Raphael Grzebieta, Professor of Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, University of New South Wales presented this at CPSC's ATV Safety Summit Oct. 12, 2012. Results of a previous major study in Australia examining Quad Bike (ATV) safety, measures for improved stability and the feasibility of fitting effective occupant rollover protection system (ROPS), will be presented. Around 50% of Australian ATV fatalities and injuries were caused by the vehicle rolling on top of the rider with resultant crush injuries and/or pinning them down causing asphyxia. Computer modelling demonstrates it is possible to design a practical ROPS that prevents such deaths and injuries. Also discussed will be analyses revealing fundamental flaws in basic assumptions and validation of the method used by industry to reject ROPS fitment, the ISO 13232 methodology. The paper also outlines a research program to develop a New Quad Assessment Program (NQAD) consumer tests ranking ATV stability and crush protection. Experience from the past 30 years in automotive safety has demonstrated a dramatic increase in safety of passenger vehicles resulting mainly from the well-publicised IIHS, NCAP, ANCAP and EuroCAP consumer testing. From a position of significant resistance by most automotive manufacturers in the 1980’s, there has been an almost complete reversal in industry activity resulting in improved vehicle safety. A similar program for ATV’s would hopefully result in a similar effect.
Paul Vitrano, Executive Vice-President of the Specialty Vehicle Institute of America, presented this at CPSC's ATV Safety Summit Oct. 12. ATV manufacturers strive to constantly improve and innovate their vehicles. The pursuit of innovation, however, must be balanced against the imperative to only introduce proven technologies that will not lead to unintended consequences. Innovations also must be considered in the context of longstanding standards, now mandatory, that have been developed through collaboration among industry, government and other stakeholders. The Specialty Vehicle Institute of America (SVIA) is the American National Standards Institute accredited standards developing organization for the four-wheel ATV standard. SVIA’s Executive Vice President, Paul Vitrano, will discuss innovations that have and have not been implemented, including features in the areas of handling, braking, drivetrain and lighting.
Forces are generated at the tire contact patch during various maneuvers of the car and transferred to the chassis through the suspension links. Calculating the forces on every link is important to design the suspension system as all the forces from wheel to the chassis are transferred by the suspension linkages. These forces have been calculated for all the links of a double wishbone suspension geometry. The load paths and FBD have been drawn and axial stress in the all the linkages
Paul Vitrano, Executive Vice-President of the Specialty Vehicle Institute of America, presented this at CPSC's ATV Safety Summit Oct. 12. ATV manufacturers strive to constantly improve and innovate their vehicles. The pursuit of innovation, however, must be balanced against the imperative to only introduce proven technologies that will not lead to unintended consequences. Innovations also must be considered in the context of longstanding standards, now mandatory, that have been developed through collaboration among industry, government and other stakeholders. The Specialty Vehicle Institute of America (SVIA) is the American National Standards Institute accredited standards developing organization for the four-wheel ATV standard. SVIA’s Executive Vice President, Paul Vitrano, will discuss innovations that have and have not been implemented, including features in the areas of handling, braking, drivetrain and lighting.
Forces are generated at the tire contact patch during various maneuvers of the car and transferred to the chassis through the suspension links. Calculating the forces on every link is important to design the suspension system as all the forces from wheel to the chassis are transferred by the suspension linkages. These forces have been calculated for all the links of a double wishbone suspension geometry. The load paths and FBD have been drawn and axial stress in the all the linkages
To provide good ride and handling performance –
–vertical compliance providing chassis isolation
–ensuring that the wheels follow the road profile
–very little tire load fluctuation
•To ensure that steering control is maintained during maneuvering –
–wheels to be maintained in the proper position wrt road surface
•To ensure that the vehicle responds favorably to control forces produced by the tires during
–longitudinal braking
–accelerating forces,
–lateral cornering forces and
–braking and accelerating torques
–this requires the suspension geometry to be designed to resist squat, dive and roll of the vehicle body
•To provide isolation from high frequency vibration from tire excitation
–requires appropriate isolation in the suspension joints
–Prevent transmission of ‘road noise’ to the vehicle body
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The Active suspension system
is a type of
automotive suspension system
which controls
the vertical movement
of the wheels
with respect to
the chassis and the vehicle body
1. Passive Suspensions
2. Self Leveling Suspensions
3. Semi-Active Suspension - Slow Active
- Low Bandwidth
- High Bandwidth
4. Full Active Suspension System
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING FINITE ELEMENT...ijsrd.com
Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel. 3-D model of the Lower Wishbone Arm is prepared by using CAD software for modal and stress analysis. The forces and moments are used as the boundary conditions for finite element model of the wishbone arm. By using these boundary conditions static analysis is carried out. Then making the load as a function of time; quasi-static analysis of the wishbone arm is carried out. A finite element based optimization is used to optimize the design of lower wishbone arm. Topology optimization and material optimization techniques are used to optimize lower wishbone arm design.
Suspension system is the most significant part which heavily affects the vehicle handling performance and ride quality. Because of its structures limit, the passive suspension system can hardly improve the two properties at the same time. Since the advent of active suspension system, it has become the research hot spot. In this review paper we shall see the advantages of the active suspension system over the passive suspensions systems and its incorporation in passenger vehicles.
The simulation of a vehicles suspension system represents an important part of how the driver experiences ride quality. Without a suspension system, a vehicle acts in a stiff and uncomfortable way. The characteristics of a vehicles performance are dependent on the properties of the suspension. A model of this system would enable a manufacturer to test how certain changes to the properties change the behavior of the vehicle. This way they are able to see how the stiffness of the spring and damper in the suspension system affects the ride experience before building an actual car. This can also reduce the cost of development. The most basic suspension system consists of a spring and shock absorber and also includes the stiffness of the tire being used. More complex suspension systems consist of sensors that take into account and compensate for traction control, engine torque, steering, and braking systems.
David Robertson, of Quadbar Australia, presented this at CPSC's ATV Safety Summit on Oct. 12, 2012. The Quadbar Crush Protection Device has been used successfully in Australia for a number of years now and has proven effective at preventing injuries and deaths associated with ATV rollovers. Monash University defines a Crush Protection Device (CPD) as a structure designed to form a protective space between the bike and the ground in the event of roll over. Such devices aim to prevent or reduce rider injuries incurred due to crushing or asphyxiation. In general, CPDs are not designed to be used with occupant restraints, thereby allowing the use of active riding techniques and rider separation from the vehicle during loss of control events. Presented will be the research study by the University of Southern Queensland and independent engineering reports on the Quadbar CPD. Real life case studies into accidents involving roll over and the effectiveness of the Quadbar at preventing injuries associated with these roll over events will also be discussed.
To provide good ride and handling performance –
–vertical compliance providing chassis isolation
–ensuring that the wheels follow the road profile
–very little tire load fluctuation
•To ensure that steering control is maintained during maneuvering –
–wheels to be maintained in the proper position wrt road surface
•To ensure that the vehicle responds favorably to control forces produced by the tires during
–longitudinal braking
–accelerating forces,
–lateral cornering forces and
–braking and accelerating torques
–this requires the suspension geometry to be designed to resist squat, dive and roll of the vehicle body
•To provide isolation from high frequency vibration from tire excitation
–requires appropriate isolation in the suspension joints
–Prevent transmission of ‘road noise’ to the vehicle body
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The Active suspension system
is a type of
automotive suspension system
which controls
the vertical movement
of the wheels
with respect to
the chassis and the vehicle body
1. Passive Suspensions
2. Self Leveling Suspensions
3. Semi-Active Suspension - Slow Active
- Low Bandwidth
- High Bandwidth
4. Full Active Suspension System
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING FINITE ELEMENT...ijsrd.com
Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel. 3-D model of the Lower Wishbone Arm is prepared by using CAD software for modal and stress analysis. The forces and moments are used as the boundary conditions for finite element model of the wishbone arm. By using these boundary conditions static analysis is carried out. Then making the load as a function of time; quasi-static analysis of the wishbone arm is carried out. A finite element based optimization is used to optimize the design of lower wishbone arm. Topology optimization and material optimization techniques are used to optimize lower wishbone arm design.
Suspension system is the most significant part which heavily affects the vehicle handling performance and ride quality. Because of its structures limit, the passive suspension system can hardly improve the two properties at the same time. Since the advent of active suspension system, it has become the research hot spot. In this review paper we shall see the advantages of the active suspension system over the passive suspensions systems and its incorporation in passenger vehicles.
The simulation of a vehicles suspension system represents an important part of how the driver experiences ride quality. Without a suspension system, a vehicle acts in a stiff and uncomfortable way. The characteristics of a vehicles performance are dependent on the properties of the suspension. A model of this system would enable a manufacturer to test how certain changes to the properties change the behavior of the vehicle. This way they are able to see how the stiffness of the spring and damper in the suspension system affects the ride experience before building an actual car. This can also reduce the cost of development. The most basic suspension system consists of a spring and shock absorber and also includes the stiffness of the tire being used. More complex suspension systems consist of sensors that take into account and compensate for traction control, engine torque, steering, and braking systems.
David Robertson, of Quadbar Australia, presented this at CPSC's ATV Safety Summit on Oct. 12, 2012. The Quadbar Crush Protection Device has been used successfully in Australia for a number of years now and has proven effective at preventing injuries and deaths associated with ATV rollovers. Monash University defines a Crush Protection Device (CPD) as a structure designed to form a protective space between the bike and the ground in the event of roll over. Such devices aim to prevent or reduce rider injuries incurred due to crushing or asphyxiation. In general, CPDs are not designed to be used with occupant restraints, thereby allowing the use of active riding techniques and rider separation from the vehicle during loss of control events. Presented will be the research study by the University of Southern Queensland and independent engineering reports on the Quadbar CPD. Real life case studies into accidents involving roll over and the effectiveness of the Quadbar at preventing injuries associated with these roll over events will also be discussed.
Patricia Wellen, Director of Research and Program Innovation for the Boy Scouts of America presented this at CPSC's ATV Safety Summit on Oct. 11, 2012. The Boy Scouts of America's Innovation Team seeks fun and safe programs to enhance retention and recruitment and fulfill the aims of Scouting; character development, participatory citizenship, and physical fitness. We have been successful in doing this by designing programs based on what youth want. In a survey of Scouts and non-Scouts in 2009, we found that riding ATV's was the fourth highest ranked activity they wanted to try. This finding led to a partnership between the BSA and the ATV Safety Institute to provide an ATV rider education pilot program in 2010 and 2011. This program was so successful that in 2012 it became a part of the camping program and is currently conducted at BSA camps across the country. This program has grown from being offered in four camps in 2010 to being offered in 18 camps this past summer, and we anticipate even greater growth during the 2013 camping season. Older Scouts are returning to camp to take part in the ATV program, which is helping us achieve our retention goal. The ATV program is also helping us achieve our goal of having activities youth have never had the opportunity to experience since more than 60 percent of the youth participating have never ridden an ATV before.
Formula One is the highest class of single-seater auto racing sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile and owned by the Formula One Group. To Organize such a sporting event with high risk of death is a big challenge and to face and overcome such challenge Science & Engineering come forward.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimization for Frontal Impact under section FMVSS-208 and IIHS criteria in which analysis carried on Fixed barrier with 100%, 40% collision and small offset rigid barrier with 25% collision. Done simulation to see how well a passenger vehicle would protect its occupants in the event of a serious real-world frontal crash.
ITS 2018 Congress_Denmark_Ilona Cieslik_ADVANCING ACTIVE SAFETY AND TESTING M...Ilona Anna Cieslik
The paper entitled: Advancing active safety and testing methodologies towards the protection of Vulnerable
Road Users: The project PROSPECT
Full paper : https://zenodo.org/record/1422459#.W6OFlfmx8l0
Similar to ATV Safety Summit: Vehicle Tech Roll-Over Protection - Rollover Crash Performance Testing (20)
A briefing for the Consumer Product Safety Commission by CPSC staff from the Directorate for Engineering Sciences, Division of Mechanical Combustion Engineering.
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Presentation by Blake G. Rose, Director, Defect Investigations Division Office of Compliance and Field Operations on CPSC Review of Recall Process and Standard Notifications.
Presentation Date: July 25, 2017
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1. Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research
Rollover Crash Performance Testing
Quad Bikes (ATV’s)
Raphael Grzebieta and George Rechnitzer
Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, UNSW
Contact:
Prof. Raphael Grzebieta, r.grzebieta@unsw.edu.au
Dr. George Rechnitzer, g.rechnitzer@unsw.edu.au
2. Overview of down-under work carried out
• All Terrain Vehicle Injuries and
Deaths, Monash University
Study, Australia, March 2003, Rechnitzer G., Day
L., Grzebieta R.H., Zou R. and Richardson S.
• Study carried out at request of Victorian State
Government WorkCover Authority and State
Coroner
• 7 rollover crush and asphyxiation cases were linked
by Coroner
3. Overview of down-under work carried out
• ATV rollovers a major cause of fatalities in Australia -
crushing of rider by the ATV or ejection with impact
with the ground or objects.
• Most serious incidents occur in agricultural settings.
Now around 30 deaths per year. Around 50% are
rollovers (Lower T, Herde E, Fragar L. Quad bike
deaths in Australia 2001 to 2010. Journal of
Health, Safety & Environment 2012;28:7-24.)
• This compares to 65% rollovers in the US identified
by CPSC (Garland S. All-terrain vehicle deaths
database. US Consumer Product Safety
Commission, 2011.)
4. Overview of down-under work carried out
• Aims of Monash study were:
- A review of ATV related fatalities and serious
injuries in Australia, USA, UK and New Zealand;
- review of previous research of ATV fatalities and
serious injuries
- examine feasibility of fitting effective occupant
rollover protection system
5. Overview of down-under work carried out
• Method:
- Investigation of ATV Stability Factors And
Overturn Angle (static and active riding)
HONDA TRX 350
6. Overview of down-under work carried out
• Method:
- Investigation of ATV Stability Factors And
Overturn Angle (static and active riding)
7. Overview of down-under work carried out
• Method:
- Investigation of ATV Stability Factors And
Overturn Angle (static and active riding)
9. Overview of down-under work carried out
• Method:
- Structural and dynamic computer analysis of ATV
rollover protective structure
Baseline MADYMO model
HONDA TRX 350
10. Overview of down-under work carried out
• Method:
- Structural and dynamic computer analysis of ATV
rollover protective structure
MADYMO model
HONDA TRX 350
with ROPS and seat
belts
11. Overview of down-under work carried out
• Method:
- Structural and dynamic computer analysis of ATV
rollover protective structure
Cross over seat belt
system used for
Cases 2 & 4 & 6
12. Overview of down-under work carried out
• Method:
- Structural and dynamic computer analysis of ATV
rollover protective structure
14. Overview of down-under work carried out
• Study findings:
- ATVs although based on motorcycle structures with two
extra wheels added, have significant differences in
handling, usage and collision modes. Despite these major
differences, ATV safety philosophy retains and promotes,
quite inappropriately, a motorcycle based and rider-
centred perspective on safety, rather than a vehicle one.
That is, ATV safety is considered to depend on rider
separation from the vehicle and the addition of
protective clothing and helmet. Simply put, such safe
philosophies are ill conceived and dangerous for ATV
riders. They do not offer any protection in the most
common modes of injury with ATVs – rollovers, nor
collisions.
15. Overview of down-under work carried out
• Study findings:
- The design of ATVs in terms of their short wheel base,
relatively narrow track and high centre of gravity
positions, and lack of a differential, result in adverse
handling characteristics, which are intended to be
compensated by active-riding techniques. Such
techniques require shift in position of the rider’s body to
increase stability during manoeuvring. Stability analyses
of the benefits of active riding show these to have quite
limited benefit (about 20% or less), and overall would
appear to be overrated as a means of enhancing the
control of ATVs.
16. Overview of down-under work carried out
• Study findings:
- Virtually all of the previous international research on
fitting Rollover Protective Systems on ATVs to date has
been predicated on having an unrestrained (or
ineffectively restrained) rider so as to maintain active
riding. This has led to protective structure designs with
very poor effectiveness and in many cases designs that
could well increase severe injury risk. Similarly, the
Protective Structure designs suggested through the NZ
ROPS guide and those of UK HSE are ill-conceived, totally
inadequate, indeed dangerous, as they provide
inadequate survival space and do not require proper
restraint systems.
17. Overview of down-under work carried out
• Study findings:
- Three crash scenarios were modelled, with and without
the Rollover Protective System. Scenario 1 was an ATV
travelling at 7km/h across a 30-degree slope in which the
ATV rolls due to hitting a rock. Scenario 2 involved the
ATV travelling at 30km/h across a 30-degree slope and
rolling due to hitting a rock. Scenario 3 was the same as
the second, but with the ATV travelling at 20km/h. In
Scenario 1, the ATV without ROPS rolled onto the rider,
and in scenarios 2 & 3 the rider was ejected striking the
ground resulting in severe injury levels (fatal in the 2nd
scenario). In the three scenarios where the ATV was fitted
with the Rollover Protective System, the occupant
received low injury levels.
18. Overview of down-under work carried out
• Study findings:
- It is possible to design a practical rollover protection
system for an ATV that will protect a rider against serious
injury in a rollover, and other collision modes. Such a
system requires a lightweight but high strength structure
that protects the occupant survival space, together with a
high backed seat with side bolsters, and seatbelt system
to effectively restrain the occupant within the protected
zone.
19. Overview of down-under work carried out
• The Monash study outcomes is what we thought in
2003. However, that perspective has since changed
particularly after carrying out an analysis of the
QuadBar described in the next few slides.
• Consideration of harm minimization must be applied
here
• Because of this new project we are starting from a
clean sheet of paper almost – we are focusing on
performance testing and let industry instead develop
their own systems to mitigate rollover casualties
20. Overview of down-under work carried out
• SECOND STUDY - Quadbar comparing it to the
baseline and MUARC ROPS for 9 cases
21. Overview of down-under work carried out
• SECOND STUDY - Quadbar comparing it to the
baseline and MUARC ROPS for 9 cases
22. Overview of down-under work carried out
• Study findings:
- Addition of the Quad-bar to an ATV would help mitigate
the injuries resulting from most rear rollover scenarios
and some low speed, low slope scenarios. It does not
appear to influence the outcome of higher speed cases as
it provides no occupant restraint. It appears to be an
increased risk in frontal rollovers as the Quad-bar may
come into contact with the rider when the full weight of
the ATV is behind it.
- The Quad-bar’s extension helps to stop the ATV from
continuing to roll down the slope, restricting it to one
quarter turn in cases where the slope is 20 degrees or
less and in rearward rollovers and power takeoff cases
23. Current work
• $1 million dollar applied research and testing project
being undertaken at TARS, UNSW, aimed at improving
the safety of Quad Bikes (ATVs) from a stability and
rollover crush protection perspective.
• Project funded by WorkCover NSW, and strongly
supported by the NSW State Government. The test work
will be carried out at CRASHLAB in Sydney
(http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/roadsafety/crashlab/index.html).
• Tilt table to be developed at Crashlab.
• Table will be capable of allowing a tilt and also slide and
then tilt tests
24. Current work
• Evaluation of quad bike stability loaded with after market
products (e.g. spray tanks, tow trailers, etc.)
• Development of quad bike anti crush performance tests
that will consider asphyxiation
• Evaluation and ranking of current commercially available
potential rollover protection systems
Project Reference Group with all stakeholders
represented – State Government OH&S, Farmers
Representatives, Manufacturers, Aftermarket
manufacturers, Workers Union, Universities (US and
Aus), National and International researchers. Assess
project outcomes and provide feedback
25. Current work
• Evaluation and ranking of 10 quad bikes (ATVs) for
stability
• Evaluation of quad bike stability loaded with after market
products (e.g. spray tanks, tow trailers, etc.)
• Develop quad bike anti crush performance tests that will
consider asphyxiation
• Evaluate and rank current commercially available
potential rollover protection systems
Essentially Star Rating Quad Bikes (ATVs) for stability
and crush protection similar to IIHS or NCAP. This
could be linked back to injury outcomes.
26. NZ Land Corporation Farming Tests
Source: Al McCone, mcconea@landcorp.co.nz
Landcorp Farming Ltd (New Zealand)
27. NZ Land Corporation Farming Tests
Source: Al McCone, mcconea@landcorp.co.nz
Landcorp Farming Ltd (New Zealand)
28. NZ Land Corporation Farming Tests
Source: Al McCone, mcconea@landcorp.co.nz
Landcorp Farming Ltd (New Zealand)