optical sensor
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CONTENTS:: Introduction Why optical sensor Working principle Sensor details Classification Comparison between two type Sensor type Block diagram Application Conclusion Reference
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INVESTIGATING THE USE OF IMPEDANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY FOR DETECTING DECREASED BL...
Literature Review
According to Isabel Morales’ research, the foot impedance plethysmography was carried out with two distinct kinds of electrodes, using 1mA/10kHz and finding the impedance of the foot.
In this study Piuzzi research is an ultimate technique selected that makes use of a current with a frequency of 50 kHz that is injected into the thorax of the subject using a couple of textile electrodes.
In this study of Ramkumar & Babu, blood flow was performed using a fuzzy logic toolbox with many different activities, measured before and after the 25 seconds of breath-holding activity. The plethysmographic waveform of forearm impedance can be used to analyze the changes in a heartbeat that are correlated with the changes in heart stroke volume.
Contribution
In this work we are investigating using multiple electrodes to see the additional data going to make testing easier.
Our research is primarily focusing on the amount of blood flow through the finger of the upper limb for diabetic patients.
Conclusion
The finger-simplified model was created in model geometry. A framework made up of five parts was used to build the finger. (i.e., skin, fat, artery, muscle, and bone)
The study includes COMSOL simulation results compared with experimental results to obtain the optimum parameters for this technique. The COMSOL simulation uses 4 electrodes in different positions with a current of 10mA giving the optimal frequency of 100Hz.
It was shown that multiple electrodes can be useful in obtaining impedance change.
This is useful because signals can not be obtained from one pair, or to further support the results.
The study was performed under normal resting conditions where an experimental procedure was set up to measure the impedance response from the finger.
Experiment results were not conclusive as more sensitive impedance analyzers are required.
This research will be helpful to find out the heartbeat using impedance plethysmography.
Hemodynamic monitor by using IPG Technique
Introduction
It’s a non - invasive medical test
NASA developed a technology for calculating cardiac output
For Arteries, blood flow in any area.
Result will be recorded in a Graph.
we use 2 pair of Surface Electrodes.
Technique
It is measured by constant current method.
Blood is a good conductor of electricity, the amount of blood in a given body segment.
Pulsatile blood volume by heart .
Variation in the electrical impedance thus gives adequate information about the blood circulation.
Voltage signal developed along the current.
The amplitude of the signal sensed is directly proportional to the electrical impedance of the body segment.
Amplification & detection of this signal gives instantaneous electrical impedance Z of the body segment.
BIOMEDICAL SENSORS.pptx
Wearable biomedical devices
pulse rate monitors
low-cost and small devices
Important design requirements for these systems include miniaturization, robustness and user-friendliness.
These devices have a sensor that monitors minor variations in the intensity of light transmitted through or reflected from the tissue.
Fingerprint Recognition
Fingerprint Recognition
Fingerprint recognition is one of the oldest and most
researched fields of biometrics.
Some biological principles (Moenssens 1971) related
to fingerprint recognition are as follows:
Individual epidermal ridges and furrows have different characteristics for different fingerprints.
This forms the foundation of fingerprint recognition
The configuration types are individually variable; but they vary within limits that allow for a systematic classification.
Herein lies the basis for fingerprint classification.
The configuration and minute details of furrows are permanent and unchanging.
Power Electronics
Power Electronic Devices
The power Electronic devices provides the utility of switching.
The flow of power through these devices can be controlled via small currents.
Power electronics devices differ from ordinary electronics devices in terms of their characteristics.
Power Semiconductor Devices can be classified into three groups according to their degree of controllability.
Diodes (on and off controlled by power circuit)
Thyristors (latched on by control signal but must be turned off by power circuit)
Controllable Switches (turned on and off by control signal)
diode
A p-n junction diode is formed by placing p and n type semiconductor materials in intimate contact on an atomic scale.
OPTICAL SENSORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
TOPICS INCLUDED IN THIS PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION
WHY OPTICAL SENSORS ?
PRINCIPLE OF OPTICAL SENSORS
CLASSIFICATION AND COMPARISON
SOME INTERESTING APPLICATIONS
WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE ?
INTRODUCTION
NEW REVOLUTION OF OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS
IT IS A “SPIN-OFF” FROM OTHER OPTICAL TECHNOLOGIES
SEEING THE POTENTIAL IN SENSING APPLICATIONS – DEVELOPED AS ITS OWN FIELD
WHY OPTICAL SENSORS
ELECTROMAGNETIC IMMUNITY
ELECTRICAL ISOLATION
COMPACT AND LIGHT
BOTH POINT AND DISTRIBUTED CONFIGURATION
WIDE DYNAMIC RANGE
AMENABLE TO MULTIPLEXING
wireshark
What is Wireshark?
Wireshark is a free and open-source packet analyzer. It is used for network troubleshooting, analysis, software and communication protocol development, and education.
Wireshark perhaps one of the best open source packet analyzer available for Windows and LINX
Some Important Purpose
Network Administrator used for troubleshoot network problem.
Network security engineer used for examine security problem.
Developer used for debug protocol implementation.
People used for learn protocol protocol internals.
Power Electronics
Lecture Outline
Introduction to subject
Application Areas
Power Electronic Devices
Power Converters
What is power electronics?
1) Definition
Power Electronics: is the electronics applied to conversion and control of electric power.
Prerequisites
Power electronics incorporates concepts from the fields of
Analog circuits
Electronic devices
Control systems
Power systems
Magnetics
Electric machines
Numerical simulation
Scope
It is not possible to build practical computers, cell phones, personal data devices, cars, airplanes, industrial processes, and other everyday products without power electronics.
Alternative energy systems such as wind generators, solar power, fuel cells, and others require power electronics to function.
Technology advances such as electric and hybrid vehicles, laptop computers, microwave ovens, flat-panel displays, LED lighting, and hundreds of other innovations were not possible until advances in power electronics enabled their implementation.
Although no one can predict the future, it is certain that power electronics will be at the heart of fundamental energy innovations.
Applications: Electric Vehicle Tesla Model S
Functions of the power electronics:
1. Convert the DC battery voltage to the variable AC required to drive the AC motor
240 V battery
Variable-frequency, variable-voltage AC drives the motor
AC motor propels the rear axle
Up to 330 kW (acceleration)
Up to 60 kW regenerative braking
2. Control charging of the battery
Interface to 240 V 60 Hz 1φ 100 A circuit in garage.
Control AC current waveform to be sinusoidal, unity power factor.
Control charging of battery to maximize life.
Applications: Hybrid Vehicles Prius
Power Electronics Module:
Convert the DC battery voltage to the variable AC required to drive the AC motor.
Includes dc-dc boost converter and dc-3φ ac inverter
Control system can operate in all-electric mode or in hybrid gas+electric mode
Partial-power electronics
Recommended
INVESTIGATING THE USE OF IMPEDANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY FOR DETECTING DECREASED BL...
Literature Review
According to Isabel Morales’ research, the foot impedance plethysmography was carried out with two distinct kinds of electrodes, using 1mA/10kHz and finding the impedance of the foot.
In this study Piuzzi research is an ultimate technique selected that makes use of a current with a frequency of 50 kHz that is injected into the thorax of the subject using a couple of textile electrodes.
In this study of Ramkumar & Babu, blood flow was performed using a fuzzy logic toolbox with many different activities, measured before and after the 25 seconds of breath-holding activity. The plethysmographic waveform of forearm impedance can be used to analyze the changes in a heartbeat that are correlated with the changes in heart stroke volume.
Contribution
In this work we are investigating using multiple electrodes to see the additional data going to make testing easier.
Our research is primarily focusing on the amount of blood flow through the finger of the upper limb for diabetic patients.
Conclusion
The finger-simplified model was created in model geometry. A framework made up of five parts was used to build the finger. (i.e., skin, fat, artery, muscle, and bone)
The study includes COMSOL simulation results compared with experimental results to obtain the optimum parameters for this technique. The COMSOL simulation uses 4 electrodes in different positions with a current of 10mA giving the optimal frequency of 100Hz.
It was shown that multiple electrodes can be useful in obtaining impedance change.
This is useful because signals can not be obtained from one pair, or to further support the results.
The study was performed under normal resting conditions where an experimental procedure was set up to measure the impedance response from the finger.
Experiment results were not conclusive as more sensitive impedance analyzers are required.
This research will be helpful to find out the heartbeat using impedance plethysmography.
Hemodynamic monitor by using IPG Technique
Introduction
It’s a non - invasive medical test
NASA developed a technology for calculating cardiac output
For Arteries, blood flow in any area.
Result will be recorded in a Graph.
we use 2 pair of Surface Electrodes.
Technique
It is measured by constant current method.
Blood is a good conductor of electricity, the amount of blood in a given body segment.
Pulsatile blood volume by heart .
Variation in the electrical impedance thus gives adequate information about the blood circulation.
Voltage signal developed along the current.
The amplitude of the signal sensed is directly proportional to the electrical impedance of the body segment.
Amplification & detection of this signal gives instantaneous electrical impedance Z of the body segment.
BIOMEDICAL SENSORS.pptx
Wearable biomedical devices
pulse rate monitors
low-cost and small devices
Important design requirements for these systems include miniaturization, robustness and user-friendliness.
These devices have a sensor that monitors minor variations in the intensity of light transmitted through or reflected from the tissue.
Fingerprint Recognition
Fingerprint Recognition
Fingerprint recognition is one of the oldest and most
researched fields of biometrics.
Some biological principles (Moenssens 1971) related
to fingerprint recognition are as follows:
Individual epidermal ridges and furrows have different characteristics for different fingerprints.
This forms the foundation of fingerprint recognition
The configuration types are individually variable; but they vary within limits that allow for a systematic classification.
Herein lies the basis for fingerprint classification.
The configuration and minute details of furrows are permanent and unchanging.
Power Electronics
Power Electronic Devices
The power Electronic devices provides the utility of switching.
The flow of power through these devices can be controlled via small currents.
Power electronics devices differ from ordinary electronics devices in terms of their characteristics.
Power Semiconductor Devices can be classified into three groups according to their degree of controllability.
Diodes (on and off controlled by power circuit)
Thyristors (latched on by control signal but must be turned off by power circuit)
Controllable Switches (turned on and off by control signal)
diode
A p-n junction diode is formed by placing p and n type semiconductor materials in intimate contact on an atomic scale.
OPTICAL SENSORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
TOPICS INCLUDED IN THIS PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION
WHY OPTICAL SENSORS ?
PRINCIPLE OF OPTICAL SENSORS
CLASSIFICATION AND COMPARISON
SOME INTERESTING APPLICATIONS
WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE ?
INTRODUCTION
NEW REVOLUTION OF OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS
IT IS A “SPIN-OFF” FROM OTHER OPTICAL TECHNOLOGIES
SEEING THE POTENTIAL IN SENSING APPLICATIONS – DEVELOPED AS ITS OWN FIELD
WHY OPTICAL SENSORS
ELECTROMAGNETIC IMMUNITY
ELECTRICAL ISOLATION
COMPACT AND LIGHT
BOTH POINT AND DISTRIBUTED CONFIGURATION
WIDE DYNAMIC RANGE
AMENABLE TO MULTIPLEXING
wireshark
What is Wireshark?
Wireshark is a free and open-source packet analyzer. It is used for network troubleshooting, analysis, software and communication protocol development, and education.
Wireshark perhaps one of the best open source packet analyzer available for Windows and LINX
Some Important Purpose
Network Administrator used for troubleshoot network problem.
Network security engineer used for examine security problem.
Developer used for debug protocol implementation.
People used for learn protocol protocol internals.
Power Electronics
Lecture Outline
Introduction to subject
Application Areas
Power Electronic Devices
Power Converters
What is power electronics?
1) Definition
Power Electronics: is the electronics applied to conversion and control of electric power.
Prerequisites
Power electronics incorporates concepts from the fields of
Analog circuits
Electronic devices
Control systems
Power systems
Magnetics
Electric machines
Numerical simulation
Scope
It is not possible to build practical computers, cell phones, personal data devices, cars, airplanes, industrial processes, and other everyday products without power electronics.
Alternative energy systems such as wind generators, solar power, fuel cells, and others require power electronics to function.
Technology advances such as electric and hybrid vehicles, laptop computers, microwave ovens, flat-panel displays, LED lighting, and hundreds of other innovations were not possible until advances in power electronics enabled their implementation.
Although no one can predict the future, it is certain that power electronics will be at the heart of fundamental energy innovations.
Applications: Electric Vehicle Tesla Model S
Functions of the power electronics:
1. Convert the DC battery voltage to the variable AC required to drive the AC motor
240 V battery
Variable-frequency, variable-voltage AC drives the motor
AC motor propels the rear axle
Up to 330 kW (acceleration)
Up to 60 kW regenerative braking
2. Control charging of the battery
Interface to 240 V 60 Hz 1φ 100 A circuit in garage.
Control AC current waveform to be sinusoidal, unity power factor.
Control charging of battery to maximize life.
Applications: Hybrid Vehicles Prius
Power Electronics Module:
Convert the DC battery voltage to the variable AC required to drive the AC motor.
Includes dc-dc boost converter and dc-3φ ac inverter
Control system can operate in all-electric mode or in hybrid gas+electric mode
Partial-power electronics
GNU Radio
Agenda
A shortcut of GNU radio
Hardware platform –USRP
DSP design flow of GNU Radio
Write your own block
Implementation of LPI radio transmission
What ıs GNU Radio
An open source software tool kıt
Support , Linux, Mac OS and wındows
Creatıng sıgnal processıng applıcatıons
Defınıng waveforms I software
Processıng waveform I software
A hardware platform
USRP, unıversal software radıo perıpheral ,low cost HW platform for prepossıng
ADC & DAC
FPGA
USB 2.0ınterface to host PC
A framework for buıldıng radıo transceivers
Automatic Solar Vertical Car Parking
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the ever merciful
We would like to express our profound and sincere gratitude to our project supervisor, Engr. Asma Katiar , and internal advisor: Engr. Asma Katiar, for their constant and valuable guidance, inspiration, forbearance and keen interest during this project work.
.
We are highly thankful to all of them including Dean Prof. Dr. Engr. Syed Hyder Abbas Musavi, Chairperson Department of Science and Technology Dr. Engr. Zahid Ali and all the members of FYP Committee.
Finally, we would like to acknowledge the immeasurable contribution of our parents, without their constant inspiration and comradeship this work would never have been over. After completion of this project we can confidently say that this experience has not only enriched us with technical knowledge but also enhanced the maturity of thoughts and vision
ABSTRACT
This project deals with manufacture of a Prototype of Automatic Solar Vertical Car Parking System. This system has been implemented to reduce the excess use the land space which is already very scarce in metro cities . Different types of vehicle parking are applied worldwide namely Multi-Level Automated Car Parking , Automated Car Parking System and Rotary Car Parking System. The Present Project work is aimed to develop a scale down working model of a car parking system of parking cars within a large parking area. The pallet rotation mechanism is used for driving the parking platform. This total prototype powered by Solar energy and D.C Motor. We can generated the energy through the solar panel and stores energy into battery and give energy to motor . When the car comes to Platform then user Punch is finger on Finger Module and incase if user aren’t able to do car park maybe other person can come to park a car it can use the pin no. to park a car , respectively comeback to platform and carry the car. Then the Pallet start and new space will be adjust for new car.
state space modeling of electrical system
Introduction
As systems become more complex, representing them with differential equations or transfer functions becomes cumbersome. This is even more true if the system has multiple inputs and outputs. This document introduces the state space method which largely alleviates this problem. The state space representation of a system replaces an nth order differential equation with a single first order matrix differential equation. The state space representation of a system is given by two equations :
The first equation is called the state equation, the second equation is called the output equation. For an nth order system (i.e., it can be represented by an nth order differential equation) with r inputs and m outputs the size of each of the matrices is as follows:
Several features: The state equation has a single first order derivative of the state vector on the left, and the state vector, q(t), and the input u(t) on the right. There are no derivatives on the right hand side. The output equation has the output on the left, and the state vector, q(t), and the input u(t) on the right. There are no derivatives on the right hand side.
q is nx1 (n rows by 1 column) q is called the state vector, it is a function of time A is nxn; A is the state matrix, a constant B is nxr; B is the input matrix, a constant u is rx1; u is the input, a function of time C is mxn; C is the output matrix, a constant D is mxr; D is the direct transition matrix, a constant y is mx1; y is the output, a function of time
Derivation of of State Space Model (Electrical)
To develop a state space system for an electrical system, they choosing the voltage across capacitors, and current through inductors as state variables. Recall that
so if we can write equations for the voltage across an inductor, it becomes a state equation when we divide by the inductance (i.e., if we have an equation for einductor and divide by L, it becomes an equation for diinductor/dt which is one of our state variable). Likewise if we can write an equation for the current through the capacitor and divide by the capacitance it becomes a state equation for ecapacitor
There are three energy storage elements, so we expect three state equations. Try choosing i1, i2 and e1 as state variables. Now we want equations for their derivatives. The voltage across the inductor L2 is e1 (which is one of our state variables) so our first state variable equation is
This equation has our input (ia) and two state variable (iL2 and iL1) and the current through the capacitor. So from this we can get our second state equation
Our third, and final, state equation we get by writing an equation for the voltage across L1 (which is e2) in terms of our other state variables
references:
http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Representations/SysRepSS.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-space_representation
AUTOMATIC SOLAR VERTICAL CAR PARKING SYSTEM
The project is mainly on embedded systems.
An Embedded system is an electronic/electromechanical system designed to perform a specific function and it is a combination of firmware and hardware.
We had used 8051 Microcontroller
REQUIRES LESS SPACE IN AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING
REDUCES POLLUTION
TRADTIONAL CAR PARKING IS COSTLY PROCESSS
The automatic parking aims to enhance the comfort and safety of driving in constrained environments where much attention and experience is required to steer the car.
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Sensitivity 98% validation and 2% false negativity
Automatic digital-analog impedance plethysmography
This document describes an automatic digital-analog impedance plethysmography system using venous occlusion plethysmography to identify disease in healthy volunteers. The system uses software, hardware, and an acquisition circuit with tetrapolar electrodes to generate and inject a constant amplitude signal and measure nonlinear potential differences during cuff occlusion testing. Results demonstrated the system could successfully identify disease using venous occlusion plethysmography within 1% tolerance levels.
Automatic digital-analog impedance plethysmograph
The document describes an automatic digital-analog impedance plethysmograph that uses electrical impedance to non-invasively measure carotid pulse and blood pressure over the long term. It applies a small device with two electrode pairs around the neck of 6 volunteers to continuously monitor impedance variations at 50Hz, optimizing measurement of carotid pulse for long term cardiac and vascular health monitoring.
Wearable Belt With Built-In Textile Electrodes for Cardio—Respiratory Monitor...
abstract:
Respiratory and cardiac signal
Low cost
Easy to operate
Wireless
Easily separated
Material and Method:
Peak amplitude is about 0.5mA and RMS amplitude approx.. 0.35mA
Limit of patient maximum current is 5mA and 50kHz
Voltage is picking up by the thorax surface.
Studying Peripheral Vascular Pulse Wave Velocity Using Bioimpedance Plethysmo...
Pulse wave velocity from the radial artery in the wrist to the middle finger
Electro cardio graph combine with bio impedance method
Temporary blockage of blood flow didn’t make major changes
Design an impedance plethysmography system for measuring limb
Abstract:
Limb blood as a flow permanent flow per beat and the volume of cardiac output
Safe method
Non-reactive
Advance analog amplifier
Microprocessor controller
Flexible output signal
Fingerprint recognition
Fingerprint recognition is one of the oldest and most researched fields of biometrics.
The configuration types are individually variable, but they vary within limits that allow for a systematic classification.
Optical Sensors
An optical sensor converts light rays into an electronic signal.
Optical Sensors are used for contact-less detection, counting or positioning of parts.
Optical sensors can be either internal or external.
The measurands possible by different optical sensors are Temperature, Velocity Liquid level, Pressure, Displacement.
Types of Optical Sensors
There are different kinds of optical sensors.
Photoconductive
Photovoltaic cell
Photodiodes
Fundamental issue in wafer bonding
‘‘Wafer bonding’’ refers to the phenomenon that mirror polished, flat, and clean wafers of almost any material, when brought into contact at room temperature, are locally attracted to each other by van der Waals forces and ‘‘bond’’ to each other.
Biomedical sensors
Wearable biomedical devices:
pulse rate monitors
low-cost and small devices
Important design requirements for these systems include miniaturization, robustness and user-friendliness.
These devices have a sensor that monitors minor variations in the intensity of light transmitted through or reflected from the tissue.
Fabrication of through silicon-via (tsv) by copper
The document summarizes research on fabricating through-silicon vias (TSVs) using copper electroplating in an electrolyte mixed with supercritical carbon dioxide. It describes the TSV fabrication process, the experimental setup using supercritical CO2, and the results of testing different fabrication parameters. The best hermeticity was found at 2500 psi pressure, the lowest electrical resistance at 1100 psi and 3 A/dm2 current density, and the fastest electroplating time of 3 hours was at 2000 psi and 7 A/dm2. Supercritical CO2 electroplating offers benefits over traditional methods by providing complete filling of structures using a simple setup without additives in less time.
Projection lithography
Projection lithography uses an optical system to focus and project a mask image onto a silicon wafer. There are three main types: scanning projection which moves the mask and wafer, step and repeat which replicates a larger mask pattern across the wafer, and step and scan which scans the mask while moving the wafer. Projection lithography allows for higher resolution than contact lithography without damaging masks. It enables mass production of integrated circuits with feature sizes below 100nm.
Sputtering in vacuum
This document discusses different sputtering technologies for producing ultraclean metal coatings and their applications. It describes magnetron sputtering, which allows high deposition rates of pure and uniform films onto various substrates. Sustained self-sputtering intensifies the plasma using small magnets and works well with high-yield metals like silver and copper. High power impulse magnetron sputtering uses extremely high power densities in short pulses for coatings. Potential applications include ultrapure metallization, thin film deposition in space, and new space propulsion options using solid fuel.
Micro electro mechanical system (MEMS)
What is MEMS?
Micro electro mechanical system is a technique of combining electrical and mechanical combinations together on a chip, to produce a system of miniature dimensions.
MEMS is a integration of a number micro components on a single chip which allow the microsystem to both sense and control the environment.
The components are integrated on a single chip using micro fabrication technologies.
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DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF CEILING BOARD USING SAWDUST AND WASTE CARTON MATERI...
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GNU Radio
Agenda
A shortcut of GNU radio
Hardware platform –USRP
DSP design flow of GNU Radio
Write your own block
Implementation of LPI radio transmission
What ıs GNU Radio
An open source software tool kıt
Support , Linux, Mac OS and wındows
Creatıng sıgnal processıng applıcatıons
Defınıng waveforms I software
Processıng waveform I software
A hardware platform
USRP, unıversal software radıo perıpheral ,low cost HW platform for prepossıng
ADC & DAC
FPGA
USB 2.0ınterface to host PC
A framework for buıldıng radıo transceivers
Automatic Solar Vertical Car Parking
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the ever merciful
We would like to express our profound and sincere gratitude to our project supervisor, Engr. Asma Katiar , and internal advisor: Engr. Asma Katiar, for their constant and valuable guidance, inspiration, forbearance and keen interest during this project work.
.
We are highly thankful to all of them including Dean Prof. Dr. Engr. Syed Hyder Abbas Musavi, Chairperson Department of Science and Technology Dr. Engr. Zahid Ali and all the members of FYP Committee.
Finally, we would like to acknowledge the immeasurable contribution of our parents, without their constant inspiration and comradeship this work would never have been over. After completion of this project we can confidently say that this experience has not only enriched us with technical knowledge but also enhanced the maturity of thoughts and vision
ABSTRACT
This project deals with manufacture of a Prototype of Automatic Solar Vertical Car Parking System. This system has been implemented to reduce the excess use the land space which is already very scarce in metro cities . Different types of vehicle parking are applied worldwide namely Multi-Level Automated Car Parking , Automated Car Parking System and Rotary Car Parking System. The Present Project work is aimed to develop a scale down working model of a car parking system of parking cars within a large parking area. The pallet rotation mechanism is used for driving the parking platform. This total prototype powered by Solar energy and D.C Motor. We can generated the energy through the solar panel and stores energy into battery and give energy to motor . When the car comes to Platform then user Punch is finger on Finger Module and incase if user aren’t able to do car park maybe other person can come to park a car it can use the pin no. to park a car , respectively comeback to platform and carry the car. Then the Pallet start and new space will be adjust for new car.
state space modeling of electrical system
Introduction
As systems become more complex, representing them with differential equations or transfer functions becomes cumbersome. This is even more true if the system has multiple inputs and outputs. This document introduces the state space method which largely alleviates this problem. The state space representation of a system replaces an nth order differential equation with a single first order matrix differential equation. The state space representation of a system is given by two equations :
The first equation is called the state equation, the second equation is called the output equation. For an nth order system (i.e., it can be represented by an nth order differential equation) with r inputs and m outputs the size of each of the matrices is as follows:
Several features: The state equation has a single first order derivative of the state vector on the left, and the state vector, q(t), and the input u(t) on the right. There are no derivatives on the right hand side. The output equation has the output on the left, and the state vector, q(t), and the input u(t) on the right. There are no derivatives on the right hand side.
q is nx1 (n rows by 1 column) q is called the state vector, it is a function of time A is nxn; A is the state matrix, a constant B is nxr; B is the input matrix, a constant u is rx1; u is the input, a function of time C is mxn; C is the output matrix, a constant D is mxr; D is the direct transition matrix, a constant y is mx1; y is the output, a function of time
Derivation of of State Space Model (Electrical)
To develop a state space system for an electrical system, they choosing the voltage across capacitors, and current through inductors as state variables. Recall that
so if we can write equations for the voltage across an inductor, it becomes a state equation when we divide by the inductance (i.e., if we have an equation for einductor and divide by L, it becomes an equation for diinductor/dt which is one of our state variable). Likewise if we can write an equation for the current through the capacitor and divide by the capacitance it becomes a state equation for ecapacitor
There are three energy storage elements, so we expect three state equations. Try choosing i1, i2 and e1 as state variables. Now we want equations for their derivatives. The voltage across the inductor L2 is e1 (which is one of our state variables) so our first state variable equation is
This equation has our input (ia) and two state variable (iL2 and iL1) and the current through the capacitor. So from this we can get our second state equation
Our third, and final, state equation we get by writing an equation for the voltage across L1 (which is e2) in terms of our other state variables
references:
http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Representations/SysRepSS.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-space_representation
AUTOMATIC SOLAR VERTICAL CAR PARKING SYSTEM
The project is mainly on embedded systems.
An Embedded system is an electronic/electromechanical system designed to perform a specific function and it is a combination of firmware and hardware.
We had used 8051 Microcontroller
REQUIRES LESS SPACE IN AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING
REDUCES POLLUTION
TRADTIONAL CAR PARKING IS COSTLY PROCESSS
The automatic parking aims to enhance the comfort and safety of driving in constrained environments where much attention and experience is required to steer the car.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Forearm Impedance Plethysmography for the Maximal...
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Sensitivity 98% validation and 2% false negativity
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Respiratory and cardiac signal
Low cost
Easy to operate
Wireless
Easily separated
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Peak amplitude is about 0.5mA and RMS amplitude approx.. 0.35mA
Limit of patient maximum current is 5mA and 50kHz
Voltage is picking up by the thorax surface.
Studying Peripheral Vascular Pulse Wave Velocity Using Bioimpedance Plethysmo...
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Temporary blockage of blood flow didn’t make major changes
Design an impedance plethysmography system for measuring limb
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Limb blood as a flow permanent flow per beat and the volume of cardiac output
Safe method
Non-reactive
Advance analog amplifier
Microprocessor controller
Flexible output signal
Fingerprint recognition
Fingerprint recognition is one of the oldest and most researched fields of biometrics.
The configuration types are individually variable, but they vary within limits that allow for a systematic classification.
Optical Sensors
An optical sensor converts light rays into an electronic signal.
Optical Sensors are used for contact-less detection, counting or positioning of parts.
Optical sensors can be either internal or external.
The measurands possible by different optical sensors are Temperature, Velocity Liquid level, Pressure, Displacement.
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There are different kinds of optical sensors.
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‘‘Wafer bonding’’ refers to the phenomenon that mirror polished, flat, and clean wafers of almost any material, when brought into contact at room temperature, are locally attracted to each other by van der Waals forces and ‘‘bond’’ to each other.
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Fabrication of through silicon-via (tsv) by copper
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Projection lithography
Projection lithography uses an optical system to focus and project a mask image onto a silicon wafer. There are three main types: scanning projection which moves the mask and wafer, step and repeat which replicates a larger mask pattern across the wafer, and step and scan which scans the mask while moving the wafer. Projection lithography allows for higher resolution than contact lithography without damaging masks. It enables mass production of integrated circuits with feature sizes below 100nm.
Sputtering in vacuum
This document discusses different sputtering technologies for producing ultraclean metal coatings and their applications. It describes magnetron sputtering, which allows high deposition rates of pure and uniform films onto various substrates. Sustained self-sputtering intensifies the plasma using small magnets and works well with high-yield metals like silver and copper. High power impulse magnetron sputtering uses extremely high power densities in short pulses for coatings. Potential applications include ultrapure metallization, thin film deposition in space, and new space propulsion options using solid fuel.
Micro electro mechanical system (MEMS)
What is MEMS?
Micro electro mechanical system is a technique of combining electrical and mechanical combinations together on a chip, to produce a system of miniature dimensions.
MEMS is a integration of a number micro components on a single chip which allow the microsystem to both sense and control the environment.
The components are integrated on a single chip using micro fabrication technologies.
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
SCALING OF MOS CIRCUITS m .pptx
this ppt explains about scaling parameters of the mosfet it is basically vlsi subject
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
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AT MBB AIRPORT
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Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 Standard
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一比一原版(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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