Roll 28

1
ABSTRACT
In this project, the basic multi-level car parking system with three floors is considered
to show the use of control systems in parking systems. The control system will play a major
role in organizing the entry to and exit from the parking lots. It also presents the design of
multi-level parking lots which occupies less need on the ground and contains the large
number of cars. In the modern world, where parking-space has become a very big
problem, it has become very important to avoid the wastage of space in modern big
Automatic multi-level car parking system helps to minimize the car parking area companies
and apartments As metro city is suffering from the lack of available parking spots and
expensive land prices especially in vital area, we were inspired to create an multi-level car
parking system that Cal counter such a daily basis problem to make easier.
The main objective of this project is to build a
prototype of multi ever car parking system to park and retrieve car automatically in easy and
sufficient with methodology that was sued to installing solar panel in the system by using
solar energy that changes solar energy into the electrical energy to store the power in the
rechargeable battery that provided that to the dc motors that are installed in the car parking
system. Also, in this methodology was used to achieve aim of the project was by creating a
prototype that utilizes. The rack and pinion mechanism are running by using dc motors
power that were an achieved are the forward or backward and a up or down movements to
park and retrieve cars to designed spot.

2
Chapter- 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 MULTI LEVEL CAR PARKING SYSTEM
This project, we show the basic multilevel car parking system with three
floors. Although we show the concept with three floors, it is still possible to show this
concept on multiple floors. Also, in this project, we will show three floors with conveyer
assembly. The conveyor carries the car to each floor. We are using here multimode supply
using Solar energy that store their energy in battery and DC motors power that control
conveyor according to slide switches.
Fig1.1 Multilevel car parking system
1.2 BACKGROUND
India’s urban population is currently around 30% of its total population. In context to
urban transport system, CBD’ are majorly facing the space issues in terms of open spaces,
green spaces and clear headways on roads, which lead to major inconvenience as well as
delays in existing systems Population of India’s six major metropolises increased by about
1.9 times during 1981 to 2001.

3
1.3 DEMAND FOR PARKING INFRASTRUCTURE
• Presently demand for cars going up at the rate of 15% per annum.
• Presently approximately 15 million cars are being sold every year.
• Making roads more expensive than parking infrastructure.
• Cars being parked on roads causing traffic causes traffic congestion and pollution
Besides the problem of space for cars moving on the road, greater is the problem
of space foe a parked vehicle considering that private vehicles remain parked for most
of their time State governments would be required to amend bye laws in all million
plus cities so that adequate parking space is available for all residents/users of such
buildings.
Land is valuable in all urban areas. Parking places occupy large portions of such land
This fact should be recognized in determining the principles for allocation of parking space
Multi-level parking complexes should be made a mandatory requirement in city centers that
have several high-rise commercial complexes classified into two categories that is on street
1.4 PURPOSE MULTI LEVEL CAR PARKING
Multi-Floor Parking System reduces to a minimum the amount of space required to
park each vehicle and has an average retrieval time of less than two minutes. It operates with
the driver parking and leaving the vehicle in the parking bay at the entrance level. Once the
driver leaves the safety zone incorporated into the parking The movement of the car is
achieved by use of a lift to bring the vehicle to the required floor a cart to its parking Way.
The quick parking and retrieval times of the system is achieved by the use of carts for
horizontal movement of the vehicles at each parking level Multi-level parking systems for
sometimes have provided relief since they come with a number of advantages. Bay the
system automatically parks the vehicle in its determined parking place. This system has more
than two levels of parking. Its design has a structure that enables use of all parking entrances
and exits on ground level.

4
• Optimal utilization of space.
• Lower maintenance and operational cost.
1.5 TYPES OF MULTI-LEVEL CAR PARKING
The equivalent car space that can be accommodated at the parking site would vary
with the technology used. There are two basic technologies used for multilevel parking.
1.5.1 CONVENTIONAL TYPE MULTI-LEVEL CAR PARKING SYSTEM.
Conventional multi-level car parking system can be underground, above found or
both under and above ground structure, the above ground structure is usually open-deck
parking, which have at least two sides that are minimum 50% open to the outside. The open
parking structure is preferable to close parking structures for above ground, as it do not
require mechanical ventilation and specialized fire protection system. The design of
conventional Multi-level parking includes.
• Entry and exit ramps or car lifts.
• Circulation space between the vehicles.
• Car parking area.
1.5.2 AUTOMATE TYPR CAR PARKING SYSTEM
used for automated parking systems are of following type
• Puzzle Type
This system has more than two levels of parking. Its design has a structure that
enables use of all parking entrances and exits on ground level. The parking pallets
move left, right, upward and downward and always has one empty slot for movement.
Always use extreme caution when handling batteries and electrolyte. Wear gloves,
goggles and old clothes. “Battery acid” will burn skin and eyes and destroy cotton
and wool clothing. The quickest way of ruining lead-acid batteries is to discharge.

5
1.6 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
In this project, we show the basic multilevel car parking system with three floors.
Although we show the concept with three floors, it is still possible to show this concept on
multiple floors. we will learn to the automation of multi-level car parking system in the
modern world. Multilevel Parking systems for sometimes have provided relief since they
come with a number of advantages.
Optimal utilization of space, lower maintenance and operational cost, lower
construction cost, secure and environment-friendly nature (the underground implementation
renders the outdoor space free for landscaping), comfortable for the drivers, cost saving for
builders by saving height or depth. In this project, we using a natural source of energy or
power to make a low-cost multi-level car parking system in the future. By using solar
energy, we will be trying to eliminate the problem of electricity in that project. Through this
we can reduce the pollution that produces in environment during simple parking and also
reduce the problems in metro city, shopping malls, and residential apartment
Always use extreme caution when handling batteries and electrolyte. Wear gloves,
goggles and old clothes. “Battery acid” will burn skin and eyes and destroy cotton and wool
clothing. The quickest way of ruining lead-acid batteries is to discharge them deeply and
leave them stand “dead” for an extended period of time. When they discharge, there is a
chemical change in the positive plates of the battery. They change from lead oxide (when
charged) to lead sulfate when discharged. If they remain in the lead sulfate state for a few
days, some part of the plate does not return to lead oxide when the battery is recharged. If the
battery remains in a discharged state for a longer time, a greater amount of the positive plate
will remain lead sulfate. The parts of the plates that become “sulfate”, no longer store energy.
Batteries that are deeply discharged, and then charged partially on a regular basis can fail in
less than one year. Check your batteries the top of the battery may not have mixed with the
“charged” electrolyte.

6
Chapter- 2
METHODOLOGY
2.1 PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
A solar panel is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar
panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply
electricity in commercial and residential applications.
Each panel is rated by its dc output power under standard test conditions, and
typically ranges from. We are using here a solar panel, inverter battery charger circuit,
battery as the input supply of the lift system. We are using here dc motors. The conveyer
assembly will be attached with these dc motors. When we place a car on the conveyor
assembly then the pulley that are attached with conveyor moves upward or downward
according to the slide switches output. Because the pulley dc motor attached with control
switches. All the conveyer assembly of floors also attached with control switches. If we want
to park our car at first floor, then firstly we placed our conveyor near first floor. Then start
forward the conveyer assembly of pulley, at that time we will also start the conveyer of the
first flour and car will be park automatically through conveyer assembly.
All supply control will be setup by slide switches. We
are using here solar panels of 10-watt 12 volt for out project supply. We are using here +12
volt 4.5amp battery with this project. we designed a solar inverter battery charger circuit to
charging for battery from solar energy into the electrical energy. We are using dc motors,
which is 12 volt and 45 rpm. A suitable rack and pinion mechanism are used to provide the
liner motion to the conveyor in the horizontal direction of the parking system with the help of
using dc motors. A suitable arrangement of the pulley with ropes are installed with structure
of the system to move the conveyor in the vertical direction to parking the first or second
floor to the car parking system. We designed a conveyor that are arranged with dc motors
and rubber of belts with endless joint for transporting and deliver the car in available space of
the car parking area. so, in this project our aim is used to using solar energy and utilized in
the car parking system. Through this we can save the environment through pollution with
problem of car parking system.

7
2.2 STRUCTURE OF WOODEN BLOCK
In this multi-level car parking system, we make a wooden block, whose length is 2
feet, breath is 2 feet and height are 3 feet. The wooden block has three multi floors. Each
floor contains two partitions of car parking of available space or area, whose dimensions is
length is 1 foot, height is 1 feet and breath are 1 foot.
Fig.2.1 Structure of wooden block
2.3 STRUCTURE OF LIFT
In this project, we make a frame of metal rectangular pipe made up of mild steel. The
rectangular pipe breath is 2 feet and 3 feet height long is adjusted to the wooden block of car
parking system. A flat conveyor is adjusted to that frame rack or pinion and rope arrangement
to provide the vertical or horizontal motions. The frame structure are shown below.
As the atomic structure for different materials are different, the electron affinity of
different materials will differ. If two different kinds of metals or metallic compounds are
immersed in the same electrolyte solution, one of them will gain electrons and the other will
release electrons. Which metal (or metallic compound) will gain electrons and which will lose
them depends upon the electron affinities of these metals or metallic compounds.

8
Fig.2.2. Structure of lift
2.4 MECHANISM OF PARKING LIFT
In this multi-level car parking system, a suitable a rack and pinion or rope
arrangement is implemented to provide horizontal and vertical motions. A conveyor is
installed in the structure of lift to provide horizontal motion at multi-level floors to the car
parking at available area or space.
Fig.2.3 rack and pinion arrangement

A rope is arranged with DC motors to provide the vertical motion of the structure of
lift, in which also a conveyor is installed with structure of lift. We can move up or down at
multi-level floor of the car parking area.
2.5 STRUCTURE OF FLAT BELT CONVEYOR
The belt conveyor is an endless belt moving over two end pulleys at fixed positions
and used is used to transport the car from one belt conveyor to second belt conveyor. In this
flat conveyor DC motors used as a driving member to move the driven member of the flat
belt conveyor. A flat rubber material is used as a conveyor belt to providing the motion of
conveyor smoothly.
Fig.2.4 Structure of conveyor
In this flat belt conveyor, a rack and pinion arrangement with DC motors to provide
the to and for motion during parking the car. Highest Efficiency: Panel efficiency of 18.1%
is the highest commercially available for residential applications. Attractive Design: Unique
design combines high efficiency and an elegant, all-black appearance More Power: Delivers
up to 50% more power per unit area than conventional solar panels Reliable and Robust
Design: Proven materials, tempered front glass, and a set Fig.4.2 Solar power system.

2.6 DESIGN OF SOLAR PANEL
In this multi-level car parking system, we using a solar panel of 10W. it emits or
absorb the energy from the sun through radiation in form of heat energy, and that energy is
stored in the form of electrical into the rechargeable battery. This electrical energy of the
battery change into the mechanical energy to run the dc motors to run the multi-level parking
system.
Fig.2.5 design of solar panel
2.7 DESIGN OF SOLAR INVERTER BATTERY CHARGER CIRCUIT
In this multi-level car parking, we design a solar inverter battery charger circuit to
store the energy of the sun in the form of electrical energy into the rechargeable battery.
Fig.2.6 design of Solar inverter battery charger circuit

2.8 DESIGN OF CONTROL SWITCHES
In this project multi-level car parking, we make a system of switches to control or
start and stop the revolutions of dc motors to run the system.
Fig.2.7 Controlling Switches
2.9 POWER SUPPLY
In this multi-level car parking system, we using a rechargeable battery of 12 volt and
current carrying capacity of 4.5 amp to giving the power supply to run the dc motors of the
car parking system. The energy released during accepting an electron by a neutral atom is
known as electron affinity. As the atomic structure for different materials are different, the
electron affinity of different materials will differ. If two different kinds of metals or metallic
compounds are immersed in the same electrolyte solution, one of them will gain electrons
and the other will release electrons. Which metal (or metallic compound) will gain electrons
and which will lose them depends upon the electron affinities of these metals or metallic
compounds. The metal with low electron affinity will gain electrons from the negative ions of
the electrolyte solution. Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of
partial panel shading, to maximize the output of panel sections still illuminated. The p-n
junctions of mono-crystalline silicon cells may have adequate reverse voltage characteristics
to prevent damaging panel section reverse current.

Chapter - 3
CONSTRUCTION
3.1 SOLAR PANEL
A solar panel is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar
panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply
electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each panel is rated by its DC output
power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts. The
efficiency of a panel determines the area of a panel given the same rated output - an 8%
efficient 230-watt panel will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt panel. Because a
single solar panel can produce only a limited amount of power, most installations contain
multiple panels. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of solar panels, an
inverter, and sometimes a battery and or solar tracker and interconnection wiring
Fig.3.1 Solar panel
3.1.1 THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION
Solar panels use light energy or photons from the sun to generate electricity
through the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon
cells or thin film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural (load carrying)

member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer.
Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial panel
shading, to maximize the output of panel sections still illuminated. The p-n junctions of
mono-crystalline silicon cells may have adequate reverse voltage characteristics to prevent
damaging panel section reverse current. Reverse currents could lead to overheating of shaded
cells. Solar cells become less efficient at higher temperatures and installers try to provide
good ventilation behind solar panels. Some recent solar panel designs include concentrators
in which light is focused by lenses or mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables the
use of cells with a high cost per unit area in a cost-effective way
3.1.2 SOLAR POWER GENERATION
Solar power is the generation of electricity from sunlight. This can be direct as with
photo voltaic (PV), or indirect as with concentrating solar power (CSP), where the sun's
energy is focused to boil water which is then used to provide power.
Solar power has the potential to provide over 1,000 times total world energy
consumption in 2008, though it provided only 0.02% of the total that year. If it continues to
double in use every two to three years, or less, it would become the dominant energy source
this century. The largest solar power plants, like the 354 MW SEGS, are concentrating solar
thermal plants, but recently multi-megawatt photovoltaic plants have been built. Completed
in 2008, the 46 MW Maura photovoltaic power station in Portugal and the 40 MW
Walpolean Solar Park in Germany are characteristic of the trend toward larger photovoltaic
power stations. Much larger ones are proposed, such as the 100 Mewhort Peck Solar Farm,
the 550 MW Topaz Solar Farm, and the 600 MW Rancho Cielo Solar Farm. Terrestrial solar
power is a predictably intermittent energy source, meaning that whilst solar power is not
available at all times, we can predict with a very good degree of accuracy when it will and
will not be available. Some technologies, such as solar thermal concentrators have an element
of thermal storage. These store spare solar energy in the form of heat which can be made
available overnight or during periods that solar power is not available to produce electricity.
Orbital solar power collection (as in solar power satellites) avoids this intermittent issue, but
requires satellite launching and beaming of the collected power to receiving antennas on
Earth. The increased intensity of sunlight above the atmosphere also increases generation
efficiency.

Fig.3.2 solar power system
3.1.3 PRINCIPLE OF SOLAR POWER GENERATION:
The principle of power generation behind the solar cells consists of the utilization of
the photo voltaic effect of semiconductors. When such a cell is exposed to light, electron-
hole pairs are generated in proportion to the intensity of the light. Solar cells are made by
bonding together p-type and n-type semiconductors. The negatively charged electrons move
to the n-type semiconductor while the positively charged holes move to the p-type
semiconductor. They collect at both electrodes to form a potential. When the two electrodes
are connected by a wire, a current flow and the electric power thus generated can be
transferred to an outside application.
Fig.3.3 Principal of solar power generation

Fig.3.4 Rack and pinion mechanism
For every pair of conjugate involute profile, there is a basic rack. This basic rack is
the profile of the conjugate gear of infinite pitch radius. A generating rack is a rack outline
used to indicate tooth details and dimensions for the design of a generating tool, such as a
hob or a gear shaper cutter.
3.2 APPLICATIONS
• Rack and pinion combinations are often used as part of a simple linear actuator,
where the rotation of a shaft powered by hand or by a motor is converted to linear
motion.
• The rack carries the full load of the actuator directly and so the driving pinion is
usually small, so that the gear ratio reduces the torque required. This force, thus
torque, may still be substantial and so it is common for there to be a reduction gear
immediately before this by either a gear or worm gear reduction.
• Rack gears have a higher ratio, thus require a greater driving torque, than screw
actuators.
• If the direction of current in the wire is reversed, the direction of rotation also
reverses.

3.3 DC MOTORS
DC power systems are not very common in the contemporary engineering practice.
However, DC motors have been used in industrial applications for years Coupled with a DC
drive, DC motors provide very precise control DC motors can be used with conveyors, elevators,
extruders, marine applications, material handling, paper, plastics, rubber, steel, and textile
applications, automobile, aircraft, and portable electronics, in speed control applications.
3.3.1 PRINCIPLE OF DC MOTOR
This DC or direct current motor works on the principal, when a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque and has a tendency to move.
This is known as motoring action. If the direction of current in the wire is reversed, the
direction of rotation also reverses. When magnetic field and electric field interact they
produce a mechanical force, and based on that the working principle of dc motor established.
The direction of rotation of a this motor is given by Fleming’s left hand rule, which states
that if the index finger, middle finger and thumb of your left hand are extended mutually
perpendicular to each other and if the index finger represents the direction of magnetic field,
middle finger indicates the direction of current, then the thumb represents the direction in
which force is experienced by the shaft of the dc motor. Structurally and construction wise a
direct current motor is exactly similar to a DC generator, but electrically it is just the
opposite. We can represent it by the block diagram shown below.
Fig.3.5 Principle of DC motor

Here in a DC motor, the supply voltage E and current I is given to the electrical port or the
input port and we derive the mechanical output i.e. torque T and speed ω from the
mechanical port or output port. The input and output port variables of the direct current
motor are related by the parameter K.
T =K I and E =K ω
So from the picture above we can well understand that motor is just the opposite
phenomena of a DC generator, and we can derive both motoring and generating operation
from the same machine
3.3.2 CONSTRUCTION OF DC MOTOR
the construction of DC motors are given below:
Fig.3.6 Construction of DC motor
• Rotor
The rotor, also called the armature, is made up of one or more windings. When these
windings are energized, they produce a magnetic field. The magnetic poles of this rotor
field will be attracted to the opposite poles generated by the stator, causing the rotor to
turn. As the motor turns, the windings are constantly being energized in a different
sequence so that the magnetic poles generated by the rotor do not overrun the poles
generated in the stator.
• Brushes and Commutator

Unlike other electric motor types, BDC motors do not require a controller to switch
current in the motor windings. Instead, the commutation of the windings of a BDC motor
is done mechanically. A segmented copper sleeve, called a commutator, resides on the
axle of a BDC motor. As the motor turns, carbon brushes slide over the commutator,
coming in contact with different segments of the commutator. The segments are attached
to different rotor windings; therefore, a dynamic magnetic field is generated inside the
motor when a voltage is applied across the brushes of the motor. It is important to note.
When charging, the heat sink normally runs warm. When beginning to “top off” or
completing the charge at maximum voltage, the heat sink runs hot. When fully charged,
the heat sink runs cool. This heat is not exactly wasted power—it is excess power that is
unneeded in the process of charging a battery.
Fig.3.7
Working of commutator

3.3.3 MAXIMUM POWER DISSIPATION
In this solar battery charger project the power is limited by the thermal resistances of
both the LM317T and the heat sink. To keep the junction temperature below the 125°C Max,
the power must be limited to about 10W. If a smaller or less effective heat sink is used, the
maximum power dissipation must be de-rated. Fortunately, the LM317 has internal
temperature limiting so that if it gets too hot, it shuts down thus protecting itself from
damage. Max power comes into effect when charging a 12V battery at 1.5A: e.g. battery
voltage = 12V, solar panel = 18V. P = (18V –12V) * 1.5A = 9W. So thermally, it is carefully
matched to the current rating. If a solar panel that is characterized for 12V is applied with a
6V battery, the maximum current must be reduced to about 0.7A: e.g. battery voltage = 6V,
solar panel voltage = 18V. P = (18V – 6V) * 0.7A = 9.6W. In this case, the solar panel power
may not exceed 10W.When charging, the heat sink normally runs warm. When beginning to
“top off” or completing the charge at maximum voltage, the heat sink runs hot. When fully
charged, the heat sink runs cool. This heat is not exactly wasted power—it is excess power
that is unneeded in the process of charging a battery.
3.3.4 CURRENT LIMITING
Current limiting is provided by the solar panel—it is not a commonly understood
fact that the solar on, a solar panel can withstand a short circuit. Therefore, the control does
not need current limiting.
3.3.5 FLOAT CHARGE OF LEAD-ACID BATTERIES
This control charges the battery at a constant voltage and also maintains a charged
battery (float charge). The float charge voltage specification is a little lower, so to
accommodate both charge and float charge voltage, a compromise is reached by simply
reducing the voltage slightly-that is how ALL automotive systems operate. To obtain
maximum charge in a 12V battery, set the control to 14.6V. Automotive systems further
reduce voltage to 13 to 13.5V in order to accommodate high temperature operation as the
battery is usually located in the hot engine compartment—battery has a negative thermal
coefficient of voltage. When the battery attains full voltage around 13 volts, Zener diode
ZD1 conducts and T1 forward biases. This drains the output current from the regulator IC
through T1 and charging process stops.

3.3.6 12V SOLAR INVERTER BATTERY CHARGER
Here is an energy saving solar inverter battery charger. It harvests solar energy to
replenish 12-volt inverter battery. It has auto cut off facility to stop charging when the
battery attains full charge. The charger uses a 24-volt solar panel as input. The circuit uses a
variable voltage regulator IC LM 317 to set the output voltage steady around panel tends to
be a constant current D1 forward biases and Regulator IC gets input current. Its output
voltage depends on the setting of VR and the output current is controlled by R1. This current
passes through D2 and R3. When the output voltage is above (as set by VR) 16 volts, Zener
diode ZD2 conducts and gives stable15 volts for charging. Charging current depends on R1
and R3. Around 250 to 300 mA current will be available for charging. Green LED indicates
charging status. When the battery attains full voltage around 13 volts, Zener diode ZD1
conducts and T1 forward biases. This drains the output current from the regulator IC through
T1 and charging process stops. When the battery voltage reduces below 12 volts, ZD1 turns
off and battery charging starts again.
3.3.7 SOLAR INVERTER BATTERY CHARGER CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC
Fig.3.8 Solar Inverter Battery Charger Circuit
When charging, the heat sink normally runs warm. When beginning to “top off” or
completing the charge at maximum voltage, the heat sink runs hot. When fully charged, the

heat sink runs cool. This heat is not exactly wasted power—it is excess power that is
unneeded in the process of charging a battery. Connect the circuit to the solar panel and
measure the input voltage. Make sure that it is above18 volts. Connect the circuit to the
battery with correct polarity and adjust VR till LED lights. This indicates the conduction of
ZD2 and output voltage. Use heat sinks for LM317 and TIP 122 to dissipate heat.
3.4 BATTERY
In the modern era, electrical energy is normally converted from mechanical energy,
solar energy, and chemical energy etc. A battery is a device that converts chemical energy to
electrical energy. Daniel cell as an improved version of the voltaic cell, the battery has been
the most popular source of In our daily life, we generally use two types of battery one of
them is which can be used once before it gets totally discharged. Another type of battery is
rechargeable which means it can be used multiple times by recharging it externally. The
former is called primary battery and the later is called secondary battery. Batteries can be
found in different sizes. A battery may be as small as a shirt button or may be so big in size
that a whole room will be required to install a battery bank. With this variation of sizes, the
battery is used anywhere from small wrist watches to a large ship.
We often see this symbol in many diagrams of electrical and electronics network.
This is the most popularly used symbol for battery. The bigger lines represent positive
terminal of the cells and smaller lines represent negative terminal of the cells connected in
the battery. We are often confused about the terms battery cell and battery. We generally
refer a battery as a single electro-chemical cell. But literally, battery does not mean that.
Battery means a number of electro-chemical cells connected together to meet a certain
voltage and current level. Although there may be a single cell battery, literally, battery and
cell are different. Electricity.
3.5 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF BATTERY
To understand the basic principle of battery properly, first, we should have some
basic concept of electrolytes and electrons affinity. Actually, when two dissimilar metals or
metallic compounds are immersed in an electrolyte, there will be a potential difference
produced between these metals or metallic compounds.

It is found that, when some specific compounds are added to water, they get dissolved and
produce negative and positive ions. This type of compound is called an electrolyte. The
popular examples of electrolytes are almost all kinds of salts, acids, and bases etc.The energy
released during accepting an electron by a neutral atom is known as electron affinity. As the
atomic structure for different materials are different, the electron affinity of different
materials will differ.
If two different kinds of metals or metallic compounds are immersed in the same
electrolyte solution, one of them will gain electrons and the other will release electrons.
Which metal (or metallic compound) will gain electrons and which will lose them depends
upon the electron affinities of these metals or metallic compounds.
The metal with low electron affinity will gain electrons from the negative ions of the
electrolyte solution. On the other hand, the metal with high electron affinity will release
electrons and these electrons come out into the electrolyte solution and are added to the
positive ions of the solution. In this way, one of these metals or compounds gains electrons
and another one loses electrons. As a result, there will be a difference in electron
concentration between these two metals. This difference of electron concentration. We
often see this symbol in many diagrams of electrical and electronics network.
This is the most popularly used symbol for battery. The bigger lines represent
positive terminal of the cells and smaller lines represent negative terminal of the cells
connected in the battery. This control charges the battery at a constant voltage and also
maintains a charged battery (float charge).
The float charge voltage specification is a little lower, so to
accommodate both charge and float charge voltage, a compromise is reached by simply
reducing the voltage slightly-that is how ALL automotive systems operate. To obtain
maximum charge in a 12V battery, set the control to 14.6V. Automotive systems further
reduce voltage to 13 to 13.5V in order to accommodate high temperature operation as the
battery is usually located in the hot engine compartment—battery has a negative thermal
coefficient of voltage. The metal with high electron affinity will release electrons and these
electrons come out into the electrolyte solution and are added to the positive ions of the
solution. In this way, one of these metals or compounds gains electrons and another one loses
electrons. As a result, there will be a difference in electron concentration between these two
metals.

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