Welding process
Arc Welding
Resistance Welding
Oxy fuel Gas Welding
Other Fusion Welding Processes
Solid State Welding
Weld Quality
Weld ability
Design Considerations in Welding
The fundamentals of welding arc, mechanisms of electron
emission, different zones in welding arc, electrical aspects related with welding arc, arc forces.
and their significance in welding.
Magnetic abrasive finishing is a machining process where the tooling allowance is remove by media wi th both magnetic and abrasive properties,with a magnetic f ield acting as a binder of a grain. Such machining falls into the category of erosion by abrasive suspension and lend itself to the finishing of any type of surface . The possibility of finishing complex surfaces is a spec ial benefit of this machining. Magnetic abrasive fi nishing process is most suitable for obtaining quality fini sh on metallic and non-metallic surfaces. Magnetic abrasive finishing used for complicated product finishing & Roughness and tolerance band achieved that is diffi cult using conventional machine process. The product dimension al requirement easily possible with taking trial wi th MAF parameters.
Welding process
Arc Welding
Resistance Welding
Oxy fuel Gas Welding
Other Fusion Welding Processes
Solid State Welding
Weld Quality
Weld ability
Design Considerations in Welding
The fundamentals of welding arc, mechanisms of electron
emission, different zones in welding arc, electrical aspects related with welding arc, arc forces.
and their significance in welding.
Magnetic abrasive finishing is a machining process where the tooling allowance is remove by media wi th both magnetic and abrasive properties,with a magnetic f ield acting as a binder of a grain. Such machining falls into the category of erosion by abrasive suspension and lend itself to the finishing of any type of surface . The possibility of finishing complex surfaces is a spec ial benefit of this machining. Magnetic abrasive fi nishing process is most suitable for obtaining quality fini sh on metallic and non-metallic surfaces. Magnetic abrasive finishing used for complicated product finishing & Roughness and tolerance band achieved that is diffi cult using conventional machine process. The product dimension al requirement easily possible with taking trial wi th MAF parameters.
Electron beam welding (EBW) is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high velocity electrons is directed to the materials being joined.The workpieces melts as the kinetic energy of the lectrons is transformed
into heat upon impact.
Electron Beam Welding is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high-velocity electrons is applied to the material to be joined. The work-piece melt as the kinetic energy of the electrons is transformed into heat upon impact. The EBW process is well-positioned to provide industries with highest quality welds and machine designs that have proven to be adaptable to specific welding tasks and production environments.
Electron beam welding (EBW) is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high velocity electrons is directed to the materials being joined.The workpieces melts as the kinetic energy of the lectrons is transformed
into heat upon impact.
Electron Beam Welding is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high-velocity electrons is applied to the material to be joined. The work-piece melt as the kinetic energy of the electrons is transformed into heat upon impact. The EBW process is well-positioned to provide industries with highest quality welds and machine designs that have proven to be adaptable to specific welding tasks and production environments.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Optimization of tungsten inert gas welding on 6063 aluminum alloy on taguchi ...RSIS International
In this paper, the Taguchi method is used for the
Optimization of Tungsten Inert Gas Welding on 6063
Aluminum Alloy. The Taguchi method L27 is used to
optimize the pulsed TIG welding process parameters of 6063
aluminum alloy weldments for maximizing the mechanical
properties. Analysis of Variance is used to find the impact of
individual factors. Then the optimal parameters of the TIG
welding process is determined and the experimental results
illustrate the proposed approach.
Prediction of Weld Quality of A Tungsten Inertr Gas Welded Mild Steel Pipe Jo...IJERA Editor
The weld quality of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welded joint has been investigated to identify the most economical weld parameters that will bring about optimum properties. Response surface methodology has been used in the optimization of the tungsten inert gas weld of mild steel pipes. Response surface methodology, based on the central composite face centered design was generated for the purpose of optimization of the weld quality.All the process parameters have desirability of 1. Tensile strength response for this solution have a desirability of 0.910595 and the yield strength of 0.59. Result showed that minimizing current and voltage an average tensile strength of 535.452MPa and yield strength of up to 408.74MPa can be achieved, while keeping gas flow rate and electrode diameter within the range of test. It was also deduced that tensile elongation of the TIG weld is not influenced by the process parameters selected for the purpose of this study.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A review on TIG welding for optimizing process parameters on dissimilar jointsIJERA Editor
Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG) is relatively high strength welding technique. This technique are mostly used in fabrication and other industries to join the either similar or dissimilar materials. In particular, it can be used to join high-quality strength of metal and alloys.In this paper we discuss abouttheTungsten Inert Gas welding of joining heat treatableof stainless steel and mild steel.These welded joints have higher tensile strength to weight ratio and finer micro structure. Tungsten Inert Gas Weldingofdissimilar material such as stainless steel and mild steel have the potential to hold good mechanical and metallurgical properties.
Investigation on Mechanical Properties of TIG Welded Joint and its Efficiencyijtsrd
This work mainly pertains to improvement in the mechanical properties of IS 2062 steel plates welds through gas tungsten arc welding GTAW process. TIG Tungsten inert gas welding are well known welding techniques, that are being used in industries in the current age. Mild steel was the only commonly used material in TIG welding. Mild steel is the first material consumption. The comparison is done on the basis of the mechanical properties of the welded joint of TIG welding. This study is done on mechanical testing and non destructive tests DPT and radiography tests of TIG welding on IS 2062 Mild steel plates. Mr. I. S. N. V. R. Prashanth | K. Lavanya | Meherkeziah | P. Navya ""Investigation on Mechanical Properties of TIG Welded Joint and its Efficiency"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23244.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/manufacturing-engineering/23244/investigation-on-mechanical-properties-of-tig-welded-joint-and-its-efficiency/mr-i-s-n-v-r-prashanth
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
1. ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF ADDITION OF
SILICON CARBIDE TO TITANIUM DIOXIDE
FLUXES IN THE ATIG WELDING OF 304 AND
316L STAINLESS STEELS
BY,
PRASHANTH P (311817145001)
VIJAYA VIGNESH B (311817145002)
4TH YEAR, MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MOHAMED SATHAK AJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CHENNAI - 603103
2. An introduction to TIG welding
Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) or Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) is an arc welding
process that uses a non-consumable electrode.
The electrode used is made out of Tungsten.
Filler metal is added separately into the weld pool.
A blanket of inert gas, also known as shielding gas is used to protect the weld
from contamination.
3. Advantages of TIG welding
The electrode is not consumed during welding.
Inert gases are used to prevent contamination as opposed to flux.
Intenesive post weld cleaning is not required due to the absence of flux.
Welds produced are relatively clean and narrow.
TIG welding can be used to weld a wide range of metals.
4. Disadvantges of TIG welding
The most important disadvantage is the lack of penetration.
Specimen greater than 3mm require edge preparation.
TIG welding requires a greater skill level and dexterity since the welder is forced to
use both of their hands.
5. Increasing penetration depth – (A-TIG)
welding
The penetration depth in the conventional TIG welding process is very low.
This disadvantage can be mitigated through the use of an ‘activated flux’.
The flux is a chemical substance (usually an oxide) that is applied to the joint
interface prior to welding.
Activated TIG (A-TIG) welding is the name given to a TIG welding process that
makes use of fluxes to increase the penetration depth.
6. Mechanisms of A-TIG welding – Arc
constriction
The exact mechanism behind A-TIG welding is not clearly understood.
One proposed mechanism is the construction of the welding arc.
The presence of insulating fluxes along the edges of the joint interface constricts
the arc towards the joint interface.
This increases the electron density at the surface of the base metal thus increasing
the welding current and arc voltage.
7. Mechanisms of A-TIG welding –
Marangoni convection
Another proposed mechanism is ‘Marangoni convection’.
Marangoni convection or reversed convection is the tendency for heat and mass
transfer to occur towards a region of higher surface tension in a liquid.
Convection in the weld pool in A-TIG welding is reversed resulting in the
formation of a deep and narrow weld zone.
8. Conventional TIG welding vs A-TIG
welding
The image shown below illustrates the arc constriction and Marangoni convection
phenomena seen in A-TIG welding.
9. Beneficial effects of activated fluxes
In addition to increasing the penetration depth, activated fluxes were found to
improve other material properties in the weldment.
Researchers have found that some fluxes greatly improved the tensile strength,
hardness and toughness of the weld metal.
Therefore A-TIG welding could have other benefits in addition to an increase in
penetration depth.
10. Flux selection – Titanium dioxide and
Silicon Carbide
The choice of flux for this particular experimental project was Titania and Silicon
Carbide.
Silicon Carbide powders were used to improve the hardness of the weld metal.
Titania was used to improve the penetration depth and to act as a carrier for
depositing the Silicon Carbide deep within the weld pool.
Three compositions of Titania and Silicon Carbide were taken in the ratios 3:1, 2:1
and 1:1.
11. Material selection – 304 and 316L stainless
steels
The materials of choice for this experiment were 304 and 316L stainless steel
grades belonging to the austenitic stainless steel family.
They base materials were chosen based on their weldability.
The filler metal of choice was ER308L taken in the form of one meter long filler
rods.
12. Experimental procedure - process flow
The steps involved in the experimental procedure were as follows,
Sourcing of raw materials and equipment.
Preparing the base metals for welding.
Preparation of the flux mixture.
Application of the flux mixture.
Welding the specimen.
Post weld cleaning.
Preparing the specimen for testing.
Testing the hardness of the specimen.
Analysis of the test results.
13. Sourcing of raw materials and equipment
The raw materials required for this experiment were,
1. 4 pieces of 304 stainless steel (100 mm x 250 mm)
2. 4 pieces of 316L stainless steel (100 mm x 250 mm)
3. ER308L welding rods
4. Titanium (IV) oxide powders (100 g)
5. Silicon Carbide powders (100 g)
6. Acetone (500 ml)
14. Preparing the base metals for welding
Prior to welding the specimen surface was cleaned using acetone.
The edges to be joined were ground using a grinding tool.
The ground edge of a 304 SS sheet and a 316L SS sheet were lined up in closed
square butt configuration.
Tack welds were made to hold the sheets in place.
15. Preparation of the flux mixture
Titania and Silicon Carbide powders were mixed together in three different ratios
to prepare the flux.
The ratios of Titania to Silicon Carbide were 3:1, 2:1 and 1:1.
Acetone was added to flux mixture in a 1:1 ratio by volume.
16. Application of the flux mixture
The flux mixture is added to specimen just
before welding.
The flux is brushed on top of the joint
interface.
Acentone evaporates leaving behind a thin
layer of flux.
Four specimens were taken in total – one
specimen without flux (No flux – NF) and
three others with flux coating.
The given image shows a flux coated
specimen prior to welding.
17. Welding the specimens
The specimens were welded using the following weld parameters,
Amperage – 120 A
Shielding gas – pure argon
Gas flow rate – 7 l/min
Electrode – thoriated tungsten (ground to a sharp tip)
Filler metal - ER308L
Weld current/ configuration – DCEN
Joint – Closed square butt joint
18. Post weld cleaning
The specimens welded with the flux were cleaned using a wire brush.
Acetone was used to remove surface contaminants.
The NF specimen did not require intensive cleaning.
19. Preparing the specimen for testing
The weld bead of the specimen was ground using a belt grinder.
This was done to expose the weld metal underneath.
The ground regions were cleaned with acetone to remove contaminants.
20. Testing the hardness of the specimen
The specimens were subjected to Rockwell hardness tests.
Rockwell C scale was used.
Three sets of measurements were made along the weld centre line.
21. Analysis of the test results
The readings on the dial were noted and tabulated.
The average hardness value of each welded sample was determined.
The hardness values of the specimens were compared with each other.
Assumptions were made by analysing the results.
22. Result and Analysis
Hardness values:
The hardness values of the weld zones of the test specimens in HRC are as follows
No Flux (NF) 3 : 1 2 : 1 1 : 1
18 20 21 21
19 23 24 24
19 20 19 23
Avg : 18.67 ≈ 19 Avg : 21 Avg : 21.33 ≈ 21 Avg : 22.67 ≈ 23
23. Contd...
The face side if the welded specimen were
analysed.
The NF specimen was found to have the
cleanest weld of the four specimen.
The image given here shows the face side
of the weldments – (clockwise from top
left) No flux (NF) specimen, 3:1 specimen,
2:1 specimen and 1:1 specimen.
24. Contd...
The root side of the welded specimens
were analysed.
The NF specimen was found to have the
least weld penetration of the four
specimen.
The image given here shows the root side
of the weldments – (clockwise from top
left) No flux (NF) specimen, 3:1 specimen,
2:1 specimen and 1:1 specimen.
25. Conclusion
The experiment can be concluded through the following points.
Activated TIG welding was found to be an efficient alternative to TIG welding in
situations where enhanced weld properties such as improved penetration and
hardness are required.
While the no flux specimen looked aesthetically pleasing, the specimens which
were welded with the addition of the flux showed greater weld penetration.
For applications where deeper penetration is required, higher percentages of
Titania can be used.
For applications where harder welds are required, higher percentages of Silicon
Carbide can be used.
26. References
1. Kumar, Mukesh&Rana, Naveen & Kannan, M.. (2020). Some studies on the performance of
activated-tig welding in steel weldments.
2. Badheka, Vishvesh&Basu, Ritwik&Omale, Joseph &Szpunar, Jerzy. (2016). Microstructural Aspects
of TIG and A-TIG Welding Process of Dissimilar Steel Grades and Correlation to Mechanical
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3. Remenar, Maja &Kožuh, Z. &Garasic, Ivica &Bušić, Matija. (2018). Optimization of the A-TIG
welding for stainless steels. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 329.
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4. Roy, Sagar&Samaddar, Siladitya& Uddin, Md &Hoque, Aktarul& Mishra, Sagnik& Das, Santanu.
(2017). Effect of Activating Flux on Penetration in ATIG Welding of 316 Stainless Steel. Indian
Welding Journal. 50. 72. 10.22486/iwj/2017/v50/i4/162275.
5. Kumar, R. &Bharathi, Sundara. (2015). A Review Study on A-TIG Welding of 316(L) Austenitic
Stainless Steel.
27. Contd...
6. Wu, Hong & Chang, Yunlong & Mei, Qiang & Liu, Dan. (2019). Research advances in high-energy
TIG arc welding. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 104.
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8. Çiçek, Bünyamin & Gündoğdu İş, Emine & Gümüş, Emre & Yılmaz, Eren & Topuz, Polat. (2015).
Risks and safety measures in tig welding process.
9. Vora, Jay. (2019). Insights into the Flux-Assisted TIG Welding Processes. 10.1201/9781351234825-
11.
10. Garg, Himanshu & Sehgal, Karan & Lamba, Rahul & Kajal, Gianender. (2019). A Systematic Review:
Effect of TIG and A-TIG Welding on Austenitic Stainless Steel. 10.1007/978-981-13-6412-9_36.
28. Contd...
11. Mishra, Debashis. (2017). TIG welding.
12. Li, H. & Zou, J.-S & Yao, J.-S & Peng, H.-P. (2018). Activating Flux TIG Welding Technology of 2219
High Strength Aluminum Alloy. Cailiao Gongcheng/Journal of Materials Engineering. 46. 66-73.
10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2016.001169.
13. Sehdev, Mayank & Singh, Vikram & Sunny, Kevin & Singh, Yadvinder. (2019). Review and
fabrication of automatic TIG welding machine. 10.13140/RG.2.2.25939.84006.
14. Singh, Nitish. (2019). Numerical Investigation of TIG welding Process using Finite Element Method.
International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology. 7. 733-738.
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15. Shrivas, Sharda & Vaidya, Sanjay & Khandelwal, Ashish & Vishvakarma, Amit. (2020). Investigation
of TIG welding parameters to improve strength. Materials Today: Proceedings. 26.
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29. Contd...
16. (2018). Effects of welding parameters on penetration depth in mild steels A-TIG welding. Scientia
Iranica. 10.24200/sci.2018.20145.
17. Ogundimu, Emmanuel & Akinlabi, Esther & Erinosho, Mutiu. (2019). Comparative Study between
TIG and MIG Welding Processes. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1378. 022074.
10.1088/1742-6596/1378/2/022074.
18. Vidyarthy, Ravi & Dwivedi, Dheerendra & Vasudevan, M.. (2017). Influence of M-TIG and A-TIG
Welding Process on Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of 409 Ferritic Stainless Steel. Journal
of Materials Engineering and Performance. 26. 10.1007/s11665-017-2538-5.
19. Saha, Suman & Das, Santanu. (2019). Application of Activated Tungsten Inert Gas (A-TIG) Welding
Towards Improved Weld Bead Morphology in Stainless Steel Specimens.
20. Ouis, Abousoufiane & Djoudjou, Rachid & Abdejlil, Hedhibi & Alrobei, Hussein & Albaijan, Ibrahim
& Alzahrani, Bandar & Sherif, El-Sayed & Abdo, Hany. (2020). Effects of ATIG Welding on Weld
Shape, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Resistance of 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel Alloy. Metals
- Open Access Metallurgy Journal. 10. 404. 10.3390/met10030404.
