Aulia Rahim_Individual assignment.pptx
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Climate change and land use change may impact mangrove sediment carbon stocks in Tambakbulusan Village, Central Java. Sea level rise floods the area, damaging settlements, fish ponds, and mangroves. Mangroves store large amounts of carbon but are being cleared for fish ponds. The study will analyze land use change from 1980-2021 using remote sensing, measure mangrove sediment carbon at sampling sites, and determine if land use change impacted carbon stocks. Results could aid climate change programs in Indonesia.
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THE POTENTIAL OF BLUE CARBON STOCKS AND CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION IN MANGROVE...
Abstract— Indonesia is a country with the second-longest coastline globally and has the most extensive mangrove forests in the world. Mangrove forests are included in the blue carbon group, which per hectare store up to four times more carbon storage than tropical forests. Mangrove forests play an essential role in absorbing carbon emissions in the air and storing a lot of carbon compared to natural forests. This study aims to determine carbon storage and CO2 absorption in mangrove forests in Kabaena Barat Subdistrict, Bombana Regency. The data comes from direct measurements in the field, namely above-ground carbon, carried out without damaging trees, only covering carbon in tree vegetation. It is the largest proportion of carbon storage on land. The data collection used a survey method to identify mangrove species, circumference, tree trunk diameter at breast height (dbh), biomass, carbon storage, CO2 absorption, and 22 plots of plotted line method with eight transects. The results showed that 10 types of mangrove
species were found on the transect observation, namely Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Avicennia lanata, Avicennia sp., Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, and Xylocarpus granatum. With the total amount of biomass stored in Kabaena Barat Subdistrict's mangrove forests, Bombana Regency, is 6,664.93 tons ha-1 with carbon storage of 3,065.85 tons ha-1 and carbon dioxide absorption of 11,241.55 tons ha-1.
sundarban soil carbon
This document analyzes soil samples from 12 stations across the Indian Sundarbans for organic carbon content, bulk density, and organic carbon density over different seasons and soil depths. Higher organic carbon density is found in stations of the western Sundarbans, which is closer to urban areas with more anthropogenic activities. The eastern Sundarbans exhibits lower organic carbon density as it is located further within the protected forest area with minimal human influence. Organic carbon and density decrease with increasing soil depth, while bulk density increases at lower depths. Significant spatial variation is observed in soil organic carbon and density across the study area.
A MODEL TO ESTIMATE STORED CARBON IN THE UPLAND FORESTS OF THE WANGGU WATERSHED
Abstract
Climate change coupled with deforestation has brought about an increase in greenhouse gas emissions in the
atmosphere. One way to control climate change is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by maintaining the integrity
of natural forests and increasing the density of tree populations. This research aimed to (a) identifies the density
of stand trees in the upland forests of the Wanggu Watershed; (b) analyze the potential carbon stocks contained in
the upstream forests of the Wanggu Watershed; (c) develop a model to estimate potential carbon stocks in the
upland forests of the Wanggu Watershed. The land cover classification in this study used the guided classification
with the Object-Based Image algorithm. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was employed as an
indicator of vegetation cover density. Field measurements were carried out by calculating the diameter of the stand
trees in 30 observation plots. Field biomass values were obtained through allometric equations. Regression analysis
was conducted to determine the correlation between NDVI densities and field biomass. The results showed that
the best equation for estimating potential carbon stocks in the Wanggu Watershed forest area was y = 3.48 (Exp.
7,435x), with an R2 of 50.2%. Potential above ground biomass carbon in the Wanggu Watershed based on NDVI
values was 414,043.26 tons in 2019, consist of protected forest areas of 279,070.15 tons and production forests of
134,973.11 tons. While total above biomass carbon based on field measurement reached 529,541.01 tons, consist
of protected forests of 419,197.82 tons and production forests of 110,343.20 tons.
Forecasting Biomass Loss and Carbon Released to the Atmosphere as a Result of...
Terrestrial climate change predictions use various models that are based on atmospheric parameters combined with projected carbon emission scenarios. Increased levels of carbon emissions into the atmosphere are accelerated by human activities and are the main reason of climate change (CC). CC threatens networks of protected areas (PAs) and forced many species out of PAs. Unfenced PAs gives species opportunity to migrate from one PA to another or other unprotected areas to sustain their climatic niche. Many PAs in SADC countries including transfrontier conservation areas (TFCA) are unfenced; hence, connectivity of PAs uses corridors. However, many of these corridors are unprotected and advocacies adaptation of reserved fauna and flora under CC. This paper explains the less known amount of biomass loss and carbon released to the atmosphere as result of habitat conversion of eastern corridor of Selous – Niassa TFCA which connecting the two PAs of Tanzania and Mozambique. Specifically, the study predicts amount of biomass loss, amount of carbon released to the atmosphere and amount of conservation profit disposed as a result of habitat conversion from 2015 to 2035. Existing data on spatial and temporal changes in land use and land cover (LULC) of eastern corridor of Selous – Niassa TFCA from 1986 – 2016 was analysed and used to forecast LULC from 2015 to 2035 by using CA-Markov model. The forecasted LULC from 2015 to 2035 was analysed to get intended results. The results revealed that, an average amount of 29559.8 tons of biomass (above ground + below ground + deadwood) loss annually from 2015 to 2035. Consequently, average amount of 40217.2 tons of carbon (above ground + below ground + deadwood) released to the atmosphere annually from 2015 to 2035 equivalent to US$ 160868.6 per annum if REDD+ implemented. The study concludes that, there is a need to include virgin corridors into core PAs network or formulation of sustainable conservation strategies that will consider climatic niche of both flora and fauna without compromising livelihoods of corridor dwellers.
Potential Impacts of Climate Change and Ocean Acidification for the Future of...
The document summarizes various impacts of climate change and ocean acidification on tropical marine ecosystems in Indonesia. It notes that oceans have absorbed over 1/3 of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, leading to ocean acidification, sea level rise, and warming temperatures that affect corals, fish, and other marine life. Studies from Bali show bleaching has killed 60% of corals at one reef and lower pH and higher temperatures reduce coral and algal growth. The document also discusses impacts to blue carbon ecosystems like mangroves and seagrasses, including coastal squeeze from rising seas, changes in hydrology and salinity, and thermal stress. Cumulative impacts are expected to reduce carbon capture and sequestration. Solutions
Climate Change.ppt
- Shaikh Faridul Islam presented his PhD thesis on climate change and livelihoods in the Sundarbans region of Bangladesh.
- The Sundarbans mangrove forest plays an important role in maintaining the coastal ecosystem while also supporting local livelihoods through activities like fishing, honey collection, and wood gathering.
- However, climate change impacts like rising seas, stronger cyclones, and increased flooding threaten the Sundarbans and the livelihoods of local communities. Understanding how to protect the forest and adapt livelihoods is important.
Impact of Sewage Discharge on Coral Reefs
1) The document discusses the ecological impact of sewage discharge on coral reefs. Sewage pollution introduces excess nutrients into coral reef ecosystems, which can cause eutrophication and algal overgrowth that damages corals.
2) A 3-year study found that doubling nutrient levels from sewage led to a doubling of coral bleaching events in Florida Keys reefs. Removing the nutrient pollution allowed for reef recovery.
3) About 96% of coral reef areas near human populations face sewage pollution problems. The majority of sewage in developing areas enters the ocean untreated. Even in developed nations, aging infrastructure can lead to sewage leaks that pollute coastal waters.
Impacts of Climate Change in Coastal Aquaculture in Bangladesh
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather events around an average. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth. Climate change may be qualified as anthropogenic climate change, more generally known as "global warming" or "anthropogenic global warming”. Climate change has both direct and indirect impacts on fish stocks which are exploited commercially. Direct effects act on physiology and behavior and alter growth, reproductive capacity, mortality and distribution. Indirect effects alter the productivity, structure and composition of the marine ecosystems on which fish depend for food. However, even though the year-on-year rate of anthropogenic climate change may seem slow, this is very rapid compared with previous natural change and the accumulative value produces a significant difference from the "natural" state quite quickly. Climate change impacts such as more frequent and severe floods and droughts will affect the food and water security of many people.
Bangladesh is thought to be one of the most vulnerable countries of the world to climate change and sea level rise (CCSLR). IPCC estimates predict that due to the impact of climate change, sea level in Bangladesh may rise by 14 cm by 2025, 32cm by 2050 and 88 cm by 2100. There are a number of environmental issues and problems that are hindering development of Bangladesh. Salinity is a current problem, which is expected to exacerbate by climate change and sea level rise. Salinity intrusion due to reduction of freshwater flow from upstream, salinization of groundwater and fluctuation of soil salinity are major concern of Bangladesh. Cyclones and tidal surge is adding to the problem. Tidal surge brings in saline water inside the polders in the coastal area. Due to drainage congestion, the area remains waterlogged, increasing the salinity (Abedin, 2010).
Bangladesh in general is highly vulnerable to predicted climate changes that are already occurring and are expected to continue over the next century. Bangladesh is recognized worldwide as one of the most vulnerable to the impact of global warming and climate change.
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THE POTENTIAL OF BLUE CARBON STOCKS AND CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION IN MANGROVE...
Abstract— Indonesia is a country with the second-longest coastline globally and has the most extensive mangrove forests in the world. Mangrove forests are included in the blue carbon group, which per hectare store up to four times more carbon storage than tropical forests. Mangrove forests play an essential role in absorbing carbon emissions in the air and storing a lot of carbon compared to natural forests. This study aims to determine carbon storage and CO2 absorption in mangrove forests in Kabaena Barat Subdistrict, Bombana Regency. The data comes from direct measurements in the field, namely above-ground carbon, carried out without damaging trees, only covering carbon in tree vegetation. It is the largest proportion of carbon storage on land. The data collection used a survey method to identify mangrove species, circumference, tree trunk diameter at breast height (dbh), biomass, carbon storage, CO2 absorption, and 22 plots of plotted line method with eight transects. The results showed that 10 types of mangrove
species were found on the transect observation, namely Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Avicennia lanata, Avicennia sp., Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, and Xylocarpus granatum. With the total amount of biomass stored in Kabaena Barat Subdistrict's mangrove forests, Bombana Regency, is 6,664.93 tons ha-1 with carbon storage of 3,065.85 tons ha-1 and carbon dioxide absorption of 11,241.55 tons ha-1.
sundarban soil carbon
This document analyzes soil samples from 12 stations across the Indian Sundarbans for organic carbon content, bulk density, and organic carbon density over different seasons and soil depths. Higher organic carbon density is found in stations of the western Sundarbans, which is closer to urban areas with more anthropogenic activities. The eastern Sundarbans exhibits lower organic carbon density as it is located further within the protected forest area with minimal human influence. Organic carbon and density decrease with increasing soil depth, while bulk density increases at lower depths. Significant spatial variation is observed in soil organic carbon and density across the study area.
A MODEL TO ESTIMATE STORED CARBON IN THE UPLAND FORESTS OF THE WANGGU WATERSHED
Abstract
Climate change coupled with deforestation has brought about an increase in greenhouse gas emissions in the
atmosphere. One way to control climate change is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by maintaining the integrity
of natural forests and increasing the density of tree populations. This research aimed to (a) identifies the density
of stand trees in the upland forests of the Wanggu Watershed; (b) analyze the potential carbon stocks contained in
the upstream forests of the Wanggu Watershed; (c) develop a model to estimate potential carbon stocks in the
upland forests of the Wanggu Watershed. The land cover classification in this study used the guided classification
with the Object-Based Image algorithm. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was employed as an
indicator of vegetation cover density. Field measurements were carried out by calculating the diameter of the stand
trees in 30 observation plots. Field biomass values were obtained through allometric equations. Regression analysis
was conducted to determine the correlation between NDVI densities and field biomass. The results showed that
the best equation for estimating potential carbon stocks in the Wanggu Watershed forest area was y = 3.48 (Exp.
7,435x), with an R2 of 50.2%. Potential above ground biomass carbon in the Wanggu Watershed based on NDVI
values was 414,043.26 tons in 2019, consist of protected forest areas of 279,070.15 tons and production forests of
134,973.11 tons. While total above biomass carbon based on field measurement reached 529,541.01 tons, consist
of protected forests of 419,197.82 tons and production forests of 110,343.20 tons.
Forecasting Biomass Loss and Carbon Released to the Atmosphere as a Result of...
Terrestrial climate change predictions use various models that are based on atmospheric parameters combined with projected carbon emission scenarios. Increased levels of carbon emissions into the atmosphere are accelerated by human activities and are the main reason of climate change (CC). CC threatens networks of protected areas (PAs) and forced many species out of PAs. Unfenced PAs gives species opportunity to migrate from one PA to another or other unprotected areas to sustain their climatic niche. Many PAs in SADC countries including transfrontier conservation areas (TFCA) are unfenced; hence, connectivity of PAs uses corridors. However, many of these corridors are unprotected and advocacies adaptation of reserved fauna and flora under CC. This paper explains the less known amount of biomass loss and carbon released to the atmosphere as result of habitat conversion of eastern corridor of Selous – Niassa TFCA which connecting the two PAs of Tanzania and Mozambique. Specifically, the study predicts amount of biomass loss, amount of carbon released to the atmosphere and amount of conservation profit disposed as a result of habitat conversion from 2015 to 2035. Existing data on spatial and temporal changes in land use and land cover (LULC) of eastern corridor of Selous – Niassa TFCA from 1986 – 2016 was analysed and used to forecast LULC from 2015 to 2035 by using CA-Markov model. The forecasted LULC from 2015 to 2035 was analysed to get intended results. The results revealed that, an average amount of 29559.8 tons of biomass (above ground + below ground + deadwood) loss annually from 2015 to 2035. Consequently, average amount of 40217.2 tons of carbon (above ground + below ground + deadwood) released to the atmosphere annually from 2015 to 2035 equivalent to US$ 160868.6 per annum if REDD+ implemented. The study concludes that, there is a need to include virgin corridors into core PAs network or formulation of sustainable conservation strategies that will consider climatic niche of both flora and fauna without compromising livelihoods of corridor dwellers.
Potential Impacts of Climate Change and Ocean Acidification for the Future of...
The document summarizes various impacts of climate change and ocean acidification on tropical marine ecosystems in Indonesia. It notes that oceans have absorbed over 1/3 of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, leading to ocean acidification, sea level rise, and warming temperatures that affect corals, fish, and other marine life. Studies from Bali show bleaching has killed 60% of corals at one reef and lower pH and higher temperatures reduce coral and algal growth. The document also discusses impacts to blue carbon ecosystems like mangroves and seagrasses, including coastal squeeze from rising seas, changes in hydrology and salinity, and thermal stress. Cumulative impacts are expected to reduce carbon capture and sequestration. Solutions
Climate Change.ppt
- Shaikh Faridul Islam presented his PhD thesis on climate change and livelihoods in the Sundarbans region of Bangladesh.
- The Sundarbans mangrove forest plays an important role in maintaining the coastal ecosystem while also supporting local livelihoods through activities like fishing, honey collection, and wood gathering.
- However, climate change impacts like rising seas, stronger cyclones, and increased flooding threaten the Sundarbans and the livelihoods of local communities. Understanding how to protect the forest and adapt livelihoods is important.
Impact of Sewage Discharge on Coral Reefs
1) The document discusses the ecological impact of sewage discharge on coral reefs. Sewage pollution introduces excess nutrients into coral reef ecosystems, which can cause eutrophication and algal overgrowth that damages corals.
2) A 3-year study found that doubling nutrient levels from sewage led to a doubling of coral bleaching events in Florida Keys reefs. Removing the nutrient pollution allowed for reef recovery.
3) About 96% of coral reef areas near human populations face sewage pollution problems. The majority of sewage in developing areas enters the ocean untreated. Even in developed nations, aging infrastructure can lead to sewage leaks that pollute coastal waters.
Impacts of Climate Change in Coastal Aquaculture in Bangladesh
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather events around an average. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth. Climate change may be qualified as anthropogenic climate change, more generally known as "global warming" or "anthropogenic global warming”. Climate change has both direct and indirect impacts on fish stocks which are exploited commercially. Direct effects act on physiology and behavior and alter growth, reproductive capacity, mortality and distribution. Indirect effects alter the productivity, structure and composition of the marine ecosystems on which fish depend for food. However, even though the year-on-year rate of anthropogenic climate change may seem slow, this is very rapid compared with previous natural change and the accumulative value produces a significant difference from the "natural" state quite quickly. Climate change impacts such as more frequent and severe floods and droughts will affect the food and water security of many people.
Bangladesh is thought to be one of the most vulnerable countries of the world to climate change and sea level rise (CCSLR). IPCC estimates predict that due to the impact of climate change, sea level in Bangladesh may rise by 14 cm by 2025, 32cm by 2050 and 88 cm by 2100. There are a number of environmental issues and problems that are hindering development of Bangladesh. Salinity is a current problem, which is expected to exacerbate by climate change and sea level rise. Salinity intrusion due to reduction of freshwater flow from upstream, salinization of groundwater and fluctuation of soil salinity are major concern of Bangladesh. Cyclones and tidal surge is adding to the problem. Tidal surge brings in saline water inside the polders in the coastal area. Due to drainage congestion, the area remains waterlogged, increasing the salinity (Abedin, 2010).
Bangladesh in general is highly vulnerable to predicted climate changes that are already occurring and are expected to continue over the next century. Bangladesh is recognized worldwide as one of the most vulnerable to the impact of global warming and climate change.
International journal of applied sciences and innovation vol 2015 - no 1 - ...
Seagrasses act as important carbon sinks, trapping carbon for thousands of years and reducing the impacts of climate change and ocean acidification. They photosynthesize, removing carbon dioxide from water and oceans. However, seagrass meadows are declining globally at a rate four times faster than rainforests. While terrestrial forests receive more attention as carbon sinks, seagrasses also store large amounts of "blue carbon" and provide valuable ecosystem services. There is a need to increase awareness of seagrasses and protect these threatened coastal habitats.
Climate Change & Anthropogenic Impact On Water Resources
Human activities are clearly influencing the climate system and causing changes that are affecting water resources in several ways. According to the IPCC, over half of the increase in surface temperatures since the 1950s is due to human greenhouse gas emissions. As the climate continues to warm, precipitation patterns are projected to change in ways that will impact water availability and quality. Infrastructure like dams and reservoirs has altered water flows, and building more could help address issues like declining storage capacity but also risks impacts on environmental flows. Managing these tradeoffs between human and environmental water needs is an ongoing challenge.
A Baseline Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon in the Mangroves of the Bakassi ...
The mangrove soils as one of the global soil types is a major carbon store that helps to curb the rising global temperatures. This is not unconnected to their high carbon storing and sequestration potentials of the peat soils. The conclusion is characterized by some knowledge gaps on the actual carbon stock and sequestration potentials of some mangroves soils on the Central African Sub regional landscape. Some of these areas are the Bakassi mangroves in the South West Cameroon. Cross border conflicts, piracy and over exploitation have rendered the sourcing of appropriate data on its carbon stock and sequestration potentials difficult. In strive to bridge this knowledge gap, this work carried out baseline assessments of the carbon stock and sequestration rate of this peat soil. To achieve the study objectives, stratified random opportunistic sampling using an inventory design based on five forest canopy height classes, with collection of peat soils using a soil auger to different depth for laboratory analysis was done. Soils Organic Carbon stocks were estimated from soils to a depth of 100cm and determined using chromic acid digestion and spectrophotometric analysis. Parameters determined were bulk density and percentage carbon. Results showed that soil carbon stock density ranged from 705.8 Mg ha to 546.2 Mg ha . Thus on average, for a hectare in Bakassi, the Soil Organic carbon stock was 632.65 Mg ha Kamah Pascal Bumtu | Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi | Longonje Simon Ngomba "A Baseline Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon in the Mangroves of the Bakassi Peninsula South-West Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30515.doc Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/30515/a-baseline-assessment-of-soil-organic-carbon-in-the-mangroves-of-the-bakassi-peninsula-southwest-cameroon/kamah-pascal-bumtu
Climate Change and Maritime Sector Essay Sample
Climate change is affecting the maritime sector in several ways. Rising sea levels and changes in erosion and sedimentation patterns are impacting ports and shipping channels. Melting polar ice caps are opening new shipping routes but also increasing risks in polar regions for inadequately prepared vessels. Climate change is also negatively impacting marine ecosystems and fish stocks, posing challenges for fisheries managers and the fishing industry. While some new opportunities may arise for the maritime sector through activities like Arctic shipping lanes and mineral exploitation, the sector will also face risks and need to make infrastructure changes to adapt.
Climate Change Impacts on Fishing in Coastal Rural Tanzania published
Climate change is negatively impacting fishing in coastal Tanzania. Rising ocean temperatures are causing many fish species to move to deeper waters or cooler regions, while also introducing new species with unpredictable effects. These shifting conditions are making it difficult for fishermen in Tanzania to catch fish, threatening their livelihoods and food security. Fisheries provide over 177,000 direct jobs and millions more indirect jobs in Tanzania, but climate change is reducing fish catches and contributing to economic losses. While Tanzania contributes little to global warming, it lacks the resources to effectively adapt its fishing communities to the effects of climate change.
aman ppfa - Copy.pptx
This document reviews the effects of soil and water conservation practices on soil loss and nutrient loss in Ethiopia. It discusses how conservation practices like terracing, check dams, crop rotation, and mulching can help minimize erosion and improve soil fertility. Studies have found that these practices significantly reduce soil loss compared to untreated land, helping to rehabilitate degraded land. Soil properties like organic matter, nitrogen, and cation exchange capacity are also improved. Overall, the document concludes that soil and water conservation is important for sustainable agriculture and the environment in Ethiopia.
BLUE CARBON IMPACTS ON COASTAL REGIONS (3).pptx
This document discusses coastal blue carbon ecosystems and their role in climate change mitigation. It begins with an introduction describing blue carbon ecosystems as highly efficient carbon sinks. The objective is described as examining coastal wetlands as carbon stores and the role of restoration in climate mitigation. The document then covers topics such as the concept of blue carbon, management and threats to blue carbon ecosystems, and the effects of climate change. It concludes by stating that conserving coastal ecosystems could offset emissions and climate change mitigation is a major impact of coastal blue carbon.
150135133_-_Against_the_Rising_Tide1
This document discusses the projected impacts of sea level rise on coastal areas in the Caribbean. It finds that a 1-2 meter rise in sea levels would displace over 100,000 people in CARICOM nations and cause the loss of 1300 sq km of land. Critical infrastructure like roads and ports would be damaged. Mangrove forests and ecosystems would be destroyed, eliminating their services. The tourism-dependent economy would see losses of 14.8% of GDP and 12.9% of jobs. Adaptation strategies discussed include ecosystem-based approaches, managed retreat from coastal areas, and developing insurance programs.
Climate Change Effects on Mangroves - Indian context
Climate change is having impacts on mangroves in India through sea level rise, changes in salinity and precipitation, and increased cyclone activity. Mangroves are being permanently inundated by sea level rise of approximately 3 mm per year currently. Changes in salinity and precipitation patterns are affecting mangrove species distributions and health. Major cyclones have caused widespread mangrove damage, such as the 1999 super cyclone in Odisha. While mangroves are resilient to some climate impacts, additional pressures from human activities are exacerbating the effects of climate change on these important coastal ecosystems.
Climate change lusip
The document summarizes research on climate change risks and recommendations for the Lower Usuthu Smallholder Irrigation Project (LUSIP) in Swaziland. Key findings include: (1) the Usuthu River Basin may see a 4% reduction in annual runoff due to climate change, reducing water available to fill Lubovane Reservoir; (2) the reservoir may not fully fill in dry years, requiring proper water management; and (3) the area could experience a 20-22% increase in irrigation needs due to rising temperatures and more frequent droughts. Recommendations focus on water conservation, harvesting, and rationing; using drought-resistant crops; monitoring water quality; and developing a climate change adaptation
Silvo-fishery & Carbon
In this presentation by Nyoman N. Suryadiputra from the Wetlands International Indonesia Programme given during the Forests Asia summmit in the discussion forum "Managing mangrove forests for climate change mitigation and adaptation benefits" the following questions will be answered:
What is silvo-fishery ?
Can silvo-fishery practices gain carbon?
How is the results ? Any lessons can be learned ?
How Aquaculture Certification related to mangroves?
Carbon stock assessment of the undisturbed forest in the heavily mined Island...
Carbon stock assessment of the undisturbed forest in the heavily mined Island...Open Access Research Paper
Forest serves as a significant carbon sink that helps minimize carbon concentrations in the atmosphere through the process of carbon sequestration. The purpose of this study was to determine the total carbon storage of the forest reserve area in Nonoc Island, Surigao City, as one of the areas in Surigao del Norte facing threats of forest degradation from mining and anthropogenic activities. Non-destructive and destructive sampling methods were used to determine the total aboveground (TAG) and belowground (BG) biomass density (BD) and carbon stock of the natural forest’s various carbon pools. Results revealed a total BD of 606Mg ha-1 composed of 484Mg ha-1 TAG while BG is 122Mg ha-1. The forest has an estimated carbon stock value of 368Mg ha-1. Artocarpus blancoi has the highest carbon stock value of 41Mg ha-1 among the 19 species of trees recorded in the area. This implies that the Nonoc Island Forest reserve stored a significant amount of carbon, similar to the reports of other natural forests in the country that may help reduce carbon concentration. As a result, this study would like to recommend preserving and improving the island’s remaining forest areas, not only for forest resource conservation but also for climate change mitigation measures.
5_Jerker et al_HESS_2012
This document summarizes a study that quantifies expected hydrological responses in the Aral Sea Drainage Basin in Central Asia to projections of climate change from 20 general circulation models. The study aims to investigate how uncertainties in future climate change interact with the effects of historic human redistributions of water for irrigation. Results show that errors in single model temperature and precipitation projections can significantly influence projected river runoff trends. However, multi-model ensemble means have relatively small influence on trends. Projected climate change will considerably increase net water loss through evapotranspiration. Maintained irrigation practices will further amplify this effect and likely lead to near-total river runoff depletion with risk of ecological impacts downstream.
Mangrove ecosystems
Mangroves provide important ecological functions as transitional zones, nurseries, and carbon sinks. However, they face threats from human activities like deforestation, development, and climate change impacts such as rising sea levels and temperatures. Mangroves help protect coastlines and support fisheries but over 20% have been lost in recent decades. While rising CO2 and temperatures may enhance mangrove growth, the current rapid rate of change leaves less time for adaptation and migration with the loss of coastal areas to development. Management is needed to balance human uses of mangroves with conservation to maintain their critical ecosystem services.
Sand, rarer than one thinks
URL: http://www.ejolt.org/2014/08/building-an-economy-on-quicksand/
'..Until recently sand was extracted in land quarries and riverbeds; however, these inland resources have nearly been depleted so that extraction has shifted to marine and coastal aggregates mining.'
Sand from deserts cannot be used for most purposes, as wind erosion over time forms round grains that do not bind well [4]. For most industrial uses, edged sand grains with a rough surface are needed, which stick together naturally. Desert sands, however, are usually fine- grained and of low shear strength –it does not even suit as material for the creation of artificial islands. Dubai, for example, used up all its suitable marine sand supplies for an artificial set of sand islands and, after these were exhausted, now has to import sand from Australia for continuing its building madness.
Most of the sand is by now extracted from the ocean floor – globally thousands of large boats are sucking up huge quantities of sand from the ocean floor in coastal areas like vacuum cleaners. As a result of currents, gravitation and movements of the waves, the gaps which were created by sand extraction are then filled by sand sliding in from surrounding areas and beaches. Due to this vicious cycle in Miami each year beaches have to be replenished with dredged-up sand to further provide tourists with its famous beaches.
In some extreme cases, the mining of marine aggregates has even changed international boundaries, such as through the disappearance of entire islands in Indonesia – since 2005 at least 24 small islands have disappeared as a result of erosion caused by illegal sand mining. Most of this sand is going to Singapore, which has expanded its surface area by 22% since the 1960s [5]. In response to this potentially heavy environmental toll many neighboring countries (Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam) have now banned exports of sand to Singapore, but this has only shifted the problem to countries such as Cambodia.
The conflicts caused by sand mining were for the first time brought to the attention of the general public through the documentary Sand Wars. Among many other outreach victories, the documentary inspired the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to publish a Global Environmental Alert in March 2014 titled “Sand, rarer than one thinks”. In it, the authors state that “Formed by erosive processes over thousands of years, they [sand and gravel] are now being extracted at a rate far greater than their renewal”.
Structure, Biomass Carbon Stock and Sequestration Rate of Mangroves in the Ba...
The forest plays a major role in stabilizing increasing temperatures due to its climate mitigation capacity. This is not unconnected to the carbon storing and sequestration potentials of forests. The mangrove as one of the global forest types is said to be a major carbon store. This conclusion is characterized by some knowledge gaps on the actual carbon stock and sequestration potentials of some mangroves forest on the Central African Sub regional landscape. Some of these areas are the Bakassi mangroves in the South West Cameroon. Cross border conflicts, piracy and over exploitation have rendered the sourcing of appropriate data on its carbon stock and sequestration potentials difficult. In strive to bridge this knowledge gap, this work carried out a baseline assessment of the carbon stock and sequestration rate of the area. To achieve the study objectives, stratified random opportunistic sampling inventory design based on five forest canopy height classes, tree Diameter at Breast Height DBH and canopy nature using digital elevation model DEM of the shuttle Radar Topographic Mission SRTM . This combination evaluated the species type and forest structure around the areas. Carbon stocks were estimated with the use of allometric equations using biomass data collected within main plots, sub plots, micro plots and transects. Results showed that mean biomass carbon stock density for the height classes for Bakassi ranged from 33.5 Mg ha to 598.9Mg ha. Thus on average, for a hectare in Bakassi, the carbon stock is 880.437 Mg ha and a sequestration rate of 3231.204 tCO2e ha . Kamah Pascal Bumtu | Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi | Longonje Simon Ngomba ""Structure, Biomass Carbon Stock and Sequestration Rate of Mangroves in the Bakassi Peninsula, S-W Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30171.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/30171/structure-biomass-carbon-stock-and-sequestration-rate-of-mangroves-in-the-bakassi-peninsula-s-w-cameroon/kamah-pascal-bumtu
Mangrove emission factors: Navigating chapter 4 - coastal wetlands
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Task 6 nur amalina binti zabidi a142031
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URL: http://www.ejolt.org/2014/08/building-an-economy-on-quicksand/
'..Until recently sand was extracted in land quarries and riverbeds; however, these inland resources have nearly been depleted so that extraction has shifted to marine and coastal aggregates mining.'
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The forest plays a major role in stabilizing increasing temperatures due to its climate mitigation capacity. This is not unconnected to the carbon storing and sequestration potentials of forests. The mangrove as one of the global forest types is said to be a major carbon store. This conclusion is characterized by some knowledge gaps on the actual carbon stock and sequestration potentials of some mangroves forest on the Central African Sub regional landscape. Some of these areas are the Bakassi mangroves in the South West Cameroon. Cross border conflicts, piracy and over exploitation have rendered the sourcing of appropriate data on its carbon stock and sequestration potentials difficult. In strive to bridge this knowledge gap, this work carried out a baseline assessment of the carbon stock and sequestration rate of the area. To achieve the study objectives, stratified random opportunistic sampling inventory design based on five forest canopy height classes, tree Diameter at Breast Height DBH and canopy nature using digital elevation model DEM of the shuttle Radar Topographic Mission SRTM . This combination evaluated the species type and forest structure around the areas. Carbon stocks were estimated with the use of allometric equations using biomass data collected within main plots, sub plots, micro plots and transects. Results showed that mean biomass carbon stock density for the height classes for Bakassi ranged from 33.5 Mg ha to 598.9Mg ha. Thus on average, for a hectare in Bakassi, the carbon stock is 880.437 Mg ha and a sequestration rate of 3231.204 tCO2e ha . Kamah Pascal Bumtu | Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi | Longonje Simon Ngomba ""Structure, Biomass Carbon Stock and Sequestration Rate of Mangroves in the Bakassi Peninsula, S-W Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30171.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/30171/structure-biomass-carbon-stock-and-sequestration-rate-of-mangroves-in-the-bakassi-peninsula-s-w-cameroon/kamah-pascal-bumtu
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Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge EducationGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Feri Johana at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland Sustainably在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
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Aulia Rahim_Individual assignment.pptx
- 1. Impact of Climate Change and Land Use Change and Mangrove on Sediment Carbon Stock in Tambakbulusan Village, Demak, Central Java Aulia Rahim (30000121410024)
- 2. Problem formulation "Does climate change and land use change have an impact on mangrove sediment carbon stocks in Tambakbulusan, Demak, Central Java?"
- 3. Research Background Climate Change 1 Currently, climate change has caused various impacts around the world, including droughts, floods and sea level rise (IPCC, 2018). Based on the WMO report (2020) Sea level rise is a major potential climate change and globally, sea level since 1993 has increased by an average of 3.29 mm per year, and reached its peak in 2020. Based on the ICCSR report (2010), sea level rise in Indonesia has an average of about 0.6 cm/year. If this continues, it is predicted that by 2030, sea level rise will reach 6 cm to 30 cm, and become 35-40 cm in 2050. This has the potential to drown small islands and increase the intensity of tidal flooding and coastal abrasion (Zikra et al., 2015) Tambakbulusan Village is located in the coastal area of Demak Regency which is one of the areas in Indonesia that is most vulnerable to tidal flooding and coastal abrasion due to sea level rise (Rudiarto et al., 2016). Tidal floods in Tambakbulusan Village in early June 2020 have drowned almost all ponds with an area of 420.44 ha and caused huge losses economically (Wetland, 2020). The research results of Primasti et al. (2020) stated that the coastal area in Tambakbulusan Village is included in the category of vulnerable to coastal abrasion with a Coastal Vulnarable Index (CVI) value of 9.281. Tidal floods and coastal abrasion not only damage settlements and ponds, but also the mangrove ecosystem in Tambakbulusan (Susilowati et al., 2020) Tambakbulusan Village, Demak Regency 2
- 4. Research Background Mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in tidal coastal or brackish saline water of the tropical world that provide various ecosystem services such as coastal protection, carbon sequestration, and nutrient processing (Das et al., 2020). Related to climate change, mangroves play a very important role in mitigation efforts, especially because of their function as the largest carbon-absorbing ecosystem on earth through a sequestration mechanism where most of the carbon uptake from the atmosphere will be stored in sediments (Sahu dan Kathiresan, 2019). However, mangrove ecosystems have declined dramatically in most regions due to natural and human factors, resulting in the release of substantial amounts of carbon dioxide (Farzanmanesh et al., 2021) Mangrove 3
- 5. The area affected by the rob in the district of Demak (Wetlands International Indonesia, 2018) “a total of around 70,000 residents of Demak are at risk due to the flooding –their safety, livelihood, and quality of life are adversely impacted”
- 6. Sea-level rise in Demak (Wetlands International Indonesia, 2018) “the district of Demak is notably frequent to suffer from floods that are caused by a combination of conditions, it suffers the impacts of sea-level rise and severe coastal abrasion, and also the sinking due to continuing land subsidence process”
- 7. Research Background Mangrove forests play an important role in mitigating and adapting to climate change, while Globally, carbon-rich mangrove forests are deforested and degraded due to land-use and land-cover change (Sasmito et al., 2019) The condition of the sustainability of mangrove sediment carbon stocks is still poorly understood, but the available evidence shows that land clearing, drainage, and/or conversion to ponds in addition to having an impact on vegetation biomass also significantly reduces mangrove sediment carbon (Alongi, 2015). Measurement of land use changes and mangrove sediment carbon stocks as a result of climate change based on remote sensing and field data can support the Indonesian government's programs, especially those related to climate change mitigation and adaptation. In this case, this research will contribute primarily to Indonesia's SDGs Goals, in particular Number 13 concerning Climate Change Management and Number 14 concerning Marine Ecosystems. Furthermore, this research can also contribute to Indonesia's 2020-2024 RPJMN, particularly in chapter 7 on building the environment, increasing disaster resilience and climate change. Why this research is important?
- 8. Research Purpose Analyzing Land Use Change from 1980-2021 at the research site Analyzing the amount of carbon stock in mangrove sediments at the research site Analyzing the impact of land use change on the amount of carbon stock in mangrove sediments at the research site from 1980-2021
- 9. Research Method Plan Tambak Bulusan Village total land area 4,200 ha with mangrove forest area 167.36 ha Studi Literature Field Data Remote Sensing Data determination of sampling station Mangrove Substrate Collection at Each Station Laboratory Test With LOI Method Sediment mangrove Organic Carbon (realtime data) Landsat Imagery (1980, 1990, 2000,2010, 2021) Praprocessing Indeks Vegetation NDVI Supervised Classifictaion Validation overlay Land Use Change Map (1980-2021) spatial data analysis and statistical test Changes in mangrove sediment carbon stock from 1980-2021 the impact of land use change on the amount of carbon stock in mangrove sediments at the research site from 1980- 2021