This study assessed the knowledge and attitudes regarding care of patients with HIV/AIDS among 207 nurses working at BPKIHS, Nepal. The study found that the majority (92.3%) of nurses had moderately adequate knowledge of HIV/AIDS patient care. Over half (50.7%) of nurses reported having a favorable attitude toward caring for HIV/AIDS patients. No significant associations were found between knowledge, attitude, and socio-demographic or training variables. Knowledge was found to have a significant positive correlation with attitude. The study concluded that nurses generally have adequate knowledge and favorable attitudes, but continuous education is still needed to ensure non-stigmatizing, high-quality care of HIV/AIDS patients.
At the end of the session, the students shall be able to
Describe the HIV AIDS introduction, epidemiology of HIV AIDS, diagnosis of HIV AIDS, treatment of HIV AIDS and prevention control of HIV AIDS.
Assessing the Quality of Life of HIV/AIDS Patients attending Anti-Retroviral ...RosyPurakayastha
The study was an observational, cross-sectional study, which was conducted from May to July 2013, in the outpatient department of the Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) Clinic at MGM Medical College and Hospital, Kamothe, which is a tertiary care Hospital in Navi Mumbai. The study aimed to assess the Quality of Life (QOL) of patients living with HIV and AIDS using WHOQOL-HIV BREF Scale.
This presentation discusses:
Why it is a Global Health Issue?
Difference between HIV and AIDS?
Signs and Symptoms
Routes of Transmission
Risk factors
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
At the end of the session, the students shall be able to
Describe the HIV AIDS introduction, epidemiology of HIV AIDS, diagnosis of HIV AIDS, treatment of HIV AIDS and prevention control of HIV AIDS.
Assessing the Quality of Life of HIV/AIDS Patients attending Anti-Retroviral ...RosyPurakayastha
The study was an observational, cross-sectional study, which was conducted from May to July 2013, in the outpatient department of the Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) Clinic at MGM Medical College and Hospital, Kamothe, which is a tertiary care Hospital in Navi Mumbai. The study aimed to assess the Quality of Life (QOL) of patients living with HIV and AIDS using WHOQOL-HIV BREF Scale.
This presentation discusses:
Why it is a Global Health Issue?
Difference between HIV and AIDS?
Signs and Symptoms
Routes of Transmission
Risk factors
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Patients Knowledge and Attitude towards Tuberculosis in a Rural Setting in Al...inventionjournals
Introduction: Tuberculosis is a major cause of illness worldwide. The burden is rising globally due to poverty, increasing population and HIV/AIDS. In developing countries, poor knowledge and perception of tuberculosis is prevalent, which causes delay in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis..India has the highest number of TB cases in the world. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in Rural Health Training Centre, Jawan, of Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College,AMU, Aligarh .A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data from January- March,2015. A total of 80 subjects ,more than 15 years age group,residents of Jawan,were selected who either had completed tuberculosis treatment or are still on treatment.An informed consent was taken,before starting the questionnaire. Results: shows that out of 80 subjects under study,50% were in age –group 35 to 55 years and 75 % were males. Radio/T.V. was the maximum source of information on tuberculosis (60%), followed by health workers or community workers(50%) .Few subjects got information about T.B. from family members and friends/neighbours. 87.5% of the subjects were aware of the evening rise of temperature inT.B., followed by blood in sputum(80%) and cough more than 3 weeks(42.5%).Regarding causes of T.B.,76.25% of the subjects said that T.B. was due to smoking, followed by alcohol consumption(42.5%). 85% of the subjects knew that T.B. was a communicable disease.70% of the subjects knew that the mode of transmission of T.B. was during coughing.50% of the subjects believed that tuberculosis could be transmitted by sharing of common materials with T.B. patients.70% of the subjects reported that BCG immunization prevented tuberculosis. More than half(55%) of the participants reported that the transmission of T.B. could be prevented by avoiding personal contact with the T.B. patient. Conclusion: The study showed that the knowledge of people relating to T.B. is insufficient in most of the aspects.TB awareness programs should focus on reduction of TB associated stigmas.We need to train our health workers and also educate our masses especially those living in rural areas
Technology, HIV risk, and HIV prevention among young African American MSMYTH
Presented at YTH Live 2014's Poster Session, review findings from an ongoing HIV prevention trial for young black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) in Dallas and Houston TX.
Daniel Lee, MD
Clinical Professor of Medicine
Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
Leandro Mena, MD, MPH
Chair and Professor of Population Health Science
Department of Population Health Science
University of Mississippi Medical Center
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus that causes AIDS.
It stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and it is a final stage of HIV infection.
Austin Journal of Nursing & Health Care is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality Manuscripts to practicing nurses, nurses in leadership roles, and other health care professionals with in the branch of health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities in order to attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. This journal focus to work collaboratively with physicians, therapists, the patient, the patient's family and other related team members, on treating illness to improve quality of life.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed, open access journals in various fields of science and technology with intent to bridge the gap between academia and research access.
Austin Journal of Nursing & Health Care accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials on all related aspects of nursing and care.
Patients Knowledge and Attitude towards Tuberculosis in a Rural Setting in Al...inventionjournals
Introduction: Tuberculosis is a major cause of illness worldwide. The burden is rising globally due to poverty, increasing population and HIV/AIDS. In developing countries, poor knowledge and perception of tuberculosis is prevalent, which causes delay in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis..India has the highest number of TB cases in the world. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in Rural Health Training Centre, Jawan, of Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College,AMU, Aligarh .A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data from January- March,2015. A total of 80 subjects ,more than 15 years age group,residents of Jawan,were selected who either had completed tuberculosis treatment or are still on treatment.An informed consent was taken,before starting the questionnaire. Results: shows that out of 80 subjects under study,50% were in age –group 35 to 55 years and 75 % were males. Radio/T.V. was the maximum source of information on tuberculosis (60%), followed by health workers or community workers(50%) .Few subjects got information about T.B. from family members and friends/neighbours. 87.5% of the subjects were aware of the evening rise of temperature inT.B., followed by blood in sputum(80%) and cough more than 3 weeks(42.5%).Regarding causes of T.B.,76.25% of the subjects said that T.B. was due to smoking, followed by alcohol consumption(42.5%). 85% of the subjects knew that T.B. was a communicable disease.70% of the subjects knew that the mode of transmission of T.B. was during coughing.50% of the subjects believed that tuberculosis could be transmitted by sharing of common materials with T.B. patients.70% of the subjects reported that BCG immunization prevented tuberculosis. More than half(55%) of the participants reported that the transmission of T.B. could be prevented by avoiding personal contact with the T.B. patient. Conclusion: The study showed that the knowledge of people relating to T.B. is insufficient in most of the aspects.TB awareness programs should focus on reduction of TB associated stigmas.We need to train our health workers and also educate our masses especially those living in rural areas
Technology, HIV risk, and HIV prevention among young African American MSMYTH
Presented at YTH Live 2014's Poster Session, review findings from an ongoing HIV prevention trial for young black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) in Dallas and Houston TX.
Daniel Lee, MD
Clinical Professor of Medicine
Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
Leandro Mena, MD, MPH
Chair and Professor of Population Health Science
Department of Population Health Science
University of Mississippi Medical Center
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus that causes AIDS.
It stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and it is a final stage of HIV infection.
Austin Journal of Nursing & Health Care is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality Manuscripts to practicing nurses, nurses in leadership roles, and other health care professionals with in the branch of health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities in order to attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. This journal focus to work collaboratively with physicians, therapists, the patient, the patient's family and other related team members, on treating illness to improve quality of life.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed, open access journals in various fields of science and technology with intent to bridge the gap between academia and research access.
Austin Journal of Nursing & Health Care accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials on all related aspects of nursing and care.
Practices of Primary Caregivers about Caring Children with Leukemia at Nation...AI Publications
This research was made to assess practices of primary caregivers about caring for children with acute leukemia at the Pediatric Blood Diseases Department, National Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion in 2020. Methods: This was analytical-observational research with the design of cross-sectional. Results: Study on 182 primary caregivers having children with acute leukemia treated at the Pediatric Blood Diseases Department, National Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion. The unsatisfactory practice of primary caregivers having children with acute leukemia accounting for 53.8%. There were 32.4% primary caregivers almost performed the wrong diet when their children had diarrhea. 38.5% primary caregivers sometimes clean their hands before and after preparing food and 33% primary caregivers sometimes clean their children’s teeth and gums properly. 28% primary caregivers sometimes encourage your children to participate in social activities. There were relationships between the educational level, the marital status, receiving health educational information and practices of primary caregivers, with p <0.05. Conclusions: The practices of primary caregivers having children with acute leukemia were low. There were relationships between educational level, marital status, receiving health educational information and practices of primary caregivers, with p <0.05.
The issue of medical aliteracy has drawn both scholars and medical practitioners’ attention in the recent years. The negative cost of medical aliteracy has continued to constitute major threats to health related issue which has resulted in high mortality rate, high medical expenditure and medical underperformance among others. On this premise the study examined the influence of medical aliteracy among senior medical personnel. The study employed descriptive research design and Chi-Square to test the research hypotheses. A total number of 50 questionnaires were designed to collect information from the sampled population through a random sampling. From the result of the analysis it was revealed that factors such as ineffective supervision of medical personnel, low patient literacy level, lack of personnel-patients engagement could lead to medical aliteracy among senior medical personnel. Senior medical personnel have the knowledge of medical aliteracy and its implications on for medical personnel and the public. Medical aliteracy has an implication on health sector performance which includes increase in mortality rate, increase health expenditure, widening of the gap between patients – medical personnel communication among others. Perception of medical aliteracy has significant influence on medical personnel performance. The study concluded that, medical aliteracy is prevalent among medical personnel and patients and is associated with many poor medical outcomes in the health sector. It was however recommended that medical literacy training, schemes and programmes should be designed according to the needs of the different medical personnel and should therefore be included in medical professional training programs.
Perspectives on Transitional Care for Vulnerable Older Patients A Qualitative...Austin Publishing Group
Transitional care for vulnerable older patients is optimal if, on top of the organization of transitional care, these patients and their informal caregivers have trust in the professionals involved. Regarding the challenge of organizing increasingly complex transitional care for vulnerable older patients, the focus should shift towards optimizing trust.
Mitochondrial Disease Community Registry: First look at the data, perspectiv...SophiaZilber
Patient-populated registries are an important component of rare disease communities for many
reasons, including their use as a tool for gathering opinions on specific topics. The Mitochondrial
Disease Community Registry (MDCR) was launched in 2014 for this purpose as well as to identify and
characterize mitochondrial disease patients from the patient perspective. Data collected over a four
year period and provided by adult mitochondrial disease patients and caregivers of pediatric
mitochondrial disease patients in response to a single survey are presented. Primary findings include
the importance of clinician-patient communication, need for treatment and cure, impact of the disease
on the entire life of a person, and quality of life as top issues as described by patients. Despite multiple
challenges, patients are hopeful about the future and thankful for the survey. Efforts should be made
to identify ways to better support patients, improve communication, and create more trusting and
healing relationships between patients and doctors. Additionally, data quality checks showed that more
clear and simple questions and shorter more-targeted surveys are needed in order to get accurate
and meaningful data that can be used for analysis and research in the future.
Coping Strategies Among Caregivers Of Patients With Schizophrenia: A Descript...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Poor Outcomes in a Cohort of HIV-Infected Adolescents Undergoing Treatment fo...Dr.Samsuddin Khan
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Little is known about the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in HIV-co-infected adolescents. This study aimed to present the intermediate outcomes of HIV-infected adolescents aged 10-19 years receiving second-line anti-TB treatment in a Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) project in Mumbai, India.
METHODS:
A retrospective review of medical records of 11 adolescents enrolled between July 2007 and January 2013 was undertaken. Patients were initiated on either empirical or individualized second-line ambulatory anti-TB treatment under direct observation.
RESULTS:
The median age was 16 (IQR 14-18) years and 54% were female. Five (46%) adolescents had pulmonary TB (PTB), two (18%) extrapulmonary disease (EPTB) and four (36%) had both. Median CD4 count at the time of MDR-TB diagnosis was 162.7 cells/µl (IQR: 84.8-250.5). By January 2013, eight patients had final and 3 had interim outcomes. Favourable results were seen in four (36.5%) patients: one was cured and three were still on treatment with negative culture results. Seven patients (64%) had poor outcomes: four (36.5%) died and three (27%) defaulted. Three of the patients who died never started on antiretroviral and/or TB treatment and one died 16 days after treatment initiation. Two of the defaulted died soon after default. All patients (100%) on-treatment experienced adverse events (AEs): two required permanent discontinuation of the culprit drug and two were hospitalized due to AEs. No patient required permanent discontinuation of the entire second-line TB or antiretroviral regimens.
CONCLUSIONS:
Early mortality and mortality after default were the most common reasons for poor outcomes in this study. Early mortality suggests the need for rapid diagnosis and prompt treatment initiation, and adolescents might benefit from active contact-tracing and immediate referral. Default occurred at different times, suggesting the need for continuous, intensified and individualized psychosocial support for co-infected adolescents. Operational research among co-infected adolescents will be especially important in designing effective interventions for this vulnerable group.
Running head INFECTION PREVENTION1INFECTION PREVENTION.docxjeanettehully
Running head: INFECTION PREVENTION 1
INFECTION PREVENTION 15
Phase # 2 Infection Prevention
Literature Review
Healthcare acquired infections constitute a major public health issue and it is affecting millions of people on a yearly basis. The approximation from the recent studies is showing more than 5 percent of the hospitalized patients are exposed to nosocomial infections. Many studies further show that the surgical site infections are the common infections associated with nosocomial infections and it is contributing to about 30 percent of all healthcare acquired infections cases.
Study by Ayed et al (2015) shows that healthcare providers are continuously exposed to pathogens which are sometimes severe and lethal. Nurses specifically are more exposed to different infections during the course of providing healthcare services to the patients. This study indicates that it is therefore crucial for nurses to possess sound knowledge as well as strict adherence to the infection control practices. Updating the acquaintance and the practices of nurses through involvement in ongoing in-service educational programs and putting more focus on the role of the current evidence-based practices of infection prevention in the continuous training is important. Provision of the training to the newly recruited nurses regarding the infection control frequently as well as replicating the study through observation checklist is necessary in assessing the level of practice (Imad, Ayed, Faeda, & Lubna, 2015).
Study by Desta et al (2018) reveals that working experience is a stronger predictor of the knowledge in relation to the prevention of the infection. In this study, the goal was to the relationship between the acquaintance, practice and connected aspects of infection prevention among healthcare employees. Education level is a key determinant to the level of experience when it comes to the control or the prevention of infections. According to this study, it is clear that healthcare providers with advanced experience as well as advanced age are significantly linked with the knowledge. This is basically based on the fact that as healthcare providers are getting older, they are more likely to have advance knowledge due to their experiences as well as having worked with their seniors (Desta, Ayenew, Sitotaw, Tegegne, Dires, & Getie, 2018).
Teshager et al (2015) also studies the knowledge, practices, and the related aspects towards the reduction or prevention of the surgical site infections among nurses who were employed in Amhara Regional State Referral healthcare facilities, in the Northwest Ethiopia. This study looked at some of the factors linked with the knowledge of the nurses regarding the preventi ...
Background: The numbers of caregivers burdened by dementia is increasing. Depression is also found more in this group and
causes higher morbidity. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictors of depression among Thai family caregivers in order to develop effective interventions in primary care Methods: A total of 177 participants were recruited in primary care setting. They were assessed for sociodemographic data, health status, caregiver burden and depressive symptoms measured by Charlsons Comorbidities (CCI), Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), respectively. The data for dementia patients included severity and functional status. Depression was defi ned as PHQ-9 ≥ 9. Multivariate linear regression model was applied to assess the independent relationship between possible risk factors and risk of depression.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Gender,HIV/AIDs Transmission: Socio Economic And Socio Cultural Impact in Tan...Sandeep Singh
The research was done in Tanzania and presented at Banaras Hindu University International Conference who also published Complete article in "EDUCATION FOR THE NEW MILLENNIUM" by Nutan Publication Chapter 6 ISBN: 978 81 927002 1 2
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Self-Medication among Medical Studentsiosrjce
Self-medication is a common practice worldwide and the irrational use of the drugs is a major
cause of concern. Self-medication is an issue with serious global implication. The current study aimed to
determine the Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior of self-medication by medical students. A descriptive crosssectional
study was conducted among medical students currently studying first year to assess knowledge,
attitude and practice regarding self-medication in Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Nepal. Seventy five
students studying in first year were selected for the study using stratified random sampling technique and data
was collected using a semi-structured self-administered questionnaire. The study finding revealed, the mean age
of 75 enrolled students was 20 years, 65.3% were in the age group of 17-20 years. Most of them were female
(72%). Seventy three point three percent belong to urban area. Prevalence rate of self-medication of one year
period seems high i.e. 84% and 68.25% in were females. The most common sources of information used by the
respondent were pharmacist (60.31%) and text book (46.03%). More than half of the respondent found to have
a good knowledge about self-medication regarding definition, adverse effect and different types of drug. The
attitude was positive towards self-medication and favored self-medication saying that it was acceptable. The
principal morbidities for seeking self-medication include cold and cough as reported by 85.7% followed by pain
76.2%, fever 73%, diarrhea 47.6% and dysmenorrheal 46%. Drugs / drugs group commonly used for selfmedication
included analgesics 75.8%, and anta-acids 53.2% and antipyretic 46.3%. Among reasons for
seeking self-medication, 79.2% felt that their illness was minor while 61.9% preferred as it is due to previous
experience. This study shows that self-medication is widely practiced among first year students of this medical
institution. There is dire need to make them aware about the pros and cons of self-medication in order to ensure
safe usage of drugs.
Cases of human imunnodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in middle and low income countries were very many. One of the biggest obstacles in the prevention of HIV/AIDS is the high stigma people with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). There are still 34% of health students stigmatizing PLWHA. Appropriate learning media is needed to provide information about HIV/AIDS to midwifery students. The purpose was to determine the effect videos and pocket books on the knowledge, attitudes towards stigma of PLWHA. This research was a quantitative study with quasi-experimental non equivalent control group design. The intervention group was given information using video, the control group was given a pocket book. There were 100 respondents participated in this study. Data analysis using t-test and simple linear regression. There is a relationship between the provision of videos and pocket books on the post test knowledge with p=0.002. There is an influence of giving video to attitude with p=0.022 OR 2.731. There was a relationship between the provision of videos and pocket books on the knowledge and attitudes of respondents. There was no relationship between the source of video information on the adequacy of material about HIV AIDS and the experience of meeting PLWHA with the level of knowledge and attitude of respondents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
1. International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 233
Vol.7; Issue: 2; February 2017
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research
www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571
Original Research Article
Awareness Regarding the Care of Patients with HIV/AIDS among the
Nurses Working at BPKIHS, Nepal
Erina Shrestha1
, Pushpa Parajuli2
, Dr Ram Sharan Mehta2
, Gayanand Mandal3
1
Senior Instructor, 2
Professor, 3
Additional Professor,
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
Corresponding Author: Erina Shrestha
Received: 02/01/2017 Revised: 17/01/2017 Accepted: 23/01/2017
ABSTRACT
Background: Nurses play a critical role in caring the HIV positive patient. A knowledge deficit about
HIV/AIDS nursing care could logically affect outcomes of care for these patients. Negative attitudes
and behaviors related to HIV/AIDS might deter those in particular risk groups, the individuals with
the disease, their family members and the society from providing support and treatment.
Objective: This study attempts to determine the knowledge and attitude regarding the care of
HIV/AIDS patient, to find out the association between knowledge and practice with the selected
variables and to find the correlation of knowledge with practice.
Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 207 nurses working at BPKIHS,
Dharan. Stratified random sampling based on population proportionate method was adopted. Data
were collected using a semi-structured self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using
descriptive and inferential statistics at level of significance 0.05.
Result: The study showed moderately adequate knowledge among majority (92.3%) of the nurses.
More than half (50.7%) of the nurses had favorable attitude towards the care of patient with
HIV/AIDS. There was no significant association between the knowledge and attitude with the socio-
demographic variable, training and experience of care of HIV/AIDS patient. Knowledge regarding the
care of patient with HIV/AIDS has significant positive correlation with attitude.
Conclusion: The study revealed that the majority of the nurses have moderately adequate knowledge
regarding the care of patient with HIV/AIDS and most of the nurses have favorable attitude towards
the care of patient with HIV/AIDS. It is therefore pertinent that all health care providers have access
to up-to-date information on all aspects of HIV/AIDS so that they can provide quality care and
services without stigmatizing and without being judgmental.
Key words: Attitude, awareness, HIV/AIDS, knowledge, nurses.
INTRODUCTION
Since the first case of HIV
recognized in the United States in 1981,
HIV has spread rapidly throughout the
world. [1]
Today, more than 30 years later,
there are approximately 35 million people
currently living with HIV and nearly 39
million people have died of AIDS related
causes since the beginning of the epidemic.
[2]
Increasing number of people
suffering from HIV/AIDS has influenced
healthcare sectors. [3]
With a sudden rise in
the HIV infection, especially in the
economically productive age groups, the
health care system has been confronted with
the challenging and complex task of taking
care of these patients. HIV has created its
own emotional stresses for the health care
sector. [4]
2. Erina Shrestha et al. Awareness Regarding the Care of Patients with HIV/AIDS among the Nurses Working at
BPKIHS, Nepal
International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 234
Vol.7; Issue: 2; February 2017
Health care providers, who are also
members of the general community, are
likely to elicit similar prejudicial and fearful
reactions to HIV/AIDS infected persons. [5]
Health professionals refuse to care for the
HIV/AIDS patient because they have fear of
contagion at workplaces. Irrational and
discriminatory treatment of HIV/AIDS
patient is the result of health professional’s
fear. [3]
Unfortunately, most of health
professionals have this kind of perspective
and practice about PLWHA. The resultant
effects of such negative attitudes include
poor patient management, with people being
denied most needed treatment, care and
support. This in turn could affect their
morale, self-esteem and self- determination
to live quality lives devoid of stigma, fear,
repression and discrimination. [6]
Objective
To assess the knowledge and attitude
regarding care of patients with HIV/AIDS
among the nurses working at BPKIHS, to
find the association of knowledge and
practice with selected variables and to find
the correlation of knowledge with practice.
Significance of the study:
Infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS
are on the rise in developing countries like
Nepal which has influenced the health care
sectors. Nurses, who are the largest frontline
health care professionals, play a critical role
in caring the HIV positive patient. [7]
Maintaining the desired quality of life of
people with HIV/AIDS is possible mainly
through extensive, competent and
compassionate nursing care. [5]
A
knowledge deficit about HIV/AIDS nursing
care and negative attitudes and behaviors
related to HIV/AIDS might deter those in
particular risk groups, the individuals with
the disease, their family members and the
society from providing support and
treatment. [7]
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research design: Descriptive cross
sectional study design was adopted for the
study.
Research Setting/Sample Area: The study
was conducted among the nurses working in
BPKIHS, a tertiary level medical institute in
Nepal.
Sample: Nurses including senior staff
nurse, staff nurse and ANM working in
BPKIHS who fulfill the inclusion criteria.
Sample size: The sample size was calculated
at the level of significance 95% and power
90% with the prevalence of attitude 47%. [3]
The sample size formula used in this study
was n=4pq/l2
and it was corrected for finite
population. Thus the final sample size was
207.
Sampling Technique: Stratified random
sampling method was adopted to collect the
data. A list of the wards was obtained with
the total number of working staffs of each
category. The number of sample was taken
from each strata of nurses based on
population proportionate random sampling
method.
Research instrument: A semi-structured
self-administered questionnaire was
developed based on the objectives of the
research. It consisted of three sections:
Section A consisted of questions related to
demographic factors and training and
experience of care of HIV/AIDS patient.
Section B consisted of knowledge regarding
the care of patients with HIV/AIDS based
on literature review and tool used by
Hasani. [8]
It consisted of 34 true/false
questionnaire and each statement answered
as true, false or don’t know. Each correct
answer was scored 1 and each incorrect
answer was scored 0 (don’t know answers
were treated as 0)
Section C consisted of HIV attitude
items used by Zadeh [3]
consisting of five
point Likert scale items that address the
attitude of nurses towards the care of patient
with HIV/AIDS. These items include five
scales as emotions toward people with
HIV/AIDS (6 items), caring of patients with
HIV (5 items), effectiveness of care (3
items), fear of contagion (3 items) and
readiness to care (3 items). Each item had a
5 point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly
disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) and negative
3. Erina Shrestha et al. Awareness Regarding the Care of Patients with HIV/AIDS among the Nurses Working at
BPKIHS, Nepal
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Vol.7; Issue: 2; February 2017
attitude scored reversely. The items on
attitude for each part had Cronbach’s alpha
coefficient of 0.68, 0.69, 0.73, 0.88 and 0.87
respectively. The reliability was tested
among the Iranian nurses.
Validity of the tool: Content validity of the
tool was established by the experts in
related fields. Based on their suggestions
necessary modifications were made. Pre-
testing of the tool was done among 10 % of
total subjects.
Procedure for data collection: Permission
from the concerned authority was obtained
to conduct the study. Informed verbal
consent was obtained from respondents
prior to the data collection. The respondents
were reassured that confidentiality will be
maintained throughout the study. Data was
collected by self-administered
questionnaire. The questionnaire was
distributed to the respondents by the
researcher herself and they were asked to
fill the questionnaire in the presence of the
researcher. The filled questionnaire was
collected after its completion. The
respondents were assured that
confidentiality of their information would
be maintained while reporting the data.
Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics
(mean, median, percentage, range, standard
deviation and interquartile range) was used
to describe the demographic and other
related variables. One way ‘ANOVA’ and
Independent ‘t’-test were used to find out
the association between the knowledge and
attitude score towards the care of patient
with HIV/AIDS and the selected variables.
Correlation was used to find out the
association between the attitude and its
domain with the knowledge.
RESULTS
More than three-fourth (76.8%) of
the respondents belonged to the age group
20-29 years. The age of the respondents
ranged from 20 to 50 years with the mean
age of 25.81 years and standard deviation of
4.77. More than half (51.2%) of the
respondents were working in the general
unit. Around 51% of the respondents were
unmarried, followed by married respondents
of 49.3%. Majority (80.6%) of the
respondents were educated up to the
certificate level and 9.7% each studied up to
the ANM level and the bachelor level.
Majority (82.1%) of the respondents was
designated as staff nurse and minimal
respondents (8.2%) were working as senior
staff nurse. Significant percentage (72.8%)
of the respondents had less than 5 years of
nursing experience. The experience of the
respondents ranged from 9 months to 25
years. The median duration of the nursing
experience of the respondents was 2.5 years
with the IQR of 2- 5 years.
Minimal percentage (6%) of the
respondents had received training in aspects
of HIV/AIDS, among which 25% of the
respondents had received training on VCT
and PMTCT. Significant percentage
(78.3%) of the respondents claimed that
they had previous experience of caring the
patients with HIV/AIDS. Among these
respondents more than one third (41.5%) of
the nurses had taken care of more than one
HIV/AIDS patient per month.
The study showed that the majority
(98.1%) of the respondents knew that
HIV/AIDS is caused by a Retro Virus.
Almost all (98.6%) of the respondents were
acquainted that intravenous drug abusers are
at risk for contracting HIV/AIDS.
Significant number (98.1%) of the
respondents knew that the sexual partners of
a person with HIV/AIDS should be blood
precautioned if hospitalized. Almost 90% of
the respondents denied that HIV can be
easily transmitted through saliva, sweat and
tears. Minimal percent (10.6%) of the
respondents knew that the risk of infection
with the HIV/AIDS virus after an accidental
needle stick is low. Less than one third
(23.7%) of the respondents denied that to
prevent accidental injury, contaminated
needles should be recapped immediately
after use on patients with HIV/AIDS. Only
around 25% of the respondents knew that
one should suspect the diagnosis of
HIV/AIDS in young persons who present
with Kaposi’s sarcoma.
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Vol.7; Issue: 2; February 2017
The study reported that the
respondents had positive emotion towards
the people with HIV/AIDS. Majority
(94.6%) of the respondents disagreed that
the patients with HIV/AIDS should be
isolated from the society. Majority (90%)
agreed that they should be admitted to the
hospital. Majority of the respondents
showed positive attitude towards working
with the HIV/AIDS patient. Around 60% of
the respondents disagreed that the beds of
the HIV/AIDS patients should be marked.
Around 50% of the respondents disagreed
that that the patient status to be notified
without his/her consent. Majority of the
respondents had positive attitude towards
the effectiveness of care for HIV/AIDS
patient. Most of the respondents believed
that caring, educating, counseling and
treatment of patients with HIV may result in
improving own quality of life. There was
less fear of contagion among the
respondents. Majority of the respondents
were ready to take care of the HIV/AIDS
patient.
Table 1: Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Respondents n=207
Characteristics Category Frequency Percentage (%)
Age
(in years)
20-29 159 76.8
30-39 46 22.2
≥40 2 1.0
Mean ±SD = 25.81±4.77 (Range 20-50 years)
Working unit General 106 51.2
Critical 101 48.8
Marital status Unmarried 105 50.7
Married 102 49.3
Level of education Bachelor 9.7
PCL 80.6
ANM 9.7
Designation ANM 20 9.7
Staff nurse 170 82.1
Senior staff nurse 17 8.2
Years of Nursing experience <5 150 72.8
5 -10 24 11.7
>10 32 15.5
Median years of experience(IQR) = 2.5 years (2- 5)
Table 2: Training and Experience of Care of HIV/AIDS Patient n=207
Characteristics Category Frequency Percentage
Training received in
aspects of HIV/AIDS
Yes 6
No 94
*Type of training (n=12) VCT 3 25
PMTCT 3 25
STI 2 16.6
TB/HIV 2 16.6
ART 2 16.6
Infection prevention 1 8.3
Stigma 1 8.3
Previous experience of
care of HIV/AIDS
patient
No 45 21.7
Yes 162 78.3
Frequency of care
(n=162)
Rarely (≤ 1/ month) 56 27.1
Sometimes (>1/ month) 86 41.5
Often (>1/week) 10 4.8
Very often (>5/week) 10 4.8
*Multiple Responses
In the present study the mean
percent score of the knowledge was 64.71.
Majority (92.3%) of the respondents had
moderately adequate knowledge regarding
the care of patient with HIV/AIDS.
The present study showed that the
mean percent score of the attitude was
75.84%. Majority of the respondents
showed favorable attitude towards the care
of patient with HIV/AIDS.
The study reported that the
knowledge was not significantly associated
with any of the socio-demographic variable
and the training received and the previous
experience of care of HIV/AIDS patient.
Attitude also had no significant association
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Vol.7; Issue: 2; February 2017
with the socio-demographic variables and
the training received and the previous
experience of care. Emotion towards
HIV/AIDS patient was significantly
associated with age, working unit, marital
status, education, designation, nursing
experience. Fear of contagion among the
respondents had significant association with
the age, working unit, designation and
nursing experience. Respondent’s
willingness to care was significantly
associated with the previous experience of
the care of HIV/AIDS patient.
Table 3: Knowledge Regarding Agent and Immunology of HIV/AIDS n=207
SN. Statement Correct
response
Frequency of
Correct response
Percentage
1 HIV/AIDS is caused by a retrovirus. T 203 98.1
2 Pneumocysticcarinii can cause HIV/AIDS. F 90 43.5
3 A person with antibody to the virus is protected against HIV/AIDS. F 148 71.5
4 The HIV/AIDS virus is very difficult to kill with disinfectant in the
environment.
F 126 60.9
5 Members of the high-risk groups for HIV/AIDS are permitted to donate blood
if they test negative for the antibody to the virus.
F 125 60.4
6 The incubation period for HIV/AIDS is 2-5 weeks. T 141 68.1
7 HIV/AIDS is characterized by a decrease in T4 lymphocytes, causing
impaired cell immunity.
T 142 68.6
8 The average length of time from the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS until death in 5
years.
F 152 73.4
9 Persons with HIV can be asymptomatic but still infectious. T 198 95.7
10 Opportunistic infection (such as Candida esophagitis) in a previously healthy
person is suggestive of HIV/AIDS.
T 88 42.5
11 One should suspect the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in young persons who present
with Kaposi’s sarcoma.
T 53 25.6
12 The incubation period for HIV/AIDS is 2-5 weeks. T 141 68.1
13 HIV/AIDS can be transmitted by casual contact. F 180 87
14 HIV/AIDS has been transmitted to people receiving blood transfusion. T 177 85.5
15 HIV can be easily transmitted through saliva, sweat and tears. F 185 89.4
16 Following an accidental needle stick, there is a greater likelihood of infection
with hepatitis B virus than with HIV/AIDS.
T 116 56
17 It is possible to transmit the virus to family members of a nurse providing
care for patients with HIV/AIDS, even though the nurse is not infected.
F 138 66.7
18 The risk of transmission of the HIV/AIDS virus during mouth to mouth
resuscitation is extremely low.
T 131 63.3
19 HIV/AIDS can be transmitted by casual contact. F 180 87
20 Heterosexual women do not get HIV/AIDS. F 172 83.1
21 Intravenous drug abusers are considered to be at risk for contracting
HIV/AIDS.
T 204 98.6
22 The greatest risk of exposure to HIV/AIDS is caring for an incontinent
patient with HIV/AIDS.
F 164 79.2
23 The risk of infection with the HIV/AIDS virus after an accidental needle stick
is high.
F 22 10.6
24 The risk of infection with HIV/AIDS among nurses is high. F 49 23.7
25 Numerous cases of HIV/AIDS have been reported among nurses and
midwives.
F 77 37.2
26 An individual may be infected with HIV/AIDS virus even if he/she tests
negative for HIV/AIDS antibodies.
T 146 70.5
27 People with HIV/AIDS should have separate bathroom/toilet facilities. F 184 88.9
28 The sexual partners of a person with HIV/AIDS should be blood precaution if
hospitalized.
T 203 98.1
29 Gloves are not necessary when handling the specimen of a patient with
HIV/AIDS.
F 155 74.9
30 There are many more people infected with HIV than actual AIDS. T 157 75.8
31 Gloves and gowns are required for any contact with patients with HIV/AIDS. F 60 29
32 People with HIV/AIDS should have different waiting rooms before
admission to the ward.
F 115 55.6
33 It is appropriate to use blood precautions on anyone known to be from
HIV/AIDS high risk groups even though they do not have a diagnosis of
HIV/AIDS
T 201 97.1
34 To prevent accidental injury, contaminated needles should be recapped
immediately after use on patients with HIV/AIDS.
F 49 23.7
35 HIV-positive patients with a CD4 count <200 should be assessed for
antiretroviral treatment.
T 116 56
36 Adherence to antiretroviral treatment is essential to avoid the development of
drug resistance.
T 87 42
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Vol.7; Issue: 2; February 2017
Table 4: Knowledge Regarding the Care of Patients with HIV/AIDS n=207
Knowledge Category Frequency Percentage
Category Based on exact
score
Based on percentage
score
Inadequate knowledge Below than mean-1.96SD <14.13 <41.55 13 6.3
Moderately adequate
knowledge
Between (mean-1.96SD) and
(mean+1.96SD)
14.13-29.87 41.55-87.87 191 92.3
Adequate knowledge Above than mean+1.96SD >29.87 >87.87 3 1.4
The study revealed the significantly
positive correlation of the knowledge
regarding the care of patient with
HIV/AIDS with the attitude towards the
care of patient with HIV/AIDS (p <0.001).
Knowledge also had significant positive
correlation with the emotion towards
HIV/AIDS patient (p= 0.003), working with
HIV/AIDS patient (p=0.042), effectiveness
of care (p= 0.010) and readiness to care (p
<0.001).
The study showed that the majority
of the respondents had moderately adequate
knowledge regarding the care of patients
with HIV/AIDS. More than half of the
respondents also had the positive attitude
towards the care of patient with HIV/AIDS.
Knowledge and Attitude was not associated
with any of the socio-demographic
variables. However, knowledge had the
significant positive correlation with the
attitude and the domains of the attitude as
emotion towards HIV/AIDS patient,
working with HIV/AIDS patient,
effectiveness of care and readiness to care.
Table 5: Attitude towards the Care of Patients with HIV/AIDS n=207
Character Category Frequency Percentage (%) Mean± SD
Attitude towards the care of patients with HIV/AIDS Favorable attitude 105 50.7 75.84±8.18
Unfavorable attitude 102 49.3
Table 6: Correlation between Knowledge Regarding the Care of Patients with HIV/AIDS and Attitude towards the Care of Patients
with HIV/AIDS and its Domain n= 207
Knowledge
regarding the care
of patients with
HIV/AIDS*
Domains of the attitude towards the care of patient with HIV/AIDS Attitude towards the
care of patient with
HIV/AIDS
Emotion towards
HIV/AIDS
patient
Working with
HIV/AIDS
patient
Effectiveness
of care
Fear of
contagion
Readiness to
care
r value P-
value
r
value
P-
value
r
value
P -
value
r
value
P-
value
r
value
P -
value
r value P- value
0.206 0.003 0.142 0.042 0.178 0.010 0.119 0.087 0.264 <0.001 0.329 <0.001
Note: *Pearson correlation
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
While assessing the knowledge
majority of the respondents (98.1%) could
identify the causative agent of HIV/AIDS as
Retro Virus but only 43.5% i.e. less than
half of the respondents denied that
Pneumocystic carinii can cause HIV/AIDS.
Worse scenario was found in a study done
by Mulaudzi [9]
where only 21% of the
respondents knew that HIV is caused by
retro virus. Infections can be transmitted by
the infected individuals even when
symptoms of AIDS are not present. More
than 95% of the respondents in this study
were acquainted with this fact. However, in
a study conducted by Marranzano [10]
only
65% of the respondents accepted that
persons with HIV can be asymptomatic but
still infectious. Respondents in this study
might not have the knowledge about the
complications of the disease as only 25.6%
of the respondents answered correctly that
one should suspect the diagnosis of
HIV/AIDS in young persons who present
with Kaposi’s sarcoma. Casual contact such
as touching, hugging and kissing an infected
person with HIV/AIDS do not result in HIV
transmission. [5,11]
Supporting the fact, in the
present study 87% of the respondents
identified the statement that HIV/AIDS can
be transmitted by casual contact as the false
statement. Similar to the present study,
Sadon [11]
reported that 97% of the
respondents had knowledge that casual
contact would not transmit HIV. In a study
conducted by Achappa, [4]
very large
population of nurses believed that HIV
could be transmitted by sharing plates,
7. Erina Shrestha et al. Awareness Regarding the Care of Patients with HIV/Aids among the Nurses Working At
BPKIHS, Nepal
International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 239
Vol.7; Issue: 2; February 2017
contact with urine and feces, saliva and tears
and sputum of the HIV positive patient.
Much better scenario was seen in the
present study where around 90% of the
respondents denied that HIV can be easily
transmitted through saliva, sweat and tears.
Despite the fact that the risk of a health care
provider contracting HIV is believed to be
almost zero when proper precautions are
used, studies showed that the nurses
continue to be concerned about the risk of
caring for patient with HIV/AIDS. [4]
In the
present study 80% of the respondents
believed that the greatest risk of exposure to
HIV/AIDS is caring for an incontinent
patient with HIV/AIDS. Although the
overall risk of occupational infection after a
needle stick injury with a needle containing
HIV infected blood is estimated to be 0.3%,
[13]
the respondents in the present study were
likely to be overestimating their risk of
occupational infection with HIV as the
majority (89.4%) had wrong belief that the
risk of infection with the HIV/AIDS virus
after an accidental needle stick is high.
More than three-fourth (76.3%) of
the respondents agreed that to prevent
accidental injury, contaminated needles
should be recapped immediately after use on
patients with HIV/AIDS which is consistent
with finding of the study done by Dellobelle
[14]
and Ehler. [15]
This shows the lack of
injection safety in developing countries. An
unsafe injection practice put not only
patients but also healthcare workers at risk;
attention should be given to the
occupational safety of health care workers.
[14]
With the mean score of 22 and SD
4.02, out of possible score of 34 (mean
percent score±SD = 64.71±11.82), nurses in
this study demonstrated a good knowledge
regarding the care of patient with
HIV/AIDS.
Around 67% of the respondents
disagreed that the patients with HIV/AIDS
are responsible for their illness. Similar to
the present finding a study conducted by
Mulaudzi [9]
reported that only 12.1% of the
respondents blamed the patient for their
status.
In the present study around 45% of
the respondents agreed that the people with
HIV/AIDS should be in separate ward in a
hospital. Similar finding was seen in the
study conducted by Achappa [4]
and Reis [16]
which showed that 46.1% and 59% of the
respondents respectively agreed that the
HIV positive needed to be nursed
separately. These findings highlight a lack
of understanding regarding the primary
principle underlying standard/universal
precautions i.e. the precautions to be applied
universally and not selectively. When
standard/universal precautions are applied
appropriately it is not necessary to isolate
HIV positive patients unless they have
tuberculosis or other opportunistic
infections that require isolation. [17]
More than half (59%) of the
respondents disagreed that the beds of
patients with HIV/AIDS be marked. A study
done by Achappa [4]
in India showed that
80.5% of the respondents thought that it was
appropriate to disclose the HIV status of the
patient to his relatives/sexual partner
without his/her consent. However in the
present study more than half (55%) of the
respondents disagreed that relatives/sexual
partner of patients with HIV/AIDS should
be notified of the patient’s status without
his/her consent. Around 65% of the
respondents agreed that medications to treat
opportunistic infections may prolong the life
of patient with HIV. This result is supported
by the study conducted by Aghamolaei [6]
in
which most of the participants believed that
caring, educating, counseling and treatment
of patients with HIV may result in
improving own quality of life. The present
study shows that more than three fourth
(76.9%) of the respondents were willing to
take care of patients with HIV/AIDS.
Similar finding was seen in a study
conducted by Achappa [4]
which reported
that only 5.4% of the respondents did not
prefer to care for the HIV positive patients.
The mean scores of attitude in
dimensions including emotion towards the
8. Erina Shrestha et al. Awareness Regarding the Care of Patients with HIV/Aids among the Nurses Working At
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International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 240
Vol.7; Issue: 2; February 2017
people with HIV/AIDS, working with
HIV/AIDS patient, effectiveness of care,
fear of contagion and readiness to care were
24.08, 17.90, 11.86, 10.87and 11.13
respectively. The study reveals favorable
attitude among the respondents showing
50.7% of the respondents scoring more than
60 percent. The mean score of attitude was
found to be 75.84 with standard deviation of
8.18. This result is supported by a study
conducted by Achappa [4]
which showed
positive attitude in caring the HIV patients.
Several other studies conducted among the
nurses showed the similar result. [4-6,9,14]
However a study conducted by Mo, [18]
Zadeh, [3]
Oyeyemi, [19]
Mahat [20]
and
Hassan [21]
had revealed the negative
attitude among the nurses.
In the present study respondents
with bachelor level of education had higher
mean percent knowledge score of 69.85.
Higher mean knowledge score was found
among the respondents those who had
received training (67.64) than those who
hadn’t received training (62.87). Knowledge
regarding the care of patient with
HIV/AIDS was not associated with the age,
working unit, marital status, level of
education, designation of the respondent,
nursing experience. Similar result was seen
in a study conducted by Dellobelle. [14]
Gulifeiya [22]
conducted a study in Malaysia
which showed no significant association of
the knowledge with the respondent’s socio-
demographic characteristics.
The present study shows no
statistically significant association of the
knowledge level of the nurses with previous
training and previous experience of care of
HIV/AIDS patient. However in a study
conducted by Zadeh [3]
significant
association of the level of knowledge with
the training program related to HIV/AIDS
and the previous experience of caring for
HIV/AIDS patients was found. A study by
Hasani [8]
showed that the respondents
participating in educational program had
over all higher scores of knowledge than the
nonparticipants. However the same study
revealed that knowledge was not associated
with the years of HIV patient caring.
In the present study no statistically
significant association was found between
the attitude towards the care of patient with
HIV/AIDS and age, working unit, marital
status, level of education, designation of the
respondent, nursing experience. The finding
was supported by a study conducted by
Zadeh [3]
which found no significant
association between the socio-demographic
variables and the attitude of the nurses.
In the present study, no statistically
significant association was found among the
attitude and the previous training in aspects
of HIV/AIDS and previous experience of
caring the HIV/AIDS patient. Contrary to
the present findings, a comparative study
done by Suominen [23]
explored that the
level of attitude was positively influenced
by the previous experience of providing care
to HIV/AIDS patient. A study conducted by
Oyeyemi [19]
showed that the attitude was
influenced by the prior education and
experience of taking care for HIV/AIDS
patient. Other studies by Gulifeiya [22]
and
Dellobelle [14]
showed that attitude of the
nurses towards HIV/AIDS patients was
significantly related to their training status.
The present study shows that
emotion towards HIV/AIDS patient was
significantly associated with age, working
unit, marital status, education, designation
and nursing experience. In this study fear of
contagion was associated with the age,
working unit, designation and nursing
experience. Respondents in the age group of
more than 40 years, designated as senior
staff nurse and more than 10 years of
experience had less fear of contagion. This
may be due to the maturity in their work and
experience of working which has led to less
fear of contagion. The present study reveals
that the respondent’s readiness to care was
significantly associated with their previous
experience of caring the HIV/AIDS patient.
The study reveals that knowledge
regarding the care of patient with
HIV/AIDS had significant positive
relationship with the attitude towards the
9. Erina Shrestha et al. Awareness Regarding the Care of Patients with HIV/Aids among the Nurses Working At
BPKIHS, Nepal
International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 241
Vol.7; Issue: 2; February 2017
care of patient with HIV/AIDS. (r= 0.329,
p= <0.001). The positive linear correlation
affirms that better knowledge can lead to
positive attitude.
Similar finding was seen in a study
conducted by Zadeh [3]
in which the
knowledge score was significantly
positively correlated with attitude (r
=0.0253, p<0.05). However a study by
Oyeyemi [19]
showed no significant
correlation between scores on knowledge
and attitude.
The present study reported that the
knowledge score was significantly
positively correlated with domain emotion
(r= 0.206, p= 0.003), caring the HIV/AIDS
patient (r= 0.142, p= 0.042), effectiveness of
care (r= 0.178, p= 0.010) and readiness to
care (r= 0.264, p<0.001). The present study
showed no significant correlation of the
knowledge score with fear of contagion. It
reveals that there exist the fear of contagion
among the nurses regardless their level of
knowledge.
CONCLUSION
The study revealed that the majority
of the nurses have moderately adequate
knowledge regarding the care of patient
with HIV/AIDS and more than half of the
nurses have favorable attitude towards the
care of patient with HIV/AIDS. Knowledge
regarding the care of patient with
HIV/AIDS has significant positive
correlation with attitude and the domains
emotion towards HIV/AIDS patient,
working with HIV/AIDS patient,
effectiveness of care and readiness to care.
Knowledge, however, has no correlation
with the fear of contagion. It is concluded
from the study that the increase in
knowledge of the nurses leads to the
favorable attitude. It is therefore important
that all the nurses have access to up-to-date
information on all aspects of HIV/AIDS.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT(S)
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to
BPKIHS and Nursing Service Administration for
providing us the opportunity and facilities to
conduct this research.
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How to cite this article: Shrestha E, Parajuli P, Mehta RS et al. Awareness regarding the care of
patients with HIV/AIDS among the nurses working at BPKIHS, Nepal. Int J Health Sci Res.
2017; 7(2):233-242.