Youths represent a significant proportion of the Nigerian Population, but in spite of this, their level of political participation and representation in the electoral process in the past has been very poor and often times undermined; being largely noticed at the level of electoral malpractices, voting irregularities and covert or overtthuggery in support of political office seekers who paradoxically have dominated the political arena to the point of total exclusion of the youths, yet all groups (youths inclusive) seek to influence dispensation of power. The research therefore sets out to analytically x-ray the issues and challenges that confronted youths in previous general elections viz a viz the tremendous effort made by youths in making the 2015 general elections a success, by particularly the use of social media as a propaganda machine and the dogged attitude displayed in the course of retrieving permanent voters card which is unparrarelled and unprecedented. The research implores the use of vivid descriptive scenarios to make sound and logical arguments on the plight and strive of youth in forestalling equity and fair play in our electoral process and also on the strides recorded thereof. Using variables such as lack of proper electoral education and sensitization in the past, religious, regional and sectional divide, poverty, deprivation, thuggery, social media, permanent voters card and so forth, the researchers conclude that youths have in the past been largely responsible for scuttling elections but were however instrumental to the success of the 2015 general elections. It therefore recommends amongst other things that, it is imperative to develop and enhance the capability of youths in the electoral process by creating a robust orientation programme and also engaging them to become financially and morally equip, so as to drastically reduce if not totally eradicate arm-twisting or manipulation of youths in the society.
Youth in Contemporary Politics Roles and Benefits in Nigeriaijtsrd
The youth in contemporary Nigerian politics has played the role of acting the political thug for older politicians in the country. In this study, the researchers set out to examine the role and benefits of the youth in modern-day politics with specific reference to the recent Nigerias ‘‘Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill. It is in this light that this paper adopted Role theory in explaining the role of the youth in contemporary Nigerian politics. It is obvious that with the Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill, the youth in Nigeria can now participate effectively in the nations political processes, and not continue to play the dirty role of hooligan on the payroll of the sit-tight political leader who wants to perpetuate himself in power. The paper contends that the Federal government and the electoral umpire body, the Independent National Electoral Commission INEC , should make it a priority to fully implement the Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill, to give many more youths the opportunity to vie for electoral offices in the country. In addition, youths should be included in the nations political processes by enlightening them on their role and benefits in such processes not just to function as political thugs but to aspire to run for electoral offices themselves. Patrick Oromareghake, PhD | Oluka, Nduka Lucas "Youth in Contemporary Politics: Roles and Benefits in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21518.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/21518/youth-in-contemporary-politics-roles-and-benefits-in-nigeria/patrick-oromareghake-phd
This manual was developed to equip young people with a better understanding of the peculiar issues faced by young women and girls, how gender constructs and gender inequality has contributed to this, and how young people can advocate for more equitable societies and gender just communities and institutions. Young people will also be equipped to develop change pathways for tackling gender discrimination including applying a gender analysis in all their advocacy initiatives and leveraging movements and collective efforts for gender justice.
Working Paper Youth Development In Mena Cities A Crisis And An OpportunityDoug Ragan
This is working paper on youth development in the Middle East and North Africa. Here is the introduction to explain more:
Currently the population of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region exceeds 432 million people in 2007, half of them under 24 years of age. The region has the youngest population of any region in the world, the second highest urbanization rate and an annual urban growth rate of 4% in the past two decades, second only to Sub-Saharan Africa (Dhillon, 2009). Over half the populations of Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq are under 25 years old, while over 60 percent of Pakistan’s and Afghanistan’s populations are under 25 years old. Over the last few decades, school enrolment rates have risen markedly throughout the region for both young men and women. Yet, even with this increase in the level of education, the recently released Arab Human Development Report finds that youth unemployment presents the biggest challenge to all Arab countries, who have nearly double the global rate. A projected 51 million new jobs will have to be created by 2020 to absorb youth into the labor force. Unemployment also often affects women more than men, with unemployment rates for Arab women being amongst the highest in the world. Data from 2005 shows that the youth unemployment rate for men was 25 percent compared to 31.2 per cent for women. In the region, the female youth unemployment went from a high of approximately 59 per cent in Jordan, compared to 35 per cent for males, to a low of 5.7 per cent in UAE, compared to a male unemployment rate of 6.4 per cent. (UNDP, 2009)
Youth in Contemporary Politics Roles and Benefits in Nigeriaijtsrd
The youth in contemporary Nigerian politics has played the role of acting the political thug for older politicians in the country. In this study, the researchers set out to examine the role and benefits of the youth in modern-day politics with specific reference to the recent Nigerias ‘‘Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill. It is in this light that this paper adopted Role theory in explaining the role of the youth in contemporary Nigerian politics. It is obvious that with the Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill, the youth in Nigeria can now participate effectively in the nations political processes, and not continue to play the dirty role of hooligan on the payroll of the sit-tight political leader who wants to perpetuate himself in power. The paper contends that the Federal government and the electoral umpire body, the Independent National Electoral Commission INEC , should make it a priority to fully implement the Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill, to give many more youths the opportunity to vie for electoral offices in the country. In addition, youths should be included in the nations political processes by enlightening them on their role and benefits in such processes not just to function as political thugs but to aspire to run for electoral offices themselves. Patrick Oromareghake, PhD | Oluka, Nduka Lucas "Youth in Contemporary Politics: Roles and Benefits in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21518.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/21518/youth-in-contemporary-politics-roles-and-benefits-in-nigeria/patrick-oromareghake-phd
This manual was developed to equip young people with a better understanding of the peculiar issues faced by young women and girls, how gender constructs and gender inequality has contributed to this, and how young people can advocate for more equitable societies and gender just communities and institutions. Young people will also be equipped to develop change pathways for tackling gender discrimination including applying a gender analysis in all their advocacy initiatives and leveraging movements and collective efforts for gender justice.
Working Paper Youth Development In Mena Cities A Crisis And An OpportunityDoug Ragan
This is working paper on youth development in the Middle East and North Africa. Here is the introduction to explain more:
Currently the population of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region exceeds 432 million people in 2007, half of them under 24 years of age. The region has the youngest population of any region in the world, the second highest urbanization rate and an annual urban growth rate of 4% in the past two decades, second only to Sub-Saharan Africa (Dhillon, 2009). Over half the populations of Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq are under 25 years old, while over 60 percent of Pakistan’s and Afghanistan’s populations are under 25 years old. Over the last few decades, school enrolment rates have risen markedly throughout the region for both young men and women. Yet, even with this increase in the level of education, the recently released Arab Human Development Report finds that youth unemployment presents the biggest challenge to all Arab countries, who have nearly double the global rate. A projected 51 million new jobs will have to be created by 2020 to absorb youth into the labor force. Unemployment also often affects women more than men, with unemployment rates for Arab women being amongst the highest in the world. Data from 2005 shows that the youth unemployment rate for men was 25 percent compared to 31.2 per cent for women. In the region, the female youth unemployment went from a high of approximately 59 per cent in Jordan, compared to 35 per cent for males, to a low of 5.7 per cent in UAE, compared to a male unemployment rate of 6.4 per cent. (UNDP, 2009)
Empowering Youth through Volunteerism: The Importance of Global Motivating Fa...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Significance of UN Commission on Status of Women for Indiaijtsrd
The UN Commission on the status of women is a body under ECOSOC which aims of gender equality and women empowerment. As in the recent news, India won the election and now is a member of it. How will it helpful for women or what all is expected from this membership. Ipsita Biswal "Significance of UN Commission on Status of Women for India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33627.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/33627/significance-of-un-commission-on-status-of-women-for-india/ipsita-biswal
Towards Indian Agricultural Information: A Need Based Information Flow Modelinventionjournals
Information is crucial for agriculture and rural development. ICT based services in agriculture is gaining importance day by day. Paper proposes to study the nature of agricultural information its uniqueness and problems of handling and organization. Agri informatics and use of different web portals for agriculture also discussed. Paper also highlighted the ICAR and IARIs contribution towards development of NARS (National Agricultural Research System) and models showing Information flow and strategic plan for organization of agricultural information. Some recommendations for proper organization and dissemination of agricultural information have been made to reach grass root level with desired agricultural information.
Backyard Poultry Farming, a Suitable Intervention for Tribal People for their...inventionjournals
After analyzing the situation, background and cultural scenario, KVK, Mayurbhanj scientists intervene to make this practice as more productive, remunerative and commercial by introducing improved breeds like Vanaraja, Gramapriya, Kharagnath etc. those are phenotypically similar to existing poultry population. The benefit and cost ratio in Vanaraja and local breeds recorded as 2.66 and 2.27 respectively in Assam as found by Islam et al (2015).The 21 days old chicks were being supplied to the various SHGs, individual growers etc. They were trained about the minimal management practice, vaccination, feeding etc. To find out the effectiveness of the technology the study was made with an objective to assess the knowledge gained and adoption of the technology alongwith the constraints faced and suggestion for better penetration from the respondents. From the list of practicing farmers of KVK under improved backyard poultry farming, hundred numbers of respondents were selected randomly. From the study it was found that moderate knowledge was gained by the respondents on the improved poultry farming and adoption was satisfactory with 64.0 and 21.0 percentages in medium and high categories respectively. The respondents perceived as the unavailability of structured market structure was the major constraint and mostly suggested for the establishment of assured market system.There is huge scope & perspective in the improved poultry farming in the district. The farmers are very much spirited and enthusiastic to adopt the enterprise in entrepreneurship basis. Although the quality of egg and meat of improved breeds is at par with the local breeds, there is very wide gap in the price of local and exotic breeds. But the traders are manipulating the tribal farmers. In this respect the market system should the strengthened.
Empowering Youth through Volunteerism: The Importance of Global Motivating Fa...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Significance of UN Commission on Status of Women for Indiaijtsrd
The UN Commission on the status of women is a body under ECOSOC which aims of gender equality and women empowerment. As in the recent news, India won the election and now is a member of it. How will it helpful for women or what all is expected from this membership. Ipsita Biswal "Significance of UN Commission on Status of Women for India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33627.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/33627/significance-of-un-commission-on-status-of-women-for-india/ipsita-biswal
Towards Indian Agricultural Information: A Need Based Information Flow Modelinventionjournals
Information is crucial for agriculture and rural development. ICT based services in agriculture is gaining importance day by day. Paper proposes to study the nature of agricultural information its uniqueness and problems of handling and organization. Agri informatics and use of different web portals for agriculture also discussed. Paper also highlighted the ICAR and IARIs contribution towards development of NARS (National Agricultural Research System) and models showing Information flow and strategic plan for organization of agricultural information. Some recommendations for proper organization and dissemination of agricultural information have been made to reach grass root level with desired agricultural information.
Backyard Poultry Farming, a Suitable Intervention for Tribal People for their...inventionjournals
After analyzing the situation, background and cultural scenario, KVK, Mayurbhanj scientists intervene to make this practice as more productive, remunerative and commercial by introducing improved breeds like Vanaraja, Gramapriya, Kharagnath etc. those are phenotypically similar to existing poultry population. The benefit and cost ratio in Vanaraja and local breeds recorded as 2.66 and 2.27 respectively in Assam as found by Islam et al (2015).The 21 days old chicks were being supplied to the various SHGs, individual growers etc. They were trained about the minimal management practice, vaccination, feeding etc. To find out the effectiveness of the technology the study was made with an objective to assess the knowledge gained and adoption of the technology alongwith the constraints faced and suggestion for better penetration from the respondents. From the list of practicing farmers of KVK under improved backyard poultry farming, hundred numbers of respondents were selected randomly. From the study it was found that moderate knowledge was gained by the respondents on the improved poultry farming and adoption was satisfactory with 64.0 and 21.0 percentages in medium and high categories respectively. The respondents perceived as the unavailability of structured market structure was the major constraint and mostly suggested for the establishment of assured market system.There is huge scope & perspective in the improved poultry farming in the district. The farmers are very much spirited and enthusiastic to adopt the enterprise in entrepreneurship basis. Although the quality of egg and meat of improved breeds is at par with the local breeds, there is very wide gap in the price of local and exotic breeds. But the traders are manipulating the tribal farmers. In this respect the market system should the strengthened.
The Interconnection between Individually Guided Professional Development Acti...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study is to examine the interrelationship between individually guided professional development activities and the emergence of autonomous teachers. To gather the intended data, a questionnaire was administered with 60 EFL teachers working at school of foreign languages offour different state universities in Turkey. Subsequent to the administration of the questionnaire, a semi-structured interview was conducted with the participants on the purpose of gaining deeper insights into the types and effects of professional development activities they attended during the year 2014, and to what extent they perceive themselves autonomous with respect to their professional development. The findings revealed that even though the participants do not perceive themselves autonomous regarding their professional development, they think that there is a strong interconnection between individually guided professional development activities and the emergence of autonomous teachers.
Methods of Developing Material Information and Measurement Techniques in Rest...inventionjournals
: Informed restoration is very important in our country, which is quite rich in terms of historical artifacts. In order to preserve our cultural assets for next generations, the Relief studies, which will be presented to the Board for Protection of Cultural Assets in the region where respective artifacts are located, should be conducted in the most correct way using current technologies. In addition, materials used in restoration works while protecting cultural assets should be correctly distinguished and analyzed. The study touches upon details of the summer workshop conducted for purposes of creating awareness about protecting cultural assets, correctly recognizing materials used, conducting correct relieve works and learning restoration techniques, and the inferences made by students from these works.
The Effects of Rhythmical Articulation Skills of Primary School Teacher Candi...inventionjournals
The aim of the research was to determine the effects of rhythmical articulation skills of primary school teacher candidates, who will be responsible from carrying out music courses as well as other domains in teaching, on playing instrument in instrument supported music courses. This study was an ex post facto research which has investıgated the effects of rhythmical articulation skills on ınstrument playing skills. In the research design Teacher Candidates were grouped according the rhythmical articulation and instrument playing examination timing. Firstly, the rhythmical articulation skills of teacher candidates were evaluated shortly after instrument playing skills. The correlation coefficient between two measurements was found to be R=0,73 and prediction coefficient R²=0,53 was found as middle level and significant. It meant that %53 of instrument playing skills were explained by rhythmical articulation skills. There were significant differences in rhythmical articulation skills and instrument playing skills in terms of gender in the second group. Female candidates’ rhythmical articulation and ınstrument playing skills means were found higher and meaningful than the male candidates’. But according to instrument types there were no meaningful differences. Based on this research, it can be suggested frequently skills of playing an instrument is supported by rhythmical articulation skills in general music course implementations and evaluations. Similar researches should be done to develop music and teaching music course in the primary school teacher education program. As a conclusion ıt can be said that rhythmical articulation skills has supply important clue for retention of melody before playing an instrument.
A New Gate Way of Promoting Handloom Industry in Phuliainventionjournals
Phulia is developed after setting up handloom cooperatives and became a well developed township in Santipur Community Development Block and in future it would become a big weaving hub. Here the study mainly focuses on the identification of socio-economic and cultural transformation due to modern cooperatives based handloom practices like as weaving. It is one of the heavily prospering handloom cluster part of Santipur handloom cluster. It becomes a well developing handloom centre. The Indian handloom fabrics have been known for times immemorial for their beauty, excellence in design; texture and durability. The Cooperative Societies have a major role in the movement of revival and development of Tangail Industry in Phulia.
An Appraisal of the Impact of the Dearth of Pre-Hospital Emergency Medical Se...inventionjournals
The significant role of pre-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) cannot be over emphasized as it encompasses minimizing the consequences of accidents and provides rapid response and relieve materials to victims of road traffic accidents at the scene of the crash. The paper therefore tries to analytically x-ray the relationship between income GDP per capital and the rate of road traffic death to determine the effect of absences of pre-hospital emergency medical services to road traffic victims in Nigeria. The paper makes use of regression as a tool of analysis, with the aid of variables such as record of road traffic accident death and indices on income GDP per capita of the country in focus to draw conclusion or the relationship or otherwise of the argument above. the correlation between the calculated data on death rate from road traffic accident per 10000 population and GDP per capita resulted in a negative strong significant relationship as, r (19) = –0.79,P = < 0.0001, ß= 0.79. The coefficient of the predictor GDP per capita is Significant. (P=0.0001<p>< 0.05). Hence rejecting the null hypotheses and accepting the alternative hypotheses. There is a negative significant correlation between income GNI and Road Traffic rate. The paper concludes that there is a significant correlation between the country’s income GDP per capita and the rate of death in road traffic accident due to the absences of pre-emergency medical services at the accident scene. It there recommends amongst others that; government must take pro-active measures to abate the occurrences of road crashes and equip the agency responsible for meting out pre-hospital emergency medical services with the requisite tools to function.
Collaborative Innovation-Based General Elementary School Teachers Traininginventionjournals
Based on the analysis of necessity of all-disciplined primary teachers, this paper examines the connotation of the collaborative innovation, and then it introduces the collaborative innovation of general elementary school teachers. Finally, it discusses about the training based on collaborative innovation of primary school general teachers
Phasic pattern of dry matter production and accumulation in different parts o...inventionjournals
A field experiment was conducted at farming system research unit of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kandhamal as a part of ongoing effort to collect the data in connection to dry matter accumulation and partitioning in three cultivars of cow pea during growth and development stages in two consecutive Summer and Kharif season of the year 2012-13 and 2013-14. The dry matter partitioning had been worked out at 30, 45 and 60 DAS from the stem, leaves and at only 60 DAS from the pods. Results revealed that total dry matter production were higher in the summer season as compare to the rainy season and it increased gradually with the age of the plant. The accumulation of dry matter was more in the pod as compared to leaves and stem. Among the three varieties tested, Maharani showed significant higher accretion of dry matter in the stem (3.38 g plant-1 ) as compared to Lafa (3.28 g plant-1 ) and Utkal Manika (3.13 g plant-1 ) during summer season. In the rainy season Lafa (1.98 g plant-1 ) yielded highest followed by Maharani (1.09 g plant-1 ) and Utkal Manika (0.99 g plant-1 ). Varieties showed the similar trends in the accrual of the dry matter in the leaves and pods, but the amount varies. Maharani accumulate highest during summer season in both leaves and pods 4.60 g plant-1 and 25.26 g plant-1 respectively and lafa performed better in rainy season where accrual of dry matter was 3.01 g plant-1 in the leaves and 19.81 g plant-1 on the pods.
Gender Gap of C.D. Block Kaliachak –II in Malda District, West Bengalinventionjournals
Gender Gap is a disproportionate difference or disparity between the sexes. On the others words, gender gap is the differences between women and men, especially as reflected in demographic feature, social, political, intellectual, cultural, economic attainment and attitudes. The paper beautifully presents the gender gap of demographic feature in the community development block of Kaliachak-II. The Gender gap in the distribution of male and female population is 5.62% and in the distribution of child population (0-6 years), it is very high, amounting 7.18%. The Gender gap in the literacy rate and worker rate is 3.65% and 25.77% respectively. The gender gap in the worker rate is very high in the study area.
Estudo Do Absenteísmo-Doença Entre Trabalhadores De Uma Indústria Do Estado D...inventionjournals
This study aimed to analyze episodes of absenteeism caused by diseases in general workers in a manufacturing industry in the Amazon to produce ribbons for thermal transfer printing known as Thermal Transfer Ribbon - TTR. Absenteeism and illness is an event that is related to the employee's absence their work activities and cause negative impacts on the productivity and profitability of organizations. Analyze the diseases that most workers away from their jobs becomes important because it provides a clearer view about the causes of these absences and can assist organizations to adopt actions that allow the reduction of those events. The research methodology was field in which information of 187 medical certificates were collected, which were later analyzed the information seeking to identify the main causes of sick leave and calculating the frequency rates of sick leave and average duration of absences. The results presented confirm that absenteeism due to sick leave are episodes that occur frequently in the studied industry and along with it presents a clearer understanding of how absenteeism and illness can impact the productivity of industries.
Age and Gender Dimensions of Disadvantaged Population: A Study on Selected Me...inventionjournals
Collective social attitude towards certain group of people place them in a situation of difficulty. They suffer from various socio-economic deprivations and social exclusion. Such population include elderly persons, unemployed and persons suffering from physical as well as neuro-psychological disabilities. They are also dependent population because in most of the cases they are not regularly employed and most of them depend on other’s earnings. Dependency of these persons not only arises because of financial factors but also because of various social needs. The work explores dependency in three aspects i.e., due to age, physical or mental disability and unemployment. The age-gender structure in the major metropolitan cities of India, viz. Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai and Pune have been depicted in order to find the proportions of age related dependency; and to assess the comparative dependency ratio of the aged, disabled population and unemployed job seekers in these cities thereby finding their dependency status. The work is based on data provided by Census of India, 2011. Cartographic depictions have been made for better understanding of the analysis of census variables. The work is an attempt to find out the dependency factors in major cities which vary spatially within the country.
Competency Mapping: A Strategic Hr Tool towards Effective Skill Mapping In Gl...inventionjournals
Today most business are characterized by operations of business,transition, paradigm shifts, competition pressure, wealth creation, creation of value, customerfocus,value& culture based products & context approach, management in diversity, culture &value driven & what not. The organizationalsuccessearlier depends on physical & financial asset, in today the success is dependent on the intangible ability & capability that lies in the capital and manifest in the form of competency. The buzz-word in the Indian IT industry circle is competency of employee that acts as catalyst to be competitive and attain sustainable competitive advantage of the firm in the face of variousdifficulties that day in-out squeezes and shatters its existence on the less competency is developed& retained. The crux of the organizationin its survival in knowledge era depends upon competency of employees, that lies underground same as seed unless somebody explores it, nourishes & nurturethem for achieving competitive advantage for the company of India. Employee’s competences are always an intangible resources & it is the only resource that can take an organization forward & not its physical & financial asset. Global organizations after the lapse of considerable time span have realized that it is the competencies of employees, which can guarantee all the miss-match & odds in the business world. In the difficult oceanic current the vessel may be sunk or capsized, if the captain & the crew were to be competent they will foresee thefutureand reducethe risksthrough strategic planning& execution & navigate the vessel to the sea shore, thus the competencies of the captain of the ship & his crew is therefore the trump card for the safe landing of the ship. Similarly the organizations in the complex & ever changing environment are subject to constant change & it is the employee competency, whichcreates andsustainscompetitiveadvantage for the firms. Thus the paper aims to highlight the importance of effective competency mapping for strategic HR implementation.
A Critical Analyses of the Constitutional Provisions for the Welfare and Deve...inventionjournals
The Constitution of India guaranteed different provisions for socio -economic and political development of all sections of people by enjoying all their potential and rights as a citizen. There is no distinction or difference among the people of the country in terms of law under the Constitution in India. But how far these provisions of the constitution are implemented or in what way these provisions are enjoying by the Indian citizen or what are the factors that disturbed to the fulfillment of these provisions etc are the questions that need to be studied in an academic way and that will have to transmit to the civil populac. This small paper is a humble attempt to discuss about the policies and programmes of the Government of India for the welfare and development of women, and the real position of women, who are facing different problems in the name of different customs, cultures, traditions etc.
Foreign Aid and Economic Growth in the West African States: A Panel Frameworkinventionjournals
This paper examines the impact of economic variables namely, foreign direct investment (FDI), investment, export, foreign aid and broad money supply on economic growth, approximated by gross domestic product (GDP)using annual data covering a period 1981-2008 on a group of West African countries. The impact of variables on GDP is estimated using three panel estimation models: pooled model (pooled), fixed effects model (FEM) and random effects model (REM). We explore the hypothesis that foreign aid can promote growth in developing countries. We test this hypothesis using panel data series,while the findings of previous studies are generally mixed, our resultsindicate that foreign direct investment has purely positive effects on economic growth in West African countries
Determinants of New Molecular Entity Approval by United States Food & Drug Ad...inventionjournals
This paper analyzes the relationship between research-based pharmaceutical companies’ R&D productivity, patent, pivotal trial and drug development strategy with the number of NME approval by U.S. FDA. The model was estimated using annual data, gathered from ten large pharmaceutical companies in the world. The regression analysis used pooled regression with Estimated Generalized Least Squares (EGLS) method. The result showed that R&D productivity, patent, pivotal trial, and drug development strategy are statistically significant in increasing the number of NME approval in research-based pharmaceutical companies. The relative order of significance in influencing the number of NME approval was patent, development strategy, R&D productivity, and pivotal trial.
After examining the different expressions of context, this paper proposes that context is the interaction between all the elements about language communication activities, including the intra textual co-text, the environment in which communication occurs and the mutual interaction of the shared information, culture, background and world knowledge of the participants. Therefore, context is dynamic. Then, this paper illustrates theories of pragmatics, including the speech act theory, the indirect speech act theory, the cooperative theory and the relevance theory. Finally, it discusses about the significance of context to pragmatics from the perspectives of narrow context and narrow pragmatics, and dynamic context and generalized pragmatics
Fınancıal Rısk Management 'S Impact On Company Valueinventionjournals
The competition taking place under the current conditions reveals future uncertainty. To protect against possible adversities and create defenses at this point, no longer it has a compelling Taking requests from businesses. Financial risk management, reduction of the negative effects of the financial risks to the company, so the profitability of the company and the company is found to be useful to the extent it is important towards enhancing competitiveness. Financial risk management activities are also a cost themselves. The benefits will be provided for the management of financial risk, financial risk activities of the company are meaningless if they remain lower than the resources will be spent on risk management. However, the issue is quite complex, sectoral and disadvantages of return of financial risk management, and risk types can vary cyclical basis. international financial markets since the 1970s witnessed an important transition period. The globalization of international financial markets, free movement of capital, technological advances and increased competition a new process, launched the company with financial instability and has faced financial risk concept. Therefore institutions in ensuring the continuity of existence and reaching their goals were to identify financial risks, measure and manage today's extremely critical.
Climate Change and Climate-Induced Disasters in Odisha, Eastern India: Impact...inventionjournals
There is no doubt that climate change and climate induced-disasters pose a significant challenge to poverty reduction, health and development in many developing countries, including India. Odisha’s geographic location on the east coast of India and its climatic condition have meant that the state has historically been highly prone to climate change and multiple hazards, mainly cyclones, droughts and floods. Its fluctuating weather conditions suggest that Odisha is stumbling under climatic chaos. The state has been declared disaster-affected for 95 years of the last 105 years: floods have occurred for 50 years, droughts for 32 years and cyclones have struck the state for 11 years. After independence less importance has been given to the state as well as the development strategies of the state have tended to overlook the climate change, health, poverty related issues. The findings of the study highlight that there is a scarcity of research which can focus on different climatic induced calamity issues. Strong political will, strengthen infrastructures, public private partnership and community involvement and better planning can go beyond risk management to look at actions that address climate change and deliver benefits for growth and development. There is an urgent need to focus on the climate change, disasters and their vulnerability, and adaptation and coping mechanisms among the people in the state. The study recommends for future research and policy advocacy for better solutions and development strategies in the state.
An Analysis on the Attitudes of Academic Staff towards Distance Educationinventionjournals
In this study, the attitudes of the academic staff working in NamıkKemal University (NKU) towards distance education were examined according to different variables. Within this scope, the distance education attitude scale developed by Ağır et al. was used. 283 out of 955 academic staff working in NKU participated in this research in 2015. The data obtained from the research were analyzed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows 22.0 program. In the evaluation of the data; numbers, percentages, mean and standard deviation were used as the descriptive statistical methods. T-test was used in the comparison of the quantitative continuous data between two independent groups, while One-Way ANOVA was used in the comparison of the quantitative continuous data between more than two independent groups. In order to determine the differences after the ANOVA, Scheffe’s test was used as the complementary post-hoc analysis. The obtained findings were evaluated at the confidence interval of 95% and at the significance level of 5%. It was determined in the study that the attitude level of the participants as to “the positive aspects of distance education” proved to be moderate (2,851 ± 0,716); whereas the attitude level as to “the negative aspects of distance education” proved to be weak (2,430 ± 0,757); and the attitude level as to “the advantages of distance education” proved to be high (3,618 ± 0,713).While age and gender were seen to have not affected the attitudes towards distance education, the academic title was seen to have affected these attitudes. The obtained statistical data and findings contributed to the studies regarding the foundation and constitution of Distance Education Center (DEC) as well as raising awareness for DEC
Rethinking Youth Economic Empowerment In Nigeria: Deepened Democratization, E...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Over the last few decades, the collapse of commodity prices and the attendant leaning of public resources ; incessant rise in births in the African continent leading to the expansion and geometrical growth of population; the growth of corruption within leadership of nations as a result of lessening sense of transparency and accountability have along with other factors jointly combined to impact negatively on the quality of today's youth and youthful populations in many African countries. In Nigeria, our main focus, the dominant majority of the youth population have been both targets and in some cases victims of maladministration of the nation's political and elite class. As targets of public officials and policy makers, several strategies have been worked out, a lot of resources expended all with a bid to checkmate the prolonged devastation that majorly confronted this vital group of a nation's population. In scripting this paper, consideration was given to data obtainable from seconadry literature compiled by other researchers and public sector documents from institutions of government at various levels -local, state and federal. The paper was concluded with a presentation of a series of program and policy level recommendations.
Menace of Vote Trading and Youth Participation in 2023 General election.pptxGaniuOkunnu
The paper examines issues in electoral process in Nigeria, vote trading, factors responsible for vote trading. The presentation also addresses factors that influence participation of Nigerian youth in formal political processes and how Nigerian youth can act as vanguard for impactful chnage
Socio-Political Implications of Youth Unemployment on Nigeria’s Economic Deve...iosrjce
Youth unemployment may be regarded as one of the major problems confronting the Nigerian state
presently. Unemployed youths feel alienated from the society and have a total distrust of the political system. A
person’s job beyond providing for daily subsistence also determines the individual’s social status, affecting
relationship with peers, people in the person’s neighborhood as well as extended family members. The paper a
desk research, relied entirely on secondary data, sourced from scholarly peer-reviewed journal articles,
relevant published books, materials downloaded from the internet, as well as government and institutional
publications. In this paper, we argue that high level of youth unemployment in both urban and rural areas in
Nigeria has generated a situation of acute social and political unrest. The frustrated youths have become
aggressive in making themselves available to be used by politicians who are not sure of winning the people’s
mandate during general election. These politicians pay them to engage in anti-democratic process activities,
including pre- election, election-day and post election violence. Some youths engage in various criminal
activities that frustrate economic development of the state. We recommend that government should put in place
social welfare programmes that attend to the needs of unemployed youths, provide the enabling environment for
private investors to establish industries that will employ the youths as well as introduce the fiscal policies that
will make banks to provide soft loans to the youths who have entrepreneurial skills.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Combating Youth Restiveness in Nigeria: Proferring Workable SolutionsAJHSSR Journal
Youth restiveness is a social problem that has grave consequences on the overall national
development in Nigeria. This problem has occupied a place of pride in political and academic discourses in the
last few years and calls for proactive approach to overcome it. Adopting the Desktop Research model as well as
evidences from personal experiences, we examined the causes and consequences of youth restiveness in Nigeria.
Our findings show that youth restiveness is caused by high rate of unemployment, poverty, exclusion of the
youth from mainstream political participation, corruption, bad governance, inequitable distribution of goods and
services among youths. Youth restiveness engenders political instability, creates general insecurity and militates
against investment by local and foreign investors. We recommend job creation through entrepreneurship
education, equity and social justices in the distribution of the gains and pains of development among others
Effects of Political Leadership on Reduction of Poverty and Inequality in Enu...ijtsrd
The study investigated the effects of political leadership on reduction of poverty and inequality in Enugu State, Nigeria between 2007 and 2019. Two specific objectives and corresponding hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The study utilized social Contract theory as the framework of analysis. The study utilized primary and secondary source of data. The primary data was obtained through interview and observation methods while secondary data was obtained through text books, News paper, Journals, government official documents and internet materials. Nine Local Government Areas were used for the study and they were chosen through purposive judgmental sampling techniques. The data for the study was presented using simple table, percentage, mean and Chart. Hypotheses were tested using Chi square contingency test. The findings for the study revealed as follows that the activities of Enugu State government are the major cause of poverty in the state, that the project strategies employed by Enugu state government have contributed significantly in mitigating poverty and inequalities in the state, that the measures adopted by the political leadership of the state have contributed very little in reducing poverty and inequalities in Enugu state, that there are significant measures adopted by the political leadership of Enugu state in poverty and inequality reduction. Based on the background, hypotheses and findings, it was recommended thus Enugu state government should provide the basic needs and good policies that will guarantee good living condition, that there should be adequate funding, There is need for proper re orientation in way of managing the resources of the state, There should be no interference from the government in the choice of project for the communities, anti corruption agencies must not only be made to function independently of government apparatus but must have the capacity to institute an executive sanctions, that there is need to appraise and understand the social , political, economic, and cultural contexts of communities before the institution of intervention projects in the communities. Ugwu Darlington Ogbonna | Chikelue Ofuebe | Nwakamma Michael C. "Effects of Political Leadership on Reduction of Poverty and Inequality in Enugu State Nigeria, 2007 -2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46405.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/public-sector-management/46405/effects-of-political-leadership-on-reduction-of-poverty-and-inequality-in-enugu-state-nigeria-2007-2019/ugwu-darlington-ogbonna
The Myth and Reality of Womens’ Political Marginalization In Nigeriainventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Voter Education by the Independent Electoral Commission and Political Awarene...ijtsrd
The study investigated voter education by the Independence National Electoral Commission and Political Awareness among residents of South – South Nigeria. The essence was to ascertain the level at which INEC’s voters education messages have been able to promote political awareness among residents to the South – South Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria.Survey research method was used for the study while questionnaire was adopted as data collection instrument. The 30.221.345 residents of South – South Geopolitical Zone were used as the population of the study from where a sample size of 385 was drawn using the Australian National Bureau of Static online Sample Calculator. The multi staff Sampling Technique was used for the study while simple percentage were deployed in analyzing he collected data. Based on the analysis of data, findings revealed that INEC’s voter education materials are not very comprehensive to majority of the respondents. INEC’s voter education messages have not significantly promoted respondents knowledge of the practices that could lead to voiding of votes. Based on the finding, the study recommended that INEC should repackage its voter education materials in such manner that it will be well understood by the various categories of the citizens such as the blind, deaf and dumb, illiterates as men as the literates. INEC’s voter education messages should target the promotion of the knowledge of electoral act among the residents and knowledge of voting procedure in elections and how voiding at votes could be prevented. Paleowei Zikena Cletus "Voter Education by the Independent Electoral Commission and Political Awareness among Residents of South Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52128.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/52128/voter-education-by-the-independent-electoral-commission-and-political-awareness-among-residents-of-south-nigeria/paleowei-zikena-cletus
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
The Role of Youths in Electoral Processes: An Appraisal of the Nigerian 2015 General Elections And Beyond
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 5 ||May. 2016 || PP.20-26
www.ijhssi.org 20 | P a g e
The Role of Youths in Electoral Processes: An Appraisal of the
Nigerian 2015 General Elections And Beyond
1
Abubakar Sadeeque Abba, 2
Mukhtar Imam
1
Department Of Political Science And International Relations, University Of Abuja, Abuja-Nigeria And
2
Department Of Political Science And International Relations, Nigerian Turkish Nile University, Abuja-Nigeria
ABSTRACT: Youths represent a significant proportion of the Nigerian Population, but in spite of this, their
level of political participation and representation in the electoral process in the past has been very poor and
often times undermined; being largely noticed at the level of electoral malpractices, voting irregularities and
covert or overtthuggery in support of political office seekers who paradoxically have dominated the political
arena to the point of total exclusion of the youths, yet all groups (youths inclusive) seek to influence
dispensation of power. The research therefore sets out to analytically x-ray the issues and challenges that
confronted youths in previous general elections viz a viz the tremendous effort made by youths in making the
2015 general elections a success, by particularly the use of social media as a propaganda machine and the
dogged attitude displayed in the course of retrieving permanent voters card which is unparrarelled and
unprecedented. The research implores the use of vivid descriptive scenarios to make sound and logical
arguments on the plight and strive of youth in forestalling equity and fair play in our electoral process and also
on the strides recorded thereof. Using variables such as lack of proper electoral education and sensitization in
the past, religious, regional and sectional divide, poverty, deprivation, thuggery, social media, permanent voters
card and so forth, the researchers conclude that youths have in the past been largely responsible for scuttling
elections but were however instrumental to the success of the 2015 general elections. It therefore recommends
amongst other things that, it is imperative to develop and enhance the capability of youths in the electoral
process by creating a robust orientation programme and also engaging them to become financially and morally
equip, so as to drastically reduce if not totally eradicate arm-twisting or manipulation of youths in the society.
Keywords: Role, Youths, Electoral Processes, Appraisal, General, Beyond.
I. Introduction
Nigeria‟s democratic journey in contemporary times began with the tacit acceptance by the military hierarchy of
the need to demilitarize the nation‟s political space. This gained actual fruition on May 29, 1999 when the then
General AbdulsalamiAbubakar as Head of State handed over political power to an elected President in the
person of Chief OlusegunObasanjo. For years of democratic experimentation, - although with military
altercations in the past leading to the fourth republic in 1999 – the nation has conducted and witnessed eight
general elections which took place in 1960, 1964, 1979, 1983, 1999, 2003, 2007,2011 and the most recent 2015
elections respectively. Throughout this strenuous journey, youths have played an indispensible role through their
vibrancy and outspokenness. Yet, youths remain the most vulnerable – especially in times of election – and less
of beneficiaries from the fruit of leadership and governance. It is not gainsaying that a genuinely inclusive
society needs to ensure that its youth participate in all its affairs; that young people‟s views are included in
development policies and that young people develop leadership skills. In many African countries, youth have
either remained marginalized or not played a role in the political process. This is largely due to institutional and
policy constraints of the state and society.
Therefore, the theme Youth Participation in Electoral processes” could not have been coined at a better time. It
is the most appropriate wakeup call to a continent and more especially a country – Nigeria, where youths are
seen as expendable (that is, means to an end) section of the population. In the process of elective politics and
governance, youths are either side-lined or excluded or when they are involved at all, they are mainly misused
and abused to achieve the inordinate and perverse political ambition of the norm less, lawless and selfish section
of the Nigerian political class. It is a general acceptable fact that youths are the indispensable and dynamic
portion of the population of any nation as stated earlier. They are the incubators and the driving force for
innovation, change and progress in all human collectivities; and no society can experience positive change and
advancement if its youths are not strategically and constructively invested upon, empowered and engaged. Their
immense energy and drive must be tactfully packaged and directed towards playing a constructive role in the
process of governance and development of the society. As a link between the present and future, how a society‟s
adult, especially the governing elites behave as well as the roles they assign to this important segment of the
population, will determine to a large extent whether that society is advancing or heading towards disaster. It is in
2. The Role of Youths in Electoral Processes: An Appraisal…
www.ijhssi.org 21 | P a g e
light of the above that the paper decided to empirically investigate youth‟s involvement in the ugly phenomenon
of electoral violence or otherwise and what implication its consequences will have on Nigeria. Nigerians have
acquired a culture of electoral violence. Violence has become part of the political culture in Nigeria such that all
elections since independence (Nigeria has conducted eight general elections since independence in 1960, the
elections were held in 1964, 1979, 1983, 1993, 1999, 2003 and 2007, 2011, 2015) are virtually violence ridden –
with exception of the just concluded 2015 general election, which proved that Nigeria could actually break the
jinx. All of these (previous) elections were substantially marred by various types of violence associated with
party politics and conduct of elections. The most troubling aspect of this issue is that youths (the future leaders
of the nations) are the main perpetrators and at the same time the victims of electoral violence. Thus, the crux of
the matter in this study is to underscore the role of youth‟s in general electoral processes by appraising Nigeria‟s
2015 general elections and beyond.
Youths and Violence
The concept of youth has been subjected to diverse interpretations and flexible usage. At one level the youth are
conceptualized in terms of their futuristic role as leaders of society. However, in his interrogation of the youth as
a category Obi (2006: 5), aptly notes that: The categorization of the youth as future leaders assumes the non-
interrogation of the existing power relations in society and is a recipe for preparing the youths to perpetuate a
particular mode of power relations that suggest a permanence of structures of dominance and interests, but with
the entry and exit of occupants‟ overtime Obi continues: This conceptualization also suggests the sub-ordination
of youths to the power structure controlled by elders in order to facilitate system stability, cohesion and
continuity. Political time then becomes a conveyor belt that takes the loyal and disciplined youth into future
power, when the elders pass into myth and history (Obi; 2006: 6) It is also important to understand that for some
youths particularly in the poverty stricken economies of the developing world, Nigeria inclusive, what is
paramount is survival. They must first of all survive before they can begin to think of fighting for a future.
Indeed, as Obi (2006: 9) notes: Where the very fact of survival is embedded in conflict, then the struggle for
survival for the future is ambushed by more violence that sucks in young people into the vortex of class, ethnic,
generational, communal and political agendas.
The bulging youth population, according to the NIC report, is a demographic feature that is linked with the
"emergence of political violence and civil conflicts." In Nigeria, the federal government in 2008 acknowledged
that about 80% of Nigeria‟s youth are unemployed and 10% underemployed (Daily Trust, 2008). In 2011, the
Minister of Youth Development, BolajiAbdullahi reported that 42.2 per cent of Nigeria‟s youth population is out
of job. DepoOyedokun, the Chairman of the House Committee on Youth and Social Development revealed that
of the over 40 million unemployed youths in the country, 23 million are unemployable and therefore susceptible
to crime, hence the need to articulate what could be done to salvage the situation. The pace is increasing because
most graduates lack relevant marketable skills. These statistics are grim for a nation whose children and youths
of age 0 - 35 constitute about 77per cent or 105 million of its over 140 million population. This shows how the
government over the years has showed very little interest in both children and youths in the country. University
education development worldwide shows a direct relationship between the number of university graduates
produced by a country and its economic and technological advancement. For example,United States with
population twice that of Nigeria, has over 2,000 degree awarding institutions. Japan, having almost the same
population as Nigeria, has over 600 universities. United Kingdom, having half our population, has 100
Universities. (Mustafa 2013) In the process of elective politics and governance, youths are either side-lined or
excluded or when they are involved at all, they are mainly misused and abused to achieve the inordinate and
perverse political ambition of the norm less, lawless and selfish section of the Nigerian political class.
(Preyekuro, 2011) Youth all over the World are fondly called leaders of tomorrow. This is not farfetched from
the fact that they are characterized with energy and mental alertness (Nnamani, 2003). This energy is either used
positively or negatively depending on the individual or in some cases the society. According to Ekwuruke
(2007) this is the period of vigor, curiosity, spiritedness action and inexperience. Most of these youths who in
most cases are colleges and universities drop-outs often end up in urban centers in search of menial jobs, some
others end-up on the streets, high way junctions, and in traffic hawking different items as "mobile super markets
(Ekwuruke, 2007). All these societal problems further contribute to the continuous problem of youth violence
and electoral process which most of the Nigerian youths are constantly involved in today. Assertively, the
advent of civil rule and the rise of electoral violence, and youth restiveness in general, a lot is yet to be done in
understanding the nexus between the youth‟s violence and electoral process in the Nigerian “democratic
context” (Moveh, 2009).
3. The Role of Youths in Electoral Processes: An Appraisal…
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The Role of Youths in Previous Elections: In Perspective
Various studies in the past have often revealed that youths form bulk of the perpetrators of election related
violence in Nigeria and around the world. This is in congruence with the view point of Akinboye (1987),
McAllister (2004), Nweke (2005), Bazza (2008), that youths have been repeatedly used as instruments of
violence: they have participated actively in destructive anti-social behaviours such as violent demonstrations,
intra and inter political party fighting and other politically motivated violence, ritual killings, kidnapping and
hostage taking, arson and cult related violence. Answers to the reason why youths are ever available and
vulnerable instruments in the hands of unscrupulous politicians to perpetrate electoral violence have also been
advanced thus; A closer look at the Nigerian political circle, reveals to the observer that bulk of the youths who
are perpetrators of election related violence are unskilled, uneducated or ill-educated, unemployed and children
of parents of poor socio-economic status. This view point is in line with Nweke‟s (2005) postulations. He
posited that factors that are responsible for youth-led electoral violence include the following: a good number of
youths who participate in acts of electoral violence come from embattled and economically poor homesteads;
they are either uneducated or school drop-outs. High rate of unemployment and underemployment especially
among graduates of tertiary institutions is yet another factor that accounts for the high incidence of youths
participation in electoral violence; moral decadence in youths and as well as the political manipulation of the
psycho-cultural dispositions of youths towards elections by political elites has equally generated violent
competition at elections. The political elites have always convinced the youths that violent struggle at elections
to ensure the victory of their ethnic-nationality or religions man or party member is a struggle in their favour and
against marginalization or other forms of socio-economic discrimination. This position is confirmed by
Akinboye (1987) who observed that most youths especially those who are desperately needy have problems in
making and taking decisions. This largely explains why some politicians could capitalize on the weakness of
youths about decision-making and taking and involving them in destructive anti-social behaviours the youths
could not have loved to engage themselves in. It is also no gainsaying that; government intervention policies and
structures towards tackling the problems of unemployment and poverty among youths are ill-motivated, poorly-
packaged and are more of palliatives. And even were such government‟s interventionist instrument of
confronting the problems of youth joblessness and restiveness exists – like that which was being implemented
by the Ministry of Youths, Conflict Resolution and Employment Generations – it is not effective enough.
Moreover, governments‟ poverty eradication programmes are too elitist and too far away from the needy youths.
For instance, the SURE-P empowerment scheme meant for youths eventually ended up in the garages of the
ruling party stalwarts and other senior government officials. In line with the above outcomes, this aligns with the
positions‟ of Baba and Ogundiya (2005), Nweke (2005) and Ajayi (2007) who have asserted that; youth
restiveness is the bane of electoral violence in any society. It was also observed by the International Institute for
Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA 2001) that the lack of a clear adherence and respect for the rules
guiding the electoral process is another obstacle thwarting the positive role expected of youths in elections. The
IDEA further posited that the ease by which politicians are able to manipulate, influence, mobilize and arm
disgruntled, jobless and needy youths to commit all sorts of election related violence is a major challenge to
credible and transparent elections in Nigeria. This position is understandable because a credible, peaceful and
fair election engenders a peaceful and legitimate means of political succession. Moreover, electoral violence as
the ultimate form of electoral fraud is an aberration as well as anathema to the fundamental tenets of democracy:
it deprives the people voice in governance; it stalls communication between the politicians (government) and
citizens; it has encouraged political apathy and indifference of the citizenry; it makes government
unrepresentative, unaccountable, unresponsive and irresponsive; it creates a conducive atmosphere for
unscrupulous individuals to hijack the instrument of the state; and more importantly, it puts a big question mark
on the legitimacy of the government. Even more worrisome is the fact that electoral violence, especially with
youth‟s involvement in it, has become an established and “legitimate” mode of political behaviour in Nigeria.
The Role of Youths in 2015 Elections and Beyond
Involvement of young people in the democratic process has been relatively poor in the run up to the 2015
general election. This is clear as has been made manifest in the low turnout of electorates – which constitutes
mainly of youths – in previous general elections compared to the massive turn-out in the nations just concluded
general elections. Some of the reasons which were identified as instigating voter apathy, particularly amongst
youths inter alia;
Youth view of electoral issues as a highly complex subject, disconnected or irrelevant or too removed‟ to
their current lives and problems.
Negative branding of politicians – (too many cartoons on the social and traditional media that brand politics
negatively)
Too many old bandwagon politicians (recycled politicians) in the political arena
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High skepticism about the capacity of the electoral process to deliver positive change: employment, voice,
visibility, good governance
Manifestoes were not youth-responsive: Majority felt that issues which were of importance to their age
group were rarely on the political agenda of political parties
Limited opportunities to participate in the political process
Ignorance or lack of knowledge about the electoral process and how to participate;
High costs associated with the electoral/political process
Do or die politics
Results do not reflect votes cast
Electoral violence: politicians will find them willing tools for perpetration of all kinds of illegalities
The above painted scenario prompted INEC to live up to its responsibility of organizing workshops and
seminars to educate the youths of their indispensible role in the electoral process such as electoral observers,
polling officers, ad-hoc staffs in voting units, registration and confirmation of eligible voters via the use of the
card reader etc. Several other organizations helped in this campaign which yielded positive result in engendering
massive youth participation in the just concluded general elections. The role of the youths in the elections was
further strengthened by the use or application of the social media were youths took advantage of their strong
online presence to moderate series of group discussions illuminating how the youth can be actively encouraged
to both register for, and vote during elections. This particular mechanism stands out as one the most vibrant
discussion or communication tool foisted by youth groups on social networking sites where young Nigerian
professionals around the world congregate on a daily basis to engage in robust intellectual debates and learning
exchanges about social, political and economic governance issues in Nigeria and thereby determining the
direction the election will go. The social media was particularly famed for its e-conferences, leveraging new
media technology and crowdsourcing tools to promote public awareness and facilitate citizen engagement in
policy and public decision-making processes.
Among several objectives, the social media which became a forum or channel for voter engagement agenda
went beyond providing in-depth insight into all aspects of the electoral process, election administration, political
party ideology, voting procedures and the declaration of results. Instead, it strategically combines election
information delivery with the creation of spaces for engaging and interrogating intricate electoral issues and
concerns, while drawing useful feedback from citizens. Up until the eve of the elections and even in the course
of voting, youths continued to post and moderate group discussions in its Discussion and dishing-out
information, targeting the voting populations, urging them to go out and vote regardless of the huge
demotivating factors. The social media was also used to modify existing election information published by
INEC, optimizing them for fast-and-easy reading and rapid online dissemination. Recognizing individual
preferences and enthusiasm in the electoral process which was gaining momentum locally and internationally,
specific social media platforms created special hastags, such as: #Nigeriadecides, #Votenigeria etc. were created
to enable diverse online audiences interested in getting election updates to track and access that information
with relative ease. Similarly, Facebook and Twitter timelines of private individuals with consistent high traffic
were deployed to facilitate engagement and further expand the reach and spread of election information.
Generally speaking, „youth‟ as commonly used in the Nigerian political parlance refers to persons within the 18-
40 years age bracket, and this category of individuals played magnificent roles in the build up to the 2015
general elections and beyond. Youths through massive awareness created by the public, institutions of election
(such as INEC and Civil Organizations) and promulgated by mostly the social and traditional media realized
that Politics is relevant to young people and they must begin to feel and act as part of the process. It was
perceived that education on politics and political issues would increase awareness and many also felt interest
among their peer group thus providing an incentive to become more involved in the future. The YV blog
published the gender distribution of the voting population, and highlighted the specific roles played by persons
within the 18-40 age brackets in the elections. Also published were inspiring messages crafted urging young
people to take active interest in political and electoral processes, as a medium for effecting social change and
good governance. The general elections prominently featured the youth in many roles in the electioneering
process: as aspirants at all level of governance, INEC adhoc staffs, election observers and monitors. The level of
youth participation in this election is considered an improvement when compared to previous elections where
young actors and voices were hardly visible. INEC also recruited thousands of members of the National Youth
Service Corps (NYSC) as adhoc staffs for the election. The use of NYSC members as ad hoc staff – who were
mostly youths – was in line with the NYSC management‟s pledge to assist INEC in efforts to conduct hitch-free
elections in the country. This in itself was a pragmatic shift from the use of few young adhoc staffs to
compliment the older permanent staffs of INEC in the electioneering process.
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The Youths Beyond 2015 General Elections
The electoral process in Nigeria presents an enigma, giving the true application of an ideal electoral process;
there is little or nothing to imply violence, which is endemic in reality. The reason for this is not far-fetched; it is
hinged on the fact that the Nigerian state structure and those that operate its structure are largely bourgeois. This
class of rulers lack economic base in its true sense, they therefore tend to use state apparatus to accumulate
power for personal gain within the political economy. Accesses to political power therefore become a do or die
affair. Violence, assimilation, religion, regionalism and ethnicity become veritable tools deployed by politicians
in a bid to maintain and sustain themselves in power. The youths often come in handy in this regards as these
scrupulous politicians often engage them to achieve this. Young people in Nigeria and indeed across the globe
have always led social and political movements. It should therefore be the same in this circumstances we have
found ourselves today. Young people should express their concerns and that of their communities through
community services, their social activism should be made manifest in areas such as the environment, joblessness
and political instability. For example students overwhelmingly consider political engagement as an effective
way of solving important issues both in local communities and around the nation, this should be encouraged.
Youth crusading should be hinged on the desire to maintain a balance by accepting contrary views without
recourse to violence and should be maintained. Indeed, young people are positive assets to political and civil
society. It is therefore important to note that to uphold and strengthen this position, voting for meritorious
candidates rather than along religious and ethnic line should be the reason for participation. The end product of
youth crusading should be to provide a forum where young people from different communities can learn to
communicate with each other and dialogue with local, state and federal administrators. The bone of contention
in this paper is to outline the salient ideals and roles of the youth in the nations‟ electoral processes, and the
reality is that the place and participation of youths in our political processes cannot be overemphasized. For our
democracy – or any other democracy for that matter – to be evocative, firm and functional, we must make
youths an integral part of its processes. The youths who are often viewed as the future leaders have a right and
responsibility to help shape that future and the quality of life that will be experienced therein. It is not ideal or
appropriate for adults alone to decide on the balance between; war and peace, the priorities and strength of the
economy or the manner the environment should be preserved. Therefore, young voters and voices are equally as
essential in the body polity. As the biggest proportion of group in Nigeria, young people have often than not
displayed a virile commitment to be more involved in policy making. Younger generations can boost economic
cum political processes and they are the ones who will see the result of this revolutionary change they hope to
bring about. To be able to make more impact in the future elections of the country, it is imperative to note here
that youths are carried along in the processes of governance and are given a voice in the decision making
processes of the country. It is also very important that this section of the society is equipped with adequate
knowledge. The core areas where this empowerment can be given to the youths inter alia;
Increased political and civil participation among the
young, who are incurable optimists of the Nigerian dream. Thereby,
Building an inclusive, transparent followership and,
Drastically reduce the political apathy currently
being experienced amongst youths and through public awareness educate massively on value of
democracy and the imperativeness of the electoral process.
Youth Engagement in Electoral Processes: The Way Forward
Equipping Youths through Education: Equipping youths by educating them is predicated on the explicit
relationship between knowledge and development and in the conviction that it is the key element in the
development of a nations and its people. Empowering in this context captures the true essence of
development – i.e. giving people the adequate knowledge to determine and fulfill their destiny accordingly
(Okwechime 2003). Youths should be giving the opportunity to work for a better future for themselves
through constructive engagement as opposed to the win at all cost mentality that is prevalent in the
electioneering process. Civil societies and Electoral umpires such as INEC should set up workshops and
seminars to encourage dialogue, especially were the ethnic divide is deep. The aim is to provide a platform
for youths to discuss their concerns within democratic structure. As stated earlier, youth participation in
decision making is very essential as decision taken at that level will make a significant difference at the
local community level.
Youth Investment is Change Driven: Various governments‟ should invest in youths by encouraging
awareness amongst youths through thematic workshops. There should be divergent groups set up amongst
these youths to help facilitate election processes and carry their communities along. The various youth
groups should be engaged in concrete projects under the Ministry of youth so as to empower them
financially. When done, political thuggery will no longer be a veritable venture. Developing a better
understanding of young voters is an important first step in a young voter campaign strategy of the electoral
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process. Investing in youth will be complete if the political gender inequality is addressed. The government
should begin with working with young women in a bid to stimulate greater participation in the electoral
process. Young women should be trained for election related skills. They should also conduct focus groups
research to assess women‟s attitude and assist parties in developing strategies to target this audience in the
lead-up to electoral processes. Women should play more active role in the effort to create awareness and
empowerment in the political process.
Enhance Party Communication: The increased random political assassination and hate speeches attest to the
public dissatisfaction with governance and above all a show of complete disconnect between the political
parties and their supporters. It is apparent that political parties have not been doing enough in the education
of their followers to the strict adherence of rules and regulations guiding the political processes. It is also
becoming clear that a majority of Nigerians believe that their expectations have not been met. Therefore,
there should be improved political party communication to address the traditional lack of activity between
elections.
Youths in Politics, Crusading and Social Justice: As part of a build-up of youth in the political processes,
youth should learn and acquire skills for campaign management, fund raising, recruitment etc. there should
be focused effort on assisting youth party members to develop and implement coordinated electoral
strategies and encourage voter participation. Youth activities should incorporate education of themselves,
colleagues, families and friends about the current and important issues facing their communities. Apathy is
dangerous – particularly amongst youths – participation in the nation‟s political process is a central belief
within the teachings of our diverse traditions. As the nation continues to grow more diverse the need for
diverse participation in the electoral process by the electorate becomes even more compelling, the country‟s
leader must hear from younger generation during the electoral process. Voter registration and participation
should not merely be encouraged but stressed as an absolute necessity. Youths should also engage in
exchange in knowledge and expertise that would strengthen their participation in building democratic
processes. Two out of the major critical observation advanced by Anifowose and Babawale (2003) is that
„the structure of the Nigerian federation is deficient thereby creating problems for the political processes
and, that the need for further research into youth crusading is most essential.
Curbing the Menace of Youth Restiveness: Prevention mechanisms including technical assistance,
community-based services, inter-agency coordination and comprehensive data collection should be put in
place. A youth violence prevention arm of government should be set up and the electoral umpire and civil
society including political parties must do more in voter education to enhance the knowledge of electorates
on the political processes. This and more can be achieved with the creation or establishment of youth
initiative programmes such as;
Youth development and empowerment
Creating a mechanism to fund delinquency prevention and intervention programme
Support creative and aggressive implementation of activities to get young people involved in the
electoral process
Create a youth development fund to generate grants to community youth based programmes that focus
on youth development
Identify youth organizations that are community based and provide substantial benefits to them
Youth engagement in the civil process
Academic enrichment and monitoring etc.
Conclusion
The paper examines the role of the youths in electoral processes, critically appraising the 2015 general elections
and beyond. It was established that the role of youths in previous election building up to 2015 have been mostly
violent. In most instances these violent roles are assigned to the youths by scrupulous politicians who have
refused to absorb and practice essential democratic norms, values and tradition. It was also established that
youths are vulnerable instruments of electoral violence as a result of dislocated and poor parental background,
poor education, unemployment and underemployment, moral decadence and as well as political manipulations
by an irresponsible political class. Moreover, the paper established that in the 2015 elections there was a twist to
the role played by the youths, as most youths refused to be treated by the conventional way of being used as
political thugs and agent of destruction. The paper holds that public awareness by INEC and civil societies
helped in this regard, it also stresses that the explosion in the use of social media – and to an extent the
traditional media – further boosted the above position. It was further established that every successful electoral
process is dependent on youths; therefore, youths who are an integral part and the backbone to the economic and
political growth of a society must be given top priority in times of empowerment and that since most youths that
are perpetrators of electoral malpractices are either unemployed, uneducated and idle, that is why they are
bamboozled to beat up political thuggery, this should be given strict attention and addressed.
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Recommendations
As it is traditional in any research endeavor that when problems are identified, solutions are proffered,
proffering solutions takes the shape of recommendations. Recommendations are directed at providing the
leeway to solving the research problem. It is against this background that the following recommendations are
advanced;
Proper implementation of national policies and laws that empower young people, and the combating of
political corruption and abuse of office that hinders youth empowerment;
Review of electoral laws and procedures to ensure fair and transparent elections and to assure public
confidence;
Revision of educational curricula to be more practical and skills-oriented and to include civic rights
education;
Fair and equitable management and distribution of public resources between the rich and poor;
Engagement of young people in public management and leadership roles;
Increased publicity for employment, community volunteering, and skills development opportunities for
young people.
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