This document presents information on the herbicide atrazine, including its widespread use, environmental impacts, and health effects. It discusses how atrazine is the most commonly detected water contaminant in the Midwest US and has been banned in the EU. The document also summarizes research showing that atrazine is an endocrine disruptor that has been linked to reproductive issues in animals and is considered a potential human carcinogen.
Soils give a mechanical support to plants from which they extract nutrients. soil provides shelters for many animal types, from invertebrates such as worms and insects up to mammals like rabbits, moles, foxes and badgers. It also provides habitats colonised by a staggering variety of microorganisms. This module is about the microbial life in soils.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
Introduction
Type of pesticides
Advantage & disadvantages of pesticides
Degradation of pesticide
Microbial degradation of pesticides
Mode of microbial metabolism of pesticides
Strategies for biodegradation
Approaches for biodegradation of pesticide
Chemical reaction leading biodegradation of pesticide
Metabolism of pesticides by MO
Metabolism of DDT
In his PPT you will come to know about the TREATMENT OF SOLID WASTE, ITS MANAGEMENT and MICROORGANISMS INVOLVED IN THE TREATMENT OF SOLID WASTE. do like, share and follow me to get more such PPT to be uploaded.
Soils give a mechanical support to plants from which they extract nutrients. soil provides shelters for many animal types, from invertebrates such as worms and insects up to mammals like rabbits, moles, foxes and badgers. It also provides habitats colonised by a staggering variety of microorganisms. This module is about the microbial life in soils.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
Introduction
Type of pesticides
Advantage & disadvantages of pesticides
Degradation of pesticide
Microbial degradation of pesticides
Mode of microbial metabolism of pesticides
Strategies for biodegradation
Approaches for biodegradation of pesticide
Chemical reaction leading biodegradation of pesticide
Metabolism of pesticides by MO
Metabolism of DDT
In his PPT you will come to know about the TREATMENT OF SOLID WASTE, ITS MANAGEMENT and MICROORGANISMS INVOLVED IN THE TREATMENT OF SOLID WASTE. do like, share and follow me to get more such PPT to be uploaded.
USEPA- Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Endosulfan states that Endosulfan, a broad spectrum contact insecticide and acaricide is neither mutagenic nor carcinogenic thus proving it safe for use. This largely clarifies the prevalent misinformation about endosulfan which states that it is harmful to human health.
Although the report mentions that exposure to endosulfan has resulted in both reproductive and development effects in nontarget animals, particularly birds, fish and mammals, a scientific study done in India showacases no residues of Endosulfan in fishes and the river water samples hence proving it.
Ref: http://www.wepapers.com/Papers/130366/No_Endosulfan_residues_in_Himalayas
Genotoxicity of Eleusine indica (Nkim enang: Efik) was investigated in the Wister strain albino rat (Rattus novergicus). Nine (9) male and nine (9) female rats were randomly assigned to three (3) groups, of which two were exposed to the aqueous extract of E.indica – Group A (control-no extract)), Group B (50 mg/kg BW of E. indica) and Group C (100 mg/kg BW of E. indica). This was administered to the rats by oral gavage for 14 days after which the peripheral blood from the tail tips were collected and assayed for the presence of micronuclei, following standard procedures. Proximate analysis and phytochemical screening of the herb extract was carried out. Results obtained showed that E. indica did not cause any significant (P > 0.05) increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in rat peripheral blood at any of the doses administered. The polychromatic: normochromatic erythrocyte (PCE: NCE) ratio was found to be in the range of 0.50 ± 0.11 to 0.55 ± 0.02. Also, the aqueous herb extract is rich in Carbohydrates (76.17%) and Tannins (21.76%). Mean body weights (MBW) of rats showed normal distribution throughout the duration of the investigation. The results of this study demonstrate that E. indica does not confer any genotoxicity in mammals. Further in-depth study on its efficacy is recommended.
Allelopathic effects of weeds extract on seed germination of Trachyspermum co...Innspub Net
Seed germination stage is one of the most basic growth stages in medicinal plants that may be adversely affected by the chemicals released from other plants in the soil environment. The present study was performed to investigate the allelopathic effects of weeds, including (Xanthium strumarium, Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album) as common weeds in medicinal plant's farms, on seed germination parameters, total dry weight and allometry coefficient of Trachyspermum copticum L., Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum L. in laboratory conditions. Treatments included extracts of all organs of three weed species, applied on the seeds of the medicinal plants at three concentrations of zero (distilled water), 50 and 100% by volume. The results showed that the extracts of mentioned weed species had a significant inhibitory effect on germination characteristics of the studied medicinal plants. The greatest negative impact on seed germination was recorded for the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus, but Trachyspermum copticum L. showed a better resistance to the extract of Amaranthus retroflexus as compared to Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum. Get the full articles at: http://bit.ly/1NaHI5u
Insecticidal and Antifeedant Effects of Neem Seed and Scent Leaves on Dermest...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal and antifeedant effect on the hide beetle (Dermestes marculatus) exposed to dried croaker (Pseudotolithus elongatus) flesh treated with 30%, 25% and 15% concentrations of scent leaves (Ocimum gratissimum) and neem seed (Azadirachta indica) extracts. Insecticidal effect was determined as daily percentage mortality of hide beetle larvae in each treatment, while weight loss of preserved fish was the measure of feeding inhibitory effect of the treatment during the 10 days exposure. With a total kill (100% mortality) of the insect larvae in 10 days by 30% neem seed concentration, neem seed proved to be more potent than scent leaf of equal concentration even though statistical analysis did not find any significant difference between the two treatments. The least weight loss of 7% obtained from 30% neem seed concentration was less than half the weight lost by fish treated with equal concentration of scent leaf, indicating the superiority of neem seed. The study has shown that high concentration of scent leafs and particularly neem seed, have strong insecticidal and antifeedant effect on hide beetle larvae and can be used to control this pest and preserve dried fish. A combination of neem seed and scent leaf together may prove more effective and needs to be investigated.
Invasive Alien Plant Species Assessment in Urban Ecosystem: A Case Study from...Surendra Bam
Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are the second most threat to biodiversity after habitat loss and fragmentation. Identifying the non-native species being naturalized in your region is the fundamental step for the upcoming management strategy in future.
Phytochemical screening and proximate composition of the sea grasses Enhalus ...Innspub Net
Knowledge of the chemical composition of seagrass is important both for the assessment of the nutritional value of marine invertebrate or vertebrate herbivores and for the evaluation of potential sources of protein, carbohydrates, and lipids for commercial use or for possible human consumption. While phytochemical screening provides basic information about the medicinal importance of the plant extract and are lead compound for drug discoveries. Proximate composition and phytochemical analyses were determined on the seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii using standard methods on a dry basis. The result of the proximate composition showed that Enhalus acoroides contained 9.35% crude protein, 0.07% crude lipid, 54.94% carbohydrate contents and 35.64% ash. While Thalassia hemprichii contained 14.98% crude protein, 0.17% crude lipid, 52.87% carbohydrate contents and 31.98% ash. The phytochemicals detected in the methanolic extracts of Enhalus acoroides were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, and steroids. While for Thalassia hemprichii were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, triterpenoids and steroids. The results indicate that seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii are good potential sources of highly nutritious feed stuff and the different active secondary metabolites along with significant bioactive potential might be helpful for the future pharmaceutical applications.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Name
Aafaq Ali
Class
M.Phil 1st Sem
Topic
Atrazine in Envir0nment
Presented To
Dr.Khushi Mohammad
Department Of Botany
University Of Lahore(Sargodha Campus)
4. Introduction
Since its introduction in 1958, atrazine has
become the most widely used herbicide in the
United States.
It is the top-selling product for Syngenta, the
largest chemical corporation in the world.
Atrazine has become the most frequently
detected contaminant of ground, surface, and
drinking water in the Midwestern United States
(U.S.), and is one of the most controversial “crop
protectors” on the market.
5. Used initially to control the growth of annual
broadleaf weeds on such row crops as corn and
sugarcane
Atrazine is now applied to commercial golf
courses, industrial centers, lawns, and along
roadsides.
According to the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), over 76 million pounds of atrazine
are applied to crops each year.
Despite its widespread use in the U.S.the
European Union banned atrazine in 2003, citing it
as a major contributor to water contamination.
7. Characteristics Of Atrazine
Atrazine is a chlorotriazine and its chemical
properties make it prone to leaching and runoff.
According to the Agency for Toxic Substance and
Disease Registry (ATSDR), once atrazine is applied
to the soil, it can remain there for days or months.
It is usually broken down, however, within one
growing season.
Nonetheless,( بہر
حال ) any atrazine that enters
the groundwater or surface waterways through run-
off or leaching can remain for a much longer time
because the chemical is slow to breakdown in water.
8. This is one reason why people living
near agricultural fields oftentimes find atrazine in
their drinking water.
If atrazine enters the air, other reactive chemicals
in the air can break it down—unless atrazine
attaches to dust particles.
In this case, breakdown is not expected. When this
happens, the wind can carry atrazine-laden dust
particles long distances from the original application
area.
Atrazine has been detected in rainwater more than
180 miles (300 kilometers) from where it was
applied.
9. Adverse Health Effects Of Atrazine
Recent studies indicate that atrazine is
an endocrine disruptor that interferes with hormone
synthesis, secretion, receptor binding, activity or
degradation.
One of the first researchers to investigate the
effects of environmental exposures to atrazine in
wildlife was Tyrone B. Hayes, a biology professor at
the University of California, Berkeley.
He reported that just 0.1 parts per billion (ppb) of
atrazine in male leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and in
African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis), caused
gonadal deformities, multiple testes, nonpigmented
ovaries, hermaphrodites, and chemical castration
13. Several other studies indicate that atrazine causes
reproductive, developmental, and behavioral effects in
other species, including salmon, turtles, and rats.
One study on late stage pregnancy of Long-Evans
rats concluded that exposure to atrazine at levels as
low as 0.09 mg/kg (parts per million or ppm) body
weight caused alterations in mammary gland
development.
Few studies have confirmed a definite link between
atrazine and adverse human health effects, however,
studies performed on rodents resulted in the EPA
classifying atrazine as a possible“human Carcinogen”.
16. Human Exposure to Atrazine
The Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease
Registry has published a Public Health Statement for
Atrazine that reviews important routes of exposure.
Briefly, the ATSDR notes that people who live near
agricultural areas, golf courses, roadsides, or other
areas subject to herbicide applications may be
exposed to atrazine.
Farm workers and other individuals who apply
atrazine are highly susceptible to exposure and
although atrazine is not frequently detected in the air,
air concentrations may be higher near production and
disposal facilities, or areas where it is heavily applied.
17. People may be exposed to atrazine if they come
in direct contact with dirt that has atrazine in it.
For this reason, children are susceptible to this
route of exposure.
Additionally, atrazine can contaminate drinking
water supplies—the main route of exposure for
humans.
While it is applied to many crops, atrazine has
not been detected readily in food samples. In
those cases where it was detected, levels were
low.
According to the ATSDR, exposure to atrazine
via food consumption is unlikely
18. Atrazine In Drinking Water
The Environmental Protection Agency, through
the Safe Drinking Water Act, monitors and enforces a
maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 3.0 parts per
billion (ppb) of atrazine in public drinking water.
A recent United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA) study reported, however, annual mean
concentrations of atrazine that exceeded the MCL in
public drinking sources.
They found rivers (the Missouri, Mississippi, Wabash,
Maumee, and Sandusky), streams (in Illinois, Ohio and
Indiana), and water supply reservoirs (in Kansas,
Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Ohio, and Illinois) with
atrazine concentrations above the maximum contaminant
level.
19. References
Consumer Factsheet on Atrazine 2006. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Environmental Characteristics of Atrazine 1994. United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA).
Hazard Ranking System 2005. EPA.
Public Health Statement for Atrazine. 2008. Encyclopedia of Earth.
Belden, J. and Lydy, M.J. 2000. Impact of atrazine on organophosphate insecticide
toxicity.Environmental Toxicology, 19: 2266-2274.
Dinan, Frank J. 2006. Kermit to Kermette? Does the herbicide Atrazine feminize
male frogs? Journal of College Science Teaching, 10: 38-42.
Enoch, R.R., Stanko, J.P., Greiner, S.N., Youngblood, G.I., Rayner, J.L., and
Fenton, S.F. 2007. Mammary gland development as a sensitive end point after acute
prenatal exposure to an atrazine metabolic mixture in female Long-Evans
rats. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115 (4): 541-547.
Hayes, Tyrone, B. 2004. There is no denying this: defusing the confusion about
atrazine. Bioscience, 54 (12): 1138-1149.
Hayes, Tyrone B. 2005. Welcome to the revolution:integrative biology and
assessing the impact of endocrine disruptors on environmental and public
health. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45 (2): 321-329.
Hayes, T.B., Stuart, A.A., Mendoza, M., Collins, A., Noriega, N., Vonk,A.,
Johnston, G., Liu, R., and
20. Hayes, Tyrone B. 2005. Welcome to the revolution:integrative biology
and assessing the impact of endocrine disruptors on environmental and
public health. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45 (2): 321-329.
Hayes, T.B., Stuart, A.A., Mendoza, M., Collins, A., Noriega, N.,
Vonk,A., Johnston, G., Liu, R., and Kpodzo, D. 2006. Characterization of
Atrazine-induced gonadal malformations in African Clawed frogs
(Xenopus laevis) and comparisons with effects of an androgen Antagonist
(Cyproterone Acetate) and Exogenous Estrogen (17b-Estradiol): Support
for the Demasculinization/Feminization Hypothesis.Environmental Health
Perspectives, 114: 134-142.
Hoagland, K.D., Drenner, R.W., Smith, J.D. and Cross, D.R. 1993
Freshwater community responses to mixtures of agricultural
pesticides:effects of atrazine and bifenthrin Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12:
627-637.
Moore, Andrew and Waring, Colin P. 1998. Mechanistic effects of a
Triazine pesticide on reproductive endocrine function in mature male
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr. Pesticide Biochemistry and
Physiology, 62: 41-50.
Neuman-Lee, L.A. and Janzen, F.J. 2005. Effects of atrazine on map
turtle (Graptemys) development and behavior. Integrative and Comparative
Biology, 45 (6): 1171.
Popov, V.H., Cornish, P.S., S
21. Kpodzo, D. 2006. Characterization of Atrazine-induced gonadal
malformations in African Clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) and
comparisons with effects of an androgen Antagonist (Cyproterone
Acetate) and Exogenous Estrogen (17b-Estradiol): Support for the
Demasculinization/Feminization Hypothesis.Environmental Health
Perspectives, 114: 134-142.
Hoagland, K.D., Drenner, R.W., Smith, J.D. and Cross, D.R.
1993 Freshwater community responses to mixtures of agricultural
pesticides:effects of atrazine and bifenthrin Environ. Toxicol.
Chem. 12: 627-637.
Moore, Andrew and Waring, Colin P. 1998. Mechanistic effects
of a Triazine pesticide on reproductive endocrine function in
mature male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr. Pesticide
Biochemistry and Physiology, 62: 41-50.
Neuman-Lee, L.A. and Janzen, F.J. 2005. Effects of atrazine on
map turtle (Graptemys) development and behavior. Integrative and
Comparative Biology, 45 (6): 1171.
Popov, V.H., Cornish, P.S., S