Availability, Utilization of Iodized Salt, Status of Iodine Deficiency Disorder and Level of Iodine Content at Households’ Salt among Coastal Areas of Population in India
Background: Iodine deficiency disorder is common public health problem in developed and developing countries. In Worldwide, nearly 70% of the households only using adequate iodized salt in their regular food. To estimate the household salt utilization, prevalence of goiter, status of iodine deficiency disorder, and to find the iodine level at household level in the study areas.
Materials and Methods: We have done a community-based observational study on IDD in the coastal areas of Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu with examined households salt in 1233 households in selected eight villages. All data were analyzed using Chi-Square test. p–value<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results: Totally 1233 households were recruited and incorporated in this study. Among 1233 households, male 385 (31.2%) and female 848 (68.8%). The male and female age-group was showed statistically highly significant association with p<0.01. Out of 1233 individuals, 141 (11.4%) were found as total goiter. The prevalence of goiter was 105 (12.4%) in female than male was 36 (9.4%) and no statistical association between gender among goiter prevalence (p>0.05).
Conclusion: From our present study findings, we have concluded that majority of the study population was used iodized salt in their regular food. But, very less adequately iodized salts were available nearby study areas. Nevertheless, majority of the households didn’t know about the benefits about the usage of iodized salt. Health education is needed in to the shopkeepers and local vendors. This will be conducted by non-Governmental organization, Government organization and other nearby medical colleges.
Keywords: household salt, utilization, iodine, iodine deficiency disorder, coastal areas
Using a pre-tested interview schedule, the following
aspects were enquired from 230 adult female respondents residing in slum of North East Delhi. Background characteristics, type of cooking salt that they
predominantly use; reasons for the same and awareness
about the benefits of iodized salt were assessed. Iodine content of the cooking salt consumed was tested using a rapid iodine field-testing kit using similar standard procedures, used
in the Third National Family Health Survey.
Three important findings emerged from this study.
Although three-fourth households of a north-east Delhi
slum were consuming adequately iodized salt, the
level of awareness regarding the benefits of consuming
iodized salt among the studied population was extremely
low. Even among those households consuming refined
salt, nearly one-fifth households were not consuming
adequately iodized salt.
More persevering efforts need to be made to generate awareness about the health benefits of iodized salt and to enhance demand and availability of iodized salt. Continued dialogue by state level Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) Control Cell with salt producers and traders and their periodic monitoring would increase production and market availability of
adequately iodized salt. Regular community-based
awareness activities on the benefits of iodized salt can
be conducted through Anganwadi workers, auxillary
nurse midwives, non-government organizations, self-help groups, and schools.
Background: Adolescent is one of the most rapid phases of human development. Anemia is a deficiency in the number of RBC in your body. RBC carry oxygen around your body using a particular protein called hemoglobin. Normal hemoglobin level in adolescent girls 13-15 g/dl. According to WHO, the hemoglobin level 10- 11.9 g/dl is considered mild anemia, 7-9 g/dl is considered moderate, and less than 7 g/dl is called severe anemia. Methods: The present study is pre-experimental among 60 adolescent girls, using a disproportional stratified random technique. One experimental group of clients was selected without randomization and no control group was used. The data was collected by using the structured close-ended knowledge questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics regarding mean, frequency distribution, percentage, paired table t-test and chi-square test. Results: The overall findings reveal that the post-test knowledge mean score 26.24% with SD±5.94, which was 72% of the total score was more when compared to the pre-test knowledge mean score 12.98 with SD 5.94, which was 36.83% of total score. The calculated t-value of 24.91 was much higher than the table t-value 1.96 for the hypothesis. Conclusion: The study provides that VATP on knowledge regarding the preparation and use of moringa juice in managing anemia among adolescent girls was the scientific, logical and cost-effective strategy.
Key-words: Adolescent girls, Knowledge, VATP, Effectiveness, Socio-demographic variables.
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapa...DrHeena tiwari
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapadu Village of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India: An Original Research
Dental Myth, Fallacies and Misconceptions and its Association with Socio-Dent...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: It is important to know about the myths and misconceptions, especially in India, where general and oral health is
embroiled in various myths and ritualistic practices.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is aimed at assessing the prevalence of dental myth and utilizes socio-dental impact
locus of control scale (SILOC) health model, as the theoretical framework to understand the dental myth and belief and possible
reasons for noncompliance with recommended health action.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by the out-patients attending dental institute, in Bengaluru
city. A total of 150 individuals were included, data were collected using a pretested and validated three-part questionnaire
including demographic data, questions regarding dental myth, and seven items SILOC. Data obtained were statistically analyzed
using descriptive statistics, t-test, and spearman’s rank correlation.
Results: Almost all the participant believed in one or more dental myth. About 71.3% of the participant had high (≥11) SILOC
scores. Statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) was found between mean SILOC scores and gender with males having
a lower mean score (14.94) as compared to females (18.62). When SILOC scores and myth scores were compared against
socioeconomic status, it showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.001), between them. The SILOC scores highly correlated
with myth scores.
Conclusion: Various dental myth and false perception still lurk in the minds of the population, to discourage the unhealthy
practices; we the health professionals have to provide intensive health education and promote the adoption of healthy practices.
It would be prudent to familiarize professionals to understand these myths and beliefs as they act as barriers toward seeking
treatment.
Key words: Culture, Gender, Internal-external control, Oral health, Social class
Assess the Knowledge on Hazards of Junk Foods among Adolescentsijtsrd
INTRODUCTIONFood is important for survival. It provides necessary nutrition for the body of the human being. Fast food, which is available readymade and easy to eat is now a day’s an important item of food. It often termed as food away from home FAFH Jahan, et al., 2020 . Junk food was first popularized in 1950s in the United States. The first Junk food restaurants were established in the United States with White Castle in 1916. Now a days McDonald’s, KFC and Pizza Hut are multinational corporations with outlets across the globe. At present fast food restaurants are one of the largest segments of the food industry with over 200,000 restaurants and 120 billion in sales in the U.S. alone10. International chains including McDonald’s and Yum Brands have 65 percent and 50 percent of their sales overseas respectively which indicates that fast food has a great demand all over the worldSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMA study to assess the knowledge on hazards of junk food among adolescents.OBJECTIVESTo assess the level of knowledge regarding hazards of junk food among adolescents.To associate the level of knowledge regarding hazards of junk food among adolescents with their selected demographic variables.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYA descriptive design with simple random research design was used to assess the assess the knowledge on hazards of junk food among adolescents at rural areas After obtaining permission from the Department of Community Heath Nursing, the investigator selected 30 samples by using purposive sampling technique. The samples who met the inclusion criteria were selected by convenience sampling technique. The purposes of the study to the samples and obtained the written informed consent. The nature and purpose of the study was explained to the women. Questionnaire was used to collect the demographic variables of adolescents.MAJOR FINDING OF THE STUDY The study shows that 15 50 had moderate level of knowledge, 8 26.67 had inadequate knowledge and 7 23.33 had adequate knowledge regarding health hazards of the fast food consumption among adolescents. The mean score of knowledge score was 8.50±2.86. The median score was 9.0 with minimum score of 4.0 and maximum score 13.0The demographic variable pocket money per month 2=10.243, p=0.037 had shown statistically significant association with level of knowledge regarding health hazards of the fast food consumption among adolescents at p 0.05 level and the other demographic variables had not shown statistically significant association with level of knowledge regarding health hazards of the fast food consumption among adolescents.CONCLUSIONThe findings of the study conclude that the adolescents had moderate to inadequate level of knowledge on health hazards of the junk food consumption. The study suggest that health education on consumption of fast food should be imparted to the adolescents at the community and school level. Meena. P | Francis Nath | F. J. David "Assess the Knowledge on Hazards of Junk Foods am
Residential characteristic on the association between oral hygiene and body m...UniversitasGadjahMada
The purpose of this study was to assess the possible effects of residential characteristics on the association between oral hygiene and body mass index (BMI) of elderly people in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study involved 186 participants (87 males, 99 females) aged ≥60 years who were randomly recruited from 8 community health stations for the elderly people. Dentition status, oral hygiene index (OHI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were assessed in accordance with WHO guidelines. Salivary condition was assessed through the unstimulated whole saliva collection method. Education status and oral health behaviours were evaluated using a standardised questionnaire. BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared. Participants were grouped in accordance with their OHI status (poor, moderate or good) combined with their residential characteristic (rural or urban) to assess the independent effect of OHI and residential characteristic on BMI through linear regression analysis with confounder adjustment. In the crude model of linear regression analysis, the poor OHI group is associated with low BMI regardless of their residential characteristic (rural/urban) when compared to the “good OHI, urban” group with P-values of .045 and <.01 and regression coefficients (β) of −2.1 and −4.5, respectively. However, in the adjusted model, only the “poor OHI, rural” group showed a significant association with low BMI when compared to the “good OHI, urban” group (β = −3.4; P < .01). Hence, low BMI is significantly associated with poor OHI and rural residential characteristic among elderly people in Indonesia.
Mediating Effects of Intention On The Factors Affecting Organic Food Products...CSCJournals
This study aimed to measure the effect of intention as a mediator in the relationship between internal factors and external factors on consumption. The factors were a) internal factors: knowledge, awareness, health consciousness, product attributes, environmental concern, and b) external factors: subjective norms, perceived behaviour control, and media and advertisement. From the review of literature, there were limited studies done on the mediating effect of intention on the relationship between (internal factor and external factors) and organic food product consumption among CGY in Malaysia. A total of 410 respondents completed the online questionnaires that evaluated the factors. Structural Equation Modelling was used as the main practical approach for data analysis. The results showed that intention was a full or a complete mediator between the six exogenous constructs; knowledge, health consciousness, product attributes, environmental concern, perceived behaviour, and media and advertisement, while it only acted as a partial mediator between subjective norm and consumption. However, the intention was not a full or a complete mediator between awareness and consumption. Eventually, the implications for theory improvement and practices were discussed.
Using a pre-tested interview schedule, the following
aspects were enquired from 230 adult female respondents residing in slum of North East Delhi. Background characteristics, type of cooking salt that they
predominantly use; reasons for the same and awareness
about the benefits of iodized salt were assessed. Iodine content of the cooking salt consumed was tested using a rapid iodine field-testing kit using similar standard procedures, used
in the Third National Family Health Survey.
Three important findings emerged from this study.
Although three-fourth households of a north-east Delhi
slum were consuming adequately iodized salt, the
level of awareness regarding the benefits of consuming
iodized salt among the studied population was extremely
low. Even among those households consuming refined
salt, nearly one-fifth households were not consuming
adequately iodized salt.
More persevering efforts need to be made to generate awareness about the health benefits of iodized salt and to enhance demand and availability of iodized salt. Continued dialogue by state level Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) Control Cell with salt producers and traders and their periodic monitoring would increase production and market availability of
adequately iodized salt. Regular community-based
awareness activities on the benefits of iodized salt can
be conducted through Anganwadi workers, auxillary
nurse midwives, non-government organizations, self-help groups, and schools.
Background: Adolescent is one of the most rapid phases of human development. Anemia is a deficiency in the number of RBC in your body. RBC carry oxygen around your body using a particular protein called hemoglobin. Normal hemoglobin level in adolescent girls 13-15 g/dl. According to WHO, the hemoglobin level 10- 11.9 g/dl is considered mild anemia, 7-9 g/dl is considered moderate, and less than 7 g/dl is called severe anemia. Methods: The present study is pre-experimental among 60 adolescent girls, using a disproportional stratified random technique. One experimental group of clients was selected without randomization and no control group was used. The data was collected by using the structured close-ended knowledge questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics regarding mean, frequency distribution, percentage, paired table t-test and chi-square test. Results: The overall findings reveal that the post-test knowledge mean score 26.24% with SD±5.94, which was 72% of the total score was more when compared to the pre-test knowledge mean score 12.98 with SD 5.94, which was 36.83% of total score. The calculated t-value of 24.91 was much higher than the table t-value 1.96 for the hypothesis. Conclusion: The study provides that VATP on knowledge regarding the preparation and use of moringa juice in managing anemia among adolescent girls was the scientific, logical and cost-effective strategy.
Key-words: Adolescent girls, Knowledge, VATP, Effectiveness, Socio-demographic variables.
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapa...DrHeena tiwari
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapadu Village of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India: An Original Research
Dental Myth, Fallacies and Misconceptions and its Association with Socio-Dent...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: It is important to know about the myths and misconceptions, especially in India, where general and oral health is
embroiled in various myths and ritualistic practices.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is aimed at assessing the prevalence of dental myth and utilizes socio-dental impact
locus of control scale (SILOC) health model, as the theoretical framework to understand the dental myth and belief and possible
reasons for noncompliance with recommended health action.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by the out-patients attending dental institute, in Bengaluru
city. A total of 150 individuals were included, data were collected using a pretested and validated three-part questionnaire
including demographic data, questions regarding dental myth, and seven items SILOC. Data obtained were statistically analyzed
using descriptive statistics, t-test, and spearman’s rank correlation.
Results: Almost all the participant believed in one or more dental myth. About 71.3% of the participant had high (≥11) SILOC
scores. Statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) was found between mean SILOC scores and gender with males having
a lower mean score (14.94) as compared to females (18.62). When SILOC scores and myth scores were compared against
socioeconomic status, it showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.001), between them. The SILOC scores highly correlated
with myth scores.
Conclusion: Various dental myth and false perception still lurk in the minds of the population, to discourage the unhealthy
practices; we the health professionals have to provide intensive health education and promote the adoption of healthy practices.
It would be prudent to familiarize professionals to understand these myths and beliefs as they act as barriers toward seeking
treatment.
Key words: Culture, Gender, Internal-external control, Oral health, Social class
Assess the Knowledge on Hazards of Junk Foods among Adolescentsijtsrd
INTRODUCTIONFood is important for survival. It provides necessary nutrition for the body of the human being. Fast food, which is available readymade and easy to eat is now a day’s an important item of food. It often termed as food away from home FAFH Jahan, et al., 2020 . Junk food was first popularized in 1950s in the United States. The first Junk food restaurants were established in the United States with White Castle in 1916. Now a days McDonald’s, KFC and Pizza Hut are multinational corporations with outlets across the globe. At present fast food restaurants are one of the largest segments of the food industry with over 200,000 restaurants and 120 billion in sales in the U.S. alone10. International chains including McDonald’s and Yum Brands have 65 percent and 50 percent of their sales overseas respectively which indicates that fast food has a great demand all over the worldSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMA study to assess the knowledge on hazards of junk food among adolescents.OBJECTIVESTo assess the level of knowledge regarding hazards of junk food among adolescents.To associate the level of knowledge regarding hazards of junk food among adolescents with their selected demographic variables.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYA descriptive design with simple random research design was used to assess the assess the knowledge on hazards of junk food among adolescents at rural areas After obtaining permission from the Department of Community Heath Nursing, the investigator selected 30 samples by using purposive sampling technique. The samples who met the inclusion criteria were selected by convenience sampling technique. The purposes of the study to the samples and obtained the written informed consent. The nature and purpose of the study was explained to the women. Questionnaire was used to collect the demographic variables of adolescents.MAJOR FINDING OF THE STUDY The study shows that 15 50 had moderate level of knowledge, 8 26.67 had inadequate knowledge and 7 23.33 had adequate knowledge regarding health hazards of the fast food consumption among adolescents. The mean score of knowledge score was 8.50±2.86. The median score was 9.0 with minimum score of 4.0 and maximum score 13.0The demographic variable pocket money per month 2=10.243, p=0.037 had shown statistically significant association with level of knowledge regarding health hazards of the fast food consumption among adolescents at p 0.05 level and the other demographic variables had not shown statistically significant association with level of knowledge regarding health hazards of the fast food consumption among adolescents.CONCLUSIONThe findings of the study conclude that the adolescents had moderate to inadequate level of knowledge on health hazards of the junk food consumption. The study suggest that health education on consumption of fast food should be imparted to the adolescents at the community and school level. Meena. P | Francis Nath | F. J. David "Assess the Knowledge on Hazards of Junk Foods am
Residential characteristic on the association between oral hygiene and body m...UniversitasGadjahMada
The purpose of this study was to assess the possible effects of residential characteristics on the association between oral hygiene and body mass index (BMI) of elderly people in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study involved 186 participants (87 males, 99 females) aged ≥60 years who were randomly recruited from 8 community health stations for the elderly people. Dentition status, oral hygiene index (OHI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were assessed in accordance with WHO guidelines. Salivary condition was assessed through the unstimulated whole saliva collection method. Education status and oral health behaviours were evaluated using a standardised questionnaire. BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared. Participants were grouped in accordance with their OHI status (poor, moderate or good) combined with their residential characteristic (rural or urban) to assess the independent effect of OHI and residential characteristic on BMI through linear regression analysis with confounder adjustment. In the crude model of linear regression analysis, the poor OHI group is associated with low BMI regardless of their residential characteristic (rural/urban) when compared to the “good OHI, urban” group with P-values of .045 and <.01 and regression coefficients (β) of −2.1 and −4.5, respectively. However, in the adjusted model, only the “poor OHI, rural” group showed a significant association with low BMI when compared to the “good OHI, urban” group (β = −3.4; P < .01). Hence, low BMI is significantly associated with poor OHI and rural residential characteristic among elderly people in Indonesia.
Mediating Effects of Intention On The Factors Affecting Organic Food Products...CSCJournals
This study aimed to measure the effect of intention as a mediator in the relationship between internal factors and external factors on consumption. The factors were a) internal factors: knowledge, awareness, health consciousness, product attributes, environmental concern, and b) external factors: subjective norms, perceived behaviour control, and media and advertisement. From the review of literature, there were limited studies done on the mediating effect of intention on the relationship between (internal factor and external factors) and organic food product consumption among CGY in Malaysia. A total of 410 respondents completed the online questionnaires that evaluated the factors. Structural Equation Modelling was used as the main practical approach for data analysis. The results showed that intention was a full or a complete mediator between the six exogenous constructs; knowledge, health consciousness, product attributes, environmental concern, perceived behaviour, and media and advertisement, while it only acted as a partial mediator between subjective norm and consumption. However, the intention was not a full or a complete mediator between awareness and consumption. Eventually, the implications for theory improvement and practices were discussed.
Trends shaping corporate health in the workplaceApollo Hospitals
The paradigm for corporate health is morphing from traditional curative services to health protection and promotion. An epidemic of “lifestyle diseases” has developed in the India which warrants an organized integration of company's health, safety and environment policy through a directed wellness program. The current study explored the burden and determinants of lifestyle diseases among an organization.
An analytical study of Hygiene Practices and its impact of Health status of t...ijtsrd
"Individual health and hygiene is largely dependent on adequate availability of drinking water and proper sanitation. Therefore, a direct relationship between water, sanitation and health. Consumption of unsafe drinking water, improper disposal of human excreta, improper environmental sanitation and lack of personal and food hygiene have been major causes of many diseases in developing countries and India is no exception to this. Sanitation is one of the basic determinants of quality of life and human development index. Good sanitary practices prevent contamination of water and soil and thereby prevent diseases. The concept of sanitation was, therefore, expanded to include personal hygiene, home sanitation, safe water, garbage disposal, excreta disposal and waste water disposal. The present research aim to study sanitation practices followed by the household in the PanhalaTaluka. For the study hygiene index was prepared and household sanitation practices were assessing. The study result reveals that households are following the hygiene practices in terms of defection and hand washing habits, however the score is less in terms of water related hygiene practices and domestic waste management. Dr. S. S. Apate | Mr. Nishant Kamble ""An analytical study of Hygiene Practices and its impact of Health status of the household"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Fostering Innovation, Integration and Inclusion Through Interdisciplinary Practices in Management , March 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23089.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/health-and-hygiene/23089/an-analytical-study-of-hygiene-practices-and-its-impact-of-health-status-of-the-household/dr-s-s-apate"
Impact of School Based Health Education on Knowledge and Practice Regarding O...ijtsrd
Background The oral cavity is the gateway to the body. Oral health education always begins with awareness of oral health Aim This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of school based health education on knowledge and practice regarding oral hygiene among the primary school children in rural areas of Tumkur, Karnataka, India and to find out various factors associated with it. Materials and methods An Evaluative research approach with Pre experimental one group pretest and posttest design and Non probability purposive sampling technique were used to select 100 primary school children from rural community Karnataka, India. A self structured knowledge questionnaire and practice checklist was used for assessing the knowledge and practice among the subjects. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Results There was a significant difference between the pre and post intervention level of knowledge t = 41.7, p= 0.0001 and practice t = 33.9, p= 0.0001 regarding oral hygiene among the primary school children. There was an association between primary school children’s knowledge score with their demographic variables like age x2 = 10.3, p=0.03 and mothers educational status x2 = 11, p=0.01 .There was an association between primary school children’s practice score with their demographic variables like age x2 = 10.1, p=0.04 , socioeconomic status x2 = 8.9, p=0.01 and mothers educational status x2 = 16.7, p=0.001 . Conclusion School based health education was effective to enhance the knowledge and practice of oral hygiene among the primary school in rural communities. Mamta Kunwar | Bince Varghese "Impact of School-Based Health Education on Knowledge and Practice Regarding Oral Hygiene among the Primary School Children in A Rural Community of Karnataka, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31837.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/31837/impact-of-schoolbased-health-education-on-knowledge-and-practice-regarding-oral-hygiene-among-the-primary-school-children-in-a-rural-community-of-karnataka-india/mamta-kunwar
Oral Health–Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents of Indian pop...Dr. Anuj S Parihar
Background: Kids and teenagers are more prone to oral diseases. Poor oral health has a significant impact on oral well-being–associated quality of life. Thus, we performed an investigation to examine the outcome of oral health status on
the quality of life of children and adolescents in Indian population, by using the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14).
Materials and Methods: A total of 100 children, ranging between 1 and 19 years of age who attended Indian hospitals from November 2016 to October 2019, were included in the study. The DMFT Index (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth) and OHIP-14 were used as data collection tools. Association of the total OHIP-14 score and seven subscales associated with it was evaluated using Spearman’s correlations.
Results: The results showed statistically noteworthy association between the toothbrushing regularity, number of dental appointments, history of oral trauma, smoking, and subdomains of OHIP-14 (P < 0.05)
Conclusion: Dental and oral health of an individual has a great impact on their quality of life.
Effectiveness of Demonstration on Practices Regarding Hand Hygiene among Moth...ijtsrd
It has been found that washing hand with soap may prevent many common and life threatening infections. Interventions used to prevent diarrheal diseases, includes safe drinking water, use of improved sanitation and washing hand with soap may reduce the disease risk. The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of demonstration regarding hand hygiene among mothers of under five children. Quasi experimental one group pre test post test design was used in rural area of Lucknow district with the samples of 100 mothers of under five children. Multi stage random sampling technique was used. The tools used were demographic questionnaire and checklist regarding hand hygiene. Result revealed, majority of the mothers 50 scored average and 50 scored poor in pre test whereas in post test 19 scored good 72 scored average and 9 scored poor. Mean post test score was significantly higher than the mean pre test score at the “P value” less than 0.05. The calculated t value i.e. 16.58 was compared with the tabulated value i.e 1.98 with paired t test which revealed that the demonstration administered by the investigator was found effective to increase the practice level among the mothers of under five children regarding hand hygiene. Aditi Mecarty | Rohitash Kumar | Jamal Masood "Effectiveness of Demonstration on Practices Regarding Hand Hygiene among Mothers of Under- Five Children in a Rural Area of Lucknow District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35862.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/35862/effectiveness-of-demonstration-on-practices-regarding-hand-hygiene-among-mothers-of-under-five-children-in-a-rural-area-of-lucknow-district/aditi-mecarty
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Kandhamal_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Special thanks to Dr. Alak Paul(professor of CU) sir for giving me opportunity to present my Idea.
Details Of researcher:
Ashfak Mahmud
Geography & Environmental Studies
University Of Chittagong
contact: 01835529302
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Deogarh_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
Background: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and to find the associated risk factors of DR among known Type II DM patients.
Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional and single center study was conducted among Type II DM patients with and without DR in the department of Endocrinology with a sample size of 150 with DM patients in 2018. Data were expressed as mean, standard deviation, proportions, Chi-Square, t-test test and Binary Logistic Regression analysis.
Results: Diabetic patients 150 were identified as Type II DM as per inclusion criteria with aged 30 years and above. Among 150 Diabetic patients, 39 (26%) patients had Diabetic Retinopathy and 111 (74%) patients were not having Diabetic Retinopathy. The association between groups (with and no DR) and duration of DM were very highly significant with p-value < 0.01. DR prevalence was higher in female when compared with male population.
Conclusion: From our study, we have concluded that the prevalence of DR was very high. DR was strongly associated with HbA1C, FBS, duration of DM, medication, duration of hypertension and smoking. Hence, there is a need for regular screening check-up with ophthalmologist to prevent diabetic retinopathy or to prolong or to escape from the vision loss.
Keywords: type II diabetic mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, prevalence, risk factors
Background: Covid-19 an illness caused by SARS- COV-2 virus, it has killed millions of people all over the world and has wreaked havoc in India too. Even today there is no confirmed drug that can successfully tackle the illness. According to WHO, efficient vaccines and equitable access to them is vital to curbing the Covid-19 pandemic.
Materials and Methods: With the help of a semi-structured question guide, six focus group discussions were conducted in several villages in East Khasi hills Meghalaya, each focus group had 6-12 participants, thematic analysis was used to analyze the data.
Results: Most of the villagers are affected by covid-19 and the lockdown measures to curb it, but their perceptions on vaccinations were negative. Certain thematic areas that seemed to repeat were, religious beliefs, lack of awareness, individual freedom to choose, not feeling like they require it as they are just agricultural laborers, fear of side effects, and the prevalence of negative propaganda on social media. Most believe if it’s mandatory to take the vaccine everyone would take it. Few village heads suggested better awareness might be able to convince a few.
Conclusion: The majority said they were not ready to get vaccinated, and cited religion and individual freedom to choose as the reasons for their reluctance. Health awareness programs and more pro vaccine governmental policies may help improve coverage.
Keywords: covid-19, covid vaccination, tribal health, vaccine hesitancy, Meghalaya
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Trends shaping corporate health in the workplaceApollo Hospitals
The paradigm for corporate health is morphing from traditional curative services to health protection and promotion. An epidemic of “lifestyle diseases” has developed in the India which warrants an organized integration of company's health, safety and environment policy through a directed wellness program. The current study explored the burden and determinants of lifestyle diseases among an organization.
An analytical study of Hygiene Practices and its impact of Health status of t...ijtsrd
"Individual health and hygiene is largely dependent on adequate availability of drinking water and proper sanitation. Therefore, a direct relationship between water, sanitation and health. Consumption of unsafe drinking water, improper disposal of human excreta, improper environmental sanitation and lack of personal and food hygiene have been major causes of many diseases in developing countries and India is no exception to this. Sanitation is one of the basic determinants of quality of life and human development index. Good sanitary practices prevent contamination of water and soil and thereby prevent diseases. The concept of sanitation was, therefore, expanded to include personal hygiene, home sanitation, safe water, garbage disposal, excreta disposal and waste water disposal. The present research aim to study sanitation practices followed by the household in the PanhalaTaluka. For the study hygiene index was prepared and household sanitation practices were assessing. The study result reveals that households are following the hygiene practices in terms of defection and hand washing habits, however the score is less in terms of water related hygiene practices and domestic waste management. Dr. S. S. Apate | Mr. Nishant Kamble ""An analytical study of Hygiene Practices and its impact of Health status of the household"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Fostering Innovation, Integration and Inclusion Through Interdisciplinary Practices in Management , March 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23089.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/health-and-hygiene/23089/an-analytical-study-of-hygiene-practices-and-its-impact-of-health-status-of-the-household/dr-s-s-apate"
Impact of School Based Health Education on Knowledge and Practice Regarding O...ijtsrd
Background The oral cavity is the gateway to the body. Oral health education always begins with awareness of oral health Aim This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of school based health education on knowledge and practice regarding oral hygiene among the primary school children in rural areas of Tumkur, Karnataka, India and to find out various factors associated with it. Materials and methods An Evaluative research approach with Pre experimental one group pretest and posttest design and Non probability purposive sampling technique were used to select 100 primary school children from rural community Karnataka, India. A self structured knowledge questionnaire and practice checklist was used for assessing the knowledge and practice among the subjects. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Results There was a significant difference between the pre and post intervention level of knowledge t = 41.7, p= 0.0001 and practice t = 33.9, p= 0.0001 regarding oral hygiene among the primary school children. There was an association between primary school children’s knowledge score with their demographic variables like age x2 = 10.3, p=0.03 and mothers educational status x2 = 11, p=0.01 .There was an association between primary school children’s practice score with their demographic variables like age x2 = 10.1, p=0.04 , socioeconomic status x2 = 8.9, p=0.01 and mothers educational status x2 = 16.7, p=0.001 . Conclusion School based health education was effective to enhance the knowledge and practice of oral hygiene among the primary school in rural communities. Mamta Kunwar | Bince Varghese "Impact of School-Based Health Education on Knowledge and Practice Regarding Oral Hygiene among the Primary School Children in A Rural Community of Karnataka, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31837.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/31837/impact-of-schoolbased-health-education-on-knowledge-and-practice-regarding-oral-hygiene-among-the-primary-school-children-in-a-rural-community-of-karnataka-india/mamta-kunwar
Oral Health–Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents of Indian pop...Dr. Anuj S Parihar
Background: Kids and teenagers are more prone to oral diseases. Poor oral health has a significant impact on oral well-being–associated quality of life. Thus, we performed an investigation to examine the outcome of oral health status on
the quality of life of children and adolescents in Indian population, by using the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14).
Materials and Methods: A total of 100 children, ranging between 1 and 19 years of age who attended Indian hospitals from November 2016 to October 2019, were included in the study. The DMFT Index (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth) and OHIP-14 were used as data collection tools. Association of the total OHIP-14 score and seven subscales associated with it was evaluated using Spearman’s correlations.
Results: The results showed statistically noteworthy association between the toothbrushing regularity, number of dental appointments, history of oral trauma, smoking, and subdomains of OHIP-14 (P < 0.05)
Conclusion: Dental and oral health of an individual has a great impact on their quality of life.
Effectiveness of Demonstration on Practices Regarding Hand Hygiene among Moth...ijtsrd
It has been found that washing hand with soap may prevent many common and life threatening infections. Interventions used to prevent diarrheal diseases, includes safe drinking water, use of improved sanitation and washing hand with soap may reduce the disease risk. The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of demonstration regarding hand hygiene among mothers of under five children. Quasi experimental one group pre test post test design was used in rural area of Lucknow district with the samples of 100 mothers of under five children. Multi stage random sampling technique was used. The tools used were demographic questionnaire and checklist regarding hand hygiene. Result revealed, majority of the mothers 50 scored average and 50 scored poor in pre test whereas in post test 19 scored good 72 scored average and 9 scored poor. Mean post test score was significantly higher than the mean pre test score at the “P value” less than 0.05. The calculated t value i.e. 16.58 was compared with the tabulated value i.e 1.98 with paired t test which revealed that the demonstration administered by the investigator was found effective to increase the practice level among the mothers of under five children regarding hand hygiene. Aditi Mecarty | Rohitash Kumar | Jamal Masood "Effectiveness of Demonstration on Practices Regarding Hand Hygiene among Mothers of Under- Five Children in a Rural Area of Lucknow District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35862.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/35862/effectiveness-of-demonstration-on-practices-regarding-hand-hygiene-among-mothers-of-under-five-children-in-a-rural-area-of-lucknow-district/aditi-mecarty
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Kandhamal_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Special thanks to Dr. Alak Paul(professor of CU) sir for giving me opportunity to present my Idea.
Details Of researcher:
Ashfak Mahmud
Geography & Environmental Studies
University Of Chittagong
contact: 01835529302
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Deogarh_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
Similar to Availability, Utilization of Iodized Salt, Status of Iodine Deficiency Disorder and Level of Iodine Content at Households’ Salt among Coastal Areas of Population in India (20)
Background: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and to find the associated risk factors of DR among known Type II DM patients.
Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional and single center study was conducted among Type II DM patients with and without DR in the department of Endocrinology with a sample size of 150 with DM patients in 2018. Data were expressed as mean, standard deviation, proportions, Chi-Square, t-test test and Binary Logistic Regression analysis.
Results: Diabetic patients 150 were identified as Type II DM as per inclusion criteria with aged 30 years and above. Among 150 Diabetic patients, 39 (26%) patients had Diabetic Retinopathy and 111 (74%) patients were not having Diabetic Retinopathy. The association between groups (with and no DR) and duration of DM were very highly significant with p-value < 0.01. DR prevalence was higher in female when compared with male population.
Conclusion: From our study, we have concluded that the prevalence of DR was very high. DR was strongly associated with HbA1C, FBS, duration of DM, medication, duration of hypertension and smoking. Hence, there is a need for regular screening check-up with ophthalmologist to prevent diabetic retinopathy or to prolong or to escape from the vision loss.
Keywords: type II diabetic mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, prevalence, risk factors
Background: Covid-19 an illness caused by SARS- COV-2 virus, it has killed millions of people all over the world and has wreaked havoc in India too. Even today there is no confirmed drug that can successfully tackle the illness. According to WHO, efficient vaccines and equitable access to them is vital to curbing the Covid-19 pandemic.
Materials and Methods: With the help of a semi-structured question guide, six focus group discussions were conducted in several villages in East Khasi hills Meghalaya, each focus group had 6-12 participants, thematic analysis was used to analyze the data.
Results: Most of the villagers are affected by covid-19 and the lockdown measures to curb it, but their perceptions on vaccinations were negative. Certain thematic areas that seemed to repeat were, religious beliefs, lack of awareness, individual freedom to choose, not feeling like they require it as they are just agricultural laborers, fear of side effects, and the prevalence of negative propaganda on social media. Most believe if it’s mandatory to take the vaccine everyone would take it. Few village heads suggested better awareness might be able to convince a few.
Conclusion: The majority said they were not ready to get vaccinated, and cited religion and individual freedom to choose as the reasons for their reluctance. Health awareness programs and more pro vaccine governmental policies may help improve coverage.
Keywords: covid-19, covid vaccination, tribal health, vaccine hesitancy, Meghalaya
Article Type: Editorial
Title: Changing and Challenging Scenario of Burden of Disease
Year: 2022; Volume: 2; Issue: 1; Page No: 3 – 4
Author: Dr. P.K. Govindarajan
10.55349/ijmsnr.20222134
Affiliation: Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Vinayaka Missions Medical College and Hospital, Karaikal, Puducherry (UT), India.
Email ID: drpkgr@gmail.com
Article Summary:
Submitted : 15-February-2022
Revised : 27-February-2022
Accepted : 15-March-2022
Published : 31-March-2022
Article Type: Editorial
Title: Patient Safety: Paradigm shift of modern healthcare delivery and research
Year: 2022; Volume: 2; Issue: 1; Page No: 1 – 2
Author: Dr. Mohammed Imran
10.55349/ijmsnr.20222112
Affiliation: Associate Professor, Medical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sohar, National University of Science and Technology, Sultanate of Oman.
Email ID: imran@nu.edu.om
Article Summary:
Submitted : 10-February-2022
Revised : 26-February-2022
Accepted : 12-March-2022
Published : 31-March-2022
Background: The developed Semi-Markov model with Kumaraswamy Exponentiated Inverse Rayleigh distribution examined patients with hypertension, heart diseases, smoking habits and Stroke, is measured from one state to another.
Materials and Methods: Patients with Non-Communicable disease described through Kumaraswamy Exponentiated Inverse Rayleigh distribution.
Results: The estimated parameters of Semi-Markov model with this distribution predicted by the maximum likelihood estimation for each successive state observed significant abnormality. The data noted predicts established model is a good fit for many attributes that prevailed in studied data. The developed Semi-Markov model is a best fit for non-Communicable disease in the long run of patient’s data. Through different Exponential family distribution, one can look at for further perfect fit of patient data, which is to be estimated.
Conclusion: This model can be an alternative method to estimate the effect of patient in survival analysis, where it will be effective in time consumption in medical field.
Keywords: heart diseases, hypertension, Semi-Markov processes, smoking, stroke
Background: The HIV virus carries projection of significant global population with specific estimations of the mathematical results of evolutionary methods which was presented in Tree Hidden Markov model (HMM).
Materials and Methods: Hidden Markov models used to model the progression of the disease among HIV infected people. The author predicts a Baum Welch Algorithm method through HMM that can assess an unknown state of transition.
Results: The Tree HMM model predicts the break down point starts once patient is infected with the HIV virus as it affects the immune system. The immune system drops more quickly in the initial inter arrival time when compared with the later time interval. The HIV virus length in the nth state within regrouping is uncertain to occur in each state of the given model. A simulation study was done to assess the goodness of fit for the model.
Conclusion: The HIV virus length in the nth state within regrouping is uncertain to occur in each state of the given model. The inter arrival censoring between each state is essential in each infected HIV patients. The outcome of this works states that health care expert can use this model for effective patient cares.
Keywords: expectation, hidden markov model, human immunodeficiency virus, immune system, transition
Background: Incidence of diabetes mellitus continues to rise, common focus areas for diabetes control are blood glucose levels, diet, and exercise. Controlling these factors are essential for a better quality of life in diabetes patients. Patients with diabetes have an increased risk of asymptomatic bacteriuria and pyuria, cystitis, and, more important, serious upper urinary tract infection.
Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based descriptive and cross-sectional study which included 250 Study subjects who were admitted in CSI Kalyani General hospital during the period from July 2017 to July 2018 and who has Diabetic as a comorbidity were interviewed using structured protocol based proforma. Patient underwent routine clinical, pathological and biochemical investigations.
Results: In this study, 250 in-patients were included and analyzed. The prevalence of Infection in Diabetes mellitus was 65.6%. There is no significant association between Age, Education, Occupation, HbA1C, Duration and type of treatment and biochemical values. The commonest organism in Urine sample among the study group was E.coli followed by Klebsiella. UTI is more common in females, Respiratory infection is more common in males and it is statistically significant (p<0.009) and it is statistically significant (p<0.007).
Conclusion: From this study, we have concluded that patient with diabetes mellitus is at increased risk for common infections due to poor glycemic control and Obesity. Poor glycemic control suppresses the immunity and more prone for infection. Therefore, the challenges will be to attain good glycemic control, change in lifestyle to maintain normal BMI. This will prevent the morbimortality, reduce the long-term complication and maintenance to prolong the life without any sequele. More prospective case control studies on the management of infections in DM patients are needed.
Keywords: type 2 diabetes mellitus, infections, clinical profile, hba1c, glycemic control
Background: Diabetic Retinopathy is a non-communicable disease and metabolic disorder. It is a public health problem in Worldwide. In this paper, finding influencing factors and how much probability to development of DR among known T2DM patients.
Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional and observational study among T2DM patients, with and without DR in the diabetes clinic with sample of 150 patients. Statistical analysis used chi-square and binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify correlates of DR after controlling of confounders.
Results: In this present study, among 150 patients, 39 (26%) patients had DR. Smoking habit was strongly associated with development of DR (AOR=15.39, p=0.002), patients had history of hypertension was associated with DR (AOR=1.10, p=0.016), medication, in that insulin users were strongly associated with DR (AOR=5.72, p=0.002), duration of diabetes mellitus with >10 years was associated with DR (AOR=1.18, p=0.001), total cholesterol with abnormal was 5-fold more increase in risk with the development of DR (AOR=5.86, p=0.065) but not significant, high hba1c with >6.5% was associated with the progression of DR (AOR=1.34, p=0.035), and fasting blood sugar with abnormal was associated with the progression of DR (AOR=1.01, p=0.027) except age but, showed positive association with DR. Probability of developing DR in a T2DM patient was 98%.
Conclusion: From this study, we revealed that influencing variables were hba1c, smoking habit, intake of tablet/insulin, duration of DM, history of hypertension and fasting blood sugar. The chance/probability of developing retinopathy was very high among known diabetes patients those who had longer duration of DM. Hence, we have recommended a periodic eye screening is mandatory in T2DM patients.
Keywords: diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, influencing factors, probability, multivariate analysis
Article Type: Editorial
Title: Challenges Met by Healthcare Professionals (Nurses) at the time of Covid-19 Pandemic
Year: 2021; Volume: 1; Issue: 2; Page No: 3 – 4
Author: Sumathi Senthilvel
DOI: 10.55349/ijmsnr.20211234
Affiliation: Associate Editor, IJMSNR, Formerly Assistant Professor in Nursing, Department of Fundamental Nursing, Amrita College of Nursing. Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala. Email ID: AssociateEditor@ijmsnr.com
Article Summary: Submitted : 26-October-2021
Revised : 10-November-2021
Accepted : 02-December-2021
Published : 31-December-2021
Article Type: Editorial
Title: One Health Approach: The key to addressing pandemics and other complex challenges of the 21st Century
Year: 2021; Volume: 1; Issue: 2; Page No: 1 – 2
Author: Priyanka Raj CK
DOI: 10.55349/ijmsnr.202111212
Affiliation: Deputy Editor-In-Chief, IJMSNR, Associate Professor, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sohar, National University of Science and Technology, Sultanate of Oman. Email ID: priyankaraj@nu.edu.om and DeputyEditor-in-chief@ijmsnr.com
Article Summary: Submitted : 22-October-2021
Revised : 06-November-2021
Accepted : 03-December-2021
Published : 31-December-2021
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has created a wide range of crises affecting many nations, resulting in adverse health consequences. The implementation of the lock down upended the lifestyle of mostly all people and was associated with disturbed sleep. Our study is to estimate the variation of the sleep-wake cycle during lockdown and after lock down among people of age 15-60 and its impact on Psychological wellbeing.
Materials and Methods: We have done a cross-sectional and descriptive study with a sample of 152 participants was formed using convenience sampling method by online google form. They were administered with The Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) and The Flourishing scale. The responses were collected during and after lock down. The data obtained is subjected to descriptive analysis.
Results: In this study we have included 304 participants. Out of 304 participants, 151 (49.7%) were male and 153 (50.3%) were female. Flourishing scale scores mean during lockdown was 28.83 ± 4.75 and after lockdown was 41.50 ± 4.42 and the mean value was more in after lockdown period and a paired-t test showed statistically highly significant difference at p-value <0.01.
Conclusion: The variation in the sleep-wake cycle was more in adolescents than in other age groups and the Psychological wellbeing of women was affected more than men in all age groups during lockdown.
Key Words: lockdown, sleep-wake cycle, psychological wellbeing, age difference, gender difference
Background: Cardiac catheterization (CC) is the inserting of a thin, hollow catheter into a chamber or vessel; it is done for diagnostic and intervention purposes. Death charges from coronary heart disease have decreased in recent decennium, however, coronary heart disease is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide especially in developed countries. Coronary heart disease refers to different conditions of failing circulation of the heart and includes myocardial infarction (MI). In this study, we assessed the patients’ knowledge regarding CC.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted with a purposive sample of 250 patients were selected and included from Cardiac Specialty Hospital in Slemani City, Iraq. This study was carried out between November 2017 and October 2018. A self-conductive questionnaire was used for data collection.
Results: Totally 250 patients were included in this study. Among 250 patients, 176 (70.4%) were males and 74 (29.6%) females. The validity of the questionnaire was estimated through a panel of experts related to the field of the study, and its reliability was determined through a pilot study which was carried out on 105 patients who were selected purposively from the patient were admitted those who have undergone the procedure at Cardiac Specialty Hospital in Slemani city. Most 70.4% of the participants were male and the majority 212 (84.8%) were Kurdish and more than a quarter of the patient’s age was in group 60 years and above. Among 250 patients, 202 (80.8%) were married and 117 (46.8 %) of study participants were illiterate, 171 (68.4%) of them were unemployed, and 148 (59.2%) were lived in an urban area.
Conclusion: Our present study showed that the majority of participants had a low level of knowledge regarding CC as well as the level of knowledge from post-CC was higher than pre-CC procedure.
Key Words: patients’ Knowledge, cardiac catheterization, pre and post-cardiac catheterization, Slemani City, Iraq
Background: One of the commonest complications of poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is Diabetic nephropathy (DN), which occurs in 30-40% of DM cases. It is important to identify the high-risk group who are likely to develop DN with the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. This study had the objectives to estimate and correlate the levels of the urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) with age, anthropometric measures, glycaemic control markers, lipids, and renal function. To estimate each variable as independent and multivariate risk factors.
Materials and Methods: It was an observational and cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care center in Eastern India. Totally, 221 consecutive ambulatory T2DM subjects were recruited after obtaining their written consent.
Results: The diabetics were classified as having diabetic nephropathy by the urine albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) of >30 mg/gm. 53.4% of our study group had DN. There was a significant risk associated with PPBS with p=0.043 (<0.05), serum creatinine with p=0.032 (<0.05), and urine albumin with p=0.0001 (<0.001). In the multivariate regression analysis of all these variables, there was a highly significant likelihood ratio for predicting DN with p=0.0001 (<0.001) with a predictive value of 74.5% in females and 75% in males.
Conclusion: The additive factors contributed by the risk factors in the prediction of DN will benefit the DM in the prevention of DN.
Keywords: diabetic nephropathy, risk factors, diabetic kidney disease, Asian Indian
Article Type: Editorial
Title: Fairer world for a healthier and safer world
Year: 2021; Volume: 1; Issue: 1; Page No: 1 – 2
Author: Priyanka Raj CK
DOI: 10.55349/ijmsnr.2021.1112
Affiliation: Deputy Editor-In-Chief, IJMSNR, Associate Professor, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, National University of Science & Technology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sohar, Al Batinah North, Sultanate of Oman. Email ID: priyankaraj@nu.edu.om
Article Summary: Submitted: 02-August-2021
Revised : 30-August-2021
Accepted : 03-September-2021
Published: 30-September-2021
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
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A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
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mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
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In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Availability, Utilization of Iodized Salt, Status of Iodine Deficiency Disorder and Level of Iodine Content at Households’ Salt among Coastal Areas of Population in India
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Availability, Utilization of Iodized Salt, Status of Iodine Deficiency
Disorder and Level of Iodine Content at Households’ Salt among
Coastal Areas of Population in India
Senthilvel Vasudevan1
, Murugan Natesan2
1
Assistant Professor of Statistics, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health
Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2
Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalapet,
Pondicherry, India.
1
Senior Resident, Department of Anesthesiology, Chettinad Hospital And Research Institute, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. 2
Assistant Professor,
Department of Anesthesiology, Chettinad Hospital And Research Institute, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. 3
Professor and HOD, Department of
Anesthesiology, Chettinad Hospital And Research Institute, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
Background: Iodine deficiency disorder is common public health problem in developed and developing countries. In Worldwide, nearly
70% of the households only using adequate iodized salt in their regular food. To estimate the household salt utilization, prevalence of goiter,
status of iodine deficiency disorder, and to find the iodine level at household level in the study areas.
Materials and Methods: We have done a community-based observational study on IDD in the coastal areas of Villupuram District, Tamil
Nadu with examined households salt in 1233 households in selected eight villages. All data were analyzed using Chi-Square test. p–
value<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results: Totally 1233 households were recruited and incorporated in this study. Among 1233 households, male 385 (31.2%) and female
848 (68.8%). The male and female age-group was showed statistically highly significant association with p<0.01. Out of 1233 individuals,
141 (11.4%) were found as total goiter. The prevalence of goiter was 105 (12.4%) in female than male was 36 (9.4%) and no statistical
association between gender among goiter prevalence (p>0.05).
Conclusion: From our present study findings, we have concluded that majority of the study population was used iodized salt in their regular
food. But, very less adequately iodized salts were available nearby study areas. Nevertheless, majority of the households didn’t know about
the benefits about the usage of iodized salt. Health education is needed in to the shopkeepers and local vendors. This will be conducted by
non-Governmental organization, Government organization and other nearby medical colleges.
Keywords: household salt, utilization, iodine, iodine deficiency disorder, coastal areas
Introduction
Iodine is a very important vital micronutrient in human food in their routine life and it needs to produce thyroid hormones. It is needed in all
stages of life. [1] In Worldwide, nearly 70% of households only use adequate iodized salt in their daily food. [2, 3] Changes needed
immediately in the iodized salt coverage among countries. [4] India is the first nation to initiate salt with iodized salt but there are some big
problems in implementing it through the National programme. So, ensuring the availability of iodized salt, utilization through monitoring
systems. [5] In another one review on the National coalition for sustained optimal iodine intake by Yadav et al [6] has reported India could
achieve universal salt iodization by 2015.
Iodine deficiency in a household's salt is affecting a child's growth, intelligence quotient (IQ) level and in many ways. [7] The consumption
of iodine per day for up to 6 months, infants up to 1 years, up to 8 years, up to 13 years, up to 18 years and adults is 110, 130 mcg, 90 mcg,
120 mcg, 150 mcg and 150 mcg respectively. [8] Iodized salt coverage was very low in Tamil Nadu. [9] If the pregnant women don’t consume
the adequate level of iodine 250 g/per day [10] in their food as per WHO recommendation, then the fetal growth, child initial years’ growth,
child’s brain development would be affected severely. Iodine is an important micro nutrient in food to the human brain development and
reduce the abnormalities in the pregnant women, child bearing, enough children brain and IQ development. [25] We contacted this study to
find the iodine content of household salt, its availability and its effect in the study areas of Tamil Nadu. Our study is the first study in this
study area. Main objectives of the present study were to estimate the household salt utilization and availability of iodized salt, status of Iodine
How to cite this article: Vasudevan S, Natesan M. Availability, Utilization of Iodized Salt, Status of Iodine Deficiency Disorder and Level
of Iodine Content at Households’ Salt among Coastal Areas of Population in India. Int J Med Sci and Nurs Res 2021;1(2):29–37
This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the
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Corresponding Author: Dr. Senthilvel Vasudevan,
Assistant Professor of Statistics, Department of Pharmacy Practice,
College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health
Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Email ID: vasudevans@ksau-hs.edu.sa
International Journal of Medical Sciences and Nursing Research 2021;1(2):29-37 Page No: 29
Abstract
Article Summary: Submitted: 02-October-2021 Revised: 20-November-2021 Accepted: 10-December-2021 Published: 31-December-2021
2. Figure–1 Distribution of villages in the study area
Deficiency Disorder and among gender, and level of iodine content at
households’ salt among coastal areas of population in Villupuram District,
Tamil Nadu, India.
Materials and Methods:
Study design, area and period of conducted this study: We have done
a community-based, cross sectional study in the area of Anaichikuppam,
Pondicherry Institute of Medical Science Rural Health Centre,
Marakkanam block of Villupuram district, Tamil Nadu. The data was
collected in the one-month period of February 2012.
Allocation of households among study areas: We have collected
information from 1233 households by using convenient sampling method
and included in our present study. In this present study, we have randomly
selected and included 8 villages out of 16 villages namely, Kil
Pudhupattu, Koonimedu, Chettikuppam, Anumandai, Kil Pettai,
Parichamedu, Alapakkam, and Orani as shown in Figure–1.
Selection of study participants: We have recruited and included all
individuals those were living in the Pondicherry Institute of Medical
Sciences, Rural Health Center, Anaichikuppam in Marakkanam.
Development Block of Villupuram district, Tamil Nadu, India.
Inclusion Criteria: In our study, we have incorporated all residents
living in eight villages with one year and above aged ≥3 years.
Because, what type of difficulties or effects would happen to the
children with aged 3 or more. To be found by this study.
Exclusion Criteria: Children with aged <3 years and those who
were affected by chronic diseases and severe communicable
diseases.
Estimation of sample size for the study: As per existing literature
by Roy et. al. [11] in his study he has found/explicated that the
households with adequately iodized salt of >15 ppm was 62.4%,
statistical power 80%, allowable error 5% and level of significant
95%, the required sample size with formula, required minimum
sample size (N) = 4pq/d2
= 965 households. But we have included
1233 households in our study. One responsible person from each
household was interviewed and recorded the usage of iodized salt in
their respective households. 1233 individuals available at the time
of face-to-face survey in these households were examined for goiter.
Vasudevan S et al., Availability, Utilization of Iodized Salt, Status of Iodine Deficiency Disorder and Level of Iodine Content at Households’ Salt
International Journal of Medical Sciences and Nursing Research 2021;1(2):29-37 Page No: 30
3. The level of iodine is adequate in the food salt then only all free from
some diseases like thyroid enlargement and goiter.
Data Management and Statistical Analysis Used: The data were
organized, compiled and formulated by Microsoft Excel 2010 [Office
360, Microsoft Ltd., USA] and were analyzed by using statistical
software SPSS 21.0 Version [IBM SPSS Ltd., USA]. The continuous
variables were expressed using descriptive statistics like mean, and
standard deviation and categorical variables were expressed using
frequency and proportions. To find the association between gender and
goiter by using bi-variate analysis chi-square test. p<0.05 was fixed
as level of significant.
Ethical consideration: Ethical approval was taken from the
Institutional Ethics Committee of Pondicherry Institute of Medical
Sciences, Pondicherry before conducting our study. Proper
permission was obtained from the village administrative officer and
village head to conduct our study. We have received written consent
form each in-charge of the household in the study areas. We have
explained in the local language TAMIL about the purpose of the study,
its importance, potential risks and benefits of participating, procedure
of maintaining confidentiality to all the study participants in this
study. We didn’t get any type of financial from the parent institution
or from any type of financial institution and we didn’t give any
incentives to the study participants. Anonymity and confidentiality
were ensured throughout the study
Results:
In this present study, we have visited and planned to conduct the study
of totally 1356 households at the time of study period in the selected 8
villages. But, totally 1233 households were selected from 8 villages.
Out of 1233 households, 135 (10.95%) households were from Kil
Pudhupattu, 422 (34.23%) Koonimedu, 86 (6.97%) Chettikuppam,
233 (18.89%) Anumandai, 156 (12.65%) Kil Pettai, 118 (9.57%)
Parichamedu, 37 (3.00%) Alapakkam, and 46 (3.74%) households
from Orani were interviewed by house-to-house survey were
randomly selected and included in our present study as shown in
Figure – 1. In that, 95 houses were locked due to unavailability of
individuals and 28 household’s in-charge refused to participate in our
study. So, finally we have selected and incorporated 1233 households
in our study. Hence, the non-response rate of our study was
2.2%. After this elimination of these, we have selected and included
1233 households in our main study. From these households we have
interviewed 1233 individuals as shown Figure–2.
Basic socio-demographic variables of the study population: Totally
1233 households were recruited and incorporated in this study. Out of
1233 households, each one house, one responsible person (head of the
house) was selected and collected the data through
questionnaire. Among 1233 households, male 385 (31.2%) and
female 848 (68.8%). In our present study, sex-ratio was 1:2.2. Most
of the respondents were female gender and study participants were
lying in the age-group in between 21–50 years and very few 20 (1.6%)
in the age-group of 61 and above. The association between age-groups
and gender was shown statistically highly significant with p-value =
0.006 (p<0.01).
Vasudevan S et al., Availability, Utilization of Iodized Salt, Status of Iodine Deficiency Disorder and Level of Iodine Content at Households’ Salt
About the questionnaire: The questionnaire was framed by the
faculties of the department and it had three parts. Part–A: Basic and
Socio-demographic characteristics: name of village, household
number, name of the family members, age, gender, religion, educational
level, source of drinking water and the income of the family. Part–B:
Grading of Goiter: The goiter grading of all the individuals available
in the household was recorded. The questionnaire was tested properly
and discussed through presented that in front of the Department
faculties and in the institutional research committee members and
corrected according to the comments. The examination was done
respondents stood in front of the examiner, who looked carefully at the
neck for any sign of visible thyroid enlargement.
Grading of Goiter was graded according to the WHO classification
as follows:
Classification of Goiter grading of palpation [12] Grade: 0 No
palpable or visible goiter; Grade-1: A goiter that is palpable but not
visible when the neck is in the normal position; and Grade-2: A
swelling in the neck that is clearly visible when the neck is in a normal
position and is consistent with an enlarged thyroid when the neck is
palpated a thyroid gland will be considered goitrous when each lateral
lobe has a volume greater than the terminal phalanx of the thumbs of
the subject being examined. Part-C: Iodine level of salt at household
level: The household salts were tested for qualitatively on spot with
MBI kit provided by Government of India and United Nations
Children’s Fund (UNICEF) [13, 14, and 15]. The iodine concentration
was recorded as 0, 7, 15, 30 ppm.
Selection of participants: In the present study, we have approached
1356 households in the 8 selected villages, 1233 households were
recruited by face-to-face interviewed with pre-designed and pre-tested
questionnaire in the local language TAMIL. Totally, 25 under graduate
medical students those who were in the seventh semester were trained
for two weeks by teaching staffs of Department of Community
Medicine. Data were collected by trained students under the supervision
of the Department of Community Medicine faculties, post graduate
medical students, and with the help of interns and social workers of the
RHC of PIMS. Study participants were the residents of the households
those who were available using simple random sampling method at the
time of survey. The response rate was 90.9%.
Method of data collection: A house to house survey in the selected
villages was done in one-month period. The purpose of the study was
elaborately explained to the study participants. The consenting
individuals were included in the study. The proper permission was
obtained from the respective village administration officers and
authorities before conducting our study. Data were collected only from
the head of the family of each house at the time of data collection by
using a structured questionnaire. Socio-economic status was determined
using the Modified B G Prasad classification of socio-economic status
2013. The revised Prasad’s Classifications based on 2013 was Social
Class–I: 5113 and above; Social Class–II: 2557 – 5112; Social Class–
III: 1533 – 2556; Social Class–IV: 767 – 1532; and Class–V: less than
767. [16] Iodine level of salt: [17] By rapid kit testing, the level of
Iodine ≥15 ppm then it is called adequately iodized salt and the level of
Iodine <15 ppm then it is inadequately iodized Salt.
International Journal of Medical Sciences and Nursing Research 2021;1(2):29-37 Page No: 31
4. In 1233 surveyed households, 975 (79.1%) were Hindus, 230 (18.7%)
were Muslims, and 28 (2.3%) Christian. The water sources of the
households bore well, piped water (provided by metro water supply of
Tamilnadu), hand pump and mineral water. The major sources of
drinking water were well 567 (46.0%). According to socio-economic
status, more than half of the households were under the middle class
and more than 1/4th
of households was under the lower middle class.
Very few of the households were under the upper-class group as per
the Modified BG Prasad Classification 2013.
Status of iodine deficiency disorder level among households:
Among 1233 individuals were spot examined by MBI kit for iodine
deficiency disorder. Total goiter (Grades 1 & 2 combined) prevalence
(TGP) was 141 (11.4%). The prevalence of goiter was 12.4% in
females than male was 9.4%. But there was no statistical association
Vasudevan S et al., Availability, Utilization of Iodized Salt, Status of Iodine Deficiency Disorder and Level of Iodine Content at Households’ Salt
between gender among goiter prevalence Chi-Square value = 1.137
with p-value = 0.980 (>0.05) as shown in Table – 1.
Utilization of iodized salt in the study areas among households:
In 1233 households, majority 874 (70.9%) households hadn’t known
about the benefits about the usage of iodized salt in their regular food
and 359 (29.1%) households responded to the perceived benefits of
using iodized salt. 238 (19.3%) of the households that used iodized
salt was good for their health. 28 (2.3%) respondents felt that the
iodized salt is clean as compared to non-iodized salt. It was
interesting to note that 15 (1.2%) respondents were aware of the
importance of iodized salt in brain development in children, and
physical growth of children. Another 12 (1.0%) were answered its
use is good during pregnancy in women. 8 (0.6%) were to prevent
illness, 6 (0.5%) were it added taste to their food,
International Journal of Medical Sciences and Nursing Research 2021;1(2):29-37 Page No: 32
Table: 1 Distribution of age-groups among gender for goiter examination (N=1233)
Age – Groups
(in years)
Gender
Chi-
Square
test value
&
p - value
Total
N (%)
1233
(100%)
(1) + (3)
Total Goiter Rate
N (%)
141 (11.4)
(2) + (4)
Male
385 (31.2%)
Female
848 (68.8%)
n (%)
(1)
Goiter
36 (9.4%)
(2)
n (%)
(3)
Goiter
105 (12.4%)
(4)
≤ 10 10 (15.4) 1 (14.3) 55 (84.6) 6 (85.7)
18.087
0.006
p<0.01
65 (5.3) 7 (5.0)
11 – 20 36 (33.0) 4 (25.0) 73 (67.0) 12 (75.0) 109 (8.8) 16 (11.3)
21 – 30 110 (31.8) 8 (20.0) 236 (68.2) 32 (80.0) 346 (28.1) 40 (28.4)
31 – 40 134 (37.0) 11 (29.7) 228 (63.0) 26 (70.3) 362 (29.4) 37 (26.2)
41 – 50 55 (25.6) 7 (28.0) 160 (74.4) 18 (72.0) 215 (17.4) 25 (17.7)
51 – 60 32 (27.6) 5 (33.3) 84 (72.4) 10 (66.7) 116 (9.4) 15 (10.6)
61 and above 8 (40.0) 0 (0) 12 (60.0) 1 (100.0) 20 (1.6) 1 (0.7)
5. International Journal of Medical Sciences and Nursing Research 2021;1(2):29-37 Page No: 33
Vasudevan S et al., Availability, Utilization of Iodized Salt, Status of Iodine Deficiency Disorder and Level of Iodine Content at Households’ Salt
Figure: 2 Flowchart of the process of allocation of villages and households in the study area (N=1233)
6. 1 (0.1%) were prevented anomaly, 1 (0.1%) were answered iodized
salt was useful to their children’s health, and 44 (3.6%) weren’t aware
about anything of iodized salt and its benefits. In our study, the
overall adequately iodized (≥15 ppm) salt utilized by the households
was 26.0% [(320/1233) *100]. Most 960 (77.9%) of the respondents
did not know if there was any disadvantage in using iodized salt, 244
(19.8%) of the 1233 respondents felt that use of iodized salt was of
no disadvantage. 18 (1.5%) respondents felt that there was some
disadvantage in using iodized salt. The disadvantages as said by the
households that 10 (0.8%) were high cost, followed by hypertension
3 (0.2%), 1 (0.1%) diabetes mellitus, 1 (0.1%) kidney disease, and 2
(0.2%) were told the iodized salt caused obesity.
Availability of types of salts in the study areas:
Among 1233 households, 540 (43.8%) households were purchased
powered salt and in that 159 (29.4%) households were identified as
adequate (15ppm and above) iodine salt and 693 (56.2%) were
purchased crystalline salt and in that 161 (23.2%) were identified as
adequate (15ppm and above) iodine salt as shown in Table – 2.
Place of buying salts and types of salts among households:
Total 1233 households, 540 (43.8%) were bought powered salt and the
remaining 693 (56.2%) were bought crystalline salt. Hence, more than
half of the study population bought crystalline salt. Out of 1233
households, 858 (69.6%) purchased salt in local grocery stores. In
that, 396 (45.2%) were purchased powered salt and in that, 90 (22.7%)
were identified as adequate iodine (15ppm and above) salt. Among
858 households, 462 (54.8%) purchased crystalline salt and in that, 30
(6.5%) were identified as adequate iodine (15ppm and above) salt.
Out of 1233 households, 86 (7.0%) purchased salt in nearby village
markets. In that, 71 (82.6%) were purchased powered salt and in that,
180 (25.4%) were identified as adequate iodine (15ppm and above)
salt. Among 86 households, 15 (17.4%) were purchased crystalline
salt and in that, 2 (13.3%) were identified as adequate iodine (15ppm
and above) salt. Out of 1233 households, 160 (13.0%) were purchased
Table: 2 Distribution of place of buying salts and types of salts among households (N=1233)
Place of
buying salts
Packed Powered Salt
Packed + Loose Crystalline
Salt
Total
Adequately
Iodine %
(159 +
161)/1233
= 26.0%
(2) + (4)
Association
between
Packed
Powered Salt
and Packed
+ Loose
Crystalline
salt
Chi-Square
Value and
p-value
(1) & (3)
Association
between
Adequately
iodine in
powered and
Packed +
Loose
Crystalline
salt
Chi-Square
Value and p-
value
(2) & (4)
Total
N (%)
1233 (100.0)
n (%)
540
(43.8%)
(1)
Adequately
Iodine %
(15ppm and
above)
159/540
= 29.4%
(2)
n (%)
693
(56.2%)
(3)
Adequately
Iodine %
(15ppm and
above)
161/693 =
23.2%
(4)
Local
Grocery
Store
396 (45.2) 90 (22.7%) 462 (54.8) 30 (6.5%)
14.0
236.86
0.0001
p<0.001
168.25
0.0001
p<0.001
858 (69.6)
Village
Market
71 (82.6) 18 (25.4%) 15 (17.4) 2 (13.3%) 23.3 86 (7.0)
Ambulant
Vendor
0 (0) 0 (0%) 56 (100) 15 (26.8%) 26.8 56 (4.5)
Public
Distribution
System
11 (7.8) 11 (100%) 149 (92.2) 110 (73.8%) 75.6 160 (13.0)
Others
(Puducherry
Market)
62 (84.9) 40 (64.5%) 11 (15.1) 4 (36.4%) 60.3 73 (5.9)
International Journal of Medical Sciences and Nursing Research 2021;1(2):29-37 Page No: 34
Vasudevan S et al., Availability, Utilization of Iodized Salt, Status of Iodine Deficiency Disorder and Level of Iodine Content at Households’ Salt
7. salt through the public distribution system. In that, 11 (7.8%) were
purchased powered salt and in that, 11 (100.0%) were identified as
adequate iodine (15ppm and above) salt. Among 160 households, 149
(92.2%) were purchased crystalline salt and in that, 110 (73.8%) were
identified as adequate iodine (15ppm and above) salt. The
households’ members purchased salt from ambulant vendors and in
other (Puducherry Market) places. Association between Packed
Powered Salt and combined packed, loose Crystalline salt was showed
a significant association with Chi-Square Value = 236.86 and p-value
= 0.0001 (<0.001) and Association between Adequately iodine in
powered and combined packed, loose crystalline salt Chi-Square
Value = 168.25 and p-value = 0.0001 were listed in the Table–
2. Hence, out of 1233 households 320 (26.0%) were used iodized salt
in their regular food.
Maintenance of salt containers, type of storage of salt, and places
of storage in the households: Majority 1176 (95.4%) of the
households used containers with a lid for storing the salt. Whereas, 18
(1.5%) used containers without lid and another 27 (2.2%) households
did not transfer the salt to any container, but stored it in its original
packet itself and others 12 (1.0%). ie., others meant 8 households
were stored the salt in gunny bags and another 4 in paper to wrap the
salt. Majority 1080 (87.6%) of the households were stored salt inside
the cabinets in their respective kitchen, another 47 (3.8%) stored on
top of the table, 76 (6.2%) households were stored above the stove,
and 30 (2.4%) were on the floor in the kitchen. Out of 1233
households, 76 (6.2%) households knew that they weren’t using
iodized salt. Only 551 (44.7%) of the respondents knew that they were
using iodized salt. A significant 601 (48.7%) number of households
weren’t aware of whether the salt used in their houses was iodized.
Among 1233 households, 106 (8.6%) households responded for “what
reasons they didn’t use the iodized salt in their food?”. 60 (4.9%) of
the households responded the reason was rate of the iodized salt was
more in cost wise; 34 (2.8%) were traditionally buying crystalline salt
from the ambulant vendor, and 12 (1.0%) were responded as not
available in the local areas. ie., households’ members responded that
it is very difficult to buy iodized salt because grocery shops are far
away from their residing place.
Discussion:
IDD problems have become a public health problem on a World level.
[18] These IDD problems are present throughout the country India. In
our present study, female gender was more than male gender. Similar
type of results was revealed by Tariku and Mazengia conducted in
Northwest Ethiopia. [19] In this study, total goiter prevalence (TGP)
was 11.4%. In the year 1992 – 2002 the TGP was estimated in the
rage of 17.6 – 18.2% by World Health Organization (WHO). [20] In
our study, 26% of a household's salt contained adequate iodine
content. Whereas, a study by Kapil in the year 2001 had mentioned
high, ie, adequate salt (≥15 ppm) was used in 35% of households in
Kanchipuram district. [21] Moreover, in another one study by Deepika
et. al. had shown very high adequate iodine content in 3/4th
of
households’ salt in Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh. [22] In our
study, more than 1/3rd
of households responded to the perceived
benefits of using iodized salt. But, a report of eight states in India
showed a high 45.1% of households avail of iodized salt by awareness
of iodized salt than our present study. [23]
The availability and utilization of adequately iodized salt was
mentioned as very low by Taiiku and Mazengia. [19] IDD is a major
problem in 130 countries. So, regular survey relates to the magnitude
of IDD, iodine and its benefits related information, education and
communication (IEC) programs conducted and construct a related
monitoring agency is needed to improve or ensure the iodized salt to
distribute to the affected communities/areas. [24] Iodine content is low
in the diet salt will cause many problems like hypothyroidism, damage
in brain development, mental effects, deaf and dump, psychological
problems, abortion, deficit in fetal growth and also fetal death in
pregnancy period in women. Due to IDD many problems have
happened in pregnancy and in the child births in India. This will be
eradicated by fortified salt with iodine or double fortified salt with
iodine and iron. [25] In our present study, adequately iodized salt (AIS)
utilized by the households of the study areas was 26.0%. But, a study
in Northwest Ethiopia by Tariku and Mazengia have revealed that the
utilization of very high adequate iodized salt was 63.3%. [19] Whereas,
in another one study by Pandav et al. [26] has mentioned 71%
households consumed AIS (≥15 ppm) as their diet salt. In another one
study in Bihar by Sankar et al. [27] have mentioned that 40.1%
household salt was found as adequate salt. Moreover, as per UNICEF
consultant report explicitly that consumption of edible salt with 0 ppm
iodine was 34.5% in Tamil Nadu State as per NFHS III survey 2005-
06. [28] Whereas 88% of people took iodized salt in their daily diet.
[29] In the UNICEF report as per year 2006 – 07 had stated that 65.2%
and 58.2% in upper and lower Egypt respectively; but in year 2014 –
15 it was shown high 72.6% and 74.6% in upper and lower Egypt
respectively. [30] So, the iodine content is varying from region to
region in India. [31]
In a study, the level of iodine content was in packaged crushed, crystal
salt, and loose crystal salts 31.4%, 58.6%, and 9.9% respectively. [23]
In our study, out of 1233 households, 693 (56.2%) households were
bought packed and loose crystalline salts. In that, 66 (9.5%) were
packed and loose crystalline salts. Out of 66 salts, 10 (2.2%) were
packed crystalline salts bought from the local grocery store, in that 2
(0.2%) loose crystalline salt, 56 (84.8%) were loose crystalline and it
was provided by a salt ambulant vendor. The adequate iodine content
in packed powered salt 29.4%, and total packed, loose crystalline salt
was 23.2%. To eliminate the iodine deficiency and to estimate the
iodine nutrition among countries by conducting nationwide surveys.
[20] The main limitations of the study were those who were available
in the household’s maximum women. Some households were closed
due to working days.
Conclusion:
From our present study findings, we have concluded that the majority
of study population used iodized salt in their regular food. But, very
less adequately iodized salts were available in the study
area. Nevertheless, the majority of households didn’t know about the
benefits about usage of iodized diet salt. Health education is needed in
International Journal of Medical Sciences and Nursing Research 2021;1(2):29-37 Page No: 35
Vasudevan S et al., Availability, Utilization of Iodized Salt, Status of Iodine Deficiency Disorder and Level of Iodine Content at Households’ Salt
8. selling adequate iodized salt in nearby grocery
stores/shops/malls/supermarkets and to improve knowledge about
iodized salt among shopkeepers and local salt vendors. Iodized salt
provided through the public delivery system to study rural areas. This
will be done through health education in schools, colleges and
community level, by communication and information (ECI) would be
conducted by Non-Governmental organizations, Government
organizations and other in and around medical colleges.
Recommendations: Health education related to usage of iodized salt,
how to store the iodized salt in the household level, how to identify the
iodized salt in the grocery shops. In school level also the iodine related
health study is needed in and around study areas.
Acknowledgement: Authors are very much thankful to the Director-
Principal, Head of the Department and those who have involved in the
study including teaching faculties, ANMs, staff nurses, Undergraduate
interns those who were posted in the rural health center, Post Graduates
and other non-teaching staffs.
Authors’ Contributions: SV, MN: Study conception and design; SV:
data collection, draft manuscript preparation. All authors reviewed the
results and approved the final version of the manuscript.
SV – Senthilvel Vasudevan and MN – Murugan Natesan
Conflict of interest: The authors are not having any type of conflict
of interest in the study.
Source of funding: We didn’t get any kind of funding from the parent
institution or any other financial institutions or organizations. We
didn’t give any incentives to the study participants.
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