ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the ever merciful
We would like to express our profound and sincere gratitude to our project supervisor, Engr. Asma Katiar , and internal advisor: Engr. Asma Katiar, for their constant and valuable guidance, inspiration, forbearance and keen interest during this project work.
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We are highly thankful to all of them including Dean Prof. Dr. Engr. Syed Hyder Abbas Musavi, Chairperson Department of Science and Technology Dr. Engr. Zahid Ali and all the members of FYP Committee.
Finally, we would like to acknowledge the immeasurable contribution of our parents, without their constant inspiration and comradeship this work would never have been over. After completion of this project we can confidently say that this experience has not only enriched us with technical knowledge but also enhanced the maturity of thoughts and vision
ABSTRACT
This project deals with manufacture of a Prototype of Automatic Solar Vertical Car Parking System. This system has been implemented to reduce the excess use the land space which is already very scarce in metro cities . Different types of vehicle parking are applied worldwide namely Multi-Level Automated Car Parking , Automated Car Parking System and Rotary Car Parking System. The Present Project work is aimed to develop a scale down working model of a car parking system of parking cars within a large parking area. The pallet rotation mechanism is used for driving the parking platform. This total prototype powered by Solar energy and D.C Motor. We can generated the energy through the solar panel and stores energy into battery and give energy to motor . When the car comes to Platform then user Punch is finger on Finger Module and incase if user aren’t able to do car park maybe other person can come to park a car it can use the pin no. to park a car , respectively comeback to platform and carry the car. Then the Pallet start and new space will be adjust for new car.
This document is a report on an automatic car parking system created by four students at Silver Oak College of Engineering and Technology in Ahmedabad, India. It includes sections on the theory of the project, types of car lifts and parking systems, advantages and disadvantages of multi-story car parking, a table of contents, acknowledgements and list of figures. The project uses an 8051 microcontroller to automatically open and close a gate and track vacant spaces in a multi-level parking system using IR sensors.
The Project Automatic Car Parking System using 89C51 Microcontroller is an interesting project which uses 89C51 microcontroller as its brain. The project is designed for car parking. The aim of this project is to atomize the car park for allowing the cars into the park. LCD is provided to display the information about the total number of cars that can be parked and the place free for parking. Two IR Tx Rx pairs are used in this project to identify the entry or exit of the cars into out of park. These two IR TX-RX pairs are arranged either side of the gate. The TX and Rx are arranged face to face across the road so that the RX should get IR signal continuously. Whenever the mains are switched on, the LCD displays the message"parking space for 10 vehicles". The number indicates the maximum capacity of park in this project. Whenever a car comes in front of the gate, the IR signal gets disturbed and the microcontroller will open the gate by rotating the stepper motor. The gate will be closed only after the car leaves the second IR pair since the microcontroller should know whether the car left the gate or not. Now the microcontroller decrements the value of the count and displays it on LCD. In this way, the microcontroller decrements the count whenever the car leaves the park and displays it on LCD. lf the count reaches'0', i e. if the park is completely filled, the microcontroller will display"NO SPACE FOR PARKING" on LCD. And now if any vehicle tries to enter the park, the gate will not be opened since there is no space. If any vehicle leaves the park, the controller will increment the count and allows the other vehicles for parking This project uses regulated 5v. 500mA power supply. Unregulated 12v DC is used for relay. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer
1. The document describes the design and methodology of a multi-level car parking system that uses solar energy. It uses solar panels to charge batteries that power DC motors which control the conveyor belts and lifts to automatically park and retrieve cars.
2. The system aims to optimize the use of space for car parking through its multi-level design while reducing pollution and costs by utilizing solar energy.
3. It provides detailed drawings and explanations of the wooden structure, lifts, conveyor belts, solar panels, battery charger circuit, and control switches that make up the automated solar-powered multi-level car parking system.
IRJET- A Study on Smart Parking System using IOT for Indian MallsIRJET Journal
This document proposes a smart parking system for Indian malls using IoT to address issues with current manual parking systems. It would use sensors to detect available parking spaces and allow drivers to check availability on their phones before arriving. When parking, the system would automatically guide cars into spaces and drivers would pay using their phone number. The system aims to optimize space usage, improve traffic flow, and help drivers locate available spots to reduce congestion and emissions. It proposes implementing this using Raspberry Pi, ultrasonic sensors and a central system to monitor space availability in real-time and provide data analytics.
Smart cities use internet-connected technology and data to improve operations and services for citizens. Internet of Things technologies allow different systems like car navigation and bus location to share real-time information to improve transportation efficiency. While smart city research aims to enhance quality of life by saving time and resources, challenges remain in coordinating different organizations and ensuring technologies are accessible to all groups. Future work includes further developing designs that are easy for seniors and children to use.
This document describes a smart parking system project submitted by two students, Raj Mani and Vagish V Bhat, to Visvesvaraya Technological University in fulfillment of their Bachelor of Engineering degree. The system uses IoT technology including sensors and a mobile app to detect available parking spots and guide users to them. It aims to reduce traffic and congestion caused by the difficulty in finding parking. The document outlines the system requirements, design which includes Node MCU, LCD display and IR sensors, and implementation including setup and functions like parking, unparking and notifying users of full lots.
This document is a report on an automatic car parking system created by four students at Silver Oak College of Engineering and Technology in Ahmedabad, India. It includes sections on the theory of the project, types of car lifts and parking systems, advantages and disadvantages of multi-story car parking, a table of contents, acknowledgements and list of figures. The project uses an 8051 microcontroller to automatically open and close a gate and track vacant spaces in a multi-level parking system using IR sensors.
The Project Automatic Car Parking System using 89C51 Microcontroller is an interesting project which uses 89C51 microcontroller as its brain. The project is designed for car parking. The aim of this project is to atomize the car park for allowing the cars into the park. LCD is provided to display the information about the total number of cars that can be parked and the place free for parking. Two IR Tx Rx pairs are used in this project to identify the entry or exit of the cars into out of park. These two IR TX-RX pairs are arranged either side of the gate. The TX and Rx are arranged face to face across the road so that the RX should get IR signal continuously. Whenever the mains are switched on, the LCD displays the message"parking space for 10 vehicles". The number indicates the maximum capacity of park in this project. Whenever a car comes in front of the gate, the IR signal gets disturbed and the microcontroller will open the gate by rotating the stepper motor. The gate will be closed only after the car leaves the second IR pair since the microcontroller should know whether the car left the gate or not. Now the microcontroller decrements the value of the count and displays it on LCD. In this way, the microcontroller decrements the count whenever the car leaves the park and displays it on LCD. lf the count reaches'0', i e. if the park is completely filled, the microcontroller will display"NO SPACE FOR PARKING" on LCD. And now if any vehicle tries to enter the park, the gate will not be opened since there is no space. If any vehicle leaves the park, the controller will increment the count and allows the other vehicles for parking This project uses regulated 5v. 500mA power supply. Unregulated 12v DC is used for relay. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer
1. The document describes the design and methodology of a multi-level car parking system that uses solar energy. It uses solar panels to charge batteries that power DC motors which control the conveyor belts and lifts to automatically park and retrieve cars.
2. The system aims to optimize the use of space for car parking through its multi-level design while reducing pollution and costs by utilizing solar energy.
3. It provides detailed drawings and explanations of the wooden structure, lifts, conveyor belts, solar panels, battery charger circuit, and control switches that make up the automated solar-powered multi-level car parking system.
IRJET- A Study on Smart Parking System using IOT for Indian MallsIRJET Journal
This document proposes a smart parking system for Indian malls using IoT to address issues with current manual parking systems. It would use sensors to detect available parking spaces and allow drivers to check availability on their phones before arriving. When parking, the system would automatically guide cars into spaces and drivers would pay using their phone number. The system aims to optimize space usage, improve traffic flow, and help drivers locate available spots to reduce congestion and emissions. It proposes implementing this using Raspberry Pi, ultrasonic sensors and a central system to monitor space availability in real-time and provide data analytics.
Smart cities use internet-connected technology and data to improve operations and services for citizens. Internet of Things technologies allow different systems like car navigation and bus location to share real-time information to improve transportation efficiency. While smart city research aims to enhance quality of life by saving time and resources, challenges remain in coordinating different organizations and ensuring technologies are accessible to all groups. Future work includes further developing designs that are easy for seniors and children to use.
This document describes a smart parking system project submitted by two students, Raj Mani and Vagish V Bhat, to Visvesvaraya Technological University in fulfillment of their Bachelor of Engineering degree. The system uses IoT technology including sensors and a mobile app to detect available parking spots and guide users to them. It aims to reduce traffic and congestion caused by the difficulty in finding parking. The document outlines the system requirements, design which includes Node MCU, LCD display and IR sensors, and implementation including setup and functions like parking, unparking and notifying users of full lots.
SMART CAR PARKING SYSTEM USING IR SENSORIRJET Journal
The document describes a smart car parking system that was proposed to help drivers more easily find available parking spaces. The system uses IR sensors to count the number of cars entering and leaving the parking area. It displays the available parking spaces at the entrance. When a car enters, the gate opens automatically using sensors and motors. The system aims to reduce traffic and save people time searching for parking by informing them of availability. It also allows for online pre-booking of parking spaces. The experiment results showed the real-time output of the parking availability display and online booking webpage.
- Rotary car parking systems utilize a mechanical system to minimize the space required for parking cars by rotating vehicles stored in cages or pallets either clockwise or counterclockwise. This allows parking of 6-40 vehicles in the space typically used for only 2 vehicles.
- The system described uses an Arduino Mega microcontroller, keypad, LCD display, motors, motor drivers, and other components to control the rotation and retrieval of vehicles from the parking structure. User inputs the space number using the keypad and the system parks or retrieves the vehicle accordingly.
- Rotary parking systems provide advantages over traditional parking by minimizing land usage, reducing parking damage, and eliminating time spent searching for vehicles or spaces. They also
Automated parking system EITO & Global and Mark 2 2010Mark 2
Automatic Car Parking. See more on: www.e-globalparking.com or www.park-ing.com .
With a concept of "making an environment, scenery, and human friendly parking system", Eito & Global Inc. has been internationally distributing the next generation parking system, "Round Automated Parking System", which features good land efficiency and low cost compared with conventional underground parking systems where drivers park by themselves. Eito & Global Inc. succeeded in making "Under Ground Round-Automated Parking" by prefabricated caisson method for the first time in the world and we, Mark 2, are their contracted partner. Regards from Mario Bozikovic, the owner of Mark 2.
This document describes a proposed smart parking system that uses sensors and a mobile app to monitor parking space availability and allow users to reserve spaces. The system would help reduce traffic and congestion by letting drivers know where parking is available. Sensors attached to parking spaces would monitor occupancy and transmit that data through a network to the app. Users could search for available spaces near their destination, reserve a space, and pay for it through the app. The system aims to make parking easier and more efficient for drivers in urban areas.
The document describes a smart parking system that uses IoT sensors in parking spots to detect availability in real-time and send this information to a mobile app. This allows drivers to easily find empty spots instead of driving around searching. The system aims to reduce traffic and pollution while improving the urban parking experience. It outlines the goals of more efficient parking, reduced congestion and time savings for drivers. The document also discusses components, challenges, case studies and future developments of smart parking systems.
This document describes an advanced car parking system that uses RFID, sensors, a PIC controller, conveyor belts, motors and a GSM module. The system automatically identifies empty parking slots and parks cars in a multi-level parking structure. It calculates parking fees based on time and deducts payments automatically. The GSM module allows users to check slot availability via SMS before arriving. The system aims to improve efficiency over traditional parking and reduce congestion.
Advanced Car Parking System with GSM Supported Slot MessengerIOSR Journals
This document describes an advanced car parking system that uses RFID, sensors, a PIC controller, conveyor belts, motors and a GSM module. The system automatically identifies empty parking slots and parks cars in a multi-level parking structure. It calculates parking fees based on time and can send SMS messages with available slot information. The system aims to make parking more efficient and reduce congestion compared to traditional methods. It summarizes the system design, architecture, workflow and concludes the system is a promising solution for modern parking challenges.
This document describes the development of an Advanced Parking Guidance System (APGS) to enable autonomous self-parking and self-retrieving of vehicles. The system uses ultrasonic sensors and a wireless keyfob to guide the vehicle into and out of parking spaces. For self-parking, sensors identify available spaces while cameras and controllers steer the vehicle into the space. For self-retrieving, pressing a button on the keyfob causes the vehicle to track the keyfob's wireless signal and exit the space, stopping if obstacles are detected. The system was tested using a prototype "car-like wheel robot" and achieved autonomous parking and retrieving capabilities.
This document describes a smart parking system created by a group of students that uses cameras and artificial intelligence to manage a parking lot. The system recognizes vehicle numbers using embedded cameras, tracks which space a vehicle parks in, and updates parking information. It can also detect collisions. The system aims to introduce an intelligent parking management solution using technologies like sensors, IOT, and mobile applications to help drivers find available spaces and pay for parking remotely.
IRJET- Fifth Wheel Car Parking MechanismIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed fifth wheel car parking mechanism that aims to simplify and speed up the parallel parking process. The mechanism uses an additional fifth wheel that is controlled by a screw and DC motor to rotate the vehicle into the parking spot. When the driver engages the mechanism, the fifth wheel is lowered to support the vehicle while the screw and first motor lift the rear of the car at an angle, effectively rotating the front of the car into the spot. Then, the second motor moves the fifth wheel back and forth to further adjust the vehicle's position before the fifth wheel is lifted and the car is parked between two other vehicles. The proposed mechanism aims to reduce parking time to 50-60 seconds compared to traditional parallel parking and make
This document describes a coin-operated electric vehicle charger for public use. The charger allows electric vehicles to charge for a set period of time upon insertion of a coin. It is intended to provide charging access for electric vehicle users at locations like parking lots, bus stations, and shopping malls. The charger uses coin detection sensors to recognize valid coins and a microcontroller to power the charging circuit and monitor charging time. It is designed to benefit electric vehicle users who may find themselves with a low battery away from home by allowing convenient on-the-go charging for a low cost.
The document describes a project report submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering. The report discusses the development of a smart parking system using IoT. The system aims to efficiently manage parking facilities and provide an empty parking slot number to users through a mobile app to reduce time spent searching for available spots. It presents the system architecture and implementation details. Experimental results show that the system is able to detect vacant and occupied slots and guide users to available spaces without wasting time.
The document describes a smart parking system project report submitted by Raj Mani M and Vagish V Bhat. The project was done under the guidance of Ms. Navaneetha M at CMR Institute of Technology. The report includes an introduction describing the motivation and objectives of the project, a literature review of related work, requirements specification, system design and implementation details. It also provides the results and testing of the smart parking system developed.
In this paper, a project is described which is a 2-D
modelled version of a car that will learn how to drive itself. It
will have to figure everything out on its own. In addition, to
achieve that the simulator contains a car running
simultaneously &can be controlled by different control
algorithms - heuristic, reinforcement learning-based, etc. For
each dynamic input, the Reinforcement- Learning modifies
new patterns. Ultimately, Reinforcement Learning helps in
maximizing the reward from every state. In this first Part, we
will implement a Reinforcement-Learning model to build an
AI for Self Driving Car. Project will be focusing on the brain
of the car not any graphics. The car will detect obstacles and
take basic actions. To make autonomous car or self-driving
car a reality, some of the factors to be considered are human
safety and quality of life.
IRJET- Automatic Reverse Breaking System for TrolleyIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed automatic reverse braking system for vehicles. The system uses sensors to detect obstacles behind a vehicle in reverse and automatically applies the brakes to prevent collisions. It is meant to address the problem of accidents that occur during reversing due to difficulties detecting objects or careless driving. The system would process sensor data and control the vehicle brakes to maintain a safe distance from any detected objects. It proposes implementing the control logic on an FPGA (field programmable gate array) microcontroller. The goal is to design a reliable automatic braking system that prevents injuries from reversing collisions by quickly detecting obstacles and braking the vehicle.
This document describes an IoT and GSM based smart car parking system developed by four students and supervised by Sayeed Islam. The system uses sensors to detect vehicles and send data on available parking slots to a mobile app and users via SMS. It aims to reduce traffic congestion by allowing users to check parking availability remotely and book slots. The system was implemented using sensors, Raspberry Pi for data processing, a mobile app, and a motor. It provides real-time parking information and booking while allowing user authentication. The students tested various functions like single/multiple bookings and unauthorized access. The proposed low-cost system helps reduce traffic and supports smart cities alongside being cost-effective and real-time.
AN AUTOMATED CAR PARKING SYSTEM BY USING PROGAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERIRJET Journal
This document describes an automated car parking system that uses a programmable logic controller (PLC), proximity sensors, and a human-machine interface (HMI) to help drivers find available parking spaces. The system has sensors to detect empty spaces and sends that information to the PLC. The PLC then displays the available spaces on the HMI screen outside the entrance. When a driver arrives, they can see the available spaces and the gate will open automatically if a space is empty. The system aims to reduce the time spent searching for parking and make the process more convenient overall.
IoT Based Vehicle Parking Smart Slot Availability Detection (VPSSAD)IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed smart vehicle parking system that uses IoT technologies. The system uses sensors like IR sensors to detect available parking spaces. It then sends this data via an ESP8266 module to an Android application. This allows drivers to check available spaces on their phone before arriving. The system aims to reduce issues like traffic from drivers searching for spaces and inefficient parking. It proposes displaying available spaces at the entrance and restricting entry when full to better manage parking allocation. This smart parking system could help address growing parking problems in urban areas caused by increasing vehicle ownership.
This document proposes a smart parking system using IoT that automates parking and payment using sensors, cameras, and an Android application. The system uses ultrasonic sensors and a USB camera with a Raspberry Pi to detect vehicles and read their license plates upon entry and exit. It matches plates to reserved spots in a database to open barriers. Users can reserve spots and pay through the Android app, which also provides parking location and availability. This system aims to reduce congestion from drivers searching for spots by allowing drivers to locate and reserve spaces remotely. It collects usage data that could help parking owners improve operations based on trends. The system is presented as a solution to issues like inefficient parking searches, lack of availability information, and illegal parking.
This document summarizes a smart car parking system project. The goal is to allow cars to reserve parking spots before arriving using sensors to detect vehicle entry and exit and control gates. It works by counting the number of cars and only opening the gate if spots are available. Sensors on each individual spot track parking time and print receipts. The system aims to reduce frustration over finding parking and make more efficient use of space. It provides advantages like security, efficiency and reduced emissions from less time spent searching for spots. There is potential to expand it for wider use and add more features to improve the user experience.
INVESTIGATING THE USE OF IMPEDANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY FOR DETECTING DECREASED BL...Mirza Baig
Literature Review
According to Isabel Morales’ research, the foot impedance plethysmography was carried out with two distinct kinds of electrodes, using 1mA/10kHz and finding the impedance of the foot.
In this study Piuzzi research is an ultimate technique selected that makes use of a current with a frequency of 50 kHz that is injected into the thorax of the subject using a couple of textile electrodes.
In this study of Ramkumar & Babu, blood flow was performed using a fuzzy logic toolbox with many different activities, measured before and after the 25 seconds of breath-holding activity. The plethysmographic waveform of forearm impedance can be used to analyze the changes in a heartbeat that are correlated with the changes in heart stroke volume.
Contribution
In this work we are investigating using multiple electrodes to see the additional data going to make testing easier.
Our research is primarily focusing on the amount of blood flow through the finger of the upper limb for diabetic patients.
Conclusion
The finger-simplified model was created in model geometry. A framework made up of five parts was used to build the finger. (i.e., skin, fat, artery, muscle, and bone)
The study includes COMSOL simulation results compared with experimental results to obtain the optimum parameters for this technique. The COMSOL simulation uses 4 electrodes in different positions with a current of 10mA giving the optimal frequency of 100Hz.
It was shown that multiple electrodes can be useful in obtaining impedance change.
This is useful because signals can not be obtained from one pair, or to further support the results.
The study was performed under normal resting conditions where an experimental procedure was set up to measure the impedance response from the finger.
Experiment results were not conclusive as more sensitive impedance analyzers are required.
This research will be helpful to find out the heartbeat using impedance plethysmography.
Hemodynamic monitor by using IPG TechniqueMirza Baig
Introduction
It’s a non - invasive medical test
NASA developed a technology for calculating cardiac output
For Arteries, blood flow in any area.
Result will be recorded in a Graph.
we use 2 pair of Surface Electrodes.
Technique
It is measured by constant current method.
Blood is a good conductor of electricity, the amount of blood in a given body segment.
Pulsatile blood volume by heart .
Variation in the electrical impedance thus gives adequate information about the blood circulation.
Voltage signal developed along the current.
The amplitude of the signal sensed is directly proportional to the electrical impedance of the body segment.
Amplification & detection of this signal gives instantaneous electrical impedance Z of the body segment.
SMART CAR PARKING SYSTEM USING IR SENSORIRJET Journal
The document describes a smart car parking system that was proposed to help drivers more easily find available parking spaces. The system uses IR sensors to count the number of cars entering and leaving the parking area. It displays the available parking spaces at the entrance. When a car enters, the gate opens automatically using sensors and motors. The system aims to reduce traffic and save people time searching for parking by informing them of availability. It also allows for online pre-booking of parking spaces. The experiment results showed the real-time output of the parking availability display and online booking webpage.
- Rotary car parking systems utilize a mechanical system to minimize the space required for parking cars by rotating vehicles stored in cages or pallets either clockwise or counterclockwise. This allows parking of 6-40 vehicles in the space typically used for only 2 vehicles.
- The system described uses an Arduino Mega microcontroller, keypad, LCD display, motors, motor drivers, and other components to control the rotation and retrieval of vehicles from the parking structure. User inputs the space number using the keypad and the system parks or retrieves the vehicle accordingly.
- Rotary parking systems provide advantages over traditional parking by minimizing land usage, reducing parking damage, and eliminating time spent searching for vehicles or spaces. They also
Automated parking system EITO & Global and Mark 2 2010Mark 2
Automatic Car Parking. See more on: www.e-globalparking.com or www.park-ing.com .
With a concept of "making an environment, scenery, and human friendly parking system", Eito & Global Inc. has been internationally distributing the next generation parking system, "Round Automated Parking System", which features good land efficiency and low cost compared with conventional underground parking systems where drivers park by themselves. Eito & Global Inc. succeeded in making "Under Ground Round-Automated Parking" by prefabricated caisson method for the first time in the world and we, Mark 2, are their contracted partner. Regards from Mario Bozikovic, the owner of Mark 2.
This document describes a proposed smart parking system that uses sensors and a mobile app to monitor parking space availability and allow users to reserve spaces. The system would help reduce traffic and congestion by letting drivers know where parking is available. Sensors attached to parking spaces would monitor occupancy and transmit that data through a network to the app. Users could search for available spaces near their destination, reserve a space, and pay for it through the app. The system aims to make parking easier and more efficient for drivers in urban areas.
The document describes a smart parking system that uses IoT sensors in parking spots to detect availability in real-time and send this information to a mobile app. This allows drivers to easily find empty spots instead of driving around searching. The system aims to reduce traffic and pollution while improving the urban parking experience. It outlines the goals of more efficient parking, reduced congestion and time savings for drivers. The document also discusses components, challenges, case studies and future developments of smart parking systems.
This document describes an advanced car parking system that uses RFID, sensors, a PIC controller, conveyor belts, motors and a GSM module. The system automatically identifies empty parking slots and parks cars in a multi-level parking structure. It calculates parking fees based on time and deducts payments automatically. The GSM module allows users to check slot availability via SMS before arriving. The system aims to improve efficiency over traditional parking and reduce congestion.
Advanced Car Parking System with GSM Supported Slot MessengerIOSR Journals
This document describes an advanced car parking system that uses RFID, sensors, a PIC controller, conveyor belts, motors and a GSM module. The system automatically identifies empty parking slots and parks cars in a multi-level parking structure. It calculates parking fees based on time and can send SMS messages with available slot information. The system aims to make parking more efficient and reduce congestion compared to traditional methods. It summarizes the system design, architecture, workflow and concludes the system is a promising solution for modern parking challenges.
This document describes the development of an Advanced Parking Guidance System (APGS) to enable autonomous self-parking and self-retrieving of vehicles. The system uses ultrasonic sensors and a wireless keyfob to guide the vehicle into and out of parking spaces. For self-parking, sensors identify available spaces while cameras and controllers steer the vehicle into the space. For self-retrieving, pressing a button on the keyfob causes the vehicle to track the keyfob's wireless signal and exit the space, stopping if obstacles are detected. The system was tested using a prototype "car-like wheel robot" and achieved autonomous parking and retrieving capabilities.
This document describes a smart parking system created by a group of students that uses cameras and artificial intelligence to manage a parking lot. The system recognizes vehicle numbers using embedded cameras, tracks which space a vehicle parks in, and updates parking information. It can also detect collisions. The system aims to introduce an intelligent parking management solution using technologies like sensors, IOT, and mobile applications to help drivers find available spaces and pay for parking remotely.
IRJET- Fifth Wheel Car Parking MechanismIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed fifth wheel car parking mechanism that aims to simplify and speed up the parallel parking process. The mechanism uses an additional fifth wheel that is controlled by a screw and DC motor to rotate the vehicle into the parking spot. When the driver engages the mechanism, the fifth wheel is lowered to support the vehicle while the screw and first motor lift the rear of the car at an angle, effectively rotating the front of the car into the spot. Then, the second motor moves the fifth wheel back and forth to further adjust the vehicle's position before the fifth wheel is lifted and the car is parked between two other vehicles. The proposed mechanism aims to reduce parking time to 50-60 seconds compared to traditional parallel parking and make
This document describes a coin-operated electric vehicle charger for public use. The charger allows electric vehicles to charge for a set period of time upon insertion of a coin. It is intended to provide charging access for electric vehicle users at locations like parking lots, bus stations, and shopping malls. The charger uses coin detection sensors to recognize valid coins and a microcontroller to power the charging circuit and monitor charging time. It is designed to benefit electric vehicle users who may find themselves with a low battery away from home by allowing convenient on-the-go charging for a low cost.
The document describes a project report submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering. The report discusses the development of a smart parking system using IoT. The system aims to efficiently manage parking facilities and provide an empty parking slot number to users through a mobile app to reduce time spent searching for available spots. It presents the system architecture and implementation details. Experimental results show that the system is able to detect vacant and occupied slots and guide users to available spaces without wasting time.
The document describes a smart parking system project report submitted by Raj Mani M and Vagish V Bhat. The project was done under the guidance of Ms. Navaneetha M at CMR Institute of Technology. The report includes an introduction describing the motivation and objectives of the project, a literature review of related work, requirements specification, system design and implementation details. It also provides the results and testing of the smart parking system developed.
In this paper, a project is described which is a 2-D
modelled version of a car that will learn how to drive itself. It
will have to figure everything out on its own. In addition, to
achieve that the simulator contains a car running
simultaneously &can be controlled by different control
algorithms - heuristic, reinforcement learning-based, etc. For
each dynamic input, the Reinforcement- Learning modifies
new patterns. Ultimately, Reinforcement Learning helps in
maximizing the reward from every state. In this first Part, we
will implement a Reinforcement-Learning model to build an
AI for Self Driving Car. Project will be focusing on the brain
of the car not any graphics. The car will detect obstacles and
take basic actions. To make autonomous car or self-driving
car a reality, some of the factors to be considered are human
safety and quality of life.
IRJET- Automatic Reverse Breaking System for TrolleyIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed automatic reverse braking system for vehicles. The system uses sensors to detect obstacles behind a vehicle in reverse and automatically applies the brakes to prevent collisions. It is meant to address the problem of accidents that occur during reversing due to difficulties detecting objects or careless driving. The system would process sensor data and control the vehicle brakes to maintain a safe distance from any detected objects. It proposes implementing the control logic on an FPGA (field programmable gate array) microcontroller. The goal is to design a reliable automatic braking system that prevents injuries from reversing collisions by quickly detecting obstacles and braking the vehicle.
This document describes an IoT and GSM based smart car parking system developed by four students and supervised by Sayeed Islam. The system uses sensors to detect vehicles and send data on available parking slots to a mobile app and users via SMS. It aims to reduce traffic congestion by allowing users to check parking availability remotely and book slots. The system was implemented using sensors, Raspberry Pi for data processing, a mobile app, and a motor. It provides real-time parking information and booking while allowing user authentication. The students tested various functions like single/multiple bookings and unauthorized access. The proposed low-cost system helps reduce traffic and supports smart cities alongside being cost-effective and real-time.
AN AUTOMATED CAR PARKING SYSTEM BY USING PROGAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERIRJET Journal
This document describes an automated car parking system that uses a programmable logic controller (PLC), proximity sensors, and a human-machine interface (HMI) to help drivers find available parking spaces. The system has sensors to detect empty spaces and sends that information to the PLC. The PLC then displays the available spaces on the HMI screen outside the entrance. When a driver arrives, they can see the available spaces and the gate will open automatically if a space is empty. The system aims to reduce the time spent searching for parking and make the process more convenient overall.
IoT Based Vehicle Parking Smart Slot Availability Detection (VPSSAD)IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed smart vehicle parking system that uses IoT technologies. The system uses sensors like IR sensors to detect available parking spaces. It then sends this data via an ESP8266 module to an Android application. This allows drivers to check available spaces on their phone before arriving. The system aims to reduce issues like traffic from drivers searching for spaces and inefficient parking. It proposes displaying available spaces at the entrance and restricting entry when full to better manage parking allocation. This smart parking system could help address growing parking problems in urban areas caused by increasing vehicle ownership.
This document proposes a smart parking system using IoT that automates parking and payment using sensors, cameras, and an Android application. The system uses ultrasonic sensors and a USB camera with a Raspberry Pi to detect vehicles and read their license plates upon entry and exit. It matches plates to reserved spots in a database to open barriers. Users can reserve spots and pay through the Android app, which also provides parking location and availability. This system aims to reduce congestion from drivers searching for spots by allowing drivers to locate and reserve spaces remotely. It collects usage data that could help parking owners improve operations based on trends. The system is presented as a solution to issues like inefficient parking searches, lack of availability information, and illegal parking.
This document summarizes a smart car parking system project. The goal is to allow cars to reserve parking spots before arriving using sensors to detect vehicle entry and exit and control gates. It works by counting the number of cars and only opening the gate if spots are available. Sensors on each individual spot track parking time and print receipts. The system aims to reduce frustration over finding parking and make more efficient use of space. It provides advantages like security, efficiency and reduced emissions from less time spent searching for spots. There is potential to expand it for wider use and add more features to improve the user experience.
Similar to Automatic Solar Vertical Car Parking (20)
INVESTIGATING THE USE OF IMPEDANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY FOR DETECTING DECREASED BL...Mirza Baig
Literature Review
According to Isabel Morales’ research, the foot impedance plethysmography was carried out with two distinct kinds of electrodes, using 1mA/10kHz and finding the impedance of the foot.
In this study Piuzzi research is an ultimate technique selected that makes use of a current with a frequency of 50 kHz that is injected into the thorax of the subject using a couple of textile electrodes.
In this study of Ramkumar & Babu, blood flow was performed using a fuzzy logic toolbox with many different activities, measured before and after the 25 seconds of breath-holding activity. The plethysmographic waveform of forearm impedance can be used to analyze the changes in a heartbeat that are correlated with the changes in heart stroke volume.
Contribution
In this work we are investigating using multiple electrodes to see the additional data going to make testing easier.
Our research is primarily focusing on the amount of blood flow through the finger of the upper limb for diabetic patients.
Conclusion
The finger-simplified model was created in model geometry. A framework made up of five parts was used to build the finger. (i.e., skin, fat, artery, muscle, and bone)
The study includes COMSOL simulation results compared with experimental results to obtain the optimum parameters for this technique. The COMSOL simulation uses 4 electrodes in different positions with a current of 10mA giving the optimal frequency of 100Hz.
It was shown that multiple electrodes can be useful in obtaining impedance change.
This is useful because signals can not be obtained from one pair, or to further support the results.
The study was performed under normal resting conditions where an experimental procedure was set up to measure the impedance response from the finger.
Experiment results were not conclusive as more sensitive impedance analyzers are required.
This research will be helpful to find out the heartbeat using impedance plethysmography.
Hemodynamic monitor by using IPG TechniqueMirza Baig
Introduction
It’s a non - invasive medical test
NASA developed a technology for calculating cardiac output
For Arteries, blood flow in any area.
Result will be recorded in a Graph.
we use 2 pair of Surface Electrodes.
Technique
It is measured by constant current method.
Blood is a good conductor of electricity, the amount of blood in a given body segment.
Pulsatile blood volume by heart .
Variation in the electrical impedance thus gives adequate information about the blood circulation.
Voltage signal developed along the current.
The amplitude of the signal sensed is directly proportional to the electrical impedance of the body segment.
Amplification & detection of this signal gives instantaneous electrical impedance Z of the body segment.
Wearable biomedical devices
pulse rate monitors
low-cost and small devices
Important design requirements for these systems include miniaturization, robustness and user-friendliness.
These devices have a sensor that monitors minor variations in the intensity of light transmitted through or reflected from the tissue.
Fingerprint Recognition
Fingerprint recognition is one of the oldest and most
researched fields of biometrics.
Some biological principles (Moenssens 1971) related
to fingerprint recognition are as follows:
Individual epidermal ridges and furrows have different characteristics for different fingerprints.
This forms the foundation of fingerprint recognition
The configuration types are individually variable; but they vary within limits that allow for a systematic classification.
Herein lies the basis for fingerprint classification.
The configuration and minute details of furrows are permanent and unchanging.
Power Electronic Devices
The power Electronic devices provides the utility of switching.
The flow of power through these devices can be controlled via small currents.
Power electronics devices differ from ordinary electronics devices in terms of their characteristics.
Power Semiconductor Devices can be classified into three groups according to their degree of controllability.
Diodes (on and off controlled by power circuit)
Thyristors (latched on by control signal but must be turned off by power circuit)
Controllable Switches (turned on and off by control signal)
diode
A p-n junction diode is formed by placing p and n type semiconductor materials in intimate contact on an atomic scale.
TOPICS INCLUDED IN THIS PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION
WHY OPTICAL SENSORS ?
PRINCIPLE OF OPTICAL SENSORS
CLASSIFICATION AND COMPARISON
SOME INTERESTING APPLICATIONS
WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE ?
INTRODUCTION
NEW REVOLUTION OF OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS
IT IS A “SPIN-OFF” FROM OTHER OPTICAL TECHNOLOGIES
SEEING THE POTENTIAL IN SENSING APPLICATIONS – DEVELOPED AS ITS OWN FIELD
WHY OPTICAL SENSORS
ELECTROMAGNETIC IMMUNITY
ELECTRICAL ISOLATION
COMPACT AND LIGHT
BOTH POINT AND DISTRIBUTED CONFIGURATION
WIDE DYNAMIC RANGE
AMENABLE TO MULTIPLEXING
What is Wireshark?
Wireshark is a free and open-source packet analyzer. It is used for network troubleshooting, analysis, software and communication protocol development, and education.
Wireshark perhaps one of the best open source packet analyzer available for Windows and LINX
Some Important Purpose
Network Administrator used for troubleshoot network problem.
Network security engineer used for examine security problem.
Developer used for debug protocol implementation.
People used for learn protocol protocol internals.
Lecture Outline
Introduction to subject
Application Areas
Power Electronic Devices
Power Converters
What is power electronics?
1) Definition
Power Electronics: is the electronics applied to conversion and control of electric power.
Prerequisites
Power electronics incorporates concepts from the fields of
Analog circuits
Electronic devices
Control systems
Power systems
Magnetics
Electric machines
Numerical simulation
Scope
It is not possible to build practical computers, cell phones, personal data devices, cars, airplanes, industrial processes, and other everyday products without power electronics.
Alternative energy systems such as wind generators, solar power, fuel cells, and others require power electronics to function.
Technology advances such as electric and hybrid vehicles, laptop computers, microwave ovens, flat-panel displays, LED lighting, and hundreds of other innovations were not possible until advances in power electronics enabled their implementation.
Although no one can predict the future, it is certain that power electronics will be at the heart of fundamental energy innovations.
Applications: Electric VehicleTesla Model S
Functions of the power electronics:
1. Convert the DC battery voltage to the variable AC required to drive the AC motor
240 V battery
Variable-frequency, variable-voltage AC drives the motor
AC motor propels the rear axle
Up to 330 kW (acceleration)
Up to 60 kW regenerative braking
2. Control charging of the battery
Interface to 240 V 60 Hz 1φ 100 A circuit in garage.
Control AC current waveform to be sinusoidal, unity power factor.
Control charging of battery to maximize life.
Applications: Hybrid VehiclesPrius
Power Electronics Module:
Convert the DC battery voltage to the variable AC required to drive the AC motor.
Includes dc-dc boost converter and dc-3φ ac inverter
Control system can operate in all-electric mode or in hybrid gas+electric mode
Partial-power electronics
Agenda
A shortcut of GNU radio
Hardware platform –USRP
DSP design flow of GNU Radio
Write your own block
Implementation of LPI radio transmission
What ıs GNU Radio
An open source software tool kıt
Support , Linux, Mac OS and wındows
Creatıng sıgnal processıng applıcatıons
Defınıng waveforms I software
Processıng waveform I software
A hardware platform
USRP, unıversal software radıo perıpheral ,low cost HW platform for prepossıng
ADC & DAC
FPGA
USB 2.0ınterface to host PC
A framework for buıldıng radıo transceivers
state space modeling of electrical systemMirza Baig
Introduction
As systems become more complex, representing them with differential equations or transfer functions becomes cumbersome. This is even more true if the system has multiple inputs and outputs. This document introduces the state space method which largely alleviates this problem. The state space representation of a system replaces an nth order differential equation with a single first order matrix differential equation. The state space representation of a system is given by two equations :
The first equation is called the state equation, the second equation is called the output equation. For an nth order system (i.e., it can be represented by an nth order differential equation) with r inputs and m outputs the size of each of the matrices is as follows:
Several features:The state equation has a single first order derivative of the state vector on the left, and the state vector, q(t), and the input u(t) on the right. There are no derivatives on the right hand side.The output equation has the output on the left, and the state vector, q(t), and the input u(t) on the right. There are no derivatives on the right hand side.
q is nx1 (n rows by 1 column)q is called the state vector, it is a function of timeA is nxn; A is the state matrix, a constantB is nxr; B is the input matrix, a constant u is rx1; u is the input, a function of time C is mxn; C is the output matrix, a constant D is mxr; D is the direct transition matrix, a constant y is mx1; y is the output, a function of time
Derivation of of State Space Model (Electrical)
To develop a state space system for an electrical system, they choosing the voltage across capacitors, and current through inductors as state variables. Recall that
so if we can write equations for the voltage across an inductor, it becomes a state equation when we divide by the inductance (i.e., if we have an equation for einductor and divide by L, it becomes an equation for diinductor/dt which is one of our state variable). Likewise if we can write an equation for the current through the capacitor and divide by the capacitance it becomes a state equation for ecapacitor
There are three energy storage elements, so we expect three state equations. Try choosing i1, i2 and e1 as state variables. Now we want equations for their derivatives. The voltage across the inductor L2 is e1 (which is one of our state variables)so our first state variable equation is
This equation has our input (ia) and two state variable (iL2 and iL1) and the current through the capacitor. So from this we can get our second state equation
Our third, and final, state equation we get by writing an equation for the voltage across L1 (which is e2) in terms of our other state variables
references:
http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Representations/SysRepSS.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-space_representation
CONTENTS::
Introduction
Why optical sensor
Working principle
Sensor details
Classification
Comparison between two type
Sensor type
Block diagram
Application
Conclusion
Reference
AUTOMATIC SOLAR VERTICAL CAR PARKING SYSTEMMirza Baig
The project is mainly on embedded systems.
An Embedded system is an electronic/electromechanical system designed to perform a specific function and it is a combination of firmware and hardware.
We had used 8051 Microcontroller
REQUIRES LESS SPACE IN AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING
REDUCES POLLUTION
TRADTIONAL CAR PARKING IS COSTLY PROCESSS
The automatic parking aims to enhance the comfort and safety of driving in constrained environments where much attention and experience is required to steer the car.
Automatic digital-analog impedance plethysmographyMirza Baig
This document describes an automatic digital-analog impedance plethysmography system using venous occlusion plethysmography to identify disease in healthy volunteers. The system uses software, hardware, and an acquisition circuit with tetrapolar electrodes to generate and inject a constant amplitude signal and measure nonlinear potential differences during cuff occlusion testing. Results demonstrated the system could successfully identify disease using venous occlusion plethysmography within 1% tolerance levels.
Automatic digital-analog impedance plethysmographMirza Baig
The document describes an automatic digital-analog impedance plethysmograph that uses electrical impedance to non-invasively measure carotid pulse and blood pressure over the long term. It applies a small device with two electrode pairs around the neck of 6 volunteers to continuously monitor impedance variations at 50Hz, optimizing measurement of carotid pulse for long term cardiac and vascular health monitoring.
Wearable Belt With Built-In Textile Electrodes for Cardio—Respiratory Monitor...Mirza Baig
abstract:
Respiratory and cardiac signal
Low cost
Easy to operate
Wireless
Easily separated
Material and Method:
Peak amplitude is about 0.5mA and RMS amplitude approx.. 0.35mA
Limit of patient maximum current is 5mA and 50kHz
Voltage is picking up by the thorax surface.
Studying Peripheral Vascular Pulse Wave Velocity Using Bioimpedance Plethysmo...Mirza Baig
Pulse wave velocity from the radial artery in the wrist to the middle finger
Electro cardio graph combine with bio impedance method
Temporary blockage of blood flow didn’t make major changes
This presentation is about Food Delivery Systems and how they are developed using the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and other methods. It explains the steps involved in creating a food delivery app, from planning and designing to testing and launching. The slide also covers different tools and technologies used to make these systems work efficiently.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
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towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
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Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
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Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
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Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
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Automatic Solar Vertical Car Parking
1. - Page 1
Final Year Project Report
B.S. Mechatronics Technology, Batch 2015-B
AUTOMATIC SOLAR VERICAL CAR PARKING
SYSTEM
Project supervisor: Engr. Asma Katiar
Submitted by
Mirza Taimoor Sultan Baig - 1444-2015 (Group Leader)
Yafat Nadeem - 1584-2015
M.Talha Imran - 2022-2015
Khizar Shahzad - 1854-2015
Group No. 6
Department of Sciences & Technologies Indus University, Karachi.
Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology (FEST)
Plot # ST-2D, block-17, Gulshan-e-Iqbal
JUNE 2019
2. - Page 2
INDUS UNIVERSITY
Plot # ST-2D, block-17, Gulshan-e-Iqbal
Tel: (021) 111-400-300, Email: info@indus.edu.pk
www.indus.edu.pk
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the final year project “Automatic Solar Vertical Car
Parking System ” of B.S Mechatronic Technology Batch 2015-B by the
following students is submitted to the Department of Engineering, Science and
Technology, Indus University, Karachi, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the degree of B.S in Mechatronic Technology.
_______________________
Dr. Engr. Zahid Ali
Chairperson
Department of Science &Technology
Indus University, Karachi
3. - Page 3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the ever merciful
We would like to express our profound and sincere gratitude to our project
supervisor, Engr. Asma Katiar , and internal advisor: Engr. Asma Katiar, for
their constant and valuable guidance, inspiration, forbearance and keen
interest during this project work.
.
We are highly thankful to all of them including Dean Prof. Dr. Engr. Syed
Hyder Abbas Musavi, Chairperson Department of Science and Technology Dr.
Engr. Zahid Ali and all the members of FYP Committee.
Finally, we would like to acknowledge the immeasurable contribution of our
parents, without their constant inspiration and comradeship this work would
never have been over. After completion of this project we can confidently say
that this experience has not only enriched us with technical knowledge but
also enhanced the maturity of thoughts and vision.
4. - Page 4
ABSTRACT
This projectdeals with manufactureof a Prototype of Automatic Solar Vertical
Car Parking System. This system has been implemented to reduce the excess
use the land space which is already very scarce in metro cities . Differenttypes
of vehicle parking are applied worldwide namely Multi-Level Automated Car
Parking , Automated Car Parking System and Rotary Car Parking System. The
PresentProject work is aimed to develop a scale down working model of a car
parking system of parking cars within a large parking area. The pallet rotation
mechanism is used for driving the parking platform. This total prototype
powered by Solar energy and D.C Motor. We can generated the energy
through the solar panel and stores energy into battery and give energy to
motor . When the car comes to Platform then user Punch is finger on Finger
Module and incase if user aren’t able to do car park maybe other person can
come to park a car it can use the pin no. to park a car , respectively comeback
to platform and carry the car. Then the Pallet start and new space will be
adjust for new car.
5. - Page 5
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 ............................………….………………………..………..…………..……10
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 10
1.0 Introduction..........................................................................................11
1.1 Motivation ……………………………….......................................................... 11
1.2 Background ...........................................................................................12
1.3 Problem Discussion .............................................................................. 12
1.4 Applications .......................................................................................... 13
1.4.1 Commercial Areas .............................................................................. 13
Chapter 2………………………………………………………..………………………..…………. 14
DESIGN OBJECTIVES……………………..…………………….…………………………….…14
2.0 Scope of the Project………………………………..……………………….…………………15
2.1 Aims and Objectives…………………………….………………………….……………….…15
Chapter 3 ............................................................................................. 16
REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................16
3.0 Literature Review.................................................................................. 17
3.0.1Solar Energy………………………………………………………….…………….….……17
3.0.2 Solar Panel...................................................................................... 18
3.0.3 ChargeController ........................................................................... 18
3.0.4 Battery ………………………………………………………………………..…….……….19
3.0.4.1 Battery life time …………………………………………………………..….………..20
3.0.4.2Types of chargebattery……………………………………..…………………..….20
3.0.4.3Charge/DischargeSpeed…………………………………………..……..………..21
6. - Page 6
3.0.4.4 Over Charging………………………………………………………………………..….21
3.0.4.5 Storage……………………………………………………………………………….…..21
3.0.4.6 Capacity and Discharging…………………………………………………….……21
3.1 DC Motor……………………………….………………………………………………..………..23
3.2 Arduino UNO……………………………………………………………………………………..24
3.3 Microcontrollers – 8051……………………………………………………….…………….25
3.3.1 Microcontrollers - 8051 Pin Configuration……………………………………25
3.3.2 Microcontrollers 8051 InputOutputPorts……………………………………27
3.3.2.1 InputConfiguration………………………………………………………….……27
3.3.2.2 OutputConfiguration…………………………………………….……………..27
3.3.2.3Pins CurrentLimitations…………………………………………….……………28
3.4 IRSensor…………………………………………………………………………………….……..28
3.4.1 IRSensor CircuitDiagram………………………………………………………..…..29
3.5 Seven Segment Display……………………………………………………………………...30
3.5.1 Common Cathode Display and Driving a 7-segmentDisplay………..30
3.6 Hardwareand softwarelist…………….………………………………………………….32
3.6.1 Hardwarelist………………………………………………………………………………32
3.6.2 Softwarelist………………………………………………………………………………..32
CHAPTER 4……………………………………………………………………………………………33
TEST RESULT…………………………………………………………………………………………33
4.1 TesT Result………………………………………………………………………………………...34
CHAPTER 5…………………………………….……………………………………………………35
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS……………………………………………………………………….…35
5.0 HardwareCost……………………………………………………………………………….…36
9. - Page 9
Automatic Solar Vertical Car Parking System. This system has been implemented
to reduce the excess use the land space which is already very scarce in metro cities.
Different types of vehicle parking are applied worldwide namely Multi-Level
Automated Car Parking, Automated Car Parking System and Rotary Car Parking
System. The Present Project work is aimed to develop a scale down working model
of a car parking system of parking cars within a large parking area. The pallet
rotation mechanism is used for driving the parking platform. This total prototype
powered by solar energy and D.C Motor. We can generated the energy through the
solar panel and stores energy into battery and give energy to motor. When the car
comes to Platform then user Punch is finger on Finger Module and incase if user
aren’t able to do car park maybe other person can come to park a car it can use the
pin no. to park a car , respectively comeback to platform and carry the car. Then
the Pallet start and new space will be adjusted for new car.
The project is mainly on embedded systems. An Embedded system is an
electronic/mechatronical system designed to perform a specific function and it is a
combination of firmware and hardware. We had used 8051 Microcontroller for
controlling the motor and also for other various task such as pin and finger module
system. It consume area, we can park 8 cars in 1 car place and also generate
energy.
1.1 MOTIVATION
The main aim of this project to control the traffic issue in this mega city we give
facilities to people to park there vehicle in vertical space. People park their vehicle
everywhere where they want and government doesn’t take this serious issue
because of lack of space and they doesn’t provide better place to public to park
their vehicle so that why we are focusing on how we manage parking in small area
and also generate renewable energy with solar for this parking system.
A simple project in Pakistan and used to perform various tasks on the archive, the
world got their goals.
1.2 BACKGROUND
10. - Page 10
Automated car parking system refers to a mechanical system devised to park a
large number of cars in minimum space available. The APS transports cars from
one parking space to another, mechanically, without requiring a driver. An APS
structure basically stacks cars vertically in levels to eliminate the need for large
land spaces. Let’s go through the history of Automated Parking System.
The first Automatic Vertical Car Parking System was first introduced in 1905 in
Paris, France at the Garage Rue de Ponthieu. It is a multi-story car parking system,
it store 100 cars at a time. The necessity for automated parking system works on
the basis of one’s need for a space to park and the undersupply of it.
APS continued a steady increase in other parts of the world, such as Korea, Japan
and parts of Europe. Technically advanced automated parking systems were
installed in Europe, Asia, Central America and Japan. Its most enthusiastic
adoption was seen in Japan. In the early 1990s, Japan was constructing nearly
40,000 parking spaces annually using the paternoster APS. By the late 1990s,
Japan was producing more than 100,000 automated parking spaces per year to
accommodate the rapid increase in motorization driven by a growing economy and
consumerism. Today Japan has an estimated 1.6 million APS.
1.3 PROBLEM DISCUSSION
Parking plays an important role in mobility, access and the economic development
of cities at the same time; it is a profitable business for both the private and public
sectors. The car parking market is a sector of the economy that has increased in
importance as the market for cars has grown. Cars have become a fundamental
element of journey mobility and, in consequence, parking has as well. The car-
parking sector has always been of great importance in terms of urban mobility,
since it is a Fundamental element in achieving a high level of accessibility in the
city centers. In fact, many businesses and municipalities see an adequate supply of
parking, especially for visitors, as crucial for their competitive growth.
As the number of cars increases, with no initiatives and alternatives to combat the
current scenario, many problems arise especially to the limited number of parking
lot. This can give a significant effect, especially to commercial property. Parking
issues come from the public behavior itself. The public come to the market and
simply park their vehicle anywhere and everywhere they wan
1.4 APPLICATION
11. - Page 11
By virtue of their relatively smaller volume and mechanized parking systems, APS
are often used in locations where a multi-story parking garage would be too large,
too costly or impractical. Examples of such applications include, under or inside
existing or new structures, between existing structures and in irregularly shaped
areas. APS can also be applied in situations similar to multi-story parking garages
such as freestanding above ground, under buildings above grade and under
buildings below grade.
This Parking system is fully Mechatronic system which can be installed in
everywhere where you want specially traffic areas it can parked your vehicles in
vertically position and it fully secure no one can steal your vehicle through it, in
which generate renewable energy for running this system through a Solar Panels .
1.4.1 COMMERCIAL AREAS
It can be install near building, hospitals, office etc. and consume land saves from
traffic. It is less pollutant system, save time and money and secures your car from
damage and also from steal. It is speedy system, moves smoothly, not noisy, It can
be constructed and implemented in any Commercial areas.
13. - Page 13
Scope of this project making Parking management systems helpful for people find
parking spots quickly and provide necessary guidelines to make the whole process
smooth, reducing frustration and enhancing the visitor experience. Parking
management systems comprise traveler information systems, real-time vehicle
counting, and real-time parking guidance display.
Nowadays parking is very important and hence it is necessary for every vehicle
owner to park his or her car in a secure designated parking slot available. To
escalate this particular system various parking owners have integrated themselves
with sophisticated parking control systems, which are high tech and offers full-
fledged parking services.
We do agree that such enhance level of parking system will definitely land up with
a huge expense, but certainly it will make a radical step to stop theft and improvise
security, by installing parking system.
2.1 AIMS & OBJECTIVE
The main aim of the project is to implement automatic car parking system. The
research is to assess the available parking spaces whether it is sufficient, safe and
comfortable. These are objective are mentions below:
The parking systems are providing in markets areas. The issues are to see the
supply and demand parking space provided.
To assess the parking parameter such as duration, occupancy and adequacy
of Parking.
To recommend to Government to improvement of parking facilities at
commercial areas.
Achieve a broader mix of uses within a finer grain of development,
incorporating a high standard of design
Promote a higher density of development leading to a greater intensity of
activity supporting and supported by high quality public transport.
Reduce the influence of the car in the design and layout of the area.
15. - Page 15
Fig3.1
3.0.1 Solar Energy
Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the Sun that has been exploiting by
humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar
radiation along with secondary solar resources, such as wind and wave power,
hydroelectricity and biomass account for most of the available renewable energy
on Earth. Only a little fraction of the available solar energy is used. Solar energy
refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends. However, all
renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the
Seven
segment
display
DC Motor
Micro-Controller
IR Sensor
Keypad
Circular
Platform
16. - Page 16
sun. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active
depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight. Active solar
techniques use photovoltaic panels, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful
outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable
thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the
position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of
energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar
technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered
demand side technologies.
3.0.2 Solar Panel
Solar panel refers either to a photovoltaic module, a solar thermal energy panel, or
to a set of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules electrically connected and mounted on
a supporting structure. A PV module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar
cells. Solar panels can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to
generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications.
Everywhere Flat Solar panel is normally used, but to increase the efficiency of
panel we make the parabolic shape Solar panel, which is more efficient as compare
to Flat solar panel.
3.0.3 Charge Controller
A charge controller limits the rate at which electric current is added to or
drawn from electric batteries. It prevents overcharging and may protect
against overvoltage, which can reduce battery performance or lifespan, and
may pose a safety risk. It may also prevent completely draining ("deep
discharging") a battery, or perform controlled discharges, depending on the
battery technology, to protect battery life. Either the terms “charge controller”
or “charge regulator” may refer to a stand-alone device, or to control circuitry
integrated within a battery pack, battery-powered device, or battery recharger.
Solar energy charge controllers are in charge. A solar panel pumps electricity
into a battery that stores it. But the solar panel has no control over how much
it does or how the battery receives it. A solar panel just performs under the
parameters upon which it was built. It’s the charge controller, sometimes
called a charge regulator that is positioned between the solar panel and the
17. - Page 17
battery that regulates the voltage and the current and essentially halts charging
activity temporally when necessary.
Fig3.2
3.0.4 Battery
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that
convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell contains a positive
terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to
move between the electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow out of the
battery to perform work.
Imagine a world where everything that used electricity had to be plugged in.
Flashlights, hearing aids, cell phones and other portable devices would be tethered
to electrical outlets, rendering them awkward and cumbersome. Cars couldn't be
started with the simple turn of a key; a strenuous cranking would be required to get
the pistons moving. Wires would be strung everywhere, creating a safety hazard
and an unsightly mess. Thankfully, batteries provide us with a mobile source of
power that makes many modern conveniences possible.
While there are many different types of batteries, the basic concept by which they
function remains the same. When a device is connected to a battery, a reaction
occurs that produces electrical energy. This is known as an electrochemical
reaction. Italian physicist Count Alessandro Volta first discovered this process in
18. - Page 18
1799 when he created a simple battery from metal plates and brine-soaked
cardboard or paper. Since then, scientists have greatly improved upon Volta's
original design to create batteries made from a variety of materials that come in a
multitude of sizes.
Today, batteries are all around us. The power our wrist watches for months at a
time. They keep our alarm clocks and telephones working, even if the electricity
goes out. They run our smoke detectors, electric razors, power drills, mp3 players,
thermostats and the list goes on. If you're reading this on your laptop or smart
phone, you may even be using batteries right now! However, because these
portable power packs are so prevalent, it is very easy to take them for granted.
3.0.4.1 Battery Life Time
Available capacity of all batteries drops with decreasing temperature. In contrast to
most of today's batteries, the Zamboni pile, invented in 1812, offers a very long
service life without refurbishment or recharge, although it supplies current only in
the Nano-amp range. To increase the battery’s life, there is a new solution i.e. the
ACBP charge controller. ACBP charge controller connects before the battery to
save battery’s life. ACBP charge controller control the voltage as well as current.
PWM charge controller controls only voltage and MPPT charge controller controls
the voltage and gives maximum current to the battery, but we know that the dry
cell and gel cell batteries requires some constant current not maximum current.
ACBP gives current with respect to the requirement of the battery. So ACBP
charge controller is good for battery’s life, also increase the life of battery.
3.0.4.2 Types of charge battery:
1, MPPT charge controller
2. PWM charge controller
Charge controller has these two types, but we introduce one new charge controller,
i-e.
3. ACBP charge controller
3.0.4.3 Charge/Discharge Speed:
19. - Page 19
Fast charging increases components charges, shortening battery lifespan.
3.0.4.4 Over Charging:
If a charger detect when the battery is fully charged then over charging is likely,
damaging it. Different types of battery required different amperage, so to increase
the battery life and to save the batteries use only ACBP charge controller.
ACBP charge controller prevents the overcharging and save the battery’s life.
3.0.4.2 Storage
Battery life can be extended by storing the batteries at a low temperature, as in a
refrigerator or freezer, which slows the side reactions. Such storage can extend the
life of alkaline batteries by about 5%; rechargeable batteries can hold their charge
much longer, depending upon type. To reach their maximum voltage, batteries
must be returned to room temperature; discharging an alkaline battery at 250 mA at
0 °C is only half as efficient as at 20 °C. Alkaline battery manufacturers such as
Duracell do not recommend refrigerating batteries.
3.0.4.3 Capacity and Discharging
A battery's capacity is the amount of electric charge it can deliver at the rated
voltage. The more electrode material contained in the cell the greater its capacity.
A small cell has less capacity than a larger cell with the same chemistry, although
they develop the same open-circuit voltage. Capacity is measured in units such as
amp-hour (A•h).
The rated capacity of a battery is usually expressed as the product of 20 hours
multiplied by the current that a new battery can consistently supply for 20 hours at
68 °F (20 °C), while remaining above a specified terminal voltage per cell. For
example, a battery rated at 100 A•h can deliver 5 A over a 20-hour period at room
temperature.
The fraction of the stored charge that a battery can deliver depends on multiple
factors, including battery chemistry, the rate at which the charge is delivered
(current), the required terminal voltage, the storage period, ambient temperature
and other factors.
20. - Page 20
The higher the discharge rate, the lower the capacity. The relationship between
current, discharge time and capacity for a lead acid battery is approximated (over a
typical range of current values) by Phuket’s law:
where
Qp is the capacity when discharged at a rate of 1 amp.
I is the current drawn from battery (A).
t is the amount of time (in hours) that a battery can sustain. k is a constant around
1.3.
Batteries that are stored for a long period or that are discharged at a small fraction
of the capacity lose capacity due to the presence of generally irreversible side
reactions that consume charge carriers without producing current. This
phenomenon is known as internal self-discharge. Further, when batteries are
recharged, additional side reactions can occur, reducing capacity for subsequent
discharges. After enough recharges, in essence all capacity is lost and the battery
stops producing power.
Internal energy losses and limitations on the rate that ions pass through the
electrolyte cause battery efficiency to vary. Above a minimum threshold,
discharging at a low rate delivers more of the battery's capacity than at a higher
rate.
Installing batteries with varying A•h ratings does not affect device operation
(although it may affect the operation interval) rated for a specific voltage unless
load limits are exceeded. High-drain loads such as digital cameras can reduce total
capacity, as happens with alkaline batteries. For example, a battery rated at 2000
mAh for a 10- or 20-hour discharge would not sustain a current of 1 A for a full
two hours as its stated capacity implies.
21. - Page 21
Fig 3.3
3.1 DC Motor
A DC motor is an internally commutated electric motor designed to be run from a
direct current power source. Brushed motors were the first commercially important
application of electric power to driving mechanical energy, and DC distribution
systems were used for more than 100 years to operate motors in commercial and
industrial buildings. Brushed DC motors can be varied in speed by changing the
operating voltage or the strength of the magnetic field. Depending on the
connections of the field to the power supply, the speed and torque characteristics of
a brushed motor can be altered to provide steady speed or speed inversely
proportional to the mechanical load. Brushed motors continue to be used for
electrical propulsion, cranes, paper machines and steel rolling mills. Since the
brushes wear down and require replacement, brushless DC motors using power
electronic devices have displaced brushed motors from many applications.
Fig 3.4
22. - Page 22
3.2 Arduino UNO
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet).
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6
analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an
ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with
a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all preceding
boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it
features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-
to-serial converter. Revision 2 of the Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2
HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode. Revision 3 of the
board has e following new features: • 1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are
near to the AREF pin and two other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the
IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In
future, shields will be compatible both with the board that use the AVR, which
operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate with 3.3V. The second one
is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes. Stronger RESET
circuit. • Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2. "Uno" means one in Italian and is named
to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the
reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of
USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a
comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.
Fig 3.5
23. - Page 23
3.3 Microcontrollers – 8051
8051 microcontroller is designed by Intel in 1981. It is an 8-bit microcontroller. It
is built with 40 pins DIP (dual inline package), 4kb of ROM storage and 128 bytes
of RAM storage, 2 16-bit timers. It consists of are four parallel 8-bit ports, which
are programmable as well as addressable as per the requirement. An on-chip
crystal oscillator is integrated in the microcontroller having crystal frequency of
12MHz.Let us now discuss the architecture of 8051 Microcontroller.
In the following diagram, the system bus connects all the support devices to the
CPU. The system bus consists of an 8-bit data bus, a 16-bit address bus and bus
control signals. All other devices like program memory, ports, data memory, serial
interface, interrupt control, timers, and the CPU are all interfaced together through
the system bus.
Fig 3.6
3.3.1 Microcontrollers - 8051 Pin Configuration
The pin Fig 3.7 of 8051 microcontroller looks as follows
24. - Page 24
Fig 3.7
Pins 1 to 8 − These pins are known as Port 1. This port doesn’t serve any
other functions. It is internally pulled up, bi-directional I/O port.
Pin 9 − It is a RESET pin, which is used to reset the microcontroller to its
initial values.
Pins 10 to 17 − These pins are known as Port 3. This port serves some
functions like interrupts, timer input, control signals, serial communication
signals RxD and TxD, etc.
Pins 18 & 19 − These pins are used for interfacing an external crystal to get
the system clock.
Pin 20 − This pin provides the power supply to the circuit.
Pins 21 to 28 − These pins are known as Port 2. It serves as I/O port. Higher
order address bus signals are also multiplexed using this port
Pin 29 − This is PSEN pin which stands for Program Store Enable. It is used
to read a signal from the external program memory.
Pin 30 − This is EA pin which stands for External Access input. It is used to
enable/disable the external memory interfacing.
Pin 31 − This is ALE pin which stands for Address Latch Enable. It is used
to demultiplex the address-data signal of port.
Pins 32 to 39 − These pins are known as Port 0. It serves as I/O port. Lower
order address and data bus signals are multiplexed using this port.
Pin 40 − This pin is used to provide power supply to the circuit.
25. - Page 25
3.3.2 Microcontrollers 8051 Input Output Ports
8051 microcontrollers have 4 I/O ports each of 8-bit, which can be
configured as input or output. Hence, total 32 input/output pins allow the
microcontroller to be connected with the peripheral devices.
Pin configuration, i.e. the pin can be configured as 1 for input and 0 for
output as per the logic state:
Input/Output (I/O) pin − All the circuits within the
microcontroller must be connected to one of its pins except P0
port because it does not have pull-up resistors built-in.
Input pin − Logic 1 is applied to a bit of the P register. The
output FE transistor is turned off and the other pin remains
connected to the power supply voltage over a pull-up resistor of
high resistance.
Port 0 − The P0 (zero) port is characterized by two functions:
Input/Output (I/O) pin − All the circuits within the microcontroller
must be connected to one of its pins except P0 port because it does
not have pull-up resistors built-in.
Input pin − Logic 1 is applied to a bit of the P register. The output FE
transistor is turned off and the other pin remains connected to the
power supply voltage over a pull-up resistor of high resistance.
3.3.2.1 Input Configuration
If any pin of this port is configured as an input, then it acts as if it “floats”, i.e. the
input has unlimited input resistance and in-determined potential.
3.3.2.2 Output Configuration
When the pin is configured as an output, then it acts as an “open drain”. By
applying logic 0 to a port bit, the appropriate pin will be connected to ground (0V),
and applying logic 1, the external output will keep on “floating”.
26. - Page 26
In order to apply logic 1 (5V) on this output pin, it is necessary to build an external
pull-up resistor.
Port 1
P1 is a true I/O port as it doesn’t have any alternative functions as in P0, but this
port can be configured as general I/O only. It has a built-in pull-up resistor and is
completely compatible with TTL circuits.
Port 2
P2 is similar to P0 when the external memory is used. Pins of this port occupy
addresses intended for the external memory chip. This port can be used for higher
address byte with addresses A8-A15. When no memory is added then this port can
be used as a general input/output port similar to Port 1.
Port 3
In this port, functions are similar to other ports except that the logic 1 must be
applied to appropriate bit of the P3 register.
3.3.2.3Pins Current Limitations
When pins are configured as an output (i.e. logic 0), then the single port pins
can receive a current of 10mA.
When these pins are configured as inputs (i.e. logic 1), then built-in pull-up
resistors provide very weak current, but can activate up to 4 TTL inputs of
LS series.
If all 8 bits of a port are active, then the total current must be limited to
15mA (port P0: 26mA).
If all ports (32 bits) are active, then the total maximum current must be
limited to 71mA.
3.4 IR Sensor
An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects
of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as
detects the motion.These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather
than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor. Usually in the infrared
27. - Page 27
spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations. These types of
radiations are invisible to our eyes, that can be detected by an infrared sensor.The
emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an
IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted
by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, The resistances and these
output voltages, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.
Fig 3.8
3.4.1 IR Sensor Circuit Diagram
An infrared sensor circuit is one of the basic and popular sensor module in an
electronic device. This sensor is analogous to human’s visionary senses, which can
be used to detect obstacles and it is one of the common applications in real
time.This circuit comprises of the following components.
Fig 3.9
28. - Page 28
LM358 IC 2 IR transmitter and receiver pair
Resistors of the range of kilo ohms.
Variable resistors.
LED (Light Emitting Diode)
3.5 Seven Segment Display
The emission of these photons occurs when the diode junction is forward biased by
an external voltage allowing current to flow across its junction, and in Electronics
we call this process electroluminescence. The actual color of the visible light
emitted by an LED, ranging from blue to red to orange, is decided by the spectral
wavelength of the emitted light which itself is dependent upon the mixture of the
various impurities added to the semiconductor materials used to produce it. Light
emitting diodes have many advantages over traditional bulbs and lamps, with the
main ones being their small size, long life, various colours, cheapness and are
readily available, as well as being easy to interface with various other electronic
components and digital circuits.
But the main advantage of light emitting
diodes is that because of their small die
size, several of them can be connected
together within one small and compact
package producing what is generally
called a 7-segment Display.
Fig 3.10
3.5.1 Common Cathode Display and Driving a 7-
segment Display
In general, common anode displays are more popular as many logic circuits can
sink more current than they can source. Also note that a common cathode display
is not a direct replacement in a circuit for a common anode display and vice versa,
as it is the same as connecting the LEDs in reverse, and hence light emission will
not take place.Depending upon the decimal digit to be displayed, the particular set
of LEDs is forward biased. For instance, to display the numerical digit 0, we will
need to light up six of the LED segments corresponding to a, b, c, d, e and f. Thus
29. - Page 29
the various digits from 0 through 9 can be displayed using a 7-segment display as
shown fig 3.11
Fig 3.11
Most digital equipment use 7-segment Displays for converting digital signals into a
form that can be displayed and understood by the user. This information is often
numerical data in the form of numbers, characters and symbols. Common anode
and common cathode seven-segment displays produce the required number by
illuminating the individual segments in various combinations. LED based 7-
segment displays are very popular amongst Electronics hobbyists as they are easy
to use and easy to understand. In most practical applications, 7-segment displays
are driven by a suitable decoder/driver IC such as the CMOS 4511 or TTL 7447
from a 4-bit BCD input. Today, LED based 7-segment displays have been largely
replaced by liquid crystal displays (LCDs) which consume less current.
30. - Page 30
3.6 Hardware and software list
3.6.1 The hardware used is listed below:
DC Motor
Motor Driver circuit
Battery
Arduino UNO
Solar Panel
PWM
Keypad
LCD
Mechanical Structure (Chassis)
3.6.2 The Software used is listed below:
Arduino
Proteus
32. - Page 32
4.0Test Result:
The resuly of our testing yield the following results,
To speed of 35-50 RPM
Run time 12-15 hour on single charge
Charging time taking 18-22 hours
37. - Page 37
Conclusion:
Automatic car parking is one of the most important factor in traffic area,
multiplex, apartment ,mall etc. car parking system that is discussed here is
automated without human being that mean if the driver leave at the starting of the
system the elevator park the car.
We have to use the equipment’s of micro-controller, infrared transmitter and
receiver for each and every parking slot IR receiver should be connected with the
micro-controller.
DC motor play a vital role in the system for lifting the car and display.
Automatic car parking is very useful in this modern world where finding a small
place have become a big problem.
Important factor in traffic areas
Automated without human being
Stepper motor plays a vital role
Seven segment display is used at every floor
Sensors are used for sensing the car.
39. - Page 39
7.0 Future Improvement
The aim of this research service is to provide a strategic overview of the parking
industry and its stakeholders in Europeand North America. The study analyses the
key operational strategies of parking operators, parking app providers, automakers
and their implications on mobility integration. An attempt has been made to
understand the major parking operators' and parking app providers' operational
business models in Europe and North America. The study also entails the major
parking technologies used in the area of ticketing, vehicle number plate
recognition, and parking space availability. It draws a comparison of the
conventional and modern parking industry, which is now considered as a
significant entity of mobility in cities.
7.2 Executive Summary—Key Findings
1. Early stage growth opportunities will attract X new start-ups in the parking
industry providing real-time parking applications with investments ranging from
$X to $X million in the next X toX years.
2. More than X global automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are
expected to be associated in strategic alliances by 2020 via partnerships with
parking operators, app providers, standalone, via car sharing, or all of the above.
3. The parking industry is expected to be more connected and integrated with
trends and technologies such as M2M (Machine-to-Machine), IoT (Internet of
Things), LBS (Location-Based Services), cloud-based services, and mobile-based
applications.
4. The automotive industry is expected to congregate and include real-time parking
information assistance along with in-vehicle communications, telematics,
navigation, and infotainment services.
5. Over the next decade, the majority of parking lot navigation and transactions
will migrate toward the smartphone or autonomous in-car meter, slowly relieving
the city streets of expensive and costly payment machines.
6. The future parking industry will have the proliferation of services hosted on
cloud computing, mobile, personal, local, and social media. Smart parking
initiatives will be enhanced with street-level-to-cloud network and data analysis
applications.
41. - Page 41
8.0 References
I. How car parking system works.
II. Shannon Saunders McDonald “Automated Parking Saves Space in Tight
places
III. Parking systems http://www.directpark.de
IV. Microcontrollers http://www.nxp.com
V. www.seminarsonly.com
VI. www.101seminartopics.com
VII. www.parking images.com
VIII. https://arduining.com/2012/10/13/arduino-parking-lot-filled/
IX. https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/KaustubhAgarwal/smart-parking-bdfa99
X. https://www.instructables.com/id/Rotary-Car-Parking-System/
XI. https://www.robotsthenextspeciesonearth.com/p/blog-page_38.html
XII. https://arduining.com/2012/10/13/arduino-parking-lot-filled/
XIII. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313667380_Smart_Parking_Syste
m_Student_Activity_Project
XIV. http://ijirt.org/master/publishedpaper/IJIRT143494_PAPER.pdf
XV. http://www.iraj.in/journal/journal_file/journal_pdf/12-237-145898585349-
51.pdf
8.1 APPENDIX
MAIN:
#include <Keypad.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2Clcd(0x27, 2, 1, 0, 4, 5, 6, 7, 3, POSITIVE); //Set the LCD I2C
address
constbyte ROWS = 4; //four rows
constbyte COLS = 4; //four columns
char keys[ROWS][COLS] ={
42. - Page 42
{'1','2','3','A'},
{'4','5','6','B'},
{'7','8','9','C'},
{'*','0','#','D'}
};
byte rowPins[ROWS] ={9, 8, 7, 6}; //connect to the row pinouts of the keypad
byte colPins[COLS] ={5, 4, 3, 2}; //connect to the column pinouts of the keypad
Keypad keypad = Keypad( makeKeymap(keys), rowPins, colPins, ROWS,COLS );
constint m = 0;
constint L1 = 11;
constint L2 = 12;
constint L3 = 13;
constint L4 = A0;
constint L5 = A1;
constint L6 = A2;
constint L7 = A3;
constint L8 = 10;
int logic1 = 0;
int logic2 = 0;
int logic3 = 0;
int logic4 = 0;
int logic5 = 0;
int logic6 = 0;
int logic7 = 0;
62. - Page 62
Serial.println("Welcometo vertical car Parking n");
Serial.println("PressENTERFor 1 and Exit For 3 n");
delay (500);
car:
key = keypad.getKey();
if (key == '1')
{
Serial.print("PleaseChooseYour Floor n ");
Serial.print("n n n ");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(3,0);
lcd.print("ChooseFloor");
delay(500);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("1 for GF");
lcd.setCursor(10,0);
lcd.print("2 for 1F");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("3 for 2F");
lcd.setCursor(10,1);
lcd.print("4 for 3F");
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("5 for 4F");
63. - Page 63
lcd.setCursor(10,2);
lcd.print("6 for 5F");
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("7 for 6F");
lcd.setCursor(10,3);
lcd.print("8 for 7F");
delay(500);
FTG();
}
else if (key == '3')
{
lcd.clear();
Serial.println("Car exit n");
Serial.print("n n n ");
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("PleaseEnter a Floor");
exi();
}
else
{
goto car;
}
}