The document discusses planetary motion, eclipses, tides, and phases of the moon. It explains that planets orbit stars in ellipses rather than perfect circles, and that closer planets move faster due to gravity. It describes solar and lunar eclipses, noting that solar eclipses occur when the moon passes between Earth and the sun, while lunar eclipses occur when Earth passes between the sun and moon. It also discusses how the moon's gravity causes ocean tides, with high tide occurring when the moon is overhead or opposite the tide location. Finally, it outlines the phases of the moon as it revolves around Earth.

1. Planetary Motion, Eclipses, Tides, & Phases of the Moon

2. Rotation – the spinning of a body (an object) on its axis Orbit – the path that a body takes as it travels around another body Revolution – one complete trip around an orbit.

3. Johannes Kepler – ancient astronomer that studied how planets move. 1 st Law – planets do not move in a circle; they move in an elongated circle called an ellipse . 2 nd Law – planets move faster when they are closer to the sun. 3 rd Law – planets that are farther from the sun take longer to orbit the sun

4. Pull of gravity (like a longer string) slower orbit http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/physical_science/physics/mechanics/orbit/ellipse.html Pull of gravity (like a shorter string) Faster orbit

5. What allows planets close to the sun to move faster and also to keep bodies (like the moon) in orbit? Gravity

6. 24 hours – the time required for Earth to rotate once on its axis It takes 23 hours & 56 minutes. Axis – the imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole Earth is tilted at 23.5  Earth spins in which direction? Counterclockwise . Therefore the sun rises in the east and sets in the west .

7. Seasons are caused by Earth’s tilt and its rotation around the sun. Equinox – occurs when the sun is directly above the equator. The number of daytime hours and nighttime hours are equal . Vernal equinox – March 21 st is the beginning of spring . Autumnal equinox – Sept. 23 rd is the beginning of Fall . Solstice – when the sun is the furthest from the equator. Summer solstice – beginning of summer – June 22nd Winter solstice – beginning of winter – Dec. 22nd

8. http://www.teslasociety.com/pictures/solar10.jpg

9. Solar Eclipse – when the moon comes in between the Earth and the Sun The shadow of the moon falls on part of the Earth http://www.dkimages.com/discover/DKIMAGES/Discover/Home/Science/Astronomy-and-Space-Science/Solar-System/The-Sun/Eclipses/Eclipses-2.html

10. http://www.iayc.org/eclipse/sofi_composite_2_crop.jpg

11. Lunar Eclipse – when the Earth comes in between the sun and moon. The shadow of the Earth falls on the moon. http://www.dkimages.com/discover/DKIMAGES/Discover/Home/Science/Astronomy-and-Space-Science/Solar-System/The-Planets/Earth/Moon/Eclipse/Eclipse-1.html

12. http://www.keralatips.org/2007/02/28/total-lunar-eclipse-on-march-4-visible-in-kerala

13. What do you know about ocean tides? How do you think the moon might affect the ocean tides that we have? Let’s watch a Brain Pop to find out… http://www.brainpop.com/science/earthsystem/tides/

14. Tide - The rise and fall of the water level in the oceans caused by the force of gravity between the Earth and the moon High Tide – when water facing the moon and water on the opposite side of the moon bulges. Low Tide – happens between the 2 high tides http://www.theboatingexchange.com/Conditions/MoonTide.htm The moon is pulling the Earth Away from the water on this side. The Moon is pulling the Water on this side.

15. Spring tide – both the sun and moon pull on the ocean water (High tide is more extreme.) Neap tide – the sun and the moon pull opposite of each other (High tide is less extreme.) http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=143

16. Satellite – any natural or man-made object that revolves around a planet The moon is a satellite of Earth Earth only has one satellite. Some planets have several, some have none. Luna – the name of the Earth’s moon

17. Rocks from the moon have been found to be 4.6 billion years old. The moon has no atmosphere , so there is no wind & no weather . The surface therefore remains unchanged – Neil Armstrong’s footprint is still there! The moon appears to be the largest object in our night sky, but that’s only b/c it’s the closest .

18. It is only ¼ the size of Earth. The sun is 400 times larger than the moon even though the sun appears smaller in our sky. The moon looks bright in the sky, but it does not give off its own light. The moon reflects light from the sun like a giant mirror. We only see the same side of the moon b/c the moon rotates on its axis and revolves around the Earth at the same speed.

19. The Moon seems to change shape as different parts of the moon are lit by the sun. These are called phases of the moon . Demonstration

20. Full Moon - when the moon's disk is light Gibbous Moon - when we can see roughly ¾ of the moon's disk Quarter Moon – (half moon) when we can see one half of the moon's disk (one-quarter of the entire moon's surface) Crescent Moon - when we can see only a sliver of the moon's disk (the side of the moon facing us) New Moon - when the moon's disk is dark (and invisible to us) Waning Moon - when the moon seems to be getting smaller Waxing Moon - when the moon seems to be getting bigger

21. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/activities/label/labelmoonphases.shtml