Power transmission involves moving energy from where it is generated to where it is applied. The first link is the flywheel, which stores rotational energy and resists changes in speed. Problems with flywheels include high mass and rotational inertia. Solutions include using minimum diameter flywheels and materials like aluminum that have low mass and maximum strength. Differentials distribute engine torque to both wheels but allow them to spin at different speeds, while locking differentials restrict both wheels to the same speed regardless of traction.
Study on power_transmission_system is Completely done by Md. Sumon Ahmed, ID#14207045, Student of IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture & Technology
Study on power_transmission_system is Completely done by Md. Sumon Ahmed, ID#14207045, Student of IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture & Technology
Introduction to the Transmission system, Requirements of the transmission system, main units of the transmission system, types of the transmission system, clutch, functions of a clutch, requirements of a clutch, principle of operation of a clutch, friction materials, classification of a clutch, cone clutch, single-plate clutch, multi-plate clutch
centrifugal clutch, hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter.
The gear box which is also known as the transmission system. It is the second element of the power train in an automobile. It is used to change the speed and torque of vehicle according to variety of road and load conditions.
Transmission System
The word ‘Transmission’ means the whole of the mechanism that transmits the power from the engine crankshaft to the rear wheels, providing the suitable variations of the engine torque at the road wheels, whenever required.
A clutch is a mechanism which enables the rotary motion of one shaft to be transmitted at will to the second shaft, whose axis is coincident with that of first. Clutch is located between the engine and gearbox. When the clutch is engaged, the power flows from the engine to the rear wheels through the transmission system and the vehicle moves when the clutch is disengaged, the power is not transmitted to the rear wheels and the vehicle stops, while the engine is still running.
Introduction to the Transmission system, Requirements of the transmission system, main units of the transmission system, types of the transmission system, clutch, functions of a clutch, requirements of a clutch, principle of operation of a clutch, friction materials, classification of a clutch, cone clutch, single-plate clutch, multi-plate clutch
centrifugal clutch, hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter.
The gear box which is also known as the transmission system. It is the second element of the power train in an automobile. It is used to change the speed and torque of vehicle according to variety of road and load conditions.
Transmission System
The word ‘Transmission’ means the whole of the mechanism that transmits the power from the engine crankshaft to the rear wheels, providing the suitable variations of the engine torque at the road wheels, whenever required.
A clutch is a mechanism which enables the rotary motion of one shaft to be transmitted at will to the second shaft, whose axis is coincident with that of first. Clutch is located between the engine and gearbox. When the clutch is engaged, the power flows from the engine to the rear wheels through the transmission system and the vehicle moves when the clutch is disengaged, the power is not transmitted to the rear wheels and the vehicle stops, while the engine is still running.
Technical Presentation on External Gear PPT
Introduction
A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part to transmit torque.
Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of a power source.
Gears almost always produce a change in torque, creating a mechanical advantage, through their gear ratio, and thus may be considered a simple machine.
The teeth on the two meshing gears all have the same shape. Two or more meshing gears, working in a sequence, are called a gear train or a transmission.
A gear can mesh with a linear toothed part, called a rack, thereby producing translation instead of rotation.
The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a crossed belt pulley system. An advantage of gears is that the teeth of a gear prevent slippage.
Description of various types of clutches and gear boxes has been given in the following sections of this unit. The term ‘Transmission’ is used for a device which is located between clutch and propeller shaft. It may be a gear box, an over drive or a torque converter, etc.
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design, failure analysis and optimization of a propeller shaft for heavy duty...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The power transmission system is the system which causes movement of vehicles by transferring the torque produced by the engines to the wheels after some modifications. The transfer and modification system of vehicles is called as power transmission system. The power transmission system of vehicles consists of several components which encounter unfortunate failures. Propeller shaft and the universal joints form the important links that help in transmitting power from the engine to the wheels. In this study, analysis is being performed on the universal joint yoke and the propeller shaft. In the universal joint yoke, certain modifications are made in the existing geometry and analyzed for the identical loading and boundary conditions as in the reference paper from which the problem has been taken. It was observed that from the static analysis that the roots of the splines are the areas of high stress concentration. The fatigue analysis revels that the drive shaft fails in the region of high stress concentration as expected. In this project the propeller shaft of TATA 1210 was investigated for failures. Considering the system, torque acting on a shaft used to calculate the Stress analysis by using FEA and the results were compared with the calculated values. The stress in the shaft was exceeding the endurance limit causing failure in shaft, the shaft may have failed prematurely due to fatigue loads before the average life of truck. Thus it was important to redesign the shaft so that the induced stress is less than the endurance limit.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
2. Power transmission is the
movement of energy from its
place of generation to a location
where it is applied to performing
useful work.
What is power transmission ?
4. The first link in the drive line or
power transmission is the flywheel.
Fly wheel
5. A flywheel is a rotating mechanical device
that is used to store rotational energy.
Flywheels have a significant
moment of inertia and thus resist changes in
rotational speed
what Is a fly wheel ?
6. First problem is the high mass of the
fly wheel.
Second problem is the rotational
inertia of the fly wheel.
Problems with the fly wheel.
7. 1.for reducing the rotational inertia of the fly
wheel we run the minimum diameter
flywheel.
2.Choose a suitable material for increasing
the efficiency of flywheel.
So the solutions.
8. Material selecting chart.
Chart shows that aluminum is best
for making the fly wheel because it
has low mass maximum strength.
9. Clutches is a mechanical device that are useful in
devices that have two rotating shafts. In these
devices, one of the shafts is typically driven by a
motor or pulley, and the other shaft drives another
device. In a drill, for instance, one shaft is driven
by a motor and the other drives a drill chuck. The
clutch connects the two shafts so that they can
either be locked together and spin at the same
speed, or be decoupled and spin at different
speeds.
Clutch .
11. In a car, you need a clutch because the
engine spins all the time, but the car's
wheels do not. In order for a car to stop
without killing the engine, the wheels need
to be disconnected from the engine
somehow. The clutch allows us to smoothly
engage a spinning engine to a non-spinning
transmission by controlling the slippage
between them.
why we need a clutch ?
14. 1.Front and rear faces of the bell housing
are not both true and parallel.
2.The pilot diameter at the rear of the bell
housing into which the gearbox or transaxle
spigots is not concentric with the
crankshaft.
Misalignment in bell housing
assembely.
15. 1.a notable bending load is put into the input
shaft to the detriment of the bearings
involved and of the gear itself
2.It waste the power of the engine
3.This will result in a lost oil seal, oil on the
clutch
Effect on the transmission
16. A drive shaft is a mechanical component for
transmitting torque and rotation, usually used to
connect other components of a drive train that
cannot be connected directly because of distance or
the need to allow for relative movement between
them.
Drive shaft.
19. 3.Universal joint angle
improper universal joint causes many
problems.
1.Vibrations
2.Reduced universal joint life
3.Problems with other drivetrain components
that may include:
•Transmission gear failures
•Differential problems
22. How we measure U-joint
Angle
Place vehicle on level ground
No load on vehicle
Measure with an inclinometer
◦Transmission output shaft angle
◦Driveshaft tube angle
◦Pinion angle
Difference between output shaft and
driveshaft tube is the front joint operating
angle
Difference between pinion angle and
driveshaft tube is rear joint operating angle
24. Drive shaft phasing.
●
When both of the u-joint in drive shaft are not in the
same phase then this causes the vibration of drive
shaft
25. An axle is a central shaft for a rotating
wheel
or gear. In the former case bearings or
bushings are provided at the mountings
points where the axle is supported
Axle .
27. Use 4340 steel-it has better through heat
treating properties.
The only thing to avoid in the design of an
axle is the stress raiser. Stress raisers are
normally caused by rapid section changes
and by sharp corners.
Natural places for these are at the end of
splines.
Material and Design.
29. The spline i.D. and the i.D. of any snap
grooves must be greater than the actual
shaft O.D. and all radius must be as gentle
as
Solution for design.
31. the obvious necessity for the half shaft to
be articulated they must have some provision
to acommodate the axial plunge associated
With the four bar independent suspension
system If there is any notable resistance to
this axial plunge, or change In half shaft
length, the effect will be the same as a bind in
the suspension and power application will be
accompanied by a Jerky and unpredictable
oversteer.
History of half shaft-
33. The classic solution was to use a splined
two piece half shaft and let the splines
accommodate the plunge Naturally the
splines always bound up to some extent
under torque loadings and this didn't work
out very well.
first solution
34. Then Lotus came out with the fixed length
half shaft which was also the upper link of
the suspension system. This arrangement
has
been perpetuated in the Corvette and the
E Type Jaguar but the geometry is
limited for race car use and the half
shaft feeds some unnecessary loads
into the final drive unit.
Second solution
35. Next came the rubber doughnut-which worked just
fine so long as it was properly located and piloted
but was limited in its ability to transmit torque. In its
ultimate form (Brabham, Formula One) the drive
shaft had two standard universals and a rubber
doughnut
Third solution
37. Maximum torsion bar length
Minimum weight and moment of inertia
Minimum package dimensions-which leaves
more room for such things as exhaust
systems and suspension links
Virtually frictionless axial plunge
Increased angular capacity and true
constant velocity
Simplicity, reliability and cost
Adavantages of Rzeppa type
half shaft
38. The differential is a device that splits the
engine torque two ways, allowing each
output to spin at a different speed.
differential
39. To aim the engine power at the wheels
To act as the final gear reduction in the
vehicle, slowing the rotational speed of the
transmission one final time before it hits the wheels
To transmit the power to the wheels while
allowing them to rotate at different speeds
(This is the one that earned the differential
its name.)
The differential has three
jobs:
42. It sends equal amount of torque to the both
of the wheels which is not good in some
situations. It is good for an on road vehicle.
Limitations of open
differential.
43. Spool differential
The spool simply ties the two wheels together
eliminating all differential action. The housing itself is
internally splined to receive the drive axles. The
driving torque, taken from the ring gear drives the
axles directly. Both wheels turn at the same speed
regardless of traction levels, or direction of travel. This
means that when equipped with a spool, the car
naturally wants to go straight, regardless of steering
input
44. Drawbacks of spool differential
1) handling suffers greatly when using a spool,
because the tied-together wheels cause massive
steer.
2)Another very significant downside to the spool is
that when you are leaving the track with hot tires,
the torque generated in turns can easily be enough
to break axles. Remember that on the track, the
inside wheel is unweighted, reducing its traction; so
that the torque required to force the inside wheel to
slip in the turns is reduced. When leaving the track,
the weight is equal on both hot tires, the maximum
grip possible on both tires will be achieved with the
inside tire fighting the outside tire.
45. Detroit differential.
●
The operating principal of the Detroit Locker is much like that of a
bicycle rear wheel sprocket. It was originally built for drag racing to
allow the turnoff at the end of a run with less stress induced in the
axles. When turning off, the faster wheel will unlock allowing it to
coast through the corner. This is a great setup for drag racing and
off-road use. However, in a road racing application only the inside
wheel will drive creating massive mid turn understeer. Only when
the inside tire slips and catches up with the outside tire will the
outside tire begin to drive.At this point, the Detroit Locker
becomes a spool,
46. The basic rule of road racing with a Detroit Locker is the
same as a spool. DO
NOT USE IT unless it is required by the rules
47. A locking differential may provide
increased traction compared to a standard,
or "open" differential by restricting each of
the two wheels on an axle to the same
rotational speed without regard to available
traction or differences in resistance seen at
each wheel.
Locked differential
48. Some off road situation in which the locked differential is suitable.
in these situations the torques in the both tires are limited by the
function of the locked differential
49. Because they do not operate as smoothly as
standard differentials, automatic locking
differentials are often responsible for increased tire
wear
Some locking differentials are known for making a
clicking or banging noise when locking and
unlocking as the vehicle negotiates turns.
some locking differentials can affect the ability of a
vehicle to steer in some situations,
Disadavantages
50. They are also capable of subjecting the
axle shafts to much higher torque loads than
would be possible with an open differential
because they allow 100% of the available
torque to carried by a single axle shaft as
opposed to being divided up between the
two. Under extreme conditions, this can
cause an axle shaft failure.
Disadavantages
51. Four wheel drive vehicles that drive off-road
often use locking differentials to prevent from
getting stuck when driving on loose, muddy, or
rocky terrain. Locking differentials are considered
essential equipment for serious off-road driving.
Some utility vehicles such as tow trucks, forklifts,
tractors, and heavy equipment use locking
differentials to maintain traction, especially when
driving on soft, muddy, or uneven surfaces.
Lockers are common in agricultural equipment
and military trucks.
application
52. A limited slip differential is a device found in the drive axle
of an automobile or truck that the axles and ring gear are
mounted to. Used to engage both sides of the axle in the
event of needed traction, the limited slip differential causes
both drive tires to receive power, resulting in added
traction. Unlike a locked, welded or spooled differential that
has both sides of the axle meshed together constantly, the
limited slip differential is made so that the drive axle will
disengage one side while turning a corner. This prevents
the wheels from binding and the tires from chirping as the
outside tire fights to turn faster than the inside tire while the
vehicle negotiates a sharp turn.
Limited slip differentials
53. Comparison b/w lock and lsd
Lock differential Limited slip differential
it is better for only off
road vehicle not good
in general on road
vehicle.
It causes the wear of
tires when turn on a
smooth road .
It locks the tires 100%.
it is better for both off
road and on road
on the smooth road or
pavements it behaves
just like a open
differential and on the
off road like a lock
differential.
It does not lock 100%
56. Hewland gear box
Baulk ring gear box
Types of manual transmission gear
box but these are generally used for
formula cars.
57. there are two big differences between an
automatic transmission and a
manual transmission:
1.There is no clutch pedal in an automatic
transmission car.
2.There is no gear shift in an automatic
transmission car. Once you put the
transmission into drive, everything else is
automatic.
Automatic transmission.
59. input output stationary calculation Gear ratio
first
gear
sun Planet carrierRing gear 1+r/s 3.4:1
Third gear Planet carrierring sun 1/(1+s/r) .71:1
Reverse gearsun ring Planet carrier-r/s -2.4:1
Automatic transmission working by
simple one planet gear
Ring=72teeth
Sun=30teeth
60. Comparison b/w manual and
automatic transmission.
manual automatic
Manual gearshifts are
more fuel efficient as
compared to their
automatic counterpart
It provides better
control over vehicle .
It is very simple and
little costly
Torque convertor used to
engage and disengage
automatic gears may lose
power and reduce acceleration
as well as fuel economy.
It provides less control
An automatic transmission is
made up of several components
and a breakdown of even a
single component can stall the
car completely.
61. Comparison b/w manual and
automatic
manual automatic
A manual is better
because you have
lower gearing in 1st
which means more
for climbing.
An automatic
provides some higher
first gear ratio than a
manual
62. Unlike traditional automatic transmissions,
continuously variable transmissions don't
have a gearbox with a set number of gears,
which means they don't have interlocking
toothed wheels. The most common type of
CVT operates on an ingenious pulley
system that allows an infinite variability
between highest and lowest gears with no
discrete steps or shifts.
Cvt transmission.
64. feature benefit
Constant, stepless acceleration from
a complete stop to cruising speed
Eliminates "shift shock" -- makes for
a smoother ride
Works to keep the car in its optimum
power range regardless of how fast
the car is traveling
Improved fuel efficiency
Responds better to changing
conditions, such as changes in
throttle and speed
Eliminates gear hunting as a car
decelerates, especially going up a hill
Responds better to changing
conditions, such as changes in
throttle and speed
Better acceleration
Adavantages of cvt
65. Cvt is better than manual and automatic
transmission but requires some experience
for handling vehicle
Conclusion-