Plant populations of 166,666 plants/ha (30 x 20 cm spacing) and 200,000 plants/ha (25 x 20 cm spacing) produced the highest dry root yield of Withania somnifera. Irrigation at 40±5% of total available water also increased dry root yield compared to rainfed conditions. Among moisture conservation practices, distillation waste mulch performed best by increasing soil moisture retention. The study evaluated different planting densities, irrigation levels and mulching materials for optimizing productivity and quality of ashwagandha.
turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric Arvind Yadav
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric Arvind Yadav
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
Origin, Distribution, Botanical description, Cytogenetics, Genetic resources, Climate and soil, Propagation, Manures and fertilizers, Irrigation, Interculture, Use of PGR, Plant protection, Harvesting, Yield and Storage of Pointed gourd. 2.Glycemic Properties of Trichosanthes dioica Leaves.pptx
3.STUIDES ON h2, GENETIC ADVANCE.pptx
4.Characterization and evaluation of hybrid pointed gourd genotypes.pptx
5.GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND GENETIC ADVANCE IN.pptx
Advance in production techonology of Alovera.pptxPallavi Wani
1. Welcome
2. Introduction
3. Uses
4. CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT
Commercially cultivated species-Aloe barbadensis
Aloe arborescens, Aloe perryi
Aloe ferox
VARIETY
CIM sheetal (2005) is a barbaloin free variety released from CIMAP, Lucknow
The plant is suited for rainfed cultivation
High leaf and sap yielding, foliage yield: 400 -500 q/ha.
Soil and climate
Hardy, grows on sandy coastal to loamy soils with a pH of up to 7- 8.5
Water logged conditions and problematic soils are not suited
Commercial cultivation can be done in regions having 25-40O It can be cultivated in arid and semi arid region
Propagation and planting
Medium sized root suckers are chosen and carefully dug out without damaging the parent plant at the base and directly planted in the main field.
Root suckers (10,000/ha) or leaf cuttings
Nearly 3-4 months old suckers having 4-5 leaves and 20-25 cm length can be used Spacing - 90x90 cm Season-June-July.
15- It can also be propagated through leaf cuttings. In this case, after the harvest of the crop, the underground rhizome is also dug out and made in to 5-6 cm length cuttings which should have minimum 2-3 nodes on them.
16. It is rooted in specially prepared sand beds or containers and after it has started sprouting, it is ready for transplanting
17. Manures and fertilizers
10-15 tons of FYM/ha - during 18. land preparation- Apply 30kg/ha Nitrogen + 120kg/ha of Gypsum during field preparation
In addition 30kg N can be applied 20 DAP
17. Irrigation
Soon after planting
According to the soil moisture
4-5 irrigations are sufficient per year. Weed control
Weeding may be done twice a year
21. Pests and diseases
Normally aloe is free from pests and diseases
Major insect : Mealy bug
Major diseases : Leaf spot and Anthracnose
Control measures
1. For controlling mealy bugs spray Chlorpyriphos 2 ml in 1 litre of water.
2. Spray the crop with Bavistin 10 g with Carbendazim 2g per litre and repeat at 10 days interval for controlling anthracnose.
3. Leaf spot can be controlled by spraying the crop with 0.2% Mancozeb at weekly intervals
24. Processing- The mucilaginous pulp from the leaf parenchyma, which is mainly carbohydrate in nature, is used in skin disorders.
For the purpose of isolation of aloe gel, the portion of leaves remaining after the removal of their exudates is cut open and their mucilage is scraped out with a blunt edged knife.
This mucilage is stirred vigorously in a blender to make it into a uniform solution and is strained through a muslin cloth and filtered.
The gel is precipitated from the extract and isolated by centrifugation
The gel is re-dissolved in slightly warm water.
It is dried at high temperature and weighed
Soilless Cultivation- The cultivation of aloe in containers has also become a standard technique in central and southern Europe.
The rooted sucker is transplanted into a plastic pot, 2.5–3.5 L in volume and re-potted after 6–9 months into a 24 L container.
Hydroponic Cultivation
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THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway
Aswagandha.pptx
1. College of Horticulture, Bengaluru.
UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES, BAGALKOT
Presented by,
ANU T S
UHS21PGD421
2. INTRODUCTION
• Scientific name : Withania somnifera
• Chromosome no. : 2n= 48
• Family: Solanaceae
• Derived – Roots smells like horse (Aswa – Horse; gandha
– smell)
• 23 species of Withania sps; W.somnifera and W.coagulans
(Ashutosh booti) – well explored
• Ashwagandha, Asgand, Indian ginseng or winter cherry
• Economic part – Roots
3. DISTRIBUTION
• Drier parts of tropical and subtropical zones, ranging from the Canary Islands, the
Mediterranean region, Northern Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan,
Baluchistan, and Sindh
• Primary ashwagandha-growing states in India include Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana,
Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh
4. SPECIES
• Known throughout the world, among which only five
• Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
• Withania japonica (Franch and Sav) Hunz
• Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal
• Withania frutescens (L.) Pauquy
• Withania begonifolia (Roxb.) Hunz
• India is represented basically by the two most eminent ones –
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal and Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal
5. Description W. coagulans W. somnifera
English name Vegetable rennet, Indian rennet, Indian cheese
maker
Winter cherry, Indian Ginseng
Habit Herb Undershrub
Vernacular name Panir Bandh, Punir, Panir dodi Aswagandha
Origin Afghanistan , India Indian subcontinent
Infloresence Axillary Axillary,umbellate cyme
Flowers Dioecious Monoecious
Fruit Globose, smooth, closely girt by the enlarged
membranous persistent calyx
Globose, enclosed in the persistent calyx, seeds yellow,
reniform
Seeds Globose, ear shaped, glabrous, enclosed in the
persistent calyx yellow, reniform
Globose, enclosed in the persistent calyx, yellow, reniform
Flowering November-March*
Rarely flowers
Throughout the year
Chemical
constituents
Withanaloides (0.001 – 0.5 % of dry weight) –
Major – Coagulin L
Withanaloides (0.13 – 0.31%) – Major Withaferin A
Jain et al., 2012
7. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
• Major biochemical constituents : steroidal alkaloids , steroidal lactones called withanoloides
• 12 alkaloids, 35 withanoloides, sitoindosides (glucose molecule at C-27)
• Total alkaloid content – 0.13 – 0.31%
• Withanolide A, withanolide B, 27-hydroxy withanolide B, withanolide D, withaferin A along with common
steroids like β-sitosterol and sitosterol and their glucosides
• Other compounds are somniferin, somniferinine, withananine
• Withanaloides serves as important hormone precurssors
• Convert human physiologic hormones when needed
• Amphoteric – when there is an excess hormone the plant based hormone precursor occupies cell membrane
receptor sites so the actual hormone cannot attach and exert its effect
• If the hormone level is low, plant based hormone exert small effect
8. Chemical constituents Contents
Alkaloids Ashwagandhine, anahygrine, anaferine, cuscohygrine, tropine, isopelletierine,
pseudotropine, 3-tigloyloxtropine, 3- tropyltigloate, dlisopelletierine, hygrine,
mesoanaferine, choline, somniferine, withanine, withananine, hentriacontane,
visamine, withasomnine etc
Steroidal compounds Ergostane
Steroidal lactones Withaferin A, withanolides A-Y, withasomniferin-A, withasomidienone,
withasomniferols A-C, withanone etc.
Saponins Containing an additional acyl group: sitoindoside VII and VIII
Withanolides Glucose at carbon 27: sitoindoside IX and X
Withanolide glycosides Withanosides I, II, III,IV, V, VI and VII
Pyrazole derivatives Pseudowithanine and ashwagandhine
9. Accumlation patterns of withanaloides in the roots
• DMAPR, Anand
• Accumlation pattern study in different root portions and tissues
• Withanaloide content was maximum in root tips (0.3%) followed by root base and root middle
portion (0.2%)
• Withanaloide content in exodermis (0.35 %), conjuctive tissue (0.21%) and cortex (0.10%)
• Genotypic difference existed in both root portions and tissues
Annual report, DMAPR, 2021
10. • G. B Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar
• 5 varieties : Jawahar 20, Poshita, Chetak, Nimithli and Pratap
• Both two year old field and invitro grown aswagandha were taken to study
Singh et al., 2018
12. • Withanaloide and withaferin content varied from explant used, variety and
propagation method
• Invitro cultivation of Poshita genotype can offer promising approach for enhanced
biosynthesis of withanaloide A and withaferin A
13. MEDICINAL USES
• Medicinal practices dates back to 6000 BC
• Root : Tonic, aphrodisiac, narcotic, diuretic, anthelmintic, astringent, thermogenic
and stimulant
• Emaciation of children (when given with milk, it is the best tonic for children)
• Root paste - reduces inflammation in joints
• Aswagandha roots + other drugs – for snake poison and scorpion bite
• Leaves are bitter and recommended for fever, painful swellings
• Flowers are astringent, depurative, diuretic and aphrodisiac
14. • Used as adaptogenic or anti stress effect, compared well with Eleutherococcus
senticosus (Siberian Ginseng) and Panax ginseng (Chinese / Korean Ginseng)
• Anti tumor effect, anti oxidant, anti aging, diuretic, hypothyroid, anti alzheimer’s,
cardiovascular, cell-differentiation inducing activity
• Aswagandha rasayana or medhyarasayana - Medhya – mind and
mental/intellectual capacity, best seen in children with memory deficits
• Common ingredient in Ayurveda tonic- tonic, rejuvenator and vitalizers and
induces immunity
15.
16. BOTANY
• Generally reffered to as stellate tomentose, grayish undershrub
with long woody roots
• Erect, evergreen, branched shrub, attains a height of 30-60 cm
up to 1.5 m
• Stem : Brownish dark colour and erect, sometimes leaves are
absent or less on lower parts of stem
• Leaves : Alternate, simple, slightly wavy margin, broadly ovate
or oblong
• Roots : Large and odorous taproot that has a fleshy texture and
creamy colour
17. FLORAL BIOLOGY
• Flowers : Greenish or lurid yellow, axillary, in clusters about 25, forming umbellate
cymes
• Flowers are monoecious or bisexual and solitary or in few flowered cymes
• Pollination: Self pollination
• Fruit : Berry , 5 angled, pubescent, enclosed in persistent calyx
• Seeds : Kidney shaped, 20-40 in number
• Flowering – All through the year
20. Variety Characters
Nagore Local variety with high starch content
Jawahar Asgandh – 20 • JNKV, RARS, Mandsaur
• Dry root yield – 5 q/ha
• Pure line selection
• Total withanaloid content 0.320 %
Jawahar asgandh -134
(JNKV, MP)
• Short statured
• Amenable for high density planting
• Yields in 180 days
• Total withanolide content - 0.30 per cent in dry roots
Arka Ashwagandha • IIHR, Bengaluru
• High root yielding line with high alkaloid content
• Early vigor, field tolerance to bacterial wilt, late blight, leaf spot diseases and pests (Epilachna beetle,
mites and aphids)
• Dry root yield – 10q/ha
Rakshitha • CIMAP, Lucknow
• Suits for kharif and rabi season,
• Yield 8-10q/ha
• Alkaloid content 0.5%
Poshita • Medium tall, semi broad, medium dark colour leaf
• Herb yield: 2.83 q/ha
• Dry root yield: 14 q/ha
21. Variety Characters
Chetak (Naguri withania variety) • Semi vigorous, medium green small leaves size and whitish green stem
• Found to be highly promising for high dry root yield (11.77 ql/ha v/s check 5.45 ql/ha)
• High total Withanolide content (0.40 %)
• Fresh and dry leaf yield was also high (1.722 and 0.453 ql/ha)
• High withaferine content 1.223 %
CIMAP Pratap • Highly vigorous, dark green medium size leaves and dark green stem
• Highly promising for high dry root yield (34.95 ql/ha)
• High total Withanolide content (0.31%)
• Fresh and dry leaf yield was also high (5.39 and 0.87 ql/ha)
• High witheferin content in dry leaves 0.720 %
Gujarat Aswagandha 1 • Year of release : 2015
• For state of Gujarat
• Both as kharif and rabi
• Average yield – 650 kg ha-1
• Special feature : Root cortex is white and thick and calyx is bigger
Nmitli 118
(New Millennium Indian
Technology Leadership Initiative )
• New chemotypes identified under a NMITLI project
• Dry root yield - 15 -17 q/ha
• withaferin content: 2% in dry root
23. CIM Pushti : Withanolide-A rich, leaf blight tolerant high yielding variety of
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) with good root textural quality
Nagouri (Cultivated and Annual) X Kashmiri (Wild and perennial)
(Interspecific hybridization)
CIM Pushti
• Roots are whitish cream with non separable rind, fine pulverisable brittle roots
with high starch to fibre ratio
• Average Withanolide-A content : 0.713mg/g dry weight basis
• Withanolide B : 0.460mg/g dry weight basis
• Matures in 168-178 days
• Average yield : 9-10 quintal per hectare
• Tolerant to leaf blight
• Suitable for cultivation in Central Plateau, Western dry region and Gujarat planes regions of India
Annual report, CSIR-CIMAP, 2018
24. Variety Characters
Vallabh Ashwagandha-1 • Developed in 2017
• Recommended for all ashwagandha growing areas
• Higher root yield and orange coloured berries
• Dry root yield : 589.4 kg ha-1
Germplasms
DWS-327 • Developed in 2011
• Dwarf genotype, grown in all aswagandha growing areas
• Open pollinated from JA 134 followed by pureline selection
• Grows to a height of 15 – 20 cm
• High withanaloid content
DWS-10 • Developed in 2011
• Open pollinated from JA 134 followed by pureline selection
• High root and withanaloid yield
DWS - 6 • Developed in 2012
• Open pollinated from JA 134 followed by pureline selection
• Distinct character – procumbent type (spreading)
DWS-37 • Pureline genotype
• Grown in all areas
• Distinct leaf type, downward curly leaves
Technical bulletin booklet, DMAPR, 2022
25. SOILAND CLIMATE
• Ashwagandha grows well in sandy loam soils or light red soils
• pH-7.5- 8 (slightly basic )
• Black or heavy soils having good drainage are also suitable for cultivation
• Late rainy season (Kharif) crop
• Drought tolerant crop
• Semi-tropical areas (500 to 750 mm rainfall) - suitable for their cultivation as rainfed
crops
• Relatively dry season during its growing period
• Tolerate a temperature range of 20°C to 38°C and even low temperature as low as 10°C
26. LAND PREPARATION
• Soil is well pulverized by ploughing or harrowing
• Two to three ploughings should be given to bring the soil to the
fine tilth stage and this should be done before the rainy season
• Supplementing with well-decomposed farmyard manure (FYM)
is beneficial in getting a good yield of the crop
• 10 to 20 tonnes of farmyard manure is applied and level the
field
27. NURSERY
• Commonly propagated by seeds
• For sowing - Seeds that were harvested during the previous season with good quality and
free of pests.
• Nursery bed raised from ground level is prepared by thorough mixing with compost and
sand
• Seed rate – 5kg/ha in the main field
• Nursery is raised in the month of June-July
• Seeds are treated in carbendazim to control wilt and seed-borne diseases.
28. SEED RATE
• Broad casting method : 10 – 12 kg
• Also sown in line
• Sown at 1-3 cm deep and covered by light soil
• 25 cm row to row and 10 cm plant to plant spacing - line sowing method
• Ashwagandha is a late Kharif season crop, the time of sowing is decided by date of arrival of monsoon in
that area
• Early sowing may be cause seedling mortality due to heavy rains
• Optimum time for sowing is 2nd to 3rd week of October
• Thiram or Dithane M45 (Inofil M45) at the rate of 3 g/kg seed before sowing
29. Evaluation of productivity and quality of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal under different
plant populations, irrigation levels and moisture conservation practices in sub-tropical plains
of North India
• CIMAP, Lucknow
• Plant populations - 166,666 (30 x 20 cm), 200,000 (25 x 20 cm), 250,000 (20 x 20 cm), 333,333
(15 x 20 cm), 400,000 (25 x 10 cm), 500,000 (20 x 10 cm), 666,666 (15 x 10 cm), and 1,000,000
plants ha-1 (10 x 10 cm)
• Irrigation levels - Rainfed, 20±5% total available water (TAW), 40±5% TAW and 60±5% TAW
• Moisture conservation practices - Dust mulch, distillation waste mulch, and control
• Variety – Poshitha
Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic plants
Kaur et al., 2022
30. 1. 166,666 (30 x 20 cm)
2. 200,000 (25 x 20 cm)
3. 250,000 (20 x 20 cm)
4. 333,333 (15 x 20 cm)
5. 400,000 (25 x 10 cm)
6. 500,000 (20 x 10 cm)
7. 666,666
8. 1,000,000 plants ha-1 (10 x 10 cm)
1. Rainfed
2. 20±5% TAW
3. 40±5% TAW
4. 60±5% TAW
1. Dust mulch
2. Distillation waste
mulch
3. Control
i. Dry root yield : 1030 kg/ha (400,000 plants
ha-1)
ii. Total withanolide A content : 0.361 %
(1,000,000 plants ha-1)
iii. Total withanolide yield : 3.64 kg ha-1 (400,000
plants ha-1)
i. Dry root yield : 696 kg/ha
ii. Total withanolide content : 0.52 %
iii. Total withanolide yield : 3.62 kg ha-1
1. Experiment
Plant population
2. Experiment
Irrigation levels
Moisture conservations practises
31. TRANSPLANTING
• After manure incorporation, ridges are prepared at 60 cm spacing
• Healthy seedlings are planted at 30 cm spacing
• 60 cm x 60 cm or 45 cm x 30 cm
• 60 cm x 30 cm (55000 seedlings per hectare) - optimum
32. Effect of spacing and fertilizer levels on growth, yield and
quality of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) cv. JA-20
• College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari
• Poor in organic carbon, available nitrogen, medium phosphorus and high potash
• Spacing : 30 cm x 30 cm, 45 cm x 15 cm, 45 cm x 30 cm
• Fertilizer doses : 15-15-0, 20-20-0, 25-25-0
• Result : average root length (26.10 cm), fresh root weight (5.14 g), dry root weight (2.06
g) were recorded in wider spacing at 45 cm X 30 cm
• 25-25-0 NPK : maximum root length (26.77 cm), root diameter (0.97 cm), fresh root
/plant (5.43 g), dry root/plant (2.13g)
Desai et al., 2017
International Journal of Minor Fruits, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
33. THINNING AND WEEDING
• Thining done at 20 to30 days after showing the seeds - maintain a plant
population of about 30 to 60 plants/m2
• Plant density depends on the nature and fertility of the soil
• On marginal soil, the population is maintained high
• Two weedings - first within 20-25 days of sowing and the other after 20-25 days
of the first weeding
34. Physico-biochemical changes and yield loss assessment due
to orobanche infestation
• Orabanche (Achlorophyllos holoparasitic) – root parasite
• Based on severity of infestation, Orabanche causes yield losses in a range between 20 –
100%
• Significant reduction in net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance when it
appears 40 days above ground (@ 120 DAS)
• Reduction in 80% leaf area and total biomass at 145 DAS
• Plants achieved only 32 % root yield than healthy plants
• However total withanaloid content was improved in infected plants
Annual report, DMAPR, 2021
35. MANURES AND FERTILIZERS
• Does not require heavy doses of manures and fertilizers
• Responds well to organic manures
• 10 tonnes FYM/1 tonnes vermicompost per hectare is recommended.
• 65 kg Urea, 200kg SSP, 50kg MOP
• P and K applied planting and N as 2 splits 30,60 days
• Average soil fertility : 15 kg/ha of Nitrogen and 15 kg phosphorus / ha (Higher
production)
• Poor fertility – 40kg/ha N, P
36. WATER MANAGEMENT
• Rainfed
• Do not tolerate excessive irrigation or water logging
• Light irrigation at transplanting ensures better establishment
• Under irrigated conditions, the crop is irrigated once in 8 - 10 days
37. PESTS AND DISEASES
• Leaf eating pests : Mealy bug (Phenacoccus solenopsis), Mites (Tetranychus
utricae), Aphids (Aphis gosspyii), Hairy caterpillar (Hyposidra successaria)
• Disease : Damping off, Leaf spot
Control
• Pest : Combination of 0.5% malathion and 0.3 % Kelthane foliar spray at 15
days intevals
• Disease : Seed treatment with Thiram or Mancozeb – Spraying of 0.3 %
mancozeb or copper oxy chloride
38. Leaf spot (Alternaria alternata)
• Infected leaves having brown to black spots of 2–9 mm in
diameter surrounded by a yellow halo
• Brownish black spots were apparent on both the dorsal and
ventral surfaces of the infected leaves
• Later stage of infection : Leaf spots enlarged and 80–90%
leaves on a single plant were severely infected
• Such leaves often dehisced prematurely
• Under moist conditions (70–80% RH), fungal growth was
often observed on the leaves
Leaf Spot (Alternaria alternata)
39. DAMPING OFF
• First reported in Uttar Pradesh in January 2016
• Mainly appear at nursery stage
• Initially water-soaked, necrotic lesions on the basal stem
• Stems became soft and mushy
• Young leaves wilt and become grey to brown colour and ultimately plant die
• Causal agent : Rhizoctonia solani
• Remove and destroy the disease infested plant, soil solarisation
• Use viable, non-infested seeds or seedlings from planting
• Seed treatment with Carbendazim @0.2% or covaxin + thiram @ 0.2% or with Trichoderma viride @
6g/kg of seed will be effective
40. WITCHES BROOM
• Major epidemic of the illness was reported in the Ashwagandha fields of the
Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) in Lucknow in 1988
• Caused by phytoplasma
• A phloem inhabiting, wall less prokaryote
• Shortening of internodes, excessive branching giving witches-broom appearance
and premature drying and death of infected twigs and leaves
• Checked by tetracycline spray
41. ROOT-KNOT DISEASE
• Heavily afflicted had several galls, and most of the time the whole root system was transformed
into large galls
• Becomes stunted and reduced productivity and underground root totally deformed
• Caused by nematode (Meloidogyne incognita race-2)
• Soil solarization and summer ploughing should be followed to reduce its population
• Application of higher dose of bioagent such as Trichoderma, Pseudomonas @ 5% was found most
effective which improve plant growth characters and reduce root knot disease
• Vermicompost and T. harzianum combination, Mentha distillate and Glomus aggregatum reduces
nematode population
• Soil amended with Mentha and Murraya koenigii distillate along with bio-agents increase the plant
yield
42. HARVEST
• Ready for harvest – 180 – 210 DAP
• Some places, 150 – 180 days old crop
• January - March
• Maturity index : Drying out of leaves and reddening of berries
• Entire plant pulled out and cutting the stem 1 – 2 cm above the
crown
• Roots are cleaned and cut into 7 – 10 cm long pieces
• 6 to 15 mm diameter and 7 to 10 cm length roots are better
43. • Dried or dried as a whole in the sun and stored
• Berries – Hand plucked, dried, threshed and seeds are
stored
• Fresh root yield – 650 – 800 kg ha-1
• Dry root yield – 350 – 435 kg ha-1
• Seed yield – 50 – 70 kg ha-1
• Alkaloid percentage in roots ranges from 0.13 to 0.31%
44. Influence of Drying on the quality of Ashwagandha (Withania
somnifera)
• AIM : To adjudge the effect of different drying techniques on colour and withanolides
content of Withania somnifera
• Fresh Ashwagandha roots were dried in shade, sun and cabinet dryer (55 – 610 C)
• Cabinet drying - 49 to 52% moisture loss was observed in only 3.15 hours of drying
• Drying condition does not affect much on colour
• Effect of temperature plays an important role in withanolides content due to which
maximum withanolides was observed in shade drying and minimum in case of cabinet
drying (air velocity 1.8 - 2.0 ms-1 )
Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Agarwal et al., 2014
45. GRADING OF ROOTS
• The dried roots are beaten with a club to remove adhering
soil and to break off thin, brittle, lateral rootlets
• Lateral branches, root crown and stem remains are carefully
trimmed with a knife
• Root pieces are then sorted out into different grades
• Superior grade has stout and long root which fetches
premium price
46. Grades Characters
A grade Root pieces up to 7 cm in length, 1-1.5 cm in diameter, solid
cylindrical with a smooth external surface and pure white from
inside
B grade Root pieces up to 5 cm in length, 1 cm or less in diameter, solid,
brittle and white from inside.
C grade Solid root pieces up to 3-4 cm in length, 1 cm or less in
diameter.
Lower grade Small root pieces, semi-solid, very thick, yellowish, chopped
48. Green Economics towards Rural Development: A Study of
Ashwagandha Cultivation in Deccan Plateau
• Dry root yield : 400 – 1200 kg ha-1
• Seed yield – 200 – 500 kg seeds ha-1
• Price of roots – Rs 100 – 150 kg-1
• Price of seeds – Rs 40 – 100 kg-1
Pankaj et al., 2020
Particular Amount (Rs)
Main crop yield (roots)
(Quintal ha-1)
6.91
Average Price (Rs kg-1) 14,165
Seed yield (Rs kg-1) 201.8
Seed price (Rs kg-1) 96
Gross return (Rs ha-1) 1,17,185
Total variable cost (Rs ha-1) 28,749
Net return over the total
variable cost (Rs ha-1)
88,436
Benefit-cost ratio 3.08:1
Agricultural situation in India
49. SIDE EFFECTS AND PRECAUTIONS
• No significant side effects
• High dose of ashwagandha could create irritability and insomnia
• Sleepiness and lethargy - Mild side effect
• Liquid preparation contain sugar or alcohol – caution is advised for diabetes and
alcohol and liver dependence patients
• Not recommended for infants and breast feeding – potential risk
50. CHALLENGES
• Market exploitation of farmers by
middlemen
• Price fluctuations of roots
• Demand-supply fluctuations of roots
• Limited exports
• Patenting by foreign companies
• Changing climatic conditions
• Long duration of the crop
• Low root yields
• High fibre content of the roots in some
locations
• Pests and diseases infections reducing
yield and resulting in plant mortality
• Labour problems
• Lack of knowledge about post harvest
technology and problems associated
with long term storage of roots
4. The name awagandha is derived from the word Aswa meaning horse and gandha meaning smell ie the roots of aswagandha smells like horse
5. Out of 23 species of withania , WS and WC are well explored
Withania are
Indian cheese maker – rennet like protese enzyme is present in the berries which can clot the milk
unisexual nature of flowers in W. coagulans is also a major bottleneck in this regard
withanolide A, ………………. Present in W. somnifera
As the seen in the graph the withanaloide A and withaferin A are present in every parts of the plant
Withanaloide A and withaferin A content s highest in stem ranging from………. And lowest in leaves.
Invitro
Withaferin A – highest in Poshita stem (1.873 mg/g DW) followed by Jawahar-20 stem (1.471 m/g DW) and least recorded by Pratap root (0.002 mg/g DW)
Withanaloide A content
Highest in Positha stem (0.252 m/g DW) followed by Jawahar 20 root (0.151 mg/g DW) least was found in chetak leaf (0.015 mg/g DW)
Withaferin A content was highest in Poshita leaf (FG) followed by Jawahar 20 roots (FG)
Withanaloid A content was highest in J20 (FG) followed by Poshita roots (FG)
varied capacity to synthesize secondary metabolites by in-vitro cultures has been attributed to differences in morphological nature of explants utilized to initiate tissue culture lines
Promoting an elite variety through tissue culture with consistency in the withanolide contents can be a promising approach to meet the growing demand of Ashwagandha
2. Root of Ashwagandha is regarded as ………………….
3. Roots are given to children as emaciation………….
4. Paste of roots are applied for reducing inflammation in joints
5. Aswagandha roots with other drugs are used as prescribtion for snake venom and scorpion bite
6.
Root of Ashwagandha roots has adaptogenic effects or antistress effects and are compared well with ………
Aswagandha rasanya also called as medhyarasayana in which medhya refers to mind or ………..and are best seen………..
effort was made to collect the Ashwagandha germplasm, which resulted into collection of 150 independent accessions from various geographical locations, with many of them having contrasting chemotypes
Efforts are underway to explore the pharmacological activities of selected chemotypes and individual molecule to identify the best chemotype for adaptogenic activity. Other Varieties are as Jawahar, WS 20 and tall Ashwagandha.
DWS 6 – all aswagandha tpes are erect but this accession is procmbent type
Other varieties are Asagandh 20 and WSR
4. It is grown as a………….
5. Semi-tropical areas receiving 500 to 750 mm rainfall are suitable for their cultivation as rainfed crops.
6. The crop requires a………..
7. It can tolerate………..
Last line : Seed should be treated with ………. to protect the seedlings from seed-borne diseases.
DRY : availability of light, moisture, and nutrients at different plant populations, variations in growth and dry matter accumulation were observed
Total dry root yield of aswagandha was highest in 20% TAW
Dust mulch breaks the soil capillarity and thus breaks the soil moisture and moderate moderate moistire provides stress condition that
3. In some places,
4. However, spacing of ……………………. is considered
Spacing : due to higher photosynthesis rate and the higher fertilizer doze and higher availability of nutrients
4. Generally, …………. are required to keep the field free from weeds
Another report of DMAPR reported the physico chemical changes……………………
4. Soil with average fertility………..
Ashwagandha is grown as a rainfed crop
The plant doesnot tolerate …………
Mealy bugs : Lower surfaces of leaves and growing shoots, desapping form, distortion in leaves and wilting of top portion of plant
Mites : Occuurs in 3rd week of October to November, concentration is more under underside of the leaves, infested leaves appears burnt
Aphids ; in Banlore condiction occurs during Jan – Feb, whole plant ives smoky appearance and sooty mould appearance comes as secondary metavolities,
HC :
It is a phloem inhabiting, wall less prokaryote
Plants that were heavily afflicted had several galls, and most of the time
The plant becomes stunted ………
Even 1 tonnes of root yields were reported in farmers field
It was found that in cabinet drying
49 to 52% moisture loss was observed in only 3.15 hours of drying
Maximum withanaloid content in shade dried - shade drier hinders direct sunlight and gave the best results
To avoid moisture and fungal attack on the dried roots, it should be stored in tin containers. Berries are hand plucked sep arately. They are dried and crushed to take out the seeds
Neemuch and Madsaur in MP is the popular market of Aswagandha
Study was conducted in Kurnool an Anatapur in AP.
Selected districts were Kottala, Belagallu and Lingampally were selected purposively on the basis that CSIR-CIMAP introduced Ashwagandha cultivation in these villages
Pooled the data of 100 Ashwagandha growers
It is revealed that the profitability of Ashwagandha cultivation is almost three times the investment
It implies, growers investing ` 100 rupees in Ashwagandha cultivation and will earn profit ` 308 within 6-7 months
