Podarcis. DNA from one individual of P. vaucheri was used to generate anonymous sequence fragments which were sequenced and screened for repetitive elements. Primers were designed for fragments over 300bp without repeats. These markers showed high cross-amplification among closely related P. vaucheri, P. bocagei and P. liolepis, but lower success in more distant P. muralis and P. tiliguerta. Nucleotide diversity across the 5 species ranged from 0.35-3.5%, demonstrating their utility for population genetics and phylogenetics in Podarcis.
This document discusses molecular approaches for studying Fasciola species. It begins by introducing molecular methods like PCR that are useful for species identification and population genetics studies by targeting divergent genes. It then discusses Fascioliasis, caused by the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, and F. jaksoni. Common molecular markers for Fasciola species identification include mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal DNA. Specific PCR assays have been developed to differentiate Fasciola species using markers like ITS-2 sequences. The document concludes that molecular genetics studies have improved understanding of Fasciola taxonomy and enabled accurate identification of species.
TOXICOLOGY STUDY IS VERY ESSENTIAL FOR DRUG DISCOVERY. INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR HARMONIZATION (ICH) HAS IMPLEMENTED SOME BASIC RULES AND REGULATION REGARDING THE TOXICITY STUDY ON ANIMAL DURING PRE-CLINICAL TRIAL, WHICH IS A PART OF DRUG DISCOVERY PROCESS. HERE SOME OF THE BASIC TEST ARE DISCUSSED ALONG WITH SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF GENETICS. HOPE THIS WILL HELP THE STUDENTS TO UNDERSTAND THE TOPIC.
Similar to Malaria treatment schedules and socio economic implications of (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...Donc Test
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5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial ReportsEasyReports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
Malaria treatment schedules and socio economic implications of
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.6, 2012
Malaria Treatment schedules and Socio- economic implications of
mutation in the pfmdr1 and pfcrt genes of Plasmodium falciparum
isolates in asymptomatic carriers in Nigeria
Adeoti O. M (M Sc) 1, 2*, Anumudu C.I2 (Ph D)
1. Cellular Parasitology Programme, Cell Biology and Genetics unit, Department of Zoology, University of
Ibadan, Nigeria. 2. Department of Science Laboratory Technology, P.M.B 021, the Polytechnic Ibadan, Saki
Campus
2. Cellular Parasitology Programme, Cell Biology and Genetics unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan,
Nigeria
* E-mail of the corresponding author: txy23m@yahoo.com
Abstract
Mutation in the pfcrt and pfmdr-1, genes have been implicated both to be putative CQ resistance markers.
Blood samples from 130 volunteers were obtained and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for pfmdr1 and pfcrt genes.
A total of 40(30.8%) questionnaires were administered to the adults and 90(69.2%) were administered to the school
children. 14(10.8%) had microscopically detectable parasites on day zero with a mean parasites counts of 40,231
parasites/µL. CQ was administered to all infected, higher parasite density was observed in the poorer population.
PCR-RFLP analysis on 14 parasite positive samples for pfcrt and pfmdr genotypes showed polymorphism around
pfmdr1 N86Y. The parasite count decreased progressively from day 0 to day 14 to negligible levels. Conversely, our
subjects still harboured sensitive strains of the parasite. Our PCR analysis of the pfcrtK76T yielded no result. A
significant relationship was observed between respondents’ treatment behaviour and mutation in the pfmdr1 genes of
Plasmodium falciparum.
Keywords: Polymorphism, falciparum, Genotyped, mutation, Chloroquine
1. Introduction
Malaria remains the major cause of disease and death in the world, especially among children and pregnant women 3,
13, 14, 18
. Malaria treatments depend on the type and severity of the disease. Emerging and the spread of CQ-resistant
malaria have contributed to a resurgence of malaria, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa 8. Chloroquine (CQ) although
many countries of the world have changed their antimalarial policy, is safe, inexpensive, and used for the treatment
of uncomplicated malaria 15. Chloroquine (CQ) was withdrawn as the first-line antimalarial drug in Nigeria in 2005
because of a widespread and high-level clinical failure rate across the country 7. The P. falciparum CQ resistance
transporter mutation (pfcrt) K76T and mutation on the pfmdr1-76 (tyrosine) have been variously implicated as likely
candidates for chloroquine resistance 1. Single base pfmdr1 changes have been associated with the exchange of
amino acids in some chloroquine resistant isolates and may play a role in the determination of drug resistance 11. The
biochemical and genetic mechanism of CQ resistance underlying this phenomenon have been extensively studied 4, 9,
19, 20, 21
. Malaria is not just a commonly associated with poverty, but is also a cause of poverty and a major hindrance
to economic development 18. This study is based on assessing malaria treatment scheduled, the socio-economics of
CQ resistant falciparum malaria and the implication of Chloroquine resistant markers in the study population.
2.0 Materials and Methods
A cross sectional survey was conducted among school children aged 11-18 and few selected teachers aged between
30-60 years at the Anglican grammar school (population 2,000) in Yemetu, Ibadan. The school has a mixed ethnic
nationality composition but a Yoruba majority. One hundred and thirty subjects were recruited to participate in the
study after which questionnaires were administered to all subjects recruited. Most of the volunteers that participated
in the study had not taken antimalarial drugs in the last few days. Anyone who was experiencing clinical symptoms
was given oral administration of chloroquine according to the recommendation of the manufacturer. Antimalarial
treatments were based on microscopic examination for malaria and later any positive samples were subjected to sub
microscopic examination using the polymerase chain reaction assay. The number of parasites per microscopic of
blood was calculated by comparing the number of infected erythrocytes per 200 leucocytes with the average white
blood cell (WBC). Samples were considered negative if no parasite was detected after thorough examination of the
Giemsa stained thick smear. All subjects whether symptomatic or asymptomatic were finger pricked for malaria
parasite for microscopy test, and a drop of blood was collected on filter paper for PCR analysis. The study protocol
was earlier approved by the Joint Ethical review Committee of the University College hospital of Ibadan. Informed
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consent was obtained from the Children guardian/ parents.
2.1.1 DNA Extraction
The parasite DNA was extracted from finger pricked blood samples blotted onto filter paper strips (3MM,
Whatmann), by using methanol fixation and heat extraction technique. About 0.25-0.5 cm2 piece of impregnated
filter paper was cut off using scalpels, by wiping-off the scalpels on ethanol-treated cotton wool between cutting in
order to prevent any carryover of blood and left at-200C overnight.
2.1.2 Amplification of pfmdr1 genes
A nested mutation specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the pfmdr1 and/ or mutation specific PCR
for pfcrt genes were done in 25 µl reaction mixture containing 2µl of template DNA (primary amplicon), 0.2µM
dNTPs, 2.5µM MgCl2 1x Buffer, 2.5 Units of Taq polymerase (Ampli Taq Gold, Applied Biosystems, Foster city,
CA) , and 1.0µM of each primer. In the initial PCR, the forward primer used for the amplification of pfmdr1 codon
86 was mdr-1GC and the reverse primer used was mdr-2GC. In the Nested PCR, the forward primer was mdr3B and
the reverse primer was mdr4B. The initial and nested amplification condition was described elsewhere 12. A known
positive DNA (parasite DNA from cell culture) HB3, a mutant type Dd2 and negative controls (blanks) were run with
each set of PCR reaction.
After the secondary Nested amplification, 10-15µl of each reaction was analyzed in 2% agarose gel and visualized
under ultraviolet (UV) transillummination after staining with Ethidium Bromide. Amplification of K76T gene
mutation was performed using both nested and mutation specific PCR containing 2µl of template DNA, 1x buffer,
30µM MgCl2, 0.2µM dNTPs, 2.5 units Taq polymerase and 1.0 µM of each primer. The amplification of pfcrtK76T
was carried out using either the conventional nested PCR as in pfmdr1N86Y or mutation specific PCR. In the
mutation specific PCR for pfcrtK76T, F1= CRT1 and R1 =CRT2 were forward and reverse primer respectively for
initial primary amplification around codon 76 of the pfcrt genes. PCR assay was set-up for the primary
amplification; 5µl amplicon was used for the initial primary amplification. For the secondary amplification, a
common primer: TCRP3 was used for both K76 (wild type) and 76T (mutant) after which specific primers were used
for K76 (TCRP4) and 76T (TCRP4) respectively. PCR assay was then set up for the secondary amplification around
codon 76 for about two hours based on the standardized condition of the laboratory for pfcrt PCR conditions.
2.1.3 Restriction Enzymes Length Polymorphisms (RFLP)
Following amplification of the fragments concerned, polymorphism in the pfcrt and pfmdr1 were assessed as follow:
pfcrt 76 K and pfmdr1 86 N were detected by incubation of the corresponding PCR fragments with restriction
enzymes APOI and AFIII (ACPuPyGT) respectively. The RFLP digest was done in a 15µl reaction mixture
containing 5µl of template DNA, 1.5µl of 10x buffer 3.0, 15µl of 100x BSA and 2.5 units of 5µl AFI III. The mixture
was incubated at 370C in water baths for 4-6 hours or overnight. The electrophoresis of the enzyme digest product
was run and visualized under ultraviolet (UV) transillumination after staining with Ethidium Bromide using the
controls: Dd2- negative (mutant), HB3-positive (wild type) and B-blank.
2.1.4 Statistical analysis
Statistical significance was assessed using the Z-test scores (Snow et al; 1991, Andersen 1997) using analytical
procedures (SPSS and Excel window) for data analysis. Children with Z-scores <-1.0 SD (CI=99%) were classified
as underweight (Poor) and >-1.0 SD were well fed (Rich). The World Health Organization (WHO) and national
center for Health Statistics (NCHS) maintain a global database on child growth and malnutrition among children
aged 2-18 years. Here, weight for age was used to assess underweight as an indicator of under nutrition because of its
availability and its ability to capture both stunting (generally associated with long-term under nutrition and wasting
of recent and acute under nutrition) 16. In adults, mean per capital income (MPPCI) was used as poverty index.
An adult was classified as a low income- earner and high income earner according to World Bank MPPCI ≥ N
5,445.11.
3.0 Results
From table 1 above, we observed that only RY 69 aged 13 years belong to low socio economic status harbored 560
parasites/µL of blood on recruitment day with no amplification on RFLP analysis but yielded no reaction with PCR.
Other children who are from high income class harboured both resistant strains (Y) and mixed infection (N/Y). For
example, RY 032 aged 18 years are of high income status based on weight-for-age classification hraboured resistant
strains (Y) on day 0 and whose parasitemia status was 105 cells/µL of blood. It was observed that the parasites’ total
count decreased progressively from table 1 above progressively from a total of 1579 cells/µL, 335 cells/µL to 126
cells/µL on day 0, 3 and 7 respectively.
Our RFLP yielded amplification at pfmdr 1 in only 3(42.9%) of the parasitemic group. According to the World Bank
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ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.6, 2012
classification, the poverty index of and adult was determined as the ratio of their income to the house hold size.
Based on these, we observed that 4(57.1%) adults were high income earner while 3(42.9%) were low income earner.
More parasites were isolated from the recurrent malaria in low income earner than in their high income counterparts.
On day 0 we observed that 2(28.6%) were infected with resistant strains; one (14.3%) had mixed infection. On day 3
of the follow-up schedule, 2(28.6%) had resistant strains, 1(14.3%) had wild type while and mixed infection.
However, we observed that only 1(14.3%) harbored mixed infection up till day 7. All infection did not exceed day 7.
Our study here showed a 3:1 amplification in the pfmdr1 genes on day 0, fifty-fifty in both the high income earner
and low income on day 3, and only (14.3%) amplifications on day 7. On day 14 we noticed total clearance of parasite
in all the groups. Generally, we observed progressive clearance of parasites on day 0 (38,653) to (1800) in adult
population.
Table 3 showed that respondents who were of high economic status 9(22.5%) seek appropriate medical attention at
Hospital when they noticed symptoms of malaria, 4(10.0%) visit drug vendors (chemist shop) when they are sick.
Most of the low income earners 19(47.5%) do not buy another antimalarial drug if treatment fails, rather they
combine different western drugs or western drugs and herbs as unlike the high income group that go to hospital
11(27.5%) if treatment fails. Most of the drugs familiar with the respondents were over-the-counter antimalarial
drugs that are cheap one-dosed drugs and mode of prescription of adults was majorly self medication.
Discussion
This study is consistent with previous work of 12, 20 where 48% and 35.1% frequency of polymorphism (point
mutation) in the pfmdr1 genes were reported in Ibadan. We noticed that 5/11 (45.5%) subjects harbored Y86 (mutant)
and 5/11 (36.4%) N86Y (mixed) pfmdr1 alleles on day 0 and follow-up days. This is consistent with the work of 5,6
where pfmdr1 mutation Y86 was significantly selected for by chloroquine treatment which is attributable to patients
falciparum malaria infection that recurred or persisted after treatment with standard oral chloroquine therapy
indicating the high selection for this mutation in parasite capable of surviving in the presence of chloroquine
examined amplification in post chloroquine treatment samples whereas such amplification was not detected in the
pre-treatment samples. Although re-infection or recrudescence might be suspected here, re-infection should be rare
during a fourteen day follow up period and sub-therapeutic chloroquine therapy. A more likely explanation was that
these were mixed infection consisting predominantly of sensitive (N86) parasite whose levels were below the
threshold of initial detection by PCR or RFLP methods. During exposure to chloroquine, sensitive (N86) parasite
would have been cleared as the resistant (N86) strain population increases 5. We noticed a general difficulty in
clearance of chloroquine resistant strains in low income earners than in the high income adults. Although in areas
such as the area under study, cases of resistance are not unexpected because the socioeconomic status of the
population is low and a large percentage of the population self treat malaria (data not shown). We attempted the
social implication of the chloroquine resistant marker: pfmdr1 N86Y and pfcrt K76T or whether the prevalence of
one or both of these markers could be a predicative index of the socio economic status of the bearer.
The study revealed that individuals of high social economic class are less likely to have pfmdr1 N86K alleles which
further corroborate Filmer’s work who observed a positive correlation between socioeconomic status 10 and CQ
resistance, although other studies contradicted this assertion. It is often expected that this work should be consistent
with previous works on the overall prevalence of the N86Y mutation in the pfmdr1 and K76T mutation in ratio 2:3
respectively 2. We observed that adults were more vulnerable to malaria parasites and the ability to clear resistant
strains is high reduced in adults, the reason for this was yet understood.
In previous studies, pfcrt K76T gene has been identified as the primary genetic marker in chloroquine resistance,
which has been show to be predictive of rate s of chloroquine resistance, among different setting when adjusted for
age. This study however failed to establish the relationship predictive of modulative role of pfmdr1 Y86 in
chloroquine resistance. Efforts to verify the overall prevalence of the K76T mutation in pfcrt was impossible, as
there seem to be carryover of the primary product when visualized in gel electrophoresis under UV illumination
using both specific PCR and conventional PCR techniques. More resistant parasites was isolated from our adult
respondents compared to isolates from young adults the health seeking behaviour of adults might be responsible for
this, however this study could not establish this assertion in children respondents.
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Vol 2, No.6, 2012
Table 1: The Socio-epidemiological data and molecular analysis of pfmdr 1 N86Y in
children
Parasite count/uI PCR (CQ marker amplified
Id no age household SES Do D3 D7 D14 Do D3 D7 D14 Do D3 D7 D14
Size sex
RY 05 13 4 M high 120 115 AB AB NR - - - A -
- -
RY 32 18 6 F high 105 140 56 AB Y - - - A -
- -
RY 33 18 6 F high 80 80 70 AB N/Y - - - A -
- -
RY 55 11 3 M high 74 AB AB AB NR - - - NA -
- -
RY 69 13 6 F low 560 420 AB AB NR - - - NA -
- -
RY 72 19 6 F high 560 AB AB AB NR - - - NA -
- -
RY 74 18 1 F high 80 AB AB AB NR - - - A - -
-
TOTAL 1579 335 126 1:2
AB= Absent, NA= No amplification, NR=no result, SES=Socio economic status, Y=resistance strain, N= wild type, N/Y= mixed
infection
Table 2: The Socio-epidemiological data and molecular analysis of pfmdr 1 N86Y in Adults
Parasite cells/µL blood RFLP result PCR (CQ marker amplified
Id no I HS Sex SES Do D3 D7 D14 Do D3 D7 D14 Do D3 D7 D14
N
AG 07 26,000 4 M H 1920 1400 AB AB NR NR NR NR NA A - -
AG 20 21,000 F L 3040 4080 2080 1800 Y NY NR NR A A NA NA
AG 26 23,000 6 F L 1920 1160 AB AB NR Y - - NA A - -
AG 28 28,980 3 M L 1000 520 A AB Y N - - A NA - -
AG 29 25,600 6 F L 320 560 520 AB NR Y NY - A A A -
AG 37 32,000 6 F L 29,120 AB AB AB NY - - - A - - -
AG 38 19,000 2 F H 1333 680 AB AB NR NR - - NA A - -
Total 38,653 8,400 2,600 1,800 2:1 2:1 100% 1:1 2:1 100%
AB= Absent, NA= No amplification, NR=no result, SES=Socio economic status, Y=resistance strain, N= wild type, N/Y= mixed infection,
Adult= MPPCI mean Population Per capital Income= N 5445.11,<- N5445.11=Poor, >= N5445.11 = Rich H= high=Low,
I=Income per month
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Vol 2, No.6, 2012
Table 3: Malaria treatment behavior of the adults by Monthly Income Status
Choice of treatment Monthly Income Status
High Low Total
Hospital/Clinic 9(22.5) 4(10.0) 13(32.5)
Maternity Home 0(0) 0(0) 0(0)
Chemist 4(10.0) 6(15.0) 10(25.0)
Drug store/tray 1(2.5) 2(5.0) 3(7.5)
Self medication 4(10.0) 9(22.4) 13(32.5)
Traditional healer - 1(2.5) 1(2.5)
Total 18(45.0) 22(55.0) 40(100.0)
Results
From table 1 above, we observed that only RY 69 aged 13 years belong to low socio economic status harbored 560
parasites/µL of blood on recruitment day with no amplification on RFLP analysis but yielded no reaction with PCR.
Other children who are from high income class harboured both resistant strains (Y) and mixed infection (N/Y). For
example, RY 032 aged 18 years are of high income status based on weight-for-age classification hraboured resistant
strains (Y) on day 0 and whose parasitemia status was 105 cells/µL of blood. It was observed that the parasites’ total
count decreased progressively from table 1 above progressively from a total of 1579 cells/µL, 335 cells/µL to 126
cells/µL on day 0, 3 and 7 respectively.
Our RFLP yielded amplification at pfmdr 1 in only 3(42.9%) of the parasitemic group. According to the World Bank
classification, the poverty index of and adult was determined as the ratio of their income to the house hold size.
Based on these, we observed that 4(57.1%) adults were high income earner while 3(42.9%) were low income earner.
More parasites were isolated from the recurrent malaria in low income earner than in their high income counterparts.
On day 0 we observed that 2(28.6%) were infected with resistant strains; one (14.3%) had mixed infection. On day 3
of the follow-up schedule, 2(28.6%) had resistant strains, 1(14.3%) had wild type while and mixed infection.
However, we observed that only 1(14.3%) harbored mixed infection up till day 7. All infection did not exceed day 7.
Our study here showed a 3:1 amplification in the pfmdr1 genes on day 0, fifty-fifty in both the high income earner
and low income on day 3, and only (14.3%) amplifications on day 7. On day 14 we noticed total clearance of parasite
in all the groups. Generally, we observed progressive clearance of parasites on day 0 (38,653) to (1800) in adult
population.
Table 3 showed that respondents who were of high economic status 9(22.5%) seek appropriate medical attention at
Hospital when they noticed symptoms of malaria, 4(10.0%) visit drug vendors (chemist shop) when they are sick.
Most of the low income earners 19(47.5%) do not buy another antimalarial drug if treatment fails, rather they
combine different western drugs or western drugs and herbs as unlike the high income group that go to hospital
11(27.5%) if treatment fails. Most of the drugs familiar with the respondents were over-the-counter antimalarial
drugs that are cheap one-dosed drugs and mode of prescription of adults was majorly self medication.
Discussion
This study is consistent with previous work of 12, 20 where 48% and 35.1% frequency of polymorphism (point
mutation) in the pfmdr1 genes were reported in Ibadan. We noticed that 5/11 (45.5%) subjects harbored Y86 (mutant)
and 5/11 (36.4%) N86Y (mixed) pfmdr1 alleles on day 0 and follow-up days. This result is consistent with the work
of 5,6 where pfmdr1 mutation Y86 was significantly selected for by chloroquine treatment which is attributable to
patients falciparum malaria infection that recurred or persisted after treatment with standard oral chloroquine therapy
indicating the high selection for this mutation in parasite capable of surviving in the presence of chloroquine
examined amplification in post chloroquine treatment samples whereas such amplification was not detected in the
pre-treatment samples. Although re-infection or recrudescence might be suspected here, re-infection should be rare
during a fourteen day follow up period and sub-therapeutic chloroquine therapy. A more likely explanation was that
these were mixed infection consisting predominantly of sensitive (N86) parasite whose levels were below the
threshold of initial detection by PCR or RFLP methods. During exposure to chloroquine, sensitive (N86) parasite
would have been cleared as the resistant (N86) strain population increases 5. We noticed a general difficulty in
clearance of chloroquine resistant strains in low income earners than in the high income adults. Although in areas
74
6. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.6, 2012
such as the area under study, cases of resistance are not unexpected because the socioeconomic status of the
population is low and a large percentage of the population self treat malaria (data not shown). We attempted the
social implication of the chloroquine resistant marker: pfmdr1 N86Y and pfcrt K76T or whether the prevalence of
one or both of these markers could be a predicative index of the socio economic status of the bearer.
The study revealed that individuals of high social economic class are less likely to have pfmdr1 N86K alleles which
further corroborate Filmer’s work who observed a positive correlation between socioeconomic status 10 and CQ
resistance, although other studies contradicted this assertion. It is often expected that this work should be consistent
with previous works on the overall prevalence of the N86Y mutation in the pfmdr1 and K76T mutation in ratio 2:3
respectively 2. We observed that adults were more vulnerable to malaria parasites and the ability to clear resistant
strains is high reduced in adults, the reason for this was yet understood. In previous studies, pfcrt K76T gene has
been identified as the primary genetic marker in chloroquine resistance, which has been show to be predictive of rate
s of chloroquine resistance, among different setting when adjusted for age. This study however failed to establish the
relationship predictive of modulative role of pfmdr1 Y86 in chloroquine resistance. Efforts to verify the overall
prevalence of the K76T mutation in pfcrt was impossible, as there seem to be carryover of the primary product when
visualized in gel electrophoresis under UV illumination using both specific PCR and conventional PCR techniques.
More resistant parasites was isolated from our adult respondents compared to isolates from young adults the health
seeking behaviour of adults might be responsible for this, however this study could not establish this assertion in
children respondents.
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