This document describes test method D 3776 for measuring the mass per unit area (weight) of fabric. There are four approved options for conducting the test: 1) Option A measures the full piece, roll, bolt or cut of fabric. 2) Option B measures a full width sample cut from the full piece. 3) Option C measures a small fabric swatch. 4) Option D measures narrow fabrics. The test involves measuring the length, width, and mass of a fabric sample and calculating the mass per unit area or other specified unit. Results are reported to three significant figures unless otherwise specified.
Marker making involves the precise arrangement of pattern pieces to determine the most efficient layout. Key considerations include fabric width and length, table size, and production planning. The marker efficiency percentage shows how much fabric is actually used. Efficiency depends on factors like the planner's skills, garment sizes, number of sizes, marker length, pattern engineering, and fabric characteristics. Methods include manual placement of full or miniaturized patterns and computerized optimization. Maintaining the grain line and fabric characteristics present constraints.
Study on different types of finishing defects in garments industryFoysal Ahmed
Study on different types of finishing defects in garments industry. it's a project. This project learn more about finishing section. By this project we learn about various types of finishing faults and their remedies. In finishing section we see finishing faults like Unwanted marks on fabric, Missed zipper teeth, Damage Label, Button Threads Missing ,Pin holes, Water spots etc. We hope this project on finishing faults & their remedies will help us very much in our future career.
This document is a project report submitted by Simran Nanikwani, a student at Dezyne E'cole college, towards her 2 year Diploma in Fashion Design. It discusses key aspects of garment pattern and fabric, including the pattern, grain lines, pile direction, fabric pattern, introduction to cutting checks and stripes, and when matching is required. The principal of Dezyne E'cole college has checked and graded the project.
This document discusses tech packs, which are blueprints that provide all technical specifications and design details needed for manufacturers to produce a garment. It distinguishes tech packs from spec sheets, which contain only part of the tech pack information. The document also outlines the importance of tech packs in reducing mistakes and improving communication between designers and manufacturers. Finally, it describes the product development process and different phases of sampling that are required before bulk production of a garment.
This document defines and describes 14 different types of garment samples, including proto samples, fit samples, AD samples, and more. Each sample has its own specifications and purpose in the garment production process, from the initial design stage to bulk production and shipment. Samples help communicate designs, test fit and quality, and ensure the final garments meet buyer expectations before large-scale manufacturing begins.
This document discusses different yarn counting systems and yarn modification. It describes three main yarn counting systems: direct, indirect, and universal/tex. The direct system measures weight per unit length, indirect measures length per unit weight, and tex is a direct system applicable to natural and synthetic yarns. It also outlines various yarn modification techniques like texturizing and novelty yarns which are made for appearance and include slub, fleck, spiral and boucle yarns.
The document describes the principle of chain stitch formation, specifically a multithread chain stitch. It involves interlooping threads from multiple groups to form the stitch. The process occurs in three steps: 1) the needle enters the fabric and a loop is formed, 2) the looper passes through the new loop and an interlacement occurs under the fabric, 3) the looper enlarges the new loop so the needle can pass through it, forming the next old loop. Diagrams illustrate each step of the multithread chain stitch formation process.
Nonwoven fabrics are produced by bonding or interlacing fibers without weaving or knitting. They have a wide range of applications including hygiene products, packaging, household goods, protective clothing, filters, and geotextiles. There are various standardized test methods to evaluate key nonwoven properties such as tear strength, stiffness, thickness, and resistance to liquids and chemicals. Proper testing ensures nonwovens meet requirements for performance, durability, and safety in their intended end uses.
Marker making involves the precise arrangement of pattern pieces to determine the most efficient layout. Key considerations include fabric width and length, table size, and production planning. The marker efficiency percentage shows how much fabric is actually used. Efficiency depends on factors like the planner's skills, garment sizes, number of sizes, marker length, pattern engineering, and fabric characteristics. Methods include manual placement of full or miniaturized patterns and computerized optimization. Maintaining the grain line and fabric characteristics present constraints.
Study on different types of finishing defects in garments industryFoysal Ahmed
Study on different types of finishing defects in garments industry. it's a project. This project learn more about finishing section. By this project we learn about various types of finishing faults and their remedies. In finishing section we see finishing faults like Unwanted marks on fabric, Missed zipper teeth, Damage Label, Button Threads Missing ,Pin holes, Water spots etc. We hope this project on finishing faults & their remedies will help us very much in our future career.
This document is a project report submitted by Simran Nanikwani, a student at Dezyne E'cole college, towards her 2 year Diploma in Fashion Design. It discusses key aspects of garment pattern and fabric, including the pattern, grain lines, pile direction, fabric pattern, introduction to cutting checks and stripes, and when matching is required. The principal of Dezyne E'cole college has checked and graded the project.
This document discusses tech packs, which are blueprints that provide all technical specifications and design details needed for manufacturers to produce a garment. It distinguishes tech packs from spec sheets, which contain only part of the tech pack information. The document also outlines the importance of tech packs in reducing mistakes and improving communication between designers and manufacturers. Finally, it describes the product development process and different phases of sampling that are required before bulk production of a garment.
This document defines and describes 14 different types of garment samples, including proto samples, fit samples, AD samples, and more. Each sample has its own specifications and purpose in the garment production process, from the initial design stage to bulk production and shipment. Samples help communicate designs, test fit and quality, and ensure the final garments meet buyer expectations before large-scale manufacturing begins.
This document discusses different yarn counting systems and yarn modification. It describes three main yarn counting systems: direct, indirect, and universal/tex. The direct system measures weight per unit length, indirect measures length per unit weight, and tex is a direct system applicable to natural and synthetic yarns. It also outlines various yarn modification techniques like texturizing and novelty yarns which are made for appearance and include slub, fleck, spiral and boucle yarns.
The document describes the principle of chain stitch formation, specifically a multithread chain stitch. It involves interlooping threads from multiple groups to form the stitch. The process occurs in three steps: 1) the needle enters the fabric and a loop is formed, 2) the looper passes through the new loop and an interlacement occurs under the fabric, 3) the looper enlarges the new loop so the needle can pass through it, forming the next old loop. Diagrams illustrate each step of the multithread chain stitch formation process.
Nonwoven fabrics are produced by bonding or interlacing fibers without weaving or knitting. They have a wide range of applications including hygiene products, packaging, household goods, protective clothing, filters, and geotextiles. There are various standardized test methods to evaluate key nonwoven properties such as tear strength, stiffness, thickness, and resistance to liquids and chemicals. Proper testing ensures nonwovens meet requirements for performance, durability, and safety in their intended end uses.
4 Point Fabric Inspection System in Textile IndustryMd. Sirajul Islam
The most popular system for fabric inspection is 4 point system. Its very easy process. ASTM defines- It is a Standard Test Method for Visual Inspecting and Grading Fabrics.
This document provides information about the knitting section of Zaara Composite Textile Ltd. It discusses the raw materials, types of knitting machines, production process, and quality control aspects of the knitting section. There are 12 circular knitting machines, including 8 single jersey and 4 double jersey machines. The production process involves setting the machine according to the fabric design, feeding yarn through the machine, knitting, inspecting, and numbering the finished fabric. Quality is ensured through fabric inspection equipment and by monitoring various production parameters.
This document provides calculations and formulas related to yarn count, twist, winding, warping, sizing, weaving, and yarn quality parameters. It discusses three systems for calculating yarn count: indirect, direct, and universal. It also covers formulas for twist per inch, multi-filament yarns, winding calculations, warping calculations, sizing calculations, weaving calculations, and parameters for assessing yarn appearance, unevenness, linear density, and single thread strength.
This presentation summarizes a study on sampling procedures for a garments industry. It introduces the presenters and their program of study, and identifies their thesis supervisor. It then discusses the importance of samples in attracting buyers and different types of samples including fit samples, photo shoot samples, and pre-production samples. Specific sample-making procedures for buyers like H&M, Prenatal, Kappa, and CNA are outlined. Common stages like fit samples, second fit samples, and pre-production samples are also described. The presentation concludes that sampling is critical to the garment industry and controlling quality at the sample development stage.
Denim is a rugged cotton twill fabric that is woven so that the weft passes under two or more warp threads. Denim was invented in California in the 1850s and is now the most popular fabric in the world, with over 400 million pairs of jeans sold annually in the US alone. The manufacturing process of denim involves spinning cotton fibers into yarn, dyeing and sizing the warp yarns, weaving the fabric, and applying various finishing treatments. Common defects in Bangladeshi denim sewing include broken or unraveling stitches from abrasion or chemical degradation. Denim is used for a wide range of clothing and home goods.
Sampling involves taking representative samples of raw materials or finished goods rather than testing entire populations due to constraints of time and cost. Samples are taken from test lots, consignments, packages, containers, and other groupings using random or unbiased sampling methods to ensure samples accurately represent properties of the whole. Common sampling methods include zoning, core sampling, numerical sampling, and random draw or cut square for fibers or yarns. Sample size and selection depends on material type, amount available, intended tests, and required accuracy.
This document provides information on different types of seams and stitches used in garment construction. It discusses the definitions of a seam and stitch and describes various methods of stitch formation. It then categorizes stitches into 6 classes based on factors like number of needles, direction of sewing, and purpose. Each class is explained in detail providing examples of common stitch types used. The document also classifies seams into 8 categories based on the type and number of fabric components used to form the seam. Examples are given for the stitches and applications of each seam class.
This document analyzes the stitches and seams used in a men's t-shirt. It identifies the garment parts and provides details on the brand, size, fabric, and needle used. For each garment part, including the collar, placket, label, sleeves, hem, and side seams, it lists the stitch type and sewing machine used, as well as an alternative option. In total, it examines the construction of the t-shirt and the specific stitches for attaching each component.
Determination of the Yarn Count by Wrap reel & Analytical BalanceMdMehediHasan161
Md. Mehedi Hasan
City University,Bangladesh
Dept. of Textile Engineering
Batch- 34th
mdmehedihasan323@gmail.com
Determination of the yarn count by warp reel & analytical balance.This presentation making how to calculate yarn count by wrap reel and analytical balance. This presentation is very help any textile engineering student.
Yarn count: The yarn count is a numerical expression which defines its fineness or coarseness. It also expresses weather the yarn is thick or thin. A definition is given by the textile institute – “Count is a number which indicates the mass per unit length or the length per unit mass of yarn.”
Erode is an agricultural and textile hub located in Tamil Nadu, India. It is surrounded by three rivers - Amaravathi, Bhavani, and Cauvery - and is one of the largest producers of turmeric and other crops in India. Texvalley is the largest wholesale textile market in Erode, located in the heart of South India's textile industry. Hema Chandra Textiles is a textile manufacturer in Erode that produces grey fabrics and woven fabrics. The document then describes the various processes involved in cotton spinning, sizing, yarn dyeing, and weaving from winding to weaving.
This document provides calculations for weaving fabrics. It outlines formulas to calculate fabric weight based on warp and weft density, count, and crimp percentage. It also describes classifications of fabric weights from sheer to heavy. Additional sections explain how to find yarn count and crimp percentage, calculate weft consumption per pick and shift, and determine weft carrier velocity. The document is authored by Vignesh Dhanabalan and provides contact information.
This document summarizes the process of fabric inspection. The key points are:
- Fabric inspection is done to control garment quality and examine fabrics for defects. It aims to detect issues early in the manufacturing process to minimize costs.
- The main methods of inspection are 4-point, 10-point, and 78-point systems, with the 4-point system most widely used. It assigns 1-4 penalty points per defect based on size and significance.
- Fabric inspection has several purposes like ensuring supplies meet specifications, reducing rejected materials and garments, and improving efficiency through early defect detection.
Stitch and seam analysis of Knitted and Woven GarmentAkansha Choudhary
One knitted garment (t-shirt) and one woven garment (shirt) are randomly chosen. Each of them undergoes a thorough analysis wherein we identify the types of stitches and seams located in the entire clothing item, along with the sewing machine used for every part.
The four-point system assigns penalty points to defects in fabric based on defect size, with a maximum of 4 points per linear meter. Defects over 3 inches receive 1-4 points depending on size. Continuous or severe defects receive 4 points per meter. Inspection involves examining a minimum 10% of each style for defects and determining total points per 100 square meters, with a maximum of 15 points for finished fabrics and 10 for greige fabrics. Inspectors must be graduates with 2+ years' textile experience and knowledgeable in the 4-point system.
This document discusses different types of machine and hand sewing needles as well as pins and silk fabrics. It provides details on the anatomy and features of machine needles and how they differ depending on needle type. It also lists and describes various categories and uses of hand needles as well as types of straight pins and silk fabrics.
Effect of stitch length on Lycra And Without Lycra plain Single jersey fabric...Md. Mazadul Hasan Shishir
This document summarizes an experimental study on the effects of stitch length on plain single jersey cotton fabrics with and without lycra. It describes the sample fabric production including fabric type, yarn type and count, and machine parameters. It then summarizes the results of various tests conducted including spirality, pilling resistance, GSM, courses/wales per inch, dimensional stability, fabric thickness, and color fastness. The tests showed that increasing the stitch length increased spirality and decreased other properties like GSM and fabric thickness. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of textile education to develop competitive human resources.
This specification worksheet provides details for a faux double-breasted jacket with a removable hood made of 100% recycled polyester poplin rib weave fabric. It includes 38 measurement points and sketches of the front and back views indicating where the measurements should be taken. The style is intended to be produced in sizes XS through XL for the Holden Outerwear brand in the Fall 2012 season.
This presentation discusses different types of seams, including 8 seam classes. It begins by defining a seam as the line where fabric layers are joined, which can be done through sewing or other methods. Key points include:
- Seam classes include superimposed, lapped, bound, flat, decorative, edge finishing, applied, and other seams.
- Different seam types are used for functional or aesthetic purposes and are defined by factors like strength, elasticity, durability, and comfort levels.
- Seam quality is measured by parameters such as size, slippage strength, and strength to break the seam or materials.
- Examples are given of common seam types like superimposed and lapped
Cost of woven fabric is the main concern of a garment merchandiser.Costing is a very complex procedure, with set patterns and guidelines followed by the industry, and it is difficult to find out costs for every process as there are some inbuilt costs while costing. Woven fabrics are used worldwide for many applications like apparel, home
furnishing, and accessories, industrial and medical textiles. It is estimated that the global production of woven fabrics will grow 35 million tones by 2010 and most
of this growth will be in Asia. It is also estimated that Asia will emerge as the biggest market for sourcing of fabrics for the garment and apparel industry. Costing of woven fabrics for garment manufacturers is one of the most important aspects of garment production. About 65 - 70% cost of the garment is the cost of the fabric and hence, it is very crucial to get the right cost of the fabric from fabric
manufacturers and suppliers.
This document provides an executive profile and summary of qualifications for Raed Khalil. It outlines his extensive experience as a CEO and CIO, with over 25 years in technology and management. He has a proven track record of creating robust IT infrastructures, managing multi-million dollar budgets, and implementing cost-saving initiatives. The profile lists his areas of expertise and senior roles with companies in the US, UAE, and Middle East.
4 Point Fabric Inspection System in Textile IndustryMd. Sirajul Islam
The most popular system for fabric inspection is 4 point system. Its very easy process. ASTM defines- It is a Standard Test Method for Visual Inspecting and Grading Fabrics.
This document provides information about the knitting section of Zaara Composite Textile Ltd. It discusses the raw materials, types of knitting machines, production process, and quality control aspects of the knitting section. There are 12 circular knitting machines, including 8 single jersey and 4 double jersey machines. The production process involves setting the machine according to the fabric design, feeding yarn through the machine, knitting, inspecting, and numbering the finished fabric. Quality is ensured through fabric inspection equipment and by monitoring various production parameters.
This document provides calculations and formulas related to yarn count, twist, winding, warping, sizing, weaving, and yarn quality parameters. It discusses three systems for calculating yarn count: indirect, direct, and universal. It also covers formulas for twist per inch, multi-filament yarns, winding calculations, warping calculations, sizing calculations, weaving calculations, and parameters for assessing yarn appearance, unevenness, linear density, and single thread strength.
This presentation summarizes a study on sampling procedures for a garments industry. It introduces the presenters and their program of study, and identifies their thesis supervisor. It then discusses the importance of samples in attracting buyers and different types of samples including fit samples, photo shoot samples, and pre-production samples. Specific sample-making procedures for buyers like H&M, Prenatal, Kappa, and CNA are outlined. Common stages like fit samples, second fit samples, and pre-production samples are also described. The presentation concludes that sampling is critical to the garment industry and controlling quality at the sample development stage.
Denim is a rugged cotton twill fabric that is woven so that the weft passes under two or more warp threads. Denim was invented in California in the 1850s and is now the most popular fabric in the world, with over 400 million pairs of jeans sold annually in the US alone. The manufacturing process of denim involves spinning cotton fibers into yarn, dyeing and sizing the warp yarns, weaving the fabric, and applying various finishing treatments. Common defects in Bangladeshi denim sewing include broken or unraveling stitches from abrasion or chemical degradation. Denim is used for a wide range of clothing and home goods.
Sampling involves taking representative samples of raw materials or finished goods rather than testing entire populations due to constraints of time and cost. Samples are taken from test lots, consignments, packages, containers, and other groupings using random or unbiased sampling methods to ensure samples accurately represent properties of the whole. Common sampling methods include zoning, core sampling, numerical sampling, and random draw or cut square for fibers or yarns. Sample size and selection depends on material type, amount available, intended tests, and required accuracy.
This document provides information on different types of seams and stitches used in garment construction. It discusses the definitions of a seam and stitch and describes various methods of stitch formation. It then categorizes stitches into 6 classes based on factors like number of needles, direction of sewing, and purpose. Each class is explained in detail providing examples of common stitch types used. The document also classifies seams into 8 categories based on the type and number of fabric components used to form the seam. Examples are given for the stitches and applications of each seam class.
This document analyzes the stitches and seams used in a men's t-shirt. It identifies the garment parts and provides details on the brand, size, fabric, and needle used. For each garment part, including the collar, placket, label, sleeves, hem, and side seams, it lists the stitch type and sewing machine used, as well as an alternative option. In total, it examines the construction of the t-shirt and the specific stitches for attaching each component.
Determination of the Yarn Count by Wrap reel & Analytical BalanceMdMehediHasan161
Md. Mehedi Hasan
City University,Bangladesh
Dept. of Textile Engineering
Batch- 34th
mdmehedihasan323@gmail.com
Determination of the yarn count by warp reel & analytical balance.This presentation making how to calculate yarn count by wrap reel and analytical balance. This presentation is very help any textile engineering student.
Yarn count: The yarn count is a numerical expression which defines its fineness or coarseness. It also expresses weather the yarn is thick or thin. A definition is given by the textile institute – “Count is a number which indicates the mass per unit length or the length per unit mass of yarn.”
Erode is an agricultural and textile hub located in Tamil Nadu, India. It is surrounded by three rivers - Amaravathi, Bhavani, and Cauvery - and is one of the largest producers of turmeric and other crops in India. Texvalley is the largest wholesale textile market in Erode, located in the heart of South India's textile industry. Hema Chandra Textiles is a textile manufacturer in Erode that produces grey fabrics and woven fabrics. The document then describes the various processes involved in cotton spinning, sizing, yarn dyeing, and weaving from winding to weaving.
This document provides calculations for weaving fabrics. It outlines formulas to calculate fabric weight based on warp and weft density, count, and crimp percentage. It also describes classifications of fabric weights from sheer to heavy. Additional sections explain how to find yarn count and crimp percentage, calculate weft consumption per pick and shift, and determine weft carrier velocity. The document is authored by Vignesh Dhanabalan and provides contact information.
This document summarizes the process of fabric inspection. The key points are:
- Fabric inspection is done to control garment quality and examine fabrics for defects. It aims to detect issues early in the manufacturing process to minimize costs.
- The main methods of inspection are 4-point, 10-point, and 78-point systems, with the 4-point system most widely used. It assigns 1-4 penalty points per defect based on size and significance.
- Fabric inspection has several purposes like ensuring supplies meet specifications, reducing rejected materials and garments, and improving efficiency through early defect detection.
Stitch and seam analysis of Knitted and Woven GarmentAkansha Choudhary
One knitted garment (t-shirt) and one woven garment (shirt) are randomly chosen. Each of them undergoes a thorough analysis wherein we identify the types of stitches and seams located in the entire clothing item, along with the sewing machine used for every part.
The four-point system assigns penalty points to defects in fabric based on defect size, with a maximum of 4 points per linear meter. Defects over 3 inches receive 1-4 points depending on size. Continuous or severe defects receive 4 points per meter. Inspection involves examining a minimum 10% of each style for defects and determining total points per 100 square meters, with a maximum of 15 points for finished fabrics and 10 for greige fabrics. Inspectors must be graduates with 2+ years' textile experience and knowledgeable in the 4-point system.
This document discusses different types of machine and hand sewing needles as well as pins and silk fabrics. It provides details on the anatomy and features of machine needles and how they differ depending on needle type. It also lists and describes various categories and uses of hand needles as well as types of straight pins and silk fabrics.
Effect of stitch length on Lycra And Without Lycra plain Single jersey fabric...Md. Mazadul Hasan Shishir
This document summarizes an experimental study on the effects of stitch length on plain single jersey cotton fabrics with and without lycra. It describes the sample fabric production including fabric type, yarn type and count, and machine parameters. It then summarizes the results of various tests conducted including spirality, pilling resistance, GSM, courses/wales per inch, dimensional stability, fabric thickness, and color fastness. The tests showed that increasing the stitch length increased spirality and decreased other properties like GSM and fabric thickness. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of textile education to develop competitive human resources.
This specification worksheet provides details for a faux double-breasted jacket with a removable hood made of 100% recycled polyester poplin rib weave fabric. It includes 38 measurement points and sketches of the front and back views indicating where the measurements should be taken. The style is intended to be produced in sizes XS through XL for the Holden Outerwear brand in the Fall 2012 season.
This presentation discusses different types of seams, including 8 seam classes. It begins by defining a seam as the line where fabric layers are joined, which can be done through sewing or other methods. Key points include:
- Seam classes include superimposed, lapped, bound, flat, decorative, edge finishing, applied, and other seams.
- Different seam types are used for functional or aesthetic purposes and are defined by factors like strength, elasticity, durability, and comfort levels.
- Seam quality is measured by parameters such as size, slippage strength, and strength to break the seam or materials.
- Examples are given of common seam types like superimposed and lapped
Cost of woven fabric is the main concern of a garment merchandiser.Costing is a very complex procedure, with set patterns and guidelines followed by the industry, and it is difficult to find out costs for every process as there are some inbuilt costs while costing. Woven fabrics are used worldwide for many applications like apparel, home
furnishing, and accessories, industrial and medical textiles. It is estimated that the global production of woven fabrics will grow 35 million tones by 2010 and most
of this growth will be in Asia. It is also estimated that Asia will emerge as the biggest market for sourcing of fabrics for the garment and apparel industry. Costing of woven fabrics for garment manufacturers is one of the most important aspects of garment production. About 65 - 70% cost of the garment is the cost of the fabric and hence, it is very crucial to get the right cost of the fabric from fabric
manufacturers and suppliers.
This document provides an executive profile and summary of qualifications for Raed Khalil. It outlines his extensive experience as a CEO and CIO, with over 25 years in technology and management. He has a proven track record of creating robust IT infrastructures, managing multi-million dollar budgets, and implementing cost-saving initiatives. The profile lists his areas of expertise and senior roles with companies in the US, UAE, and Middle East.
Antonio velardo warren buffet 5 quotesBryant Tchan
Mr Warren Buffet has come under some scrutiny lately but that happens to everyone who is in the spotlight. Fact still remains the man is a business and investing mogul with much to teach the rest of us. I learned a lot from him that I used in my real estate endeavors--whether that be in Calabria or Belize. Success does not come easy but it can be had for those who work hard and who refuse to let the wrongs of the world hold them down.
O documento fala sobre como as grandes transformações na vida das pessoas acontecem quando passam "pelo fogo", ou seja, por situações difíceis como perdas, doenças ou sofrimentos. Assim como o milho só se transforma em pipoca ao passar pelo calor, as pessoas só mudam quando enfrentam problemas. Algumas, no entanto, se recusam a mudar, assim como o "piruá" que não estoura.
Vipul Kulshrestha is seeking senior level positions in sales and marketing with reputable organizations. He has 14 years of experience in consumer durable sales, currently as Senior Branch Manager at Samsung India Electronics Private Limited. He heads operations in Rajasthan, building an efficient sales team and distribution network to stimulate sales growth. He has a record of consistently achieving sales targets and has received several performance awards.
O documento contém vários pensamentos sobre a vida, amor e felicidade. Alguns pontos principais são: 1) Devemos apreciar as pessoas certas em nossas vidas depois de conhecer pessoas erradas; 2) Quando uma porta se fecha, outra se abre, mas focamos demais na porta fechada; 3) Os melhores amigos são aqueles com quem podemos ficar em silêncio.
Este documento discute las consecuencias negativas que ha tenido la Policía Nacional de Colombia al adquirir predios sin una correcta planeación. Esto ha resultado en invasiones de terrenos, devolución de predios donados, y detrimento patrimonial. El documento propone una metodología de planeación, ordenamiento territorial y cumplimiento de normas para mejorar el proceso de adquisición de predios en el futuro.
1. El documento ofrece consejos para escribir con claridad en documentos de la Comisión Europea. 2. Recomienda pensar en el lector, ser directo e interesante, dar forma al documento de manera breve y sencilla, redactar con sentido organizando las frases, eliminar sustantivos superfluos y usar formas verbales. 3. El objetivo es colaborar de manera más eficaz y reducir la correspondencia innecesaria.
Este documento compara diferentes alternativas para realizar copias de seguridad de la información en la Junta de Andalucía con recursos limitados. Discute el uso de Bacula, Rsync y Duplicity. Bacula es una herramienta de código abierto para realizar copias de red que admite diferentes medios de almacenamiento. Rsync se utiliza para sincronizar directorios y es adecuado para copias de seguridad de usuarios. Duplicity realiza copias remotas encriptadas e incrementales y se puede usar para copias de servidores y bases de datos Oracle
Cohort Manufacturing offers replacement wind turbine brake pads made of sintered or organic friction materials for all major wind turbine brake manufacturers. With over 151 years of combined experience in industrial friction materials, their wind turbine brake pads are manufactured to OEM specifications and proven to perform to exacting standards.
O documento descreve de forma sensual o chocolate e como ele pode estimular os sentidos e prazeres, tanto da gula quanto da luxúria. Faz referência a como o chocolate em forma de mulher pode ser irresistível e levar ao pecado, sugerindo aproveitar a vida ao máximo sem culpa ou sofisticação.
A Associação Coral da Cidade de São Paulo está selecionando cantores líricos para atuar como monitores corais. Haverá duas fases de seleção, incluindo apresentações de árias e ensaios com corais. Os seis monitores selecionados receberão R$760 por mês por 8 horas semanais de trabalho entre fevereiro de 2013 e janeiro de 2014.
This document describes standard test methods for determining the laboratory compaction characteristics of soils using a modified compactive effort of 56,000 ft-lbf/ft3. It provides three methods (A, B, C) for compacting soils based on particle size. Method A uses a 4-inch mold for soils passing a No. 4 sieve. Method B uses a 4-inch mold for soils passing a 3/8-inch sieve. Method C uses a 6-inch mold for soils passing a 3/4-inch sieve. The test involves compacting soil in layers and determining the dry unit weight at different water contents to establish a compaction curve from which the maximum dry unit weight and optimum water content can be determined
This document describes the standard test method for determining the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of laboratory-compacted soils. The CBR test evaluates the strength of subgrade, subbase, and base materials for pavement design. The test involves compacting soil specimens to a specified density and water content then measuring the penetration of a piston under increasing loads. The CBR value is the ratio of the load required to penetrate the soil to the load required for a standard crushed stone material. The test method specifies the required apparatus, procedures, calculations and provides guidance on interpreting and applying CBR values.
This document describes Test Method D 4970 for determining the pilling resistance of textile fabrics using a Martindale tester. The tester simulates pilling and surface changes by rubbing fabric specimens against each other for a specified number of movements. Pilling resistance is evaluated by comparing specimens to visual standards and rated on a scale of 1 to 5. The method is applicable to woven fabrics up to 3mm thick but has not been determined for nonwovens. It provides a subjective evaluation of pilling and is not recommended for acceptance testing without further evaluation of bias between laboratories.
This document describes procedures for sieve analysis of aggregates. Sieve analysis involves passing aggregate samples through a series of sieves to determine the distribution of particle sizes. The key steps are:
1. Obtaining a representative sample and reducing it to the appropriate test size.
2. Separating the sample using sieves into coarse (>10 sieve) and fine (<10 sieve) fractions.
3. Weighing the material retained on each sieve to determine the particle size distribution, expressed as a percentage passing each sieve size.
Calibration of mechanical shakers used in the analysis is also described to ensure an adequate sieving time that retains less than 0.5% of material on any sieve during subsequent hand
178749411 astm-d-1633-00-standard-methods-for-compressive-strength-of-molded-...Ramiro Bautista A.
This document outlines test methods for determining the compressive strength of molded soil-cement cylinders. It provides two alternative test methods using cylinders of different sizes: Method A uses 4-inch diameter cylinders while Method B uses 2.8-inch diameter cylinders. Method A is commonly used but provides a relative strength measure, while Method B gives a better technical measure of compressive strength. The document specifies procedures for molding, curing, conditioning, and testing the cylinders in compression testing machines to determine their maximum load capacity.
This document provides guidelines for collecting a gross sample of coal that is representative of the entire lot. It discusses best practices for determining the number and weight of increments to collect based on factors like coal size, preparation method, and desired precision. The goal is to obtain a sample where every particle in the lot has an equal chance of being represented. It also classifies different sampling methods based on how increments are selected and collected to ensure the most reliable procedures are used whenever possible. Overall, the document aims to standardize coal sampling so that samples adequately reflect the composition and properties of the entire lot.
The document is a lab report that tests different layups of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites to verify the 10% Rule of Mixtures. Four composite samples with layups of [0]8s, [90]8s, [+/-45]4s, and [0 90 +45 -45]2s were tested under 3-point bending and tension. The results found that the Rule of Mixtures accurately predicted the composite strengths and was generally conservative. The report concludes that the Rule of Mixtures allows fast prediction of composite performance for design requirements.
D6641D6641M.39883 Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite.pdfmahmoodkhan77
This document provides a summary of Test Method D6641/D6641M for determining the compressive properties of polymer matrix composite materials using a combined loading compression test fixture. It describes the test method, including the fixture that subjects specimens to combined end and shear loading. Specimens can be either untabbed or tabbed composites of various material types. The method determines properties like compressive strength, modulus and Poisson's ratio by applying a compressive load until failure. Precautions are discussed to ensure a valid test and avoid premature failure or buckling of specimens.
This document describes a standard test method for measuring the initial tear resistance of plastic films and sheeting. It involves cutting test specimens to specific dimensions and clamping them in grips that separate at a rate of 51 mm/min until tearing is initiated. The maximum force required to initiate tearing is recorded as the tear resistance value. At least 10 specimens must be tested for isotropic materials and 20 for anisotropic materials, with half tested parallel and half perpendicular to the orientation direction. The test provides comparative tear resistance values but may not correlate directly with actual performance. Values are expressed in newtons or pounds-force and are only comparable for specimens within 10% thickness variation.
This document describes Standard Test Method D 5030 for determining the density of soil and rock in place using the water replacement method in a test pit. It outlines two procedures - Procedure A determines the in-place density and unit weight of the total material, while Procedure B determines the in-place density and unit weight of a control fraction by removing oversize particles. The test involves excavating a test pit within a template, lining it, filling it with water to determine the volume, then calculating density from the excavated material mass and measured volume. Percent compaction can be determined by comparing to laboratory compaction test unit weights.
This document provides guidelines for sampling and accepting a single lot of paper or paperboard products. It outlines procedures for defining the lot size, determining sampling locations within the lot, selecting test units, handling and identifying samples, and documenting the sampling process. Specific rules are given for taking proportionate samples from sublots, ensuring each area has an equal chance of selection, and avoiding deliberate bias. Acceptance criteria in Appendix X2 provide attribute plans for making pass/fail determinations on individual lots based on the number of defective test units.
Astmd6913d6913m 17-particle-sizedistribution-gradation-ofsoilsusingsieveanaly...Orlando Manriquez L.
This document outlines test methods for determining the particle size distribution of soils through sieve analysis. It describes multiple procedures for sieving soils of different types and maximum particle sizes. The test methods involve separating soil particles into size ranges using a series of sieves, then determining the mass of particles in each size range to calculate the gradation. The document provides detailed procedures for sample processing, apparatus, reagents, verification of sieves and equipment, sampling, selecting the appropriate sieving procedure based on soil type and size, and calculations for determining gradation results.
This document describes a standard test method for measuring the bulk density of powders and bulk solids under increasing compressive stress. It involves placing a sample in a density cup and applying incremental masses to compress the material. The volume and density are calculated at each step from measurements of mass, cup dimensions, and height changes measured by a dial indicator. The results provide data on how a material's bulk density changes with applied stress, useful for applications like bin and hopper design.
This document provides a summary of a standard test method for determining the bulk density and voids of aggregates. It consists of 3 sentences:
The test method involves consolidating samples of aggregate in a cylindrical container using rodding or jigging, then measuring the mass of the filled container to determine bulk density. It provides procedures for sample preparation, filling the container to determine loose or compacted bulk density, and calculating the percentage of voids between particles. The bulk density and void content measurements are used in concrete mixture design and material specifications.
This document reports on a carpet wear and abrasion test conducted according to ASTM standards. The test was performed on a machine that abrades carpet samples under controlled conditions. Five carpet samples were weighed before and after being abraded for 5000 cycles. The average weight loss per 1000 cycles was calculated and compared to the maximum standard weight loss of 70mg per 1000 cycles. The coefficient of variation was also calculated and compared to the standard range of 0-6%.
This document provides standards and procedures for sampling and accepting a single lot of paper or paperboard products. It outlines how to define and establish the lot being sampled, how to select representative test samples from the lot, how to handle and mark the samples, and how to document the sampling process in a report. Specific details are given for sampling from large rolls or skids to ensure test samples are taken indiscriminately and represent all areas of the lot. Acceptance of the lot is to be based on the number of test samples that meet requirements, using statistical criteria provided in an appendix to determine acceptable defect levels.
This document provides standards for determining soil density in place using nuclear methods. It outlines two methods - backscatter and direct transmission - for measuring density at shallow depths up to 300mm. The nuclear gauge emits gamma radiation and detects the rate of transmission or backscatter to calculate density based on calibration data. Standards are set for apparatus, calibration, standardization, safety procedures, and interpreting results given potential interference factors like soil composition or presence of rocks/voids. The document aims to standardize nuclear density testing for construction quality control and research applications.
This document outlines performance specifications for woven fabrics used in manufacturing men's, women's, and children's handkerchiefs. It specifies requirements in areas such as breaking strength, tear strength, dimensional stability after laundering, and colorfastness to laundering, light exposure, and other factors. Requirements are provided in Table 1 and test methods for measuring each property are referenced. The purpose is to establish common quality standards for handkerchief fabrics that can be agreed upon between fabric suppliers and purchasers.
This document describes a test method to determine the percentage of flat, elongated or flat and elongated particles in coarse aggregate. The test involves sieving the aggregate sample into different size fractions, then measuring and classifying each particle as flat, elongated, or neither. Calculations are done to determine the percentage by mass or count of particles in each category. A sample must be large enough according to the maximum nominal size, from 1 kg for 3/8" up to 500 kg for 6". The percentages found are compared to limits for construction applications.
This document provides details on testing the length and uniformity of cotton fibers using a Fibrograph instrument. It describes the apparatus, sampling and specimen preparation methods, testing procedures, calculations, and reporting of results. Key details include:
- The Fibrograph scans fiber samples to create a fibrogram curve from which fiber length and uniformity measurements are derived.
- Samples are prepared by combing fibers randomly onto combs and inserting them into the Fibrograph.
- The instrument measures the span lengths at specific percentage points along the fibrogram curve, from which average lengths and a uniformity ratio are calculated.
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
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represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
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Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
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detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
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2. bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
laboratories should be compared using student’s t-test for
unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of
the known bias.
7.2 Sampling—As a lot sample for acceptance testing, take
at random the number of rolls of fabric as directed in an
applicable material specification or other agreement between
the purchaser and the supplier. Consider rolls of fabric to be the
primary sampling units. Consider the rolls of fabric in the lot
sample as the laboratory sample and as the test specimens.
7.3 Procedure:
7.3.1 Measure the length of the full piece, roll, bolt, or cut
by the hand procedure in Test Method D 3773.
7.3.2 Measure the width by the tension-free alternative of
Option A of Test Method D 3774.
7.3.3 Weigh the fabric, with shell and holder, if any, to the
nearest 0.1 % of its mass.
7.3.4 Weigh the holder, if any, to the nearest 0.1 % of its
mass.
7.4 Calculations:
7.4.1 Determine the net weight of the fabric by subtracting
the weight of the holder from the total weight.
7.4.2 Dimensions and mass may all be determined in SI
units and mass per unit area calculated using Eq 1, Eq 2, or Eq
3, as follows:
g/m2
5 103
M/LW (1)
g/m 5 103
M/L (2)
m/kg 5 L/M (3)
where:
M = mass of fabric, in kilograms,
L = length of fabric, in metres, and
W = width of fabric, in metres.
7.4.3 Calculate the mass per unit area, mass per linear yard,
or linear yards per pound to three significant figures, unless
otherwise specified, using Eq 4, Eq 5, Eq 6, or Eq 7, as follows:
Mass per unit area:
oz/yd2
5 576M/LW (4)
Mass per yard:
oz/yd 5 16M/L (5)
Linear yards per pound:
yd/lb 5 L/M (6)
yd/lb 5 16 oz/yd (7)
where:
M = mass of fabric, in pounds,
L = length of fabric, in yards, and
W = width of fabric, in inches.
7.4.4 If preferred, convert the U.S. customary units to SI
units using Eq 8, Eq 9, or Eq 10, as follows:
Mass, g/m2
5 oz/yd2
3 33.906 (8)
Mass, g/m 5 oz/yd 3 31.000 (9)
m/kg 5 yd/lb 3 2.016 (10)
8. Option B—Full Width Sample
8.1 Significance and Use:
8.1.1 This procedure is applicable to a full-width sample cut
from a full piece, roll, bolt, or cut. Unless otherwise specified,
these results will include selvages and will be on the basis of
conditioned fabric.
8.1.2 Option B is not recommended for the acceptance
testing of commercial shipments, since Option A is regularly
used for that purpose.
8.2 Sampling:
8.2.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
take at random the number of rolls of fabric as directed in an
applicable material specification or other agreement between
the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the roll of fabric to be
the primary sampling units.
8.2.2 Laboratory Sample—From each roll or piece in the lot
sample, cut—don’t tear—at least one laboratory sample the
full width of the fabric and at least 250 mm (10 in.) in length.
The cut edges must be a straight line, free of indentations or
bulges, unless both edges have been made to trace parallel
filling yarns. In this procedure the complete laboratory sample
is used as the specimen.
8.3 Procedure:
8.3.1 Measure the length of the conditioned specimen by the
hand procedure of Test Method D 3773.
8.3.2 Measure the width by the tension-free alternative of
Option A of Test Method D 3774.
8.3.3 Weigh the specimen in grams on a scale or balance to
the nearest 0.1 % of its mass (weight).
8.4 Calculations:
8.4.1 Calculate the mass per unit area, mass per linear yard,
or linear yards per pound to three significant figures, unless
otherwise specified, using Eq 11, Eq 12, Eq 13, or Eq 14, as
follows:
Mass per unit area:
oz/yd2
5 45.72G/LsW (11)
Mass per linear yard:
oz/yd 5 1.27G/Ls (12)
Linear yards per pound:
yd/lb 5 16/oz per linear yd (13)
yd/lb 5 12.6Ls/G (14)
where:
G = mass of specimen, in grams,
Ls = length of specimen, in inches, and
W = width of specimen, in inches.
8.4.2 If preferred, convert the U.S. customary units to SI
units using Eq 4, Eq 5, or Eq 6 in 7.4.3.
D 3776 – 96 (2002)
2
3. 8.4.3 Alternatively, dimensions and mass may all be deter-
mined in SI units and calculated using Eq 15, Eq 16, or Eq 17,
as follows:
Mass per unit area:
g/m2
5 106
G/LsW (15)
Mass per linear metre:
g/m 5 103
G/Ls (16)
Linear metres per kilogram:
m/kg 5 Ls/G (17)
where:
G = mass of specimen, g
Ls = length of specimen, mm, and
W = width of specimen, mm.
9. Option C—Small Swatch of Fabric
9.1 Significance and Use:
9.1.1 This procedure is applicable when a small swatch of
fabric is sent to the laboratory to be used as the test specimen.
The results are considered to be applicable to the sample only
and not necessarily to the lot from which the sample was taken.
9.1.2 Measurements by this method do not include selvages
and should be reported as such, unless a selvage allowance is
specified.
9.1.3 Option C is not recommended for acceptance testing
of commercial shipments since Option A is regularly used for
that purpose.
9.2 Sampling—Option C is used only when limited fabric is
available and should not be used for acceptance sampling.
Prepare such specimens from small swatches as is possible.
9.3 Preparation of Specimens—Prepare a conditioned
specimen having an area of at least 130 cm2
(20 in.2
) or a
number of smaller die cut specimens taken from different
locations in the sample and having a total area of at least 130
cm2
(20 in.2
) Do not take these specimens closer than one tenth
of the fabric width to a selvage or cut edge. If insufficient fabric
is available to meet these criteria, note that fact in the report.
9.4 Procedure:
9.4.1 Determine the area of the specimen(s) used. For
die-cut specimens, the area of the die is normally given. For
other specimens, multiply the length by the width.
9.4.2 Weigh the specimen(s) to within 60.1 % of mass
(weight) on a balance. Specimens of a fabric may be weighed
together.
9.5 Calculations:
9.5.1 Dimensions and mass may be determined in SI units
and calculated using Eq 15 (8.4.3), Eq 18, or Eq 19, as follows:
Mass per linear metre:
g/m 5 103
GW/LsWs (18)
Linear metre per kilogram:
m/kg 5 LsWs/GW (19)
where:
G = mass of specimen, g
W = width of fabric, mm
Ls = length of specimen, mm, and
Ws = width of specimen mm.
9.5.2 Calculate the mass in ounces per square yard, ounces
per linear yard, or linear yards per pound to three significant
figures using Eq 11 (8.4.1), Eq 19, or Eq 20, as follows:
Mass per linear yard:
oz/yd 5 1.27GW/LsWs (20)
Linear yards per pound:
yd/lb 5 12.6LsWs/GW (21)
where:
G = mass of specimen, g,
W = width of fabric, in.
Ws = width of specimen, in., and
Ls = length of specimen, in.
9.5.3 If preferred convert the U.S. customary units to SI
units by using Eq 8, Eq 9, or Eq 10 in 7.4.4.
10. Option D—Narrow Fabrics
10.1 Significance and Use:
10.1.1 This procedure is intended for use with narrow
fabrics as so designated by the trade. These fabrics are usually
300 mm (12 in.) in width or less, have a selvage on both sides
and are woven on multishuttle looms.
10.1.2 Option D is not recommended for acceptance testing
of commercial shipments since Option A is regularly used for
that purpose.
10.2 Sampling:
10.2.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
take at random the number of rolls of fabric as directed in an
applicable material specification or other agreement between
the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls of fabric to be
the primary sampling units.
10.2.2 Laboratory Sample—From each roll or piece in the
lot sample, cut a conditioned laboratory sample 1 m 6 3 mm
(36.0 6 0.10 in.) long perpendicular to the selvages. Take a
minimum of three such laboratory samples from different
places, distributed as evenly as practicable along the length of
the roll or piece. In this procedure a complete laboratory
sample is used as a specimen.
10.3 Procedure:
10.3.1 Measure the width of the fabric to the nearest 1 mm
(0.125 in.) by the tension-free alternative of Option A of Test
Methods D 3774.
10.3.2 Weigh each specimen to within 60.1 % of its weight
on a scale or balance.
10.4 Calculations:
10.4.1 If all measurements are made in SI units, use Eq 15,
Eq 16 or Eq 17 in 8.4.3.
10.4.2 Calculate the average mass as ounces per linear yard
or linear yards per pound using Eq 12, Eq 13, or Eq 14 from
8.4.1.
10.4.3 If preferred, convert the U.S. customary units to SI
units using Eq 9 or Eq 10 in 7.4.4.
11. Report
11.1 State that the tests were made as directed in Option A
(or B or C or D) in Test Methods D 3776. Describe the material
or product sampled and the method of sampling used.
D 3776 – 96 (2002)
3
4. 11.2 Report the following information:
11.2.1 Option used to measure fabric mass per unit area.
11.2.2 Fabric mass in ounces per square yard, or ounces per
linear yard, or in yards per pound, to three significant figures.
11.2.3 Fabric mass in grams per square metre, or grams per
linear metre, or metres per kilogram, to three significant
figures.
11.2.4 Fabric width if mass is reported as mass per linear
metre (yard) or metres per kilogram (yards per pound).
11.2.5 State whether the fabric weight includes or does not
include selvages, and
11.2.6 Atmospheric conditions under which the tests were
conducted and whether the specimens were conditioned as
directed in Practice D 1776.
12. Precision and Bias
12.1 Summary—In comparing two averages of four obser-
vations when using Option B of Test Methods D 3776, the
difference should not exceed the following amounts in 95 out
of 100 cases when all of the observations were taken by the
same well-trained operator using the same piece of equipment
and specimens randomly drawn from the same sample of
material:
Seersucker 0.125 oz/yd2
Gingham 0.080 oz/yd2
Corduroy 0.330 oz/yd2
Denim 0.105 oz/yd2
Larger differences are likely under all other circumstances.
The procedure in Option B of Test Methods D 3776 has no
known bias and is used as a referee method.
12.2 Interlaboratory Test Data—An interlaboratory test was
run in 1981 in which randomly drawn specimens of four
materials were tested in each of four laboratories using Option
B of Test Methods D 3776. Two operators in each laboratory
each tested two specimens of each material for mass per unit
area. The first fabric was a 65 % polyester and 35 % cotton
seersucker type basket weave. The second fabric was a 65 %
polyester and 35 % cotton gingham check. The third fabric was
an 88 % cotton and 12 % polyester corduroy. The fourth fabric
was a 100 % cotton denim. The components of variance for
fabric mass per unit area expressed as standard deviations were
calculated to be as follows:
Average
Mass per
Unit Area
Single-
Operator
Compo-
nent
Within-
Laboratory
Compo-
nent
Between-
Laboratory
Compo-
nent
Seersucker 6.11 oz/yd2
0.091 0.000 0.023
Gingham 2.90 oz/yd2
0.029 0.000 0.031
Corduroy 10.42 oz/yd2
0.119 0.073 0.082
Denim 7.45 oz/yd2
0.038 0.000 0.066
NOTE 1—The square roots of the components are being reported to
express the variability in the appropriate unit of measure rather than as the
square of those units of measure.
12.3 Precision—For the components of variance reported in
12.2, two averages of observed values should be considered
significantly different at the 95 % probability level if the
difference equals or exceeds the critical differences in Table 1.
NOTE 2—The tabulated values of the critical differences should be
considered to be a general statement, particularly with respect to between-
laboratory precision. Before a meaningful statement can be made about
two specific laboratories, the amount of statistical bias, if any, between
them must be established with each comparison being based on recent data
obtained on specimens taken from a lot of material of the type being
evaluated so as to be as nearly homogeneous as possible and then
randomly assigned in equal numbers to each of the laboratories.
12.4 Bias—Option B in Test Method D 3776 for measuring
mass per unit area (weight) of full width samples has no known
bias and is accepted as a referee procedure. The accuracy of the
other procedures in Test Method D 3776 has not been estab-
lished. Weights of unconditioned fabric will be affected by the
past history of the product.
13. Keywords
13.1 fabric; mass per unit area; weight
TABLE 1 Critical Differences for the Conditions Noted, 95 %
Probability Level, Option B, Mass per Unit AreaA
Fabric
Number of
Observa-
tions in
Each
Average
Single-
Operator
Precision
Within-
Labora-
tory
Precision
Between-
Labora-
tory
Precision
Seersucker 1 0.249 0.249 0.257
(6.11 oz/yd2
) 4 0.125 0.125 0.140
8 0.088 0.088 0.109
16 0.062 0.062 0.089
Gingham 1 0.080 0.080 0.118
(2.90 oz/yd2
) 4 0.040 0.040 0.095
8 0.028 0.028 0.090
16 0.020 0.020 0.088
Corduroy 1 0.330 0.387 0.449
(10.42 oz/yd2
) 4 0.165 0.261 0.346
8 0.117 0.234 0.326
16 0.082 0.218 0.315
Denim 1 0.105 0.105 0.211
(7.45 oz/yd2
) 4 0.053 0.053 0.190
8 0.037 0.037 0.187
16 0.026 0.026 0.185
A
The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960 which is based on
infinite degrees of freedom.
D 3776 – 96 (2002)
4
5. ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
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D 3776 – 96 (2002)
5