This document discusses several important aspects of the doctor-patient relationship, including:
1) Doctors have a duty to act in their patients' best interests according to ethical principles. An effective relationship requires respect, understanding, and trust between doctors and patients.
2) Factors like mutual understanding, clear guidelines for care options, comfort during illness, and open discussion even during uncertainty are important.
3) The relationship must maintain patient confidentiality, honesty, and informed mutual decision-making while avoiding discrimination, abuse, or neglect. Terminating a relationship requires reasonable cause and respecting professional boundaries is important.
This presentation deals with principles of basic communication skills, importance of it for Doctors and medical students. It also addresses the basic elements Doctor patient communication skills, kalmazoo Consensus working model for Clinical interview, 5 A model guidelines for the behaviour changes.
IN THIS PRESENTATION I HAVE DESCRIBED ABOUT DOCTORS AND PATIENTS RELATIONSHIP . History of doctor-patient relationship. Models of doctor-patient relationship. Psychological types of doctors. Basic characters and skills of physician. Communication of doctors. Problems of contemporary healthcare system
This presentation deals with principles of basic communication skills, importance of it for Doctors and medical students. It also addresses the basic elements Doctor patient communication skills, kalmazoo Consensus working model for Clinical interview, 5 A model guidelines for the behaviour changes.
IN THIS PRESENTATION I HAVE DESCRIBED ABOUT DOCTORS AND PATIENTS RELATIONSHIP . History of doctor-patient relationship. Models of doctor-patient relationship. Psychological types of doctors. Basic characters and skills of physician. Communication of doctors. Problems of contemporary healthcare system
Definition of DPR
Why does DPR matter?
Parson's Ideal Doctor & Patient
Types of DPR
Importance of DPR
Elements of DPR
Key components of DPR
Communication between Doctor & Patient
Barriers in communication
Factors influencing DPR
How to improve DPR
Patient Education
The lecture is about the ethical guidelines in the doctor-patient relationship. this is the lecture for the beginners that is for first-year medical students.
A short sharing on doctor-patient communication to First year medical students in Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, to be supplemented with anecdotal accounts.
PH 5.1 communicate with patient on all aspects of drug use
PH 5.2 Communicate with patient on proper use of drug /delivery device & storage of medicine PH 5.3 Communicate the patient to motivate adherence to treatment in chronic diseases PH 5.5 Communicate with patient regarding cost of treatment
This presentation mainly explains about the type of patients that are encountered in day to day practice as well as how each of them should be handled to improve the communication between a doctor and the patient.
Definition of DPR
Why does DPR matter?
Parson's Ideal Doctor & Patient
Types of DPR
Importance of DPR
Elements of DPR
Key components of DPR
Communication between Doctor & Patient
Barriers in communication
Factors influencing DPR
How to improve DPR
Patient Education
The lecture is about the ethical guidelines in the doctor-patient relationship. this is the lecture for the beginners that is for first-year medical students.
A short sharing on doctor-patient communication to First year medical students in Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, to be supplemented with anecdotal accounts.
PH 5.1 communicate with patient on all aspects of drug use
PH 5.2 Communicate with patient on proper use of drug /delivery device & storage of medicine PH 5.3 Communicate the patient to motivate adherence to treatment in chronic diseases PH 5.5 Communicate with patient regarding cost of treatment
This presentation mainly explains about the type of patients that are encountered in day to day practice as well as how each of them should be handled to improve the communication between a doctor and the patient.
MARK IV is a content provider for medical and scientific animation. It is backed by over four decades of professional expertise in the field of medicine. It is located in Coimbatore, South India with offices in UK and Singapore.
www.markivstudios.com
This presentation is part of the online TAE40110 Certificate IV in Training & Assessment course offered by Fortress Learning.
Fortress Learning's TAE program is based on the belief that every student is unique. Each student has an individual program tailored to reflect their prior learning, current situation, future goals and their preferred learning style. More information is available from www.fortresslearning.com.au or by telephoning 1300 141 994.
5 The Physician–Patient Relationship Learning Objectives After.docxalinainglis
5 The Physician–Patient Relationship
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
· 1. Define the key terms.
· 2. Describe the rights a physician has when practicing medicine and when accepting a patient.
· 3. Discuss the nine principles of medical ethics as designated by the American Medical Association (AMA).
· 4. Summarize “A Patient’s Bill of Rights.”
· 5. Understand standard of care and how it is applied to the practice of medicine.
· 6. Discuss three patient self-determination acts.
· 7. Describe the difference between implied consent and informed consent.
Key Terms
Abandonment
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Advance directive
Against medical advice (AMA)
Agent
Consent
Do not resuscitate (DNR)
Durable power of attorney
Human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)
Implied consent
Informed (or expressed)
consent
Incompetent patient
In loco parentis
Living will
Minor
Noncompliant patient
Parens patriae authority
Privileged communication
Prognosis
Proxy
Uniform Anatomical Gift Act
THE CASE OF DAVID Z. AND AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)
David, who has suffered with ALS for 20 years, is now hospitalized in a private religious hospital on a respirator. He spoke with his physician before he became incapacitated and asked that he be allowed to die if the suffering became too much for him. The physician agreed that, while he would not give David any drugs to assist a suicide, he would discontinue David’s respirator if asked to do so. David has now indicated through a prearranged code of blinking eye movements that he wants the respirator discontinued. David had signed his living will before he became ill, indicating that he did not want extraordinary means keeping him alive.
The nursing staff has alerted the hospital administrator about the impending discontinuation of the respirator. The administrator tells the physician that this is against the hospital’s policy. She states that once a patient is placed on a respirator, the family must seek a court order to have him or her removed from this type of life support. In addition, it is against hospital policy to have any staff members present during such a procedure. After consulting with the family, the physician orders an ambulance to transport the patient back to his home, where the physician discontinues the life support.
· 1. What were the primary concerns of the hospital?
· 2. What was the physician’s primary concern?
· 3. When should the discussion about the patient’s future plans have taken place with the hospital administrator?
Introduction
Few topics are as important as the physician–patient relationship. This relationship impacts the entire healthcare team. All healthcare professionals who interact with the patient must understand their responsibilities to both the patient and the physician. The patient’s right to confidentiality must always be paramount.
The first physicians were “medicine men,” witch doctors, or sorcerers. The physician–pa.
The writing is already spread further online by others as well, but in respect to her work and the value of it, just posting it here again with the references at the end, which are not always put online with.
The more people spread the copy, the more democratic awareness on the issue we may get. With gratitude and admiration for Trudy Newman her valuable writing (c) 2003.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Doctor – Patient Relationship:
1- Physicians have a duty to act in the best interests
of their patients according to the principle of the
ethics.
2- An effective doctor-patient relationship is
necessary for supplying of good quality of health
care for the patient.
3-Patients are qualified by law and moral values to
be treated with respect, and without discrimination
during all stages of the physician-patient
relationship, even if the relationship faces
termination.
3. 4-A mutual understanding of the patient’s
expectations of the physician, and the physician’s
expectations of the patient.
5-Availability of strong basis and clear guidelines
for discussing options to achieve expected goals
of care.
6- Offering a powerful efforts for healing, and a
source of comfortable care in situations where
healing is unreachable.
4. 7- Availability of resource for learning by both
parties (the patient and the physician) about
guidelines and advances of this relationship. And
for the ethics principles.
8- Availability of tools for navigating the stressful
circumstances that accompany acute medical
illnesses
9- Availability of a framework for maintaining open
discussion and a positive relationship even when
there is uncertainty about the medical outcome.
5. 10-Must be trustful relationships.
11-Must be respectful relation. (Formal barriers).
12-Mutual decision making relationship. (Doctor
provides the advantages, skills, experience,
knowledge and the patient judges, assess and then
decides).
13-Must be honest and confidential relationship.
(Doctor keeps with confidentiality of patient’s
records, unless there are some exemptions, and the
patient being honest while telling history and
demanding health care resources).
6. 14-Doctor has the right to accept or refuse patient’s
demand for care, but this decision should not be
based on:
Race, Religion, Gender, Sexual orientation,
financial means, Ethnic background, Relations or
Nationality.
There should not be any patient group exclusion,
such as those known to be difficult patients, and
terminally or severely ill patients.
Emergency situations are exception for this right
(accepting and rejecting), as it is mandatory for
doctor to provide care for all without rejecting of
any of them.
7. 15-Once doctor has accepted patient into his/her
care, then he/she may terminate this care for
reasonable reasons e.g.:
It is not emergency case.
The Patient has been transferred to another
physician, by patient’s preference or doctor’s
advices for the patient to get better and advance
care.
The Patient is satisfied that no more care is
needed after proving him/her with adequate
management and information.
8. The Doctor is satisfied that he/she will not be able
to provide adequate care for that patient, because
of their scientific or skills limitations which
should be discussed in details with patient.
The doctor has noticed there will be some social
impact or patient misunderstanding of the
formality of this relationship, e.g. sexual
harassment and abuse.
The doctor becomes certain that patient is
abusing this relation for some unacceptable
personal advantages, e.g. patient is seeking illicit
drugs.
Patient needs some decisions which are against
the doctor beliefs.
9. 16-The doctor should have kept respectful
professional boundaries with patient, these include:
Emotional, physical and sexual boundaries.
Remember to:
Have opposite sex nurse while examining
opposite sex patient.
Respect patient’s privacy and dignity while
examining patient, especially when examine the
private or genital areas. And always make sure
patient is well covered after your examination has
been done. And remember that, a good doctor –
family relationship may be curative for the patient
and supportive for the family.
10.
11. Medical malpractice or negligence:
Professional negligence or malpractice,
means any act or misconduct by a health care
provider in which the treatment provided falls
below the accepted standard of practice in
the medical profession, which may cause
injury or death to the patient, which can be
involving medical error.
12. 1-A duty was exchanged without formal notice
about this change.
2-A duty was breached: the health care provider
failed to adhere to the standard measures of care.
3-The breach caused an injury: The breach of duty
was a cause of the injury.
4-Damage: Non-physical damage (which may be
emotional), although it is ethically unacceptable, but
still there is no basis for the legal sue, regardless of
whether the medical provider was negligent.
13.
14. Patient abuse or neglect:
Abuse or neglect is any act or failure to act, which
brought unnecessary suffering, misery or harm to
the patient. It might be verbal, physical or sexual
aspect of assaulting a patient. Also it includes
depriving the patient from the necessary food,
protection, and medical care. Abuse and neglect
can be encountered in various places and
situations such as hospitals, nursing homes,
clinics and home visits.
15.
16. Harms at clinical setting or hospital:
1-Misdiagnosis:A doctor has made a wrong
diagnoses of a patient’s condition or disease (a
cardiac angina has been wrongly diagnosed as a
dyspepsia).
2-Under-diagnosis:A doctor was not able to fully
recognize the cause of patient signs and symptoms
(a gastric cancer has been under-estimated as a
dyspepsia).
3-Overdiagnosis:Something benign is diagnosed as
a symptom or sign associated with cancer, where
non-specific cancer marker is identified. E.g:(simple
dyspepsia has been diagnosed as a gastric cancer).
17.
18. Bullying in the medical profession:
Bullying is common behavior among students or
trainees or doctors. It is thought that, this is at least
in part an outcome of working among a group of
people with different ranks and motivations, also
the nature of teaching methods in the medical
profession can result in a bullying behavior. Bullies
are brought to the caring professions, such as
medicine, by the opportunities to exercise power
over vulnerable patients, clients and over
vulnerable employees.
19.
20. Bullying of medical students:
Medical students, are vulnerable because of their
relatively weak position in health care system,
therefore, they may experience verbal abuse,
humiliation and harassment (non-sexual or sexual)
and discrimination based on gender and race by
staff or even patients.
In one study, around 35% of medical students
reported having been bullied. Around one in four of
the 1,000 students questioned said they had been
bullied by a doctor, while one in six had been bullied
by a nurse.
21.
22. What is crucial for dying patient?
Dying patient is a daily confrontation for every
medical professional, it raises many issues, for
example:
1-Control of pain and other physical symptoms.
2-Involvement of people important to the patient,
like family members, friends and beloved ones.
Death occurs within a social context of family,
friends, and caregivers.
3-A degree of acceptance by the patient.
Death acceptance doesn't mean that the patient
likes what is going on, and it doesn't mean that a
patient has no hopes, it just means that he/she can
be realistic and ready for this destiny.
23. 4-A medical understanding of the patient's own
disease. Most patients, families, and caregivers
come to physicians in order to learn something
about what is happening medically, and it is
important to recognize their need for information in
a way that does not interfere with the patient
confidentiality.
5-A process of care should guide patient to
understand and decide. One great physician does
not equal great care, because the doctor is crippled
if works alone (remember TEAM work) it needs a
coordinated system of healthcare providers.
24.
25. CONFIDENTIALITY: in general is a set of rules
that, limits access or imposes restrictions on certain
types of information. It is applied to discussions
between doctors and patients. Legal and ethical
rules prevent physicians from revealing discussions
with patients. This rule dates back to at least the
Hippocratic Oath, which reads: Whatever, in
connection with my professional service, or not in
connection with it, I see or hear, in the life of men,
which ought not to be spoken of abroad, I will not
breach the rule, that it should be kept secret.
26. When you can waive the confidentiality?
1-It interferes with safety of others, e.g. patient
frankly threats to harm or kill other.
2-It interferes with national security, e.g.: espionage
issues or terrorism.
3-When there is no doctor – patient promise to keep
confidentiality, e.g: the patient has not expressed
any concern about waiving this information.
4-When physician needs to consult a third party or
needs to disclose community protective information
e.g. Patient having HIV, TB, and communicable
diseases.