This document summarizes a study that assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding food safety among 127 restaurant workers in Putrajaya, Malaysia. The study found that while overall knowledge of food safety was good, respondents lacked knowledge about reheating cooked food and safe temperatures for cooked food. Respondents had positive attitudes toward food safety, though there were some differences based on training status, ethnicity, education level, and nationality. Practices regarding food safety were also generally positive, but again varied based on education level, gender, and ethnicity. The study found relationships between knowledge and attitudes, and between knowledge and practices regarding food safety. In conclusion, the study found good knowledge, attitudes, and practices overall, but also identified areas needing
Assessment of Food Safety and Sanitation Standards of Canteens in Nueva EcijaIJAEMSJORNAL
Food safety is a particularly worrying environmental health problem in universities. This study used descriptive method of research. A total of 172 respondents from different universities were surveyed.Findings in this study reported that adherence to school canteen rules and government regulations play important roles in influencing food handlers’ attitude towards safe food handling. It was found that perceived barrier generally do not hinder safe food handling. However, small working space, inconvenient location for kitchen equipment and unavailability of food handling guideline toward achieving safe food handling were individual items in the questionnaire that scored high.
1. The document summarizes research on factors that influence consumer purchasing behaviors related to organic foods. It discusses nutritional content, sensory appeal, ecological welfare, price, and natural content as key factors.
2. Several studies discussed found nutritional content and health benefits to be important determinants for consumers in purchasing organic foods. Sensory factors like taste were also found to influence hedonic attitudes.
3. Ecological welfare concerns like environmental friendliness and animal treatment were shown to impact purchasing behaviors, particularly for regular organic food buyers. Price was found to both encourage and discourage organic food purchases depending on other values held by consumers.
Abstract—In India, communicable diseases account for nearly half of its disease burden. Nursing staff plays a major role in the health care delivery system; therefore their role in prevention of infectious diseases by taking care of universal precautions is very important. So this study was conducted aimed to know the status of universal precaution practices of nursing personnel of a tertiary care hospital of Rajasthan. 100 nursing professionals were interrogated and supervised for practice and as per a semi- structured schedule. It was concluded from this study that all nursing personals were washing hands after toilet and hands were washed properly but they were reluctant regarding every time washing hands before starting work, washing with antiseptic after contacting contaminated gauze, linen etc. Apron was weared by 89% but none was wearing mask while dealing with patients. And only 40% were wearing gloves while handling patient but none was changing gloves before handling new patient. It was also concluded that all the nursing personals were using sterile syringes and new syringe was taken every time for new patients which was destroyed after use but only 43% were wearing glove while taking out needle/syringes from its wrapper and only 29% nursing personals were recapping syringes after use. Proper disposal of syringes, soiled infected gauze, needles, I.V. Drip set and gloves was done by almost all nursing personals
Menu Considerations of the Health Conscious Customers in Selected Restaurants...arthurdigman
Abstract – Healthy eating is becoming increasingly important in consumers’ mind. As people realize that health problems are associated with modern lifestyle, interests in healthy eating are escalating. This study was created to ascertain the different considerations of the health conscious customers in choosing their food when dining out in the selected restaurants. The study was designed to determine the awareness of the customers about healthy foods and the main factors that the health conscious customer considers when selecting menu items. The study also focused on the challenges faced by the customers in choosing healthy food as an option and the opportunities in engaging the healthy lifestyle. Descriptive type of research was utilized in the study with 200 customers of the three selected restaurants. The results of this study showed that the age bracket of most of the respondents is from 18 to 22 years old, and mostly were female therefore, female is highly health conscious than male. Respondents are aware what is healthy/ organic food and the reason why to purchase. Price is the factor that most respondents considered in selecting food, and the number one challenge for them is to select food that has vitamins and minerals which keep them healthy and gives a good appearance. With the benefits, organic food has more natural antioxidants that improve the immune system which helps fight against diseases.
A Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice KAP on Anemia and Socio Economic ...YogeshIJTSRD
This study examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to anemia among 508 rural adolescent girls in Odisha, India before and after a planned nutrition education program. The study found that 55% of participants had mild anemia at baseline. Scores for knowledge, attitudes, and practices all improved significantly after the education program, indicating it was effective at positively changing KAP related to anemia. Certain demographic variables like age, family income, and mother's education were also found to influence KAP levels. The results suggest planned nutrition education can help address anemia issues among adolescent girls.
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians Lipid Profile and Antioxid...YogeshIJTSRD
The study sought to determine the extent to which the usage of social media in the marketing of agricultural products in South West Nigeria can enhance farmers turnover. It employed the survey research design to collect data with the help of a structured questionnaire to elicit information from respondents selected from six 6 south western states. Research data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results showed that the use of social media WhatsApp and Facebook in marketing of agricultural products significantly enhances farmers turnover. The managerial implication is that use of Whatsapp and Facebook in the marketing of agricultural products for the enhancement of farmers’ turnover was found to have significant influence on the enhancement in farmers’ turnover from agricultural products. Policy makers in government should provide the enabling environment for the telecommunication companies to enhance their reach by installing their facilities across the length and breadth of the country so that the network coverage will be strong at all times so that the benefits of social media usage will not be constrained. Egejuru, Leonard O | Akubugwo, Emmanuel I | Ugorji, Beatrice N "Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians: Lipid Profile and Antioxidants Vitamins (A and C)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45021.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/45021/comparative-studies-of-diabetes-in-adult-nigerians-lipid-profile-and-antioxidants-vitamins-a-and-c/egejuru-leonard-o
Assessment of Food Safety and Sanitation Standards of Canteens in Nueva EcijaIJAEMSJORNAL
Food safety is a particularly worrying environmental health problem in universities. This study used descriptive method of research. A total of 172 respondents from different universities were surveyed.Findings in this study reported that adherence to school canteen rules and government regulations play important roles in influencing food handlers’ attitude towards safe food handling. It was found that perceived barrier generally do not hinder safe food handling. However, small working space, inconvenient location for kitchen equipment and unavailability of food handling guideline toward achieving safe food handling were individual items in the questionnaire that scored high.
1. The document summarizes research on factors that influence consumer purchasing behaviors related to organic foods. It discusses nutritional content, sensory appeal, ecological welfare, price, and natural content as key factors.
2. Several studies discussed found nutritional content and health benefits to be important determinants for consumers in purchasing organic foods. Sensory factors like taste were also found to influence hedonic attitudes.
3. Ecological welfare concerns like environmental friendliness and animal treatment were shown to impact purchasing behaviors, particularly for regular organic food buyers. Price was found to both encourage and discourage organic food purchases depending on other values held by consumers.
Abstract—In India, communicable diseases account for nearly half of its disease burden. Nursing staff plays a major role in the health care delivery system; therefore their role in prevention of infectious diseases by taking care of universal precautions is very important. So this study was conducted aimed to know the status of universal precaution practices of nursing personnel of a tertiary care hospital of Rajasthan. 100 nursing professionals were interrogated and supervised for practice and as per a semi- structured schedule. It was concluded from this study that all nursing personals were washing hands after toilet and hands were washed properly but they were reluctant regarding every time washing hands before starting work, washing with antiseptic after contacting contaminated gauze, linen etc. Apron was weared by 89% but none was wearing mask while dealing with patients. And only 40% were wearing gloves while handling patient but none was changing gloves before handling new patient. It was also concluded that all the nursing personals were using sterile syringes and new syringe was taken every time for new patients which was destroyed after use but only 43% were wearing glove while taking out needle/syringes from its wrapper and only 29% nursing personals were recapping syringes after use. Proper disposal of syringes, soiled infected gauze, needles, I.V. Drip set and gloves was done by almost all nursing personals
Menu Considerations of the Health Conscious Customers in Selected Restaurants...arthurdigman
Abstract – Healthy eating is becoming increasingly important in consumers’ mind. As people realize that health problems are associated with modern lifestyle, interests in healthy eating are escalating. This study was created to ascertain the different considerations of the health conscious customers in choosing their food when dining out in the selected restaurants. The study was designed to determine the awareness of the customers about healthy foods and the main factors that the health conscious customer considers when selecting menu items. The study also focused on the challenges faced by the customers in choosing healthy food as an option and the opportunities in engaging the healthy lifestyle. Descriptive type of research was utilized in the study with 200 customers of the three selected restaurants. The results of this study showed that the age bracket of most of the respondents is from 18 to 22 years old, and mostly were female therefore, female is highly health conscious than male. Respondents are aware what is healthy/ organic food and the reason why to purchase. Price is the factor that most respondents considered in selecting food, and the number one challenge for them is to select food that has vitamins and minerals which keep them healthy and gives a good appearance. With the benefits, organic food has more natural antioxidants that improve the immune system which helps fight against diseases.
A Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice KAP on Anemia and Socio Economic ...YogeshIJTSRD
This study examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to anemia among 508 rural adolescent girls in Odisha, India before and after a planned nutrition education program. The study found that 55% of participants had mild anemia at baseline. Scores for knowledge, attitudes, and practices all improved significantly after the education program, indicating it was effective at positively changing KAP related to anemia. Certain demographic variables like age, family income, and mother's education were also found to influence KAP levels. The results suggest planned nutrition education can help address anemia issues among adolescent girls.
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians Lipid Profile and Antioxid...YogeshIJTSRD
The study sought to determine the extent to which the usage of social media in the marketing of agricultural products in South West Nigeria can enhance farmers turnover. It employed the survey research design to collect data with the help of a structured questionnaire to elicit information from respondents selected from six 6 south western states. Research data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results showed that the use of social media WhatsApp and Facebook in marketing of agricultural products significantly enhances farmers turnover. The managerial implication is that use of Whatsapp and Facebook in the marketing of agricultural products for the enhancement of farmers’ turnover was found to have significant influence on the enhancement in farmers’ turnover from agricultural products. Policy makers in government should provide the enabling environment for the telecommunication companies to enhance their reach by installing their facilities across the length and breadth of the country so that the network coverage will be strong at all times so that the benefits of social media usage will not be constrained. Egejuru, Leonard O | Akubugwo, Emmanuel I | Ugorji, Beatrice N "Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians: Lipid Profile and Antioxidants Vitamins (A and C)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45021.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/45021/comparative-studies-of-diabetes-in-adult-nigerians-lipid-profile-and-antioxidants-vitamins-a-and-c/egejuru-leonard-o
Exploring Unobserved Heterogeneity of Food Safety Behavior: A Meta-AnalysisNaiqing Lin, Ph.D.
Finding new gaps in a well established theory can be very challenging, traditionally we rely on well-established leaders in the theory to do an review, and point out the directions of future.
Recent development in Meta-analysis provided new possibilities to mathematically examine existing "theoretical system", therefore finding the bridges, this paper provided an example of how-to
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Level of Anxiety among B.Sc. Nursing 1st Ye...YogeshIJTSRD
A quantitative descriptive study was undertaken to assess the level of Anxiety towards exposure to hospital environment among B.Sc. Nursing 1st year student at Apex College of Nursing, Varanasi, India. 100 students were selected through convenience sampling technique and data was collected by using beck anxiety inventory scale. Nursing 1st Year Students Regarding Exposure to Hospital Environment in Selected College of Nursing at Varanasi, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45024.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/45024/a-descriptive-study-to-assess-the-level-of-anxiety-among-bsc-nursing-1st-year-students-regarding-exposure-to-hospital-environment-in-selected-college-of-nursing-at-varanasi-india/ms-anushi
Study Of Knowledge, Attitude And Practices Regarding Biomedical Waste Managem...lsij journal
Background: Biomedical waste is known as the second dangerous waste in the world that needs to be properly managed. Inadequate and improper technique may cause serious health hazard and environmental pollution. The study aimed to determine the status of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding biomedical waste management among healthcare personnel of Bangladesh. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in Gazipur Sadar Hospital of Bangladesh. Total 91 randomly selected healthcare personnel including 22 doctors, 45 nurses, 10 attenders and 14 housekeeping staffs were interviewed. Results: The results showed that poor knowledge level among healthcare personnel excluding doctors. Besides, no black colour coding bin was found in the hospital. Regarding practices and attitude related with waste management, housekeeping staffs ignored the standard operating procedures. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the present study that poor levels of knowledge, practices and attitude regarding biomedical waste management in Gazipur, Bangladesh. Lack of adequate knowledge impedes the waste management.
This meta-analysis examined the relationship between dairy consumption and gastric cancer risk based on 5 cohort studies and 29 case-control studies. The results found an overall increased risk of gastric cancer associated with dairy consumption, with an odds ratio of 1.20. Subgroup analyses found increased risks for population-based case-control studies and hospital-based studies as well. Risk estimates varied by geographical region and exposure period, with stronger associations found for more recent dairy consumption. There was significant heterogeneity across the studies.
Attitudes toward interprofessional education and collaborative practices in M...SubmissionResearchpa
From the perspective of activity theory, it can be argued that the major challenge in relation to implementing interprofessional education (IPE) could be embraced as contradictions that may lead to change. Patients have complex health needs and typically require insight from more than one discipline to address issues regarding their health status (Lumague et al. 2006). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that institutions engaged in health professional education and training consider implementing IPE in both undergraduate and postgraduate programs (WHO, 2010). The purpose of this study was to identify the needs of IPECP for health care professionals, faculty members, and students. Methods: The survey instrument contained four scales to evaluate faculty attitudes toward IPE and teamwork, adapted from the methods of Curran et al. (2007). Each scale asked respondents to rate their attitudes toward statements on a 5-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree; 2=disagree; 3=neutral; 4=agree; 5=strongly agree). The initial factor extractions were performed by means of principal components analysis. To define the model structure more clearly, an exploratory factor analysis using varimax rotation was conducted. The level of significance was p<.0001 for all tests. Results: As shown in Table 2, the Kaiser–Meyer-Olkin index was 0.902, indicating sampling adequacy, and the Bartlett Sphericity Chi-Square index was 2246.5 (p <0.0001). Cronbach’s alpha for the 14 items was 0.731, revealing a high rate of internal consistency. The modified Attitude toward health care team scores (ATHCTS) questionnaire was categorized into four factors: “Quality of care,” “Team efficiency,” “Patient-centered care,” and “Negative factors.” Conclusion: Findings suggest that the positive attitude of health care professionals, faculty members and students towards IPE indicates the need for IPE training by Azjargal Baatar, Sumberzul Nyamjav and Oyuntsetseg Sandag 2020. Attitudes toward interprofessional education and collaborative practices in Mongolia. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 8 (Aug. 2020), 48-52. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i8.536 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/536/512 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/536
Criminology Educators Triumphs and StrugglesYogeshIJTSRD
This document summarizes a research study about the triumphs and struggles of criminology educators in the Philippines. It finds that most respondents enjoy seeing their students succeed but find grading and dealing with difficult students stressful. Financially, only one respondent felt stable while others said their salaries were just enough to get by. Respondents did not initially intend to become teachers but stayed for reasons like family and valuing the teaching profession. While teaching had rewards, low salaries and qualifications impacted job satisfaction for some. Overall, the study provides insights into criminology educators' experiences in the Philippines.
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module SIM in Ter...YogeshIJTSRD
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYBanicoo PK et al. , 2016 , some factors are known to influence the academic performance of children with Sickle Cell Anaemia SCA . Information on their effects in these children is limited in Nigeria. The factors which influence academic performance of children with SCA in Enugu, Nigeria are determined in this study.Consecutive children with SCA aged 5 11 years were recruited at the weekly sickle cell clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital UNTH Enugu, Nigeria. Their age and sex matched normal classmates were recruited as controls. The total number of days of school absence for 2009 2010 academic session was obtained for each pair of pupils from the class attendance register Sony Verma | Pro. Dr. N. V. Muninarayanappa | Mrs. Ramya Vasanth "A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module (SIM) in Terms of Knowledge Regarding Causes and Remedies for Poor Academic Performance of School Children among the Teachers of Selected Schools at Moradabad" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45076.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/45076/a-study-to-evaluate-the-effectiveness-of-self-instructional-module-sim-in-terms-of-knowledge-regarding-causes-and-remedies-for-poor-academic-performance-of-school-children-among-the-teachers-of-selected-schools-at-moradabad/sony-verma
Explore the Knowledge and Impact on Dysmenorrhea among Nursing Students of Se...ijtsrd
Dysmenorrhea is defined as difficult menstrual flow or painful menstruation. It is an ordinary gynecological problem among adolescent ladies which is severe enough to keep them from functioning at home, college or work place for a day or a two every month. Objective To assess the knowledge and impact of dysmenorrhea among nursing students Material and Method A descriptive study was carried out among 201 nursing students selected by purposive technique at M.M university, ambala Haryana by using structured knowledge questionnaire KR 20= 0.72 and impact rating scale chron a= 0.87 respectively from January 2016 to February 2017. Result Most of students were of 19 to 21 yrs in age and 95 were unmarried. 78.6 received knowledge of dysmenorria from mothers. 100 students experienced dysmenorria in which 87.6 had regular cycle, 51.7 felt intermittent pain. Majority 57.2 have good knowledge regarding dysmenorria and mildly affected by it followed by 41.3 are moderately affected by dysmenorria. age, course of study and marital status are significantly associated with knowledge regarding dysmenorrhea whereas level of pain and measures to relieve dysmenorria is significantly associated with impact of dysmenorrhea. Conclusion Formal, informal and special mass media educational programmes may be taken to educate the girls on dysmenorria and measures to relieve .community health nurse and school health nurse need to concerned about it. Pooja Jaswal | Pabalpreet Kaur | Dr. (Mrs) Jyoti Sarin "Explore the Knowledge and Impact on Dysmenorrhea among Nursing Students of Selected College" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33446.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/33446/explore-the-knowledge-and-impact-on-dysmenorrhea-among-nursing-students-of-selected-college/pooja-jaswal
Association of dietary habit with nutritional status of adolescentLestariSuryaningsih
This document summarizes a study on the association between dietary habits and nutritional status of adolescents in SMP N 7 Padang, Indonesia in 2015. The study found that 18.8% of adolescents were thin, 10.1% were fat, and 5.8% had obesity. Several dietary factors were also found, including 31.9% having a non-varied diet, 17.4% consuming less energy and protein, 37.7% consuming less fat, and 15.9% consuming less carbohydrates. Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between nutritional status and dietary habits, food types, nutrient intake, and consumption frequency. The study concludes several dietary factors were associated with adolescent nutritional status.
Can the management of blood sugar levels in
gestational diabetes mellitus cases be an indicator
of maternal and fetal outcomes? The results of a
prospective cohort study from India
This document summarizes the results of a survey of physicians and obstetricians in India regarding practices for diagnosis and management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The key findings were:
1) Most obstetricians (84.9%) preferred universal screening for GDM while some (14.5%) preferred risk-based screening.
2) Guidelines for diagnosing GDM were not consistently followed, with over half of respondents not properly following any recommended criteria.
3) Treatment approaches like use of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents varied significantly between physicians.
4) Postpartum follow-up practices like recommending oral glucose tolerance tests after delivery were reported by over half
ASSESS PATIENT’S TECHNIQUES OF INSULIN PEN INJECTION Ma Wady
This document summarizes a study assessing patients' techniques and knowledge of insulin pen injections at an outpatient pharmacy in Hospital Sultanah Nora Ismail, Batu Pahat. The study involved assessing 30 patients' injection techniques using a questionnaire and analyzing the results. The majority of patients (90%) demonstrated unsatisfactory or poor injection techniques and lacked knowledge about proper insulin administration, highlighting the need for pharmacist counseling and education to improve patients' skills and understanding.
2016 - Job Satisfaction & Professional Characteristics, A. Abad-JorgeAna_Abad_Jorge
This study investigated differences in job satisfaction, professional involvement, and compensation between registered dietitians (RDs) who entered the field with a bachelor's degree versus a graduate degree. A survey was distributed to RDs who graduated from dietetic internship programs in 2007-2008. 96 responses were received. The results indicated that RDs with a master's degree reported significantly higher job satisfaction and professional involvement compared to those with a bachelor's degree. In addition, a larger proportion of RDs with master's degrees earned over $50,000 annually compared to those with a bachelor's degree. The study supports raising the minimum educational requirement for RDs to a graduate degree to promote career satisfaction, involvement, and compensation.
Nursing Students' Opinions Regarding the Nursing Processinventionjournals
The aim of this descriptive study is to identify nursing students' opinions regarding the nursing process. Data of the study conducted in January 2014 on 240 students studying in the first, second and third classes of a nursing department of a university were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 17 questions in total. The data obtained as a result of the study were analyzed using numeric and percentage distribution in computer environment. It was found that 50% of the students in the study identified the nursing process as providing appropriate nursing care specific to the patient, 73.3% had difficulties in the nursing process, and 36.2% pointed the lecturer to be the source of difficulty. On the other hand, students stated that the nursing process was beneficial to students by increasing knowledge (45.8%) and to patients by preventing lack of care (58.2%). The result of this study suggests that students who find the nursing process useful for both the patient and themselves and who have difficulty in all phases of the nursing process should apply the nursing process on more cases.
The document provides a summary and critical appraisal of two articles. The first article examines the dietary patterns, nutritional status, and prevalence of anemia among adolescent college girls in Bangladesh. It found poor nutrient intake, high rates of stunting and underweight, and a 23% prevalence of anemia. The second article identifies risk factors for overweight and obesity among urban school-aged children in Bangladesh. It found that having overweight parents and engaging in high amounts of sedentary activity increased obesity risk, while physical activity at home was protective. Both articles are limited by their small sample sizes and limited geographical coverage within Bangladesh.
Prevalence of anemia and socio-demographic factors associated with anemia amo...IOSR Journals
Objective: To study the prevalence of anemia and socio-demographic factors associated with anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal hospital. Material and methods: Total 100 pregnant women were selected for the study and the study was carried out from Sep 2011 to Jan 2012. Pretested and prestructured questionnaire was used to collect general information. Blood samples were collected by qualified technician for hemoglobin estimation. Socio-economic classification by B.G. Prasad was adopted. Classification of anemia by WHO was used. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Overall prevalence of anemia among the pregnant women was found to be 63%. Factors such as level of education and socio-economic status were found to be significantly associated with prevalence of anemia. Conclusion: There is a need for realization that health system should focus on various factors that contribute to the occurrence of anemia and include them as important mediators in the National Health Policy.
A Quasi Experimental Study Comparing Knowledge Regarding Child Abuse among Pa...YogeshIJTSRD
Introduction The future of nation can become bright only if the children are healthy. They need full protection by their full development. Jujhar Singh Maan | Sobana M | Abhishek Yadav "A Quasi-Experimental Study: Comparing Knowledge Regarding Child Abuse among Parents of Children of Experimental and Control Group" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45008.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/45008/a-quasiexperimental-study-comparing-knowledge-regarding-child-abuse-among-parents-of-children-of-experimental-and-control-group/jujhar-singh-maan
This document provides a biography of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, known as "the Father of Microbiology". It describes how, through grinding fine lenses and looking at various objects through microscopes, he was the first to observe and describe microorganisms like bacteria, protozoa, and spermatozoa. Though an uneducated draper by profession, he made many pioneering microscopic discoveries that were communicated to the Royal Society of London. Despite being before his time, his contributions laid the foundation for microbiology as a field of science.
With Investments being the integral part of the economic development, this edition also highlights the investment scenario in the CII western region for the June quarter ending. Apart from the aforementioned articles it also carries the regular feature of Economy Snapshot and activities in the region.
This document discusses the need for a new global food system that promotes equity and sustainability. It argues the current system is broken and benefits only a powerful minority, leading to problems like hunger, obesity, and environmental degradation. The future looks grim with predictions of rising food prices and increased hunger due to climate change and resource scarcity. However, crisis can lead to change, and the report calls for a new global governance around food, agricultural investment, and climate action to build a more just and ecological prosperity.
Exploring Unobserved Heterogeneity of Food Safety Behavior: A Meta-AnalysisNaiqing Lin, Ph.D.
Finding new gaps in a well established theory can be very challenging, traditionally we rely on well-established leaders in the theory to do an review, and point out the directions of future.
Recent development in Meta-analysis provided new possibilities to mathematically examine existing "theoretical system", therefore finding the bridges, this paper provided an example of how-to
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Level of Anxiety among B.Sc. Nursing 1st Ye...YogeshIJTSRD
A quantitative descriptive study was undertaken to assess the level of Anxiety towards exposure to hospital environment among B.Sc. Nursing 1st year student at Apex College of Nursing, Varanasi, India. 100 students were selected through convenience sampling technique and data was collected by using beck anxiety inventory scale. Nursing 1st Year Students Regarding Exposure to Hospital Environment in Selected College of Nursing at Varanasi, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45024.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/45024/a-descriptive-study-to-assess-the-level-of-anxiety-among-bsc-nursing-1st-year-students-regarding-exposure-to-hospital-environment-in-selected-college-of-nursing-at-varanasi-india/ms-anushi
Study Of Knowledge, Attitude And Practices Regarding Biomedical Waste Managem...lsij journal
Background: Biomedical waste is known as the second dangerous waste in the world that needs to be properly managed. Inadequate and improper technique may cause serious health hazard and environmental pollution. The study aimed to determine the status of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding biomedical waste management among healthcare personnel of Bangladesh. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in Gazipur Sadar Hospital of Bangladesh. Total 91 randomly selected healthcare personnel including 22 doctors, 45 nurses, 10 attenders and 14 housekeeping staffs were interviewed. Results: The results showed that poor knowledge level among healthcare personnel excluding doctors. Besides, no black colour coding bin was found in the hospital. Regarding practices and attitude related with waste management, housekeeping staffs ignored the standard operating procedures. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the present study that poor levels of knowledge, practices and attitude regarding biomedical waste management in Gazipur, Bangladesh. Lack of adequate knowledge impedes the waste management.
This meta-analysis examined the relationship between dairy consumption and gastric cancer risk based on 5 cohort studies and 29 case-control studies. The results found an overall increased risk of gastric cancer associated with dairy consumption, with an odds ratio of 1.20. Subgroup analyses found increased risks for population-based case-control studies and hospital-based studies as well. Risk estimates varied by geographical region and exposure period, with stronger associations found for more recent dairy consumption. There was significant heterogeneity across the studies.
Attitudes toward interprofessional education and collaborative practices in M...SubmissionResearchpa
From the perspective of activity theory, it can be argued that the major challenge in relation to implementing interprofessional education (IPE) could be embraced as contradictions that may lead to change. Patients have complex health needs and typically require insight from more than one discipline to address issues regarding their health status (Lumague et al. 2006). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that institutions engaged in health professional education and training consider implementing IPE in both undergraduate and postgraduate programs (WHO, 2010). The purpose of this study was to identify the needs of IPECP for health care professionals, faculty members, and students. Methods: The survey instrument contained four scales to evaluate faculty attitudes toward IPE and teamwork, adapted from the methods of Curran et al. (2007). Each scale asked respondents to rate their attitudes toward statements on a 5-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree; 2=disagree; 3=neutral; 4=agree; 5=strongly agree). The initial factor extractions were performed by means of principal components analysis. To define the model structure more clearly, an exploratory factor analysis using varimax rotation was conducted. The level of significance was p<.0001 for all tests. Results: As shown in Table 2, the Kaiser–Meyer-Olkin index was 0.902, indicating sampling adequacy, and the Bartlett Sphericity Chi-Square index was 2246.5 (p <0.0001). Cronbach’s alpha for the 14 items was 0.731, revealing a high rate of internal consistency. The modified Attitude toward health care team scores (ATHCTS) questionnaire was categorized into four factors: “Quality of care,” “Team efficiency,” “Patient-centered care,” and “Negative factors.” Conclusion: Findings suggest that the positive attitude of health care professionals, faculty members and students towards IPE indicates the need for IPE training by Azjargal Baatar, Sumberzul Nyamjav and Oyuntsetseg Sandag 2020. Attitudes toward interprofessional education and collaborative practices in Mongolia. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 8 (Aug. 2020), 48-52. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i8.536 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/536/512 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/536
Criminology Educators Triumphs and StrugglesYogeshIJTSRD
This document summarizes a research study about the triumphs and struggles of criminology educators in the Philippines. It finds that most respondents enjoy seeing their students succeed but find grading and dealing with difficult students stressful. Financially, only one respondent felt stable while others said their salaries were just enough to get by. Respondents did not initially intend to become teachers but stayed for reasons like family and valuing the teaching profession. While teaching had rewards, low salaries and qualifications impacted job satisfaction for some. Overall, the study provides insights into criminology educators' experiences in the Philippines.
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module SIM in Ter...YogeshIJTSRD
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYBanicoo PK et al. , 2016 , some factors are known to influence the academic performance of children with Sickle Cell Anaemia SCA . Information on their effects in these children is limited in Nigeria. The factors which influence academic performance of children with SCA in Enugu, Nigeria are determined in this study.Consecutive children with SCA aged 5 11 years were recruited at the weekly sickle cell clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital UNTH Enugu, Nigeria. Their age and sex matched normal classmates were recruited as controls. The total number of days of school absence for 2009 2010 academic session was obtained for each pair of pupils from the class attendance register Sony Verma | Pro. Dr. N. V. Muninarayanappa | Mrs. Ramya Vasanth "A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module (SIM) in Terms of Knowledge Regarding Causes and Remedies for Poor Academic Performance of School Children among the Teachers of Selected Schools at Moradabad" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45076.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/45076/a-study-to-evaluate-the-effectiveness-of-self-instructional-module-sim-in-terms-of-knowledge-regarding-causes-and-remedies-for-poor-academic-performance-of-school-children-among-the-teachers-of-selected-schools-at-moradabad/sony-verma
Explore the Knowledge and Impact on Dysmenorrhea among Nursing Students of Se...ijtsrd
Dysmenorrhea is defined as difficult menstrual flow or painful menstruation. It is an ordinary gynecological problem among adolescent ladies which is severe enough to keep them from functioning at home, college or work place for a day or a two every month. Objective To assess the knowledge and impact of dysmenorrhea among nursing students Material and Method A descriptive study was carried out among 201 nursing students selected by purposive technique at M.M university, ambala Haryana by using structured knowledge questionnaire KR 20= 0.72 and impact rating scale chron a= 0.87 respectively from January 2016 to February 2017. Result Most of students were of 19 to 21 yrs in age and 95 were unmarried. 78.6 received knowledge of dysmenorria from mothers. 100 students experienced dysmenorria in which 87.6 had regular cycle, 51.7 felt intermittent pain. Majority 57.2 have good knowledge regarding dysmenorria and mildly affected by it followed by 41.3 are moderately affected by dysmenorria. age, course of study and marital status are significantly associated with knowledge regarding dysmenorrhea whereas level of pain and measures to relieve dysmenorria is significantly associated with impact of dysmenorrhea. Conclusion Formal, informal and special mass media educational programmes may be taken to educate the girls on dysmenorria and measures to relieve .community health nurse and school health nurse need to concerned about it. Pooja Jaswal | Pabalpreet Kaur | Dr. (Mrs) Jyoti Sarin "Explore the Knowledge and Impact on Dysmenorrhea among Nursing Students of Selected College" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33446.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/33446/explore-the-knowledge-and-impact-on-dysmenorrhea-among-nursing-students-of-selected-college/pooja-jaswal
Association of dietary habit with nutritional status of adolescentLestariSuryaningsih
This document summarizes a study on the association between dietary habits and nutritional status of adolescents in SMP N 7 Padang, Indonesia in 2015. The study found that 18.8% of adolescents were thin, 10.1% were fat, and 5.8% had obesity. Several dietary factors were also found, including 31.9% having a non-varied diet, 17.4% consuming less energy and protein, 37.7% consuming less fat, and 15.9% consuming less carbohydrates. Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between nutritional status and dietary habits, food types, nutrient intake, and consumption frequency. The study concludes several dietary factors were associated with adolescent nutritional status.
Can the management of blood sugar levels in
gestational diabetes mellitus cases be an indicator
of maternal and fetal outcomes? The results of a
prospective cohort study from India
This document summarizes the results of a survey of physicians and obstetricians in India regarding practices for diagnosis and management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The key findings were:
1) Most obstetricians (84.9%) preferred universal screening for GDM while some (14.5%) preferred risk-based screening.
2) Guidelines for diagnosing GDM were not consistently followed, with over half of respondents not properly following any recommended criteria.
3) Treatment approaches like use of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents varied significantly between physicians.
4) Postpartum follow-up practices like recommending oral glucose tolerance tests after delivery were reported by over half
ASSESS PATIENT’S TECHNIQUES OF INSULIN PEN INJECTION Ma Wady
This document summarizes a study assessing patients' techniques and knowledge of insulin pen injections at an outpatient pharmacy in Hospital Sultanah Nora Ismail, Batu Pahat. The study involved assessing 30 patients' injection techniques using a questionnaire and analyzing the results. The majority of patients (90%) demonstrated unsatisfactory or poor injection techniques and lacked knowledge about proper insulin administration, highlighting the need for pharmacist counseling and education to improve patients' skills and understanding.
2016 - Job Satisfaction & Professional Characteristics, A. Abad-JorgeAna_Abad_Jorge
This study investigated differences in job satisfaction, professional involvement, and compensation between registered dietitians (RDs) who entered the field with a bachelor's degree versus a graduate degree. A survey was distributed to RDs who graduated from dietetic internship programs in 2007-2008. 96 responses were received. The results indicated that RDs with a master's degree reported significantly higher job satisfaction and professional involvement compared to those with a bachelor's degree. In addition, a larger proportion of RDs with master's degrees earned over $50,000 annually compared to those with a bachelor's degree. The study supports raising the minimum educational requirement for RDs to a graduate degree to promote career satisfaction, involvement, and compensation.
Nursing Students' Opinions Regarding the Nursing Processinventionjournals
The aim of this descriptive study is to identify nursing students' opinions regarding the nursing process. Data of the study conducted in January 2014 on 240 students studying in the first, second and third classes of a nursing department of a university were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 17 questions in total. The data obtained as a result of the study were analyzed using numeric and percentage distribution in computer environment. It was found that 50% of the students in the study identified the nursing process as providing appropriate nursing care specific to the patient, 73.3% had difficulties in the nursing process, and 36.2% pointed the lecturer to be the source of difficulty. On the other hand, students stated that the nursing process was beneficial to students by increasing knowledge (45.8%) and to patients by preventing lack of care (58.2%). The result of this study suggests that students who find the nursing process useful for both the patient and themselves and who have difficulty in all phases of the nursing process should apply the nursing process on more cases.
The document provides a summary and critical appraisal of two articles. The first article examines the dietary patterns, nutritional status, and prevalence of anemia among adolescent college girls in Bangladesh. It found poor nutrient intake, high rates of stunting and underweight, and a 23% prevalence of anemia. The second article identifies risk factors for overweight and obesity among urban school-aged children in Bangladesh. It found that having overweight parents and engaging in high amounts of sedentary activity increased obesity risk, while physical activity at home was protective. Both articles are limited by their small sample sizes and limited geographical coverage within Bangladesh.
Prevalence of anemia and socio-demographic factors associated with anemia amo...IOSR Journals
Objective: To study the prevalence of anemia and socio-demographic factors associated with anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal hospital. Material and methods: Total 100 pregnant women were selected for the study and the study was carried out from Sep 2011 to Jan 2012. Pretested and prestructured questionnaire was used to collect general information. Blood samples were collected by qualified technician for hemoglobin estimation. Socio-economic classification by B.G. Prasad was adopted. Classification of anemia by WHO was used. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Overall prevalence of anemia among the pregnant women was found to be 63%. Factors such as level of education and socio-economic status were found to be significantly associated with prevalence of anemia. Conclusion: There is a need for realization that health system should focus on various factors that contribute to the occurrence of anemia and include them as important mediators in the National Health Policy.
A Quasi Experimental Study Comparing Knowledge Regarding Child Abuse among Pa...YogeshIJTSRD
Introduction The future of nation can become bright only if the children are healthy. They need full protection by their full development. Jujhar Singh Maan | Sobana M | Abhishek Yadav "A Quasi-Experimental Study: Comparing Knowledge Regarding Child Abuse among Parents of Children of Experimental and Control Group" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45008.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/45008/a-quasiexperimental-study-comparing-knowledge-regarding-child-abuse-among-parents-of-children-of-experimental-and-control-group/jujhar-singh-maan
This document provides a biography of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, known as "the Father of Microbiology". It describes how, through grinding fine lenses and looking at various objects through microscopes, he was the first to observe and describe microorganisms like bacteria, protozoa, and spermatozoa. Though an uneducated draper by profession, he made many pioneering microscopic discoveries that were communicated to the Royal Society of London. Despite being before his time, his contributions laid the foundation for microbiology as a field of science.
With Investments being the integral part of the economic development, this edition also highlights the investment scenario in the CII western region for the June quarter ending. Apart from the aforementioned articles it also carries the regular feature of Economy Snapshot and activities in the region.
This document discusses the need for a new global food system that promotes equity and sustainability. It argues the current system is broken and benefits only a powerful minority, leading to problems like hunger, obesity, and environmental degradation. The future looks grim with predictions of rising food prices and increased hunger due to climate change and resource scarcity. However, crisis can lead to change, and the report calls for a new global governance around food, agricultural investment, and climate action to build a more just and ecological prosperity.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para crear una Cuenta Perfiles en Banamex, la cual permite enviar y recibir dinero de forma segura a través de PayPal. Explica que se requiere hacer un depósito inicial de $1,000 MXN y presentar documentos de identificación y comprobante de domicilio. Al abrir la cuenta, se otorga gratis un dispositivo Net Key que genera claves dinámicas únicas para acceder de forma segura a la banca en línea. La tarjeta de débito Perfiles ofrece seguros y
The document discusses prototyping and provides examples of different types of prototypes including paper prototypes, digital prototypes, storyboards, role plays, and space prototypes. It explains that prototyping is used to make ideas tangible and test reactions from users in order to gain insights. Prototypes should be iterated on and fail early to push ideas further and save time and money. Both low and high fidelity prototypes are mentioned as ways to test ideas at different stages of the design process.
This document outlines 50 essential content marketing hacks presented by Matt Heinz, President of Heinz Marketing Inc. at CMWorld. It provides an agenda for the presentation and covers topics such as content planning, measurement, formats, distribution, influencer engagement, repurposing content, and getting sales teams to leverage content. The goal is to provide new tools, tricks and best practices to help convert readers into customers through effective content marketing.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
The document discusses how personalization and dynamic content are becoming increasingly important on websites. It notes that 52% of marketers see content personalization as critical and 75% of consumers like it when brands personalize their content. However, personalization can create issues for search engine optimization as dynamic URLs and content are more difficult for search engines to index than static pages. The document provides tips for SEOs to help address these personalization and SEO challenges, such as using static URLs when possible and submitting accurate sitemaps.
Evaluation of basic knowledge on food safety among migrant food handlers University of Malaya
This study evaluated the basic food safety and food handling knowledge of 383 migrant food handlers in Peninsular Malaysia through questionnaires. It found that the migrant food handlers generally had poor knowledge of food safety, though their food handling practices were average. Significant relationships were observed between food safety knowledge and factors like country of origin and education level. Attendance at food safety training programs was significantly associated with better food handling practices. The study highlights the need to improve how food safety training is delivered to and attended by migrant food handlers in Malaysia.
This survey was conducted from June to December 2012 in Salalah Municipality, Sultanate of Oman, to investigate the knowledge of restaurants workers about food safety-related issues. A total of questionnaire-guided interviews with 21restaurant workers and food handlers were carried out. Major food safety knowledge concepts including personal hygiene, prevention of cross contamination, general sanitation, safe storage of food, knowledge of health problems that would affect food safety, knowledge of symptoms of foodborne illnesses, and knowledge of important foodborne pathogens were investigated. The responses of interviewed workers varied considerably. In general, the workers had good knowledge about some food safety-related issues and not enough knowledge about other issues. Although the results of the questionnaire showed that the majorityof the food workers and handlers know the importance of washing hands before work and proper cleaning and handing of instruments and kitchen utensils and their role in reducing the risk of food contamination, in addition to their knowledge that eating and drinking at the work place increases the risk of food contamination, its observed that these workers do not practice that as a part of their routine work. Therefore, training programs are warranted together with continuous monitoring of the workers’ behavior and practices.
This document discusses a study on the level of satisfaction with food safety and hygiene practices among food vendors from the perspective of students at Nazareth High School. It aims to determine students' level of satisfaction with food safety, the hygiene practices of food vendors, and the relationship between the two. The study will involve surveying 154 randomly selected students at the school about their experiences with and perceptions of food vendor food safety and hygiene. It is intended to provide information that can benefit parents, the school, and students regarding food safety issues.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mediating Effects of Intention On The Factors Affecting Organic Food Products...CSCJournals
This study aimed to measure the effect of intention as a mediator in the relationship between internal factors and external factors on consumption. The factors were a) internal factors: knowledge, awareness, health consciousness, product attributes, environmental concern, and b) external factors: subjective norms, perceived behaviour control, and media and advertisement. From the review of literature, there were limited studies done on the mediating effect of intention on the relationship between (internal factor and external factors) and organic food product consumption among CGY in Malaysia. A total of 410 respondents completed the online questionnaires that evaluated the factors. Structural Equation Modelling was used as the main practical approach for data analysis. The results showed that intention was a full or a complete mediator between the six exogenous constructs; knowledge, health consciousness, product attributes, environmental concern, perceived behaviour, and media and advertisement, while it only acted as a partial mediator between subjective norm and consumption. However, the intention was not a full or a complete mediator between awareness and consumption. Eventually, the implications for theory improvement and practices were discussed.
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapa...DrHeena tiwari
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapadu Village of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India: An Original Research
Dietary practice of school going childrenUday Kumar
1) The study aimed to assess the nutritional status and prevalence of dental caries among 600 children aged 12-15 years in Lucknow, India.
2) Clinical assessments were conducted to record nutritional status using BMI and dental caries experience using the DMFT index.
3) Preliminary results found a 53.8% caries prevalence with a mean DMFT of 1.84 in Indian children aged 12, indicating high rates of malnutrition and dental caries.
A Longitudinal Study On Feeding Practices And Morbidity Patterns Of Infants I...iosrjce
Background: Feeding practices and illnesses during infancy are of critical importance for growth and
development of children .Though several programs have been implemented by WHO and UNICEF to improve
the health status of newborn and infant, child morbidity and mortality rates in rural area are still higher
compared to urban areas in India.
Objective: To assess the feeding practices and morbidity patterns of infants in a rural field practice area .
Methodology: A longitudinal study was undertaken in field practice area under community medicine
Department, Guntur from Jan 2013 to march 2014.A birth cohort of hundred children born during first 3
months of study period were assessed and followed up till they attained 1year age .Data collected on feeding
practices ,infant illnesses and socio-demographic factors.
Results: The incidence of episodes of morbidity was 2.78 per infant per year. Respiratory Tract Infections are
most common observed illness followed by diarrhea .Majority of the mothers (90%)
Were given colostrum ,50% were breast fed their babies with in 1 hour of delivery,60% were given
EBF(Exclusive Breast Feeding ). The illnesses are less common in first 6 months of infancy compared to
letter half of life .A Significant association between feeding practices and morbidities
Conclusion: Hence focusing education on faulty feeding practices and implementation of IMNCI(integrated
management of newborn and childhood illnesses ) at gross root level by health workers need to be emphasized
Food Sanitation and Hygiene Practices among Food Handlers in Food Joints in H...ijtsrd
AIM The aims and objective of the present study was to know the level of awareness of the food handlers regarding food sanitation and hygiene while handling food. To observe and study the sanitation and hygiene practices followed by the food handlers of the food joint. OBJECTIVE Diseases spread through food still remain a common and persistent problems resulting in appreciable morbidity and occasional mortality. Food handlers play an important role in ensuring food safety throughout the chain of production, processing, storage and preparation. 1 In large scale cooking, food is handled by many individuals, which increases the chances of food contamination due to improper handling and service. Intentional or accidental contamination of food during large scale production might endanger the health of consumers, and have very expensive repercussions on the public. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the food safety knowledge, and sanitation practices among institutional food handlers in Hyderabad. MATERIALS AND METHODS The survey was administered orally, and responses were recorded on questionnaires by the handlers. The survey included 35 questions that had information on restaurant and food handler demographics, food safety knowledge, behaviors, and personal hygiene. The knowledge questions were in true false, multiple choice, and open ended format. The primary subject areas in this study included appropriate temperatures for cooking, heating, and cooling foods, cross contamination, and behavioral questions such as working while ill and hand hygiene practices. RESULT We learn that most of the food service establishments in Hyderabad are aware of the basic hygiene practices. They are very particular about the personal hygiene of the staff and sanitation of the food being prepared. They take proper care of the ingredients and are concerned about their hygiene. Majority of the personnel have not undergone a food safety training program but wanted to be a part of it. CONCLUSION The study suggests that even though the knowledge, attitude and practice level of the food handlers was satisfactory, some of the aspects related to hygiene and time and temperature control need to be stressed. Continuous education and training should be organized to strengthen food handlers knowledge in areas which seem to be lacking. Mrs. Meena Kumari | Ms Nasreen Begum | Sarah Jameel | Suroorunnisa | Sahina Parvin ""Food Sanitation and Hygiene Practices among Food Handlers in Food Joints in Hyderabad"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23421.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/health-and-hygiene/23421/food-sanitation-and-hygiene-practices-among-food-handlers-in-food-joints-in-hyderabad/mrs-meena-kumari
Oral health Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among a sample of Kurdish peop...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Assess the Knowledge on Hazards of Junk Foods among Adolescentsijtsrd
INTRODUCTIONFood is important for survival. It provides necessary nutrition for the body of the human being. Fast food, which is available readymade and easy to eat is now a day’s an important item of food. It often termed as food away from home FAFH Jahan, et al., 2020 . Junk food was first popularized in 1950s in the United States. The first Junk food restaurants were established in the United States with White Castle in 1916. Now a days McDonald’s, KFC and Pizza Hut are multinational corporations with outlets across the globe. At present fast food restaurants are one of the largest segments of the food industry with over 200,000 restaurants and 120 billion in sales in the U.S. alone10. International chains including McDonald’s and Yum Brands have 65 percent and 50 percent of their sales overseas respectively which indicates that fast food has a great demand all over the worldSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMA study to assess the knowledge on hazards of junk food among adolescents.OBJECTIVESTo assess the level of knowledge regarding hazards of junk food among adolescents.To associate the level of knowledge regarding hazards of junk food among adolescents with their selected demographic variables.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYA descriptive design with simple random research design was used to assess the assess the knowledge on hazards of junk food among adolescents at rural areas After obtaining permission from the Department of Community Heath Nursing, the investigator selected 30 samples by using purposive sampling technique. The samples who met the inclusion criteria were selected by convenience sampling technique. The purposes of the study to the samples and obtained the written informed consent. The nature and purpose of the study was explained to the women. Questionnaire was used to collect the demographic variables of adolescents.MAJOR FINDING OF THE STUDY The study shows that 15 50 had moderate level of knowledge, 8 26.67 had inadequate knowledge and 7 23.33 had adequate knowledge regarding health hazards of the fast food consumption among adolescents. The mean score of knowledge score was 8.50±2.86. The median score was 9.0 with minimum score of 4.0 and maximum score 13.0The demographic variable pocket money per month 2=10.243, p=0.037 had shown statistically significant association with level of knowledge regarding health hazards of the fast food consumption among adolescents at p 0.05 level and the other demographic variables had not shown statistically significant association with level of knowledge regarding health hazards of the fast food consumption among adolescents.CONCLUSIONThe findings of the study conclude that the adolescents had moderate to inadequate level of knowledge on health hazards of the junk food consumption. The study suggest that health education on consumption of fast food should be imparted to the adolescents at the community and school level. Meena. P | Francis Nath | F. J. David "Assess the Knowledge on Hazards of Junk Foods am
Consumer Knowledge Of Food Labels Of Low Income Female Workers In Michael Okp...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document discusses ensuring food and utensils safety. It emphasizes maintaining high hygiene standards when handling, preparing, and consuming food as well as cleaning utensils. Key topics covered include proper food handling, cooking temperatures, storage practices, regular cleaning of utensils, and compliance with regulatory standards to reduce foodborne illnesses and ensure public health. Implementing robust safety practices yields outcomes like improved public health, enhanced consumer confidence, and compliance with standards.
1) The study assessed the nutritional status of 84 pulmonary tuberculosis patients receiving anti-tuberculosis treatment at a hospital in Nepal.
2) It found that 50% of patients were well-nourished, while 39.3% were mildly or moderately malnourished and 10.7% were severely malnourished.
3) Nutritional status was not significantly associated with socio-demographic factors but was highly associated with BMI, loss of body fat, loss of muscle mass, and current health status.
Food and nutrition are cornerstones that affect and define the health of all people, rich and poor. The right to food is one of the most consistently mentioned items in international human rights documents
Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status of the Elderly in Osun State (2)iosrjce
The study compared the dietary intake and nutritional status of the elderly attending geriatric day
care centres and those who did not in Ile-Ife and Imesi-Ile both in Ife-Ijesasenatorial district of Osun State. It
was aimed at examining the relationships between income, acute diseases and food intake on dietary intake and
nutritional status of the elderly people. A total of four hundred and eighteen elderly respondents were recruited
for the study through a snow balling sampling technique. One hundred and thirty two elderly attending geriatric
day care centres were recruited as study group and 318 who do not attend any of the centres were recruited as
control group. Data was collected by using a twenty-item questionnaire adapted from Nestle Mini Nutritional
Assessment (MNA) scale.
Findings revealed that more (9.1%) of the respondents in the study group were undernourished, and 25.9% of
the respondents in the same group were overweight. There was no significant difference in the nutritional status
of respondents from both groups (X2=2.25, p= >0.05). This study concluded that attendance of geriatric day
care centres and income conferred no added benefit on the nutritional status and dietary pattern of the elderly.
This study examined factors affecting patient satisfaction with food services in hospitals in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. A survey of 250 patients at 4 hospitals found that 78.8% were overall satisfied with food quality. Correlation analysis revealed the strongest associations between overall satisfaction and food taste, receiving favorite foods, and food appearance. Logistic regression identified low income, food taste/temperature, staff attitude, and lack of disturbance as predictors of satisfaction. Improving food quality and communication between patients and dietitians could increase satisfaction levels.
“Morbidity profile of children [6-11 years] attending Municipal Corporation P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Similar to Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices concerning food safety among restaurant workers in putrajaya, malaysia (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
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Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices concerning food safety among restaurant workers in putrajaya, malaysia
1. Food Science and Quality Management www.iiste.org
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Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Concerning
Food Safety among Restaurant Workers in Putrajaya, Malaysia
Ab. Hamid, Rosnani 1*
Radu, Son 2
Othman, Mohhidin 2
Poh See, Toh 3
Lay Ching, Chai 4
1.Division of Environmental Health, Department of Local Government, Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing
and Local Government, 62100 Putrajaya, Malaysia
2.Faculty of Science and Food Technology, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
3.Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, University Technology MARA 40000 Shah Alam, Selangor,
Malaysia
4.Faculty of Biomedical, University Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
* E-mail of the corresponding author: hjros@kpkt.gov.my
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and practices on food safety held by food handlers
working in restaurants in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Inappropriate food handling is the main factor contributing to food
borne disease outbreaks. A total of 127 food handlers were randomly selected from 23 restaurants and the data
collected in September 2013 through self-administered questionnaires were analyzed using the SPSS version 16.
Generally knowledge of food safety was good with the mean score 90.3 ± 7.787. However, respondents lacked
knowledge about the hazards of reheating cooked food (75.1 ± 25.662) and the safe temperature of cooked food
(71.9 ± 33.548). Knowledge differed significantly by age groups (F=2.530; p=0.044). Respondents had positive
attitudes about food safety, with a mean score of 93.9 ± 6.813, although there were significant differences
between trained and untrained workers (t=2.406; p=0.018); Malaysian ethnic groups (F=2.502; p=0.034);
Malaysians and non-Malaysians (t=3.273; p=0.001) and due to differences in education levels (F=6.057;
p=0.003). The mean score for practice was 92.9 ± 7.647 and again there were significant differences related to
education levels (F=1.345; p=0.003), gender (t=-2.120; p=0.036) and ethnicity of Malaysian workers (F=2.502;
p=0.034). A strong relationship was found between knowledge and attitudes about food safety (r=0.266; p=0.002)
and between knowledge and practice (r=0.203; p=0.022). In conclusion, this study suggests that food handlers in
Putrajaya restaurants displayed good knowledge, a positive attitude and an excellent practices regarding food
safety. Yet results showed the food workers still lack basic knowledge of food safety, particularly related to
reheated food and safe temperatures for cooked food.
Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practices, food safety, Putrajaya, Malaysia.
1. Introduction
Food borne illness which includes food poisoning is a major cause of morbidity worldwide, resulting in
substantial costs to individuals, food manufacturers, both national and international economics (Olsen et al.
2000). The World Health Organization (WHO 2008) has defined food poisoning outbreaks as the occurrence of
two or more cases of a similar illness resulting from the ingestion of a common food. It was also stated that the
hands of food handlers can be the source in spreading harmful microorganism through cross contamination, and
if food handlers ignore the importance of washing hands. Bas et al. (2006) suggested that food handlers should
have excellent hygiene knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) to ensure cross contamination can be reduced,
thus protecting the consumers from food borne diseases. Griffith et al. (2000) in his report indicated that most of
the food poisoning cases were due to unhygienic handling of food and lack of cleanliness in food preparation.
Adak et al. (2002) in his study reported that in England and Wales, food borne diseases were estimated to be 1.3
million cases, 21,000 hospitalizations and 500 deaths annually. It was also noted in their findings that up to 70%
of the food borne illnesses in the USA, the UK and Netherlands were associated with catering or food service
establishments. In Australia, about 5.4 million cases, 15,000 hospitalizations and 120 deaths were reported
annually (AGHDA 2005). Spearing et al. (2000) in his study stated that outbreak of food borne disease costs the
hospitals in Australia more than AU$120,000.00 or US$95,000 annually and the amount of more substantial to
indirect costs such as medical, investigative, loss of productivity and miscellaneous. Food poisoning cases are
on the rise in Malaysia, as evident in the incidence rate (IR) of 56.25 cases in 2011 compared to 23.1 per 100,000
populations in 2002 (MOH 2012). In Malaysia contexts, restaurant means any place where people pay to sit and
eat meals that are cooked and served on the premise (Act 536). Mean while under the Food Hygiene Regulations
2009 (Act 281) it is a mandatory for any person directly involved in food handling to possess a valid training
certificate before being engaged as food workers. This study will explore the socio demographic characteristics,
the level of KAP and will also determine their relationships.
2. Materials and Methods
This cross sectional study was carried out over a period of six months from March to September 2013. The
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location of the study was in Federal Territory of Putrajaya, Malaysia. It involved 23 restaurants and 305 food
workers from five Precincts. Ethical aspects were given due consideration before the collection of information.
Signed consent forms were also obtained from all food workers who participated in this study. The tool used was
self-administered questionnaire and based on previous studies (Noor Azira et al. 2012; Tokuc et al. 2009; Acikel
et al. 2008; Gomes-Neves et al. 2007). The questionnaire was prepared in both National language and in English.
The structured questionnaire was consolidated into four parts; Part A was designed to collect demographic
information of the respondents which includes nationality, race, gender, age, and monthly income, the highest
education qualification, having experience as food handlers and attending training before being employed as
food workers. Part B consists of 11 items on knowledge of food workers towards food safety. The respondents
were asked questions on food storage, safe temperature, proper clothing, hand washing, reheating of food, cross
contamination and vaccination. A three Likert scale (1=correct; 2=wrong and 3=not sure) was used. A ‘Not
sure’’ was included as to reduce the response bias in the multiple choice answers. Those who answered correctly
will score ‘5’ points, whereas those with the answer “wrong” or “not sure” will get ‘1’ or ‘3’ points, respectively.
The score range was between 1 and 55. The scores were converted to 100 points. Those scored less than 85%
were considered as having poor knowledge on food safety. Part C consists of 13 items which measures the
attitude of the respondents on food safety. Questions asked were related to touching of cooked food with bare
hands, refreezing of frozen food, using separate kitchen utensils for cooked and raw food, using same towel to
clean many places, wearing jewellery while handling food, rubbing hands on face or hair while working,
smoking while handling food, using apron to clean hands, covering of mouth when coughing or sneezing and
hand washing before start working. A three Likert scale (1= agree, 2=not agree, and 3=not sure) was used. Those
who answered “agree” or “not agree”, where applicable, will score ‘5’ points, whereas those with the answer
“not sure” will get ‘1’ point. The score range was between 1 and 65. The scores were converted to 100 points
and those scored less than 85% were considered as having negative attitude on food safety. Part D of the
questionnaire consisting of a list of 13 practices that would indicate food handlers’ practices towards food borne
disease prevention. The respondents were asked to indicate their practices on food safety by using a three Likert
scale (5 or 1=Never, 5 or 3 =Always and 1=Sometimes). The score range was between 1 and 65 and was
converted to 100 points. The score below 85% is considered as having poor practices towards food safety.
Questionnaires went under a pilot test comprising of 32 food workers and they were not included in the actual
survey. The Cronbach’s alpha for all items was found to be greater than 0.65 and was considered acceptable to
be applied to the population of the study (Mohd Salleh & Zaidatun 2001). All statistical analyses were conducted
using SPSS version 16. ANOVA and sample t-test were used to determine the differences between the socio
demographic and KAP towards food safety among respondents. Test parameters were compared using
independent sample t-test and ANOVA (confidence interval 95%) and Pearson Product-moment Correlation was
also used to establish relationship between all the variables.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Demographic characteristics
The distribution of socio demographic characteristics of the respondents is shown in Table 1. Of the total
respondents, 81 or 63.8% were non-Malaysians, of which 63 (77.8%) were Indian nationals, 17 (21.0%) were
Indonesians and 1 (1.2%) was from Thailand. Despite there was no official data on the exact number of
foreigners involved as food workers in Malaysia, but based on statistics from the Ministry of Labour and Human
Resources (2012) it was reported that there was a shortage of man power in hotel and restaurants industry. The
report indicated that between 4.0 % and 5.7% or total average 55,452 workers needed in food related industries
for the period of 2007 to 2010 in Malaysia. As for the Malaysians, the number corresponds to the population by
ethnic groups in Putrajaya, which comprising of 81,000 or 93.5% Malays, 7,000 or 8.1% were other Bumiputras
such as Sabahans and Sarawakians, 1000 or 1.2% were Indians, 500 or 0.6% were Chinese, 500 or 0.6% were
others and 2,200 or 2.5% were non-Malaysians (Department of Statistics Malaysia 2013). The median age of the
respondents was 28 years old with the youngest was 19 years old and the oldest was 54 years old. One hundred
and two or 80.3% of the respondents were males and 25 or 19.7% were females. Only 9 or 7.1% of them earned
RM2000 to RM3900 per month and none of the respondent earned more than RM4000 monthly.
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Table 1. Socio demographic characteristics of the respondents (n=127)
Variables Frequency (n) Percentage (%)
Nationality
Malaysians 46 36.2
Non-Malaysians 81 63.8
Country Of Origins For Non-Malaysian (n=81)
India 63 77.8
Indonesia 17 21.0
Thailand 1 1.2
Ethnicity For Malaysians (n=46)
Malays 30 65.2
Sarawakians 10 21.7
Indians 3 6.5
Sabahans 2 4.3
Chinese 1 2.2
Gender
Male 102 80.3
Female 25 19.7
Education Status
No formal education 3 2.4
Primary & secondary 100 78.7
Cert, dip or degree 24 18.9
Age Groups
Less than 19 years 5 3.9
20-29 years 71 55.9
30-39 years 36 28.3
40-49 years 13 10.2
More than 50 years 2 1.6
Monthly Income (Ringgit Malaysia)
500-999 31 24.4
1000-1499 66 52.0
1500-1999 21 16.5
2000-3999 9 7.1
Experience As Food Handler
Yes 109 85.8
No 18 14.2
Attending Training
Yes 49 38.6
No 78 61.4
As indicated by the Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department (2005), those who were paid more
than RM4000.00 monthly were under the bracket of high income groups. In term of education status, 3 or 2.4%
were with no formal education, while the rest attained primary and secondary education, certificate, diploma or
degree levels. One hundred and nine or 85.8% respondents had working experience as food handler and 49 or
38.6% of the respondents had attended the Food Handlers’ Training Program (FHTP) before being engaged as
food workers. The result was in line with the previous studies which stated only between 37.5% and 55% food
handlers attended food hygiene training before being employed as food workers (Tan et al. 2013; Bas et al. 2006;
Walker et al. 2003; Maizun & Naing 2002).
3.2 Knowledge on food safety
Generally the knowledge of the respondents was good with the mean score 90.3 (possible score 100) and the
bench mark set for this study was at 85. It was also considerably higher compared to 70% as set by King County
(2012) which stated that the passing mark to obtain a certificate for those who attended food hygiene training.
However, it was noted that there was lacked of knowledge under items on reheating of food (75.1 ± 25.662) and
safe temperature of cooked food (71.9 ± 33.548). The result showed that the scores were higher compared to the
study done by Noor Azira et al. (2012), where it was reported that the mean score for food handlers’ KAP were
83.9 ±13.26; 82.8 ±10.94 and 77.0 ±14.98, respectively. Questions that most frequently answered incorrectly
(wrong and not sure answers) were related to reheating of cooked food which was more likely to contribute to
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food contamination (53.6%), safe temperature of cooked food (47.7%) and preparation of food in advance is
more likely to contribute to food poisoning (21.3%). Table 2 showed that there was significant difference of the
mean score of knowledge by age groups (F=2.530; p=0.044). Although the results contradicted to the study
carried out by Siow & Norrakiah (2011) where it was reported that the age group was not significant compared
to the knowledge, but Maizun & Naing (2002) had reported in their study that the duration of experience as food
handler had influenced on the level of knowledge on food safety (p=0.019). The result in this study was also
supported by Lorraine et al. (2013) who carried out a study among 499 trained and 199 untrained food handlers
in British Columbia, Canada of which the results suggested that age group had a significant association
(p=0.001). It was well aware that many studies had recorded the association between the above mentioned
variables and the mean scores of knowledge. They had identified factors such as attendance on food hygiene
training, education status, and experience as food handlers, monthly income, gender and nationality had
influenced the knowledge level (Lorraine et al. 2013, Siow & Norrakiah 2011; Tareq et al. 2011; Maizun &
Naing 2002). Similar finding was also found by Pichler et al. (2014) in which they indicated that food handlers
who had attended food safety training had a higher knowledge compared to those without training (p ≤ 0.001).
3.3 Attitudes on food safety
This study showed the respondents had a positive attitude towards food safety with the mean score 93.9 ±6.813.
However the questions which the score were less than 85, showed that only 66.1 % or 84 of respondents agreed
they should not rub hands or face, hair etc. while working, 84.3% or 107 of respondents agreed they should not
smoke while working, 77.2% or 98 agreed that defrosted food should not be refrozen, 80.3% or 102 did not
agree raw food and cooked food should not necessarily be kept separated, and 83% or 106 agreed that separate
kitchen utensils must be used to prepare cooked and raw food.
As shown in Table 2, there were significant differences in attitude between trained and untrained food handlers
(t=2.406; p=0.018), education levels (F=6.057; p=0.003), ethnicity for the Malaysians (F=2.502; p=0.034) and
among non-Malaysians (t=3.273; p=0.001). These findings were consistent with the results by Tareq et al. (2011)
who stated that food workers who enrolled in food hygiene training had higher score of attitude compared to
those who did not (p=<0.05). Another study by Noor Azira et al. (2012) among 64 food handlers also showed
that there were significant correlation between education level and attitude (p=0.008). However, a study by Bass
et al. (2006) showed that there was no significant difference in attitude (p=>0.05) among 764 trained and
untrained food handlers in Turkey.
3.4 Practices on food safety
On average the respondents had good practices on food safety which was 92.9 ±7.647. However there was a bad
practice on touching of food that was not wrapped up with bare hand and the average score was 78.9 ± 25.611.
Table 2 shows that there were significant differences between the mean score on practices and their education
levels (F=6.057; p=0.003), genders (t=2.120; p=0.036) and ethnicity for Malaysians (F=2.502; p=0.034).
Similar findings were reported in a study carried out by Lorraine et al. (2013) among 645 trained and untrained
food handlers in British Columbia, Canada which revealed that the ethnic background of food workers will affect
the average KAP scores (p=0.001). In the same study it was suggested that education played a very important
role in determining the levels of knowledge and attitude, where workers with college and university education
scored higher than those with high-school (p = 0.0152). While Toh & Birchenough (2000), in a study among 100
hawkers showed that those respondents with an upper secondary school education demonstrated better
knowledge than those with a lower secondary school education (t=0.032, p=0.05), primary school education
(t=0.001, p=0.05) and no formal education (t=0.000, p=0.05). In the same study they reported that hawkers with
lower secondary school education demonstrated better knowledge of personal hygiene than hawkers with no
formal education (t=0.045, p=0.05).
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Table 2. Mean score of KAP by socio demographic characteristics (n=127)
Variables n
Knowledge Attitude Practice
Mean a
Sig. Mean b
Sig. Mean c
Sig.
Ethnicity for
Malaysians
Malays 30 91.5
F = 2.095 0.071
95.7
F = 2.502 0.034*
95.7
F= 2.502 0.034*
Sarawakians 10 84.0 98.8 98.8
Sabahans 2 89.1 95.4 95.4
Chinese 1 100 100 100
Indian 3 96.9 96.9 96.9
Nationality Malaysians 46 90.2 t = -0.73 0.942 96.5 t= 3.273 0.001* 91.5 t = - 1.615 0.109
Non-
Malaysians
81 90.3 92.6 93.8
Country of
origin
Indian 63 89.3 F = 2.455 0.093 92.3 F=0.238 0.789 92.3 F= 0.238 0.789
Indonesian 17 93.8 93.5 93.5
Thailand 1 92.7 90.8 90.8
Gender Male 102 90.7 t =-1.261 0.210 92.6 t= -1.398 0.165 92.2 t = - 2.120 0.036*
Female 25 88.5 95.7 95.8
Monthly
income (RM)
500-999 31 90.1 F = 0.182 0.909 92.5 F= 0.410 0.746 92.9 F= 0.410 0.746
1000-1499 66 90.7 94.2 94.2
1500-1999 21 89.6 95.0 95.0
2000-3999 9 89.1 93.8 93.8
Age Less than 19
years old
5 84.0
F = 2.530
0.044
*
96.3
F= 0.576 0.681
96.3
F= 0.576 0.681
20-29 years
old
71 89.1 93.4 93.3
30-39 years
old
36 92.2 95.1 95.1
40-49 years
old
13 92.7 93.6 93.6
> 50 years
old
2 96.4 92.3 92.3
Education
status
No formal
education
3 85.5
F = 0.821 0.442
81.5
F=6.057 0.003*
81.5
F= 6.057 0.003*
Primary and
secondary
education
100 90.1 94.6 94.6
Diploma or
equivalent,
including
degree
24 91.4 93.1 93.1
Experienced Yes 109 90.5 t = 0.808 0.425 93.8 t = 0.705 0.482 92.6 t = - 1.360 0.176
No 18 89.9 95.0 95.2
Attended
Training
Yes 49 91.2 t = 1.037 0.302 95.8 t=2.406 0.018* 94.1 t = 1.345 0.181
No 78 89.7 92.9 92.2
*p <0.05
a
90.3 ± 7.787 (mean score knowledge); b
93.9 ± 6.813 (mean score of attitude); c
92.9 ± 7.647 (mean score of practices)
3.5 Mean Score between KAP and demographic characteristics on food safety
As illustrated in Table 2 there was a significant difference in knowledge in relation to genders of the respondents
(F=4.493; p=0.036). It was also noted there was no significant differences of knowledge when compared to other
variables such as ethnicity for Malaysians, nationality, monthly income, age groups, education status, experience
and attending training before being engaged as food workers. Further analysis showed that there was significant
difference of attitude when compared between Malaysians and non-Malaysians (F=10.715; p=0.001), those who
had attended and not attended food training program (F=5.789; p=0.018) and based on ethnicity for Malaysians
(F=2.362; p=0.034). However, the two notable significant differences in term of practice were ethnicity for
Malaysians (F=2.362; p=0.044) and between the Malaysians and non-Malaysians (F=5.946; p=0.004). While
Norrakiah & Siow (2014) also suggested that a significant positive correlation was observed between knowledge
and attitudes, knowledge and practices and, attitudes and practices (p=<0.05). These findings suggested that the
knowledge level of food handlers will influence their attitudes and practices towards food safety.
Table 3. Correlations between mean score of KAP (n=127)
Aspect Mean (SD) Knowledge Attitude
Knowledge Pearson Correlation 90.3 ± 7.7868 1 0.266
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.002*
Attitude Pearson Correlation 93.9 ± 6.8128 0.266 1
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.002*
Knowledge Pearson Correlation 90.2 ± 7.7868 1 0.203
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.022*
Practice Pearson Correlation 92.9 ± 7.6469 0.203 1
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.022*
Attitude Pearson Correlation 93.9 ± 6.8128 1 0.119
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.181
Practice Pearson Correlation 92.9 ± 7.6469 0.119 1
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.181
* Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
3.6 The correlations of mean score of KAP on food safety among respondents
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As shown in Table 3, analysis using Pearson correlation test showed that there were correlations between the
mean of scores of knowledge and attitude (r=0.266; p=0.002) and knowledge and practice (r=0.203; p=0.022).
The finding suggested there were positive relationships between both knowledge and attitude; knowledge and
practice. It can be anticipated that as knowledge increased, attitude and practice will improve accordingly.
Similar finding was recorded by Norrakiah & Siow (2014) which found that a significant positive correlation
was observed between knowledge and attitudes, knowledge and practices and attitudes and practices (p=<0.05).
These findings indicated that food safety knowledge level of food handler’s will influence their attitudes and
practices in handling food safely. However this study showed that there was no correlation between the mean
score of attitude and the mean score of practice.
4. Conclusions
Based on preliminary search, there was a clear gap in the literature as there was no study on KAP was carried in
Putrajaya. Although this study is a replication of previous studies carried locally and abroad on this subject
matters, but the study managed to reveal some pertinent points for the effective management of food safety in
Putrajaya. One of the most profound differences compared to other studies done locally, the existing of new
trend where 63.8% of those involved in food handling in Putrajaya were non-Malaysians, mainly from India.
Even though this study has achieved its objective of assessing the level of KAP of food handlers in Putrajaya,
which was found to be good on the level of knowledge, having positive attitude and excellence practices towards
food safety, on the other hand, the findings also revealed that the respondents were still lacking in vital points on
food safety such as reheating of cooked food, safe temperature of cooked food, preparing of food in advance is
more likely to contribute to food poisoning. In view of the present trend, it is important for the authority to
review the curriculum, teaching methodology and range of language used as to commensurate the effectiveness
of the training. Furthermore, based on the preliminary literature review, there was no study on this issue despite
similar studies had been carried out in Scotland, the United Kingdom and the British Columbia, Canada (Ehiri &
Morris, 1997; Walker et al., 2003; Lorraine et al., 2013). With that note, it is recommended that an exploratory
study should be carried out by the relevant authorities to evaluate the effectiveness of the Food Hygiene Training
Course that is currently put in place in Malaysia since 1996 (Jinap et al. 2003). There is a need for the present
curriculum and the contents of the food hygiene training program to be revised accordingly. What is more
important, this study also showed that there were correlation between the score of mean knowledge and attitude
and the mean score knowledge and practice. In another words it can be suggested that the knowledge had
influenced the attitude and practices of food handlers.
Another point to be looked into is that based on the observation at the preliminary stage of data collection, it is
important for the relevant authority to keep and maintain a complete food handlers’ data base. Having this
register is vital as the relevant authority will be able to monitor every aspect the food workers need to adhere
continuously and vigorously. As stipulated under the regulation 30, 31 and 32 the Food Hygiene Regulations
2009 (Act 281), the licensing authority has an obligation to monitor diligently the compliance of the regulations.
All food workers should be medically examined, they should undergo food handlers’ training, those who suffers
or suspected to be suffering from food and waterborne diseases should not be allowed to enter any food premise
and all food handlers should maintain a high degree of personal hygiene and personal cleanliness. This study had
managed to compile and collate a complete list of restaurants with their food workers in Putrajaya. This could
be an initial effort in building a data base of food handlers for food hygiene monitoring purposes.
As a conclusion, this study can be used as a stepping stone for other researchers to embark on studies concerning
food safety in Putrajaya. It is hoped this study will bring about positive managerial implications where the
relevant health authority is able to utilize the information to develop more effective strategies towards improving
the food safety in the federal administrative centre, in ensuring that food sold, served and consumed in
restaurants are not only safe but most importantly, the food borne diseases can be prevented in Putrajaya.
5. Limitation of the study
The study was based on food handlers working in restaurants in Putrajaya and the study sample may not be the
exact representative of food handlers’ population in major restaurants in Malaysia, nevertheless the results of this
study are very close to the prevailing situation in the general population. And this study may experience from the
usual limitation of a cross sectional study whereby, there is a possibility that the respondents did not give the true
information on the monthly income, highest educational level attained, and their working experience as food
handlers. However efforts were made to get all possible information by explaining to the respondents the
importance of giving the true information and all the details given were confidential in nature as suggested by
Tatek et al. (2012).
7. Food Science and Quality Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-6088 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0557 (Online)
Vol.32, 2014
26
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to the Secretary General, the Director General of Local Government, the Director of
Environmental Health Division, Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government (KPKT),
Malaysia and the Perbadanan Putrajaya for the permission granted to carry out this study. To the staff of the
Department of Health Federal Territory Kuala Lumpur and the Perbadanan Putrajaya Health Unit, especially Mr.
Amin Hassan, thank you for sharing all the valuables information and other supports. To Mr. Rajendran s/o
Kobalu and Mr. Somasundram s/o Vethiah, Senior Assistant Directors of KPKT thank you very much for the
kind assistance rendered during the data collection.
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Biography
The first author is a trained Environmental Health Officer, holding a post as a Principal Assistant Director and
currently attached to the Environmental Health Division, Department of Local Government, Ministry of Urban
Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government, Malaysia. He obtained his Diploma in Environmental Health from
the Royal Society of Health (London) in 1981 and Bachelor in Science (Occupational Health and Environmental
Health), University Putra Malaysia in 2003. During the tenure of his 33 years in the Ministry of Health Malaysia
he was awarded fellowships to broaden his skills in the field of Environmental Health, of which he attended a
Disease Surveillance Fellowship at the BCIT & UBC, British Columbia, Canada (1995), a post basic training on
Environmental Health Management Course at the UWE, Bristol, UK (1997-1998), and a 3 week course in
Environmental Health Management at the University of Curtin, Australia (2007). He was invited to develop a
Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP) by the HEALTH CANADA in 1996 and in 1992, 1993 and 1999
he served the Malaysian Medical Mission in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. As defined by the World Health
Organization (WHO), food safety is part of the essential task of Environmental Health; he decided to embark
himself in food safety study with regards to Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices among the food workers in
Putrajaya.
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