This study analyzed data from 2096 pharmacy school applicants between 2005-2018 at the University of Arizona R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy to determine if Hispanic ethnicity was associated with admission status and identify other characteristics associated with admission. The study found that Hispanic ethnicity was not associated with admission status. Characteristics that were significantly associated with admission included older age, female gender, attending an Arizona high school, having previously applied to the college, and higher scores on the Pharmacy College Admission Test in biology and chemistry. The study highlights the need for interventions to increase diversity among pharmacy students to better reflect the population.
Black, Hispanic, and AIAN students remain underrepresented among medical school matriculants compared with the US population. This underrepresentation has not changed significantly since the institution of the Liaison Committee of Medical Education diversity accreditation guidelines in 2009. This study’s findings suggest a need for both the development and the evaluation of more robust policies and programs to create a physician workforce that is demographically representative of the US population.
Quality Data Sources Essay Example Paper.docxwrite22
This document discusses several quality data sources used in healthcare:
1. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey collects health data from US civilians including chronic conditions, health, nutrition, and risk factors.
2. The National HIV/AIDS Surveillance System collects HIV exposure and demographic data from all US states to monitor HIV infection rates.
3. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys US adults about preventive health behaviors and chronic conditions.
4. The National Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Benchmarking Database collects patient experience data about healthcare providers and health plans.
5. The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey collects data from medical visits including diagnoses, treatments, and patient dem
Quality Data Sources Organizer Discussion Paper.docxwrite22
The document discusses five quality data sources from the 2017 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report. It provides details on each data source such as the primary content collected, target population, demographic data included, frequency of data collection, and whether it is a primary or secondary source. The sources discussed are the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, National Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Benchmarking Database, and National Health Interview Survey.
RESEARCH ARTICLEPerceived discrimination in medical settin.docxrgladys1
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Perceived discrimination in medical settings
and perceived quality of care: A population-
based study in Chicago
Maureen R. BenjaminsID
1,2*, Megan Middleton2
1 Sinai Urban Health Institute, Sinai Health System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, 2 Chicago
Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States
of America
* [email protected]
Abstract
Perceived discrimination in medical settings remains prevalent within the U.S. health care
system. However, the details of these experiences and their associations with perceived
quality of care are not well understood. Our study assessed multiple measures of perceived
racial/ethnic discrimination in medical settings and investigated the locations and purported
perpetrators of the discriminatory experiences within a population-based sample of 1,543
Black, White, Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Other adults. We used logistic regression to esti-
mate associations between perceived discrimination in the medical setting and three quality
of care indicators. Overall, 40% of the sample reported one or more types of perceived dis-
crimination in a medical setting, with significant differences by race/ethnicity. Discrimination
was perceived across health settings and from a variety of providers and staff. In adjusted
logistic regression models, individuals reporting discrimination had more than twice the
odds of reporting fair or poor quality of care (OR = 2.4 [95% CI: 1.4–4.3]). In addition, per-
ceived discrimination in medical settings was significantly associated with report of not hav-
ing enough time with the physician and not being as involved in decision-making as desired.
These findings expand our understanding of perceived discriminatory experiences in health
care and the consequences of it for patients, providers, and health care systems. This infor-
mation is essential for identifying future provider interventions and improving the training of
health care professionals.
Introduction
Racial and ethnic disparities in access to, and quality of, health care are pervasive and contrib-
ute to the persistent negative health outcomes seen among communities of color [1–7]. Per-
ceived discrimination may underlie both disparities in health care and health outcomes [8,9].
In particular, research is needed to better understand racial and ethnic discrimination in the
health care setting, which likely impacts health care perceptions and outcomes [10–13].
PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215976 April 25, 2019 1 / 15
a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111
OPEN ACCESS
Citation: Benjamins MR, Middleton M (2019)
Perceived discrimination in medical settings and
perceived quality of care: A population-based study
in Chicago. PLoS ONE 14(4): e0215976. https://
doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215976
Editor: Leonidas G Koniaris, Indiana University,
UNITED STATES
.
This document assesses four vulnerability indicators used to identify at-risk neighborhoods for prioritizing pandemic interventions. It finds low concordance rates between indicators, meaning they identify different tracts as vulnerable. It also finds substantial differences in the racial composition and proportion of minority neighborhoods included between indicators. Specifically, an indicator based on pre-existing health conditions performs best at including African American populations and neighborhoods. The choice of indicator thus has significant implications for which groups and places receive priority support.
Arguments In Favor Of And Against The HPV Vaccine School-Entry Requirement In...Lori Moore
This document summarizes a content analysis of 286 newspaper articles from two Puerto Rican newspapers published between 2015-2018 that mentioned HPV or the human papillomavirus. The analysis identified the main topics covered and explored arguments for and against Puerto Rico's announcement in 2018 that the HPV vaccine would be required for school entry. Most articles focused on HPV/vaccine education, advertisements, or general vaccine information. Of the 33 articles mentioning the requirement, 61% presented arguments in favor including cancer prevention and population wellness, while 15% presented arguments against such as concerns about sexuality and side effects. The goal was to understand perspectives to help policy processes and education efforts regarding this cancer prevention strategy.
The document summarizes preliminary data from a community health needs assessment of Latino/Hispanic populations in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama. Key findings include:
1) Obesity is the most commonly diagnosed chronic condition, followed by hypertension and diabetes.
2) Major barriers to healthcare access are lack of health insurance, cost of services, extended time between appointments, and lack of interpreter services.
3) Improved cultural competency training for healthcare providers and more effective outreach programs that address these barriers are needed to improve health outcomes in this population.
A comparison of public perceptions of physicians and veterinarians in the uni...Eduardo J Kwiecien
The document compares public perceptions of physicians and veterinarians in the United States. A survey of 606 participants rated 25 personality characteristics for each profession on a 9-point scale. Statistical analysis found veterinarians were perceived as more approachable, sensitive, sympathetic, patient and understanding, while physicians were seen as more proud and arrogant. Overall, the results indicate the public tends to view veterinarians more favorably than physicians.
Black, Hispanic, and AIAN students remain underrepresented among medical school matriculants compared with the US population. This underrepresentation has not changed significantly since the institution of the Liaison Committee of Medical Education diversity accreditation guidelines in 2009. This study’s findings suggest a need for both the development and the evaluation of more robust policies and programs to create a physician workforce that is demographically representative of the US population.
Quality Data Sources Essay Example Paper.docxwrite22
This document discusses several quality data sources used in healthcare:
1. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey collects health data from US civilians including chronic conditions, health, nutrition, and risk factors.
2. The National HIV/AIDS Surveillance System collects HIV exposure and demographic data from all US states to monitor HIV infection rates.
3. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys US adults about preventive health behaviors and chronic conditions.
4. The National Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Benchmarking Database collects patient experience data about healthcare providers and health plans.
5. The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey collects data from medical visits including diagnoses, treatments, and patient dem
Quality Data Sources Organizer Discussion Paper.docxwrite22
The document discusses five quality data sources from the 2017 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report. It provides details on each data source such as the primary content collected, target population, demographic data included, frequency of data collection, and whether it is a primary or secondary source. The sources discussed are the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, National Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Benchmarking Database, and National Health Interview Survey.
RESEARCH ARTICLEPerceived discrimination in medical settin.docxrgladys1
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Perceived discrimination in medical settings
and perceived quality of care: A population-
based study in Chicago
Maureen R. BenjaminsID
1,2*, Megan Middleton2
1 Sinai Urban Health Institute, Sinai Health System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, 2 Chicago
Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States
of America
* [email protected]
Abstract
Perceived discrimination in medical settings remains prevalent within the U.S. health care
system. However, the details of these experiences and their associations with perceived
quality of care are not well understood. Our study assessed multiple measures of perceived
racial/ethnic discrimination in medical settings and investigated the locations and purported
perpetrators of the discriminatory experiences within a population-based sample of 1,543
Black, White, Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Other adults. We used logistic regression to esti-
mate associations between perceived discrimination in the medical setting and three quality
of care indicators. Overall, 40% of the sample reported one or more types of perceived dis-
crimination in a medical setting, with significant differences by race/ethnicity. Discrimination
was perceived across health settings and from a variety of providers and staff. In adjusted
logistic regression models, individuals reporting discrimination had more than twice the
odds of reporting fair or poor quality of care (OR = 2.4 [95% CI: 1.4–4.3]). In addition, per-
ceived discrimination in medical settings was significantly associated with report of not hav-
ing enough time with the physician and not being as involved in decision-making as desired.
These findings expand our understanding of perceived discriminatory experiences in health
care and the consequences of it for patients, providers, and health care systems. This infor-
mation is essential for identifying future provider interventions and improving the training of
health care professionals.
Introduction
Racial and ethnic disparities in access to, and quality of, health care are pervasive and contrib-
ute to the persistent negative health outcomes seen among communities of color [1–7]. Per-
ceived discrimination may underlie both disparities in health care and health outcomes [8,9].
In particular, research is needed to better understand racial and ethnic discrimination in the
health care setting, which likely impacts health care perceptions and outcomes [10–13].
PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215976 April 25, 2019 1 / 15
a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111
OPEN ACCESS
Citation: Benjamins MR, Middleton M (2019)
Perceived discrimination in medical settings and
perceived quality of care: A population-based study
in Chicago. PLoS ONE 14(4): e0215976. https://
doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215976
Editor: Leonidas G Koniaris, Indiana University,
UNITED STATES
.
This document assesses four vulnerability indicators used to identify at-risk neighborhoods for prioritizing pandemic interventions. It finds low concordance rates between indicators, meaning they identify different tracts as vulnerable. It also finds substantial differences in the racial composition and proportion of minority neighborhoods included between indicators. Specifically, an indicator based on pre-existing health conditions performs best at including African American populations and neighborhoods. The choice of indicator thus has significant implications for which groups and places receive priority support.
Arguments In Favor Of And Against The HPV Vaccine School-Entry Requirement In...Lori Moore
This document summarizes a content analysis of 286 newspaper articles from two Puerto Rican newspapers published between 2015-2018 that mentioned HPV or the human papillomavirus. The analysis identified the main topics covered and explored arguments for and against Puerto Rico's announcement in 2018 that the HPV vaccine would be required for school entry. Most articles focused on HPV/vaccine education, advertisements, or general vaccine information. Of the 33 articles mentioning the requirement, 61% presented arguments in favor including cancer prevention and population wellness, while 15% presented arguments against such as concerns about sexuality and side effects. The goal was to understand perspectives to help policy processes and education efforts regarding this cancer prevention strategy.
The document summarizes preliminary data from a community health needs assessment of Latino/Hispanic populations in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama. Key findings include:
1) Obesity is the most commonly diagnosed chronic condition, followed by hypertension and diabetes.
2) Major barriers to healthcare access are lack of health insurance, cost of services, extended time between appointments, and lack of interpreter services.
3) Improved cultural competency training for healthcare providers and more effective outreach programs that address these barriers are needed to improve health outcomes in this population.
A comparison of public perceptions of physicians and veterinarians in the uni...Eduardo J Kwiecien
The document compares public perceptions of physicians and veterinarians in the United States. A survey of 606 participants rated 25 personality characteristics for each profession on a 9-point scale. Statistical analysis found veterinarians were perceived as more approachable, sensitive, sympathetic, patient and understanding, while physicians were seen as more proud and arrogant. Overall, the results indicate the public tends to view veterinarians more favorably than physicians.
This document summarizes ¡Una Vida Sana!, a multi-disciplinary service learning program that provides health screenings to Richmond, Virginia's Hispanic community. It describes the program's goals of assessing community health risks, providing a valuable learning experience for students, and increasing access to healthcare. Over 350 individuals were screened across several events staffed by over 50 healthcare students. Preliminary results found participants at risk of future health issues, and students reported gaining knowledge around cultural competence and community health challenges through their involvement.
Doctors of Tomorrow – A Pipeline Program for Getting a Head Start in Medicineinventionjournals
Purpose: Pipeline programs have long been embraced as a strategyto recruit students from groups underrepresented in medicine into medical careers. Despite the prevalence of these programs, we know little about why students seek out participation and even less about their perceptions of the potential long-term benefits. This study explored the motivations and expectations of pipeline program participants. Method: Twenty-three high school students participated in the Doctors of Tomorrow (DoT) program, a high school and medical school partnership pipeline program from September 2014 through March 2015. Data for this study included students’ application essays, critical incident narratives, focus group discussions and transcripts from individual interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyze all narrative materials and transcripts. Results: Our analysis of all program data revealed that DoT participants were motivated to participate in the program to learn about becoming a physician, gain access to individuals in medicine and develop a competitive advantage over other students when applying to college and medical school. Conclusions: Barriers to careers in medicine for individuals from groups underrepresented in medicine is well documented. These findings suggest that students seek to participate in pipeline programs as astrategy to secure goal-oriented, experiential encounters to help improve access points and mitigate barriers to becoming physicians
- Melva Covington of Sanofi discusses strategies for increasing diversity in clinical trials to better represent populations impacted by medical conditions. Currently, racial and ethnic minorities are underrepresented in trials compared to disease prevalence.
- Covington emphasizes the importance of early and sustained engagement with advocacy groups and communities to build trust and partnerships for recruitment and retention. She also stresses using diverse recruitment strategies and culturally competent materials.
- Efforts are underway across the industry and with groups like the FDA to improve representation and data collection in trials through initiatives like standardizing methods and increasing proportional representation. However, more work remains to modernize clinical trials and ensure underserved populations are meaningfully included.
RacialEthnic Differences in Report of Drug TestingPractices.docxmakdul
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Report of Drug Testing
Practices at the Workplace Level in the U.S.
William C. Becker, MD,1,2 Salimah Meghani, PhD,3 Jeanette M. Tetrault, MD,2
David A. Fiellin, MD2
1VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
2Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
3University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Background and Objectives: It is unknown whether racial/ethnic
differences in report of workplace drug testing persist when analyzed
within and across various occupations. We sought to examine the
association between worker demographics, workplace characteristics,
and report of employment in a workplace that performs drug testing.
Methods: We performed a cross‐sectional study of the 2008–2010
National Survey on Drug Use and Health examining the relationship
between race/ethnicity and report of workplace drug testing among
employed, white, black, or Hispanic respondents �18 years old. In
logistic regression analysis, we adjusted for demographic, occupa-
tional, and other relevant variables and performed stratified analyses
among three specific occupations.
Results: Among 69,163 respondents, 48.2% reported employment in a
workplace that performs drug testing. On multivariable analysis,
younger age, male sex, black race, income greater than $20,000,
completion of high school and non‐urban residence were associated with
report of drug testing at one’s workplace among the full sample as were
non‐white collar occupation, work in medium or large workplace, and
absence of other substance abuse/dependence. In stratified analyses,
black race was associated with report of workplace level drug testing
among executive/administrative/managerial/financial workers and tech-
nicians/related support occupations; Hispanic ethnicity was associated
with the outcome among technicians/related support occupations.
Conclusions: Racial/ethnic differences in report of workplace drug
testing exist within and across various occupations. These differences
have important public health implications deserving further study.
Scientific Significance: Increased report of drug testing where racial/
ethnic minorities work highlights the potential bias that can be
introduced when drug testing policies are not implemented in a
universal fashion. (Am J Addict 2014;23:357–362)
INTRODUCTION
After and in spite of early controversy about the ethics of U.S.
workplace drug testing,1 its prevalence has been increasing since
the 1980s and is now commonly conducted in both prospective
and current employees. A study from 2007 reported that 46% of
workers and 90% of Fortune 200 companies report some form of
drug testing.2 As employee drug use has been associated with
accidents at work and elsewhere, absenteeism, lower productiv-
ity, and decreased profits, many employers see drug testing as a
cost‐saving measure.3,4 Additionally, some data demonstrate a
deterrent effect of testing on worker drug use.5 Typical
workplace drug t ...
Development of a Color-Coded Bilingual Food Label for Low-Literacy Latino Car...Aida Md Saad
This study developed a color-coded bilingual food label for low-literacy Latino caretakers. Researchers conducted a needs assessment involving a survey of 150 low-income Latino caretakers and 3 focus groups to understand current food label use and barriers. They then developed a user-friendly food label (UFFL) based on this input. The UFFL included color coding, bilingual text, and a shaded Food Guide Pyramid. An evaluation with 8 participants found the UFFL was easy to understand. The methodology can help improve the nutrition education value of food labels for low-literacy audiences.
This document compares three regression methods - ordinary least squares (OLS), Poisson regression, and negative binomial regression - for analyzing count data from infrequently occurring health events. It uses data on adolescent pregnancies from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health to illustrate the different approaches. OLS regression is found to be inappropriate for modeling count data that is highly skewed and clustered around low values. Poisson and negative binomial regression are identified as more suitable alternatives that do not assume a normal distribution of error terms or dependent variables. The strengths and limitations of each method are discussed to help researchers choose the most appropriate analysis.
A Method For Tracking Severely Emotionally Disturbed Children And Adolescents...Andrea Porter
This document describes a study that developed a method for tracking children and adolescents with severe emotional disturbances as they moved through the state mental health system. The researchers aimed to collect data on the children's placements, services received, and associated costs over time. They encountered difficulties obtaining complete case histories and data from previous providers. However, they were able to develop a linear tracking method focused on following the money trail of mental health funding. The researchers collected baseline data on the children's histories prior to admission to the state psychiatric hospital where the study was based. They administered assessments and gathered data on placements, services, costs, and outcomes up to one year after discharge from the hospital. The goal was to better understand these children's journeys through the
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
This document describes a study that examined the validity of the HIV Prevention Model (HPM) scale across lower class (freshmen and sophomores) and upper class (juniors, seniors, and graduate students) students at a Historically Black College and University (HBCU). The study tested whether the measurement structure of the HPM scale was consistent across the two groups. The HPM scale was previously developed and validated based on the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills model to assess HIV prevention behaviors. Survey data from 371 HBCU students was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis to test if the scale measured the same constructs across lower and upper class students. The analyses found that the measurement structure of the
Running Head HEALTH PROBLEMS IN U.S.A 1 HEALTH PROBLEMS I.docxwlynn1
Running Head: HEALTH PROBLEMS IN U.S.A
1
HEALTH PROBLEMS IN U.S.A
8
HEALTH PROBLEM IN U.S.A AND OTHER NATIONS
Student’s Name:
Institution:
Instructor:
Date:
Abstract
This paper addresses the cognitive abilities that enhance hand hygiene acquiescence while backing the inhibition of healthcare associated to the contagions and how they have been widely acknowledged. It is also acknowledged that great hand cleanliness alone cannot impress difficult risk influences, such as elder age, immune-suppression, entrance fee to the serious care part, a lengthier span of stay, and indwelling strategies. The participants used in this study were selected from were randomly selected from public places through observation of their actions and how they took care of their hands especially before eating, after eating and also engaging in hand cleanness in public places. The main methods used for the research are qualitative studies through the use of observation models. In sum, it was found that hand sanitation involvements are concomitantly assumed with other monotonous or superior preventive approaches, there are a probable for these simultaneous policies to confuse the result of the hand sanitation package. Therefore, the direct comment of hand cleanliness likelihoods and movements; microelectronic nursing of hand hygiene actions and valuation of liquor created hand rub ingesting strength also be used as accidental methods and supernumerary indicators. In addition to these studies specifically focused on hand hygiene treatments, hand hygiene was in the center of numerous studies applying broader transmission control treatments and demonstrating the effect on healthcare-associated infection rates. So, hand hygiene is the fundamental part of proper recommendations for the prevention of the most common healthcare-associated infections.
Keywords: hand hygiene, hand sanitation, qualitative studies
Significance and Background of the Study
The study is significant because it will have an impact on improving the healthcare and also the welfare of the poor populations in terms of improving their health. Therefore, those with previous illness situations anxiety that they might lose assurance attention if they modification occupations. Central income person terror that decrease insurance welfares might energy them to recompense extra and more of the prices of health care, accumulative their unwillingness to search for maintenance when they necessity it. Urged in portion by the misconduct assurance crisis, obstetrical amenities are described to be in small source in certain areas. Inhabitants of this nation's rural zones are aggressive a hard fight to save hospitals exposed so that, at a smallest, they consume admission to alternative facilities and vital main care. To evade consuming to admit extra room patients who might not have assurance, mounting numbers of clinics have stopped offering crisis amenities.
This study was informed by a number of factors suc.
This document describes a study that examined how unmet basic needs cluster in low-income populations and how the effectiveness of health interventions may vary based on levels of unmet basic needs. The study analyzed data from a randomized controlled trial where low-income callers to a 211 helpline received cancer screening referrals along with one of three interventions: verbal referral only, verbal referral plus a printed reminder, or verbal referral plus navigation from a health coach. Latent class analysis identified three classes of unmet basic needs among participants. Logistic regression found that for those with relatively more or money-specific unmet needs, the navigator intervention was more effective at linking them to health referrals, while the printed reminder worked as well as the navigator for those
2013 YRBS Data User’s GuideYouth Risk Behavior Surv.docxvickeryr87
2013 YRBS Data
User’s Guide
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)
June 2014
Where can I get more information? Visit www.cdc.gov/yrbss or call 800−CDC−INFO (800−232−4636).
www.cdc.gov/yrbss
2 0 1 3 Y R B S D a t a U s e r ’ s G u i d e
Introduction to the YRBSS
Introduction The YRBSS was developed in 1990 to monitor priority health risk behaviors
that contribute markedly to the leading causes of death, disability, and social
problems among youth and adults in the United States. These behaviors, often
established during childhood and early adolescence, include
Behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence.
Sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually
transmitted infections, including HIV infection.
Alcohol and other drug use.
Tobacco use.
Unhealthy dietary behaviors.
Inadequate physical activity.
In addition, the YRBSS monitors the prevalence of obesity and asthma.
From 1991 through 2013, the YRBSS has collected data from more than 2.6
million high school students in more than 1,100 separate surveys.
Uses of YRBSS The YRBSS was designed to
Results
Determine the prevalence of health risk behaviors.
Assess whether health risk behaviors increase, decrease, or stay the
same over time.
Examine the co-occurrence of health risk behaviors.
Provide comparable national, state, territorial, tribal, and local data.
Provide comparable data among subpopulations of youth.
Monitor progress toward achieving the Healthy People objectives and
other program indicators.
Components of
the YRBSS
The YRBSS includes national, state, territorial, tribal government, and local
school-based surveys of representative samples of 9th through 12th grade
students. These surveys are conducted every two years, usually during the
spring semester. The national survey, conducted by CDC, provides data
representative of 9th through 12th grade students in public and private
schools in the United States. The state, territorial, tribal government, and local
surveys, conducted by departments of health and education, provide data
representative of mostly public high school students in each jurisdiction.
The YRBSS also includes additional surveys conducted by CDC:
A middle school survey conducted by interested states, territories,
tribal governments, and large urban school districts.
June 2014 http://www.cdc.gov/yrbss Page 1
2 0 1 3 Y R B S D a t a U s e r ’ s G u i d e
A 2010 study to measure physical activity and nutrition-related
behaviors and determinants of these behaviors among a nationally
representative sample of high school students.
A series of methods studies conducted in 1992, 2000, 2002, 2004, and
2008 to improve the quality and interpretation of the YRBSS data.
The National Alternative High School Youth .
The survey of over 2,800 undergraduate students at UC Irvine found:
1) 35% had used some form of CAM in the past 12 months, and over 90% believed CAM can be effective. However, only 31% had received prior education on CAM.
2) The most common CAM therapies used were supplements, massage, body movement like yoga, herbal medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine.
3) Factors associated with higher CAM use included being female, Asian ethnicity, and having prior CAM education. Most students said they would be interested in CAM courses if they fulfilled graduation requirements or were in their major.
4) The study supports that education is a key factor in CAM use decisions
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis has served as an elementary school teacher, elementary and middle school principal, superintendent of schools, director of student teaching and field experiences, professor, author, consultant, and journal editor. Dr. Kritsonis has considerable experience in chairing PhD dissertations and master thesis and has supervised practicums for teacher candidates, curriculum supervisors, central office personnel, principals, and superintendents. He also has experience in teaching in doctoral and masters programs in elementary and secondary education as well as educational leadership and supervision. He has earned the rank as professor at three universities in two states, including successful post-tenure reviews.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis has served as an elementary school teacher, elementary and middle school principal, superintendent of schools, director of student teaching and field experiences, professor, author, consultant, and journal editor. Dr. Kritsonis has considerable experience in chairing PhD dissertations and master thesis and has supervised practicums for teacher candidates, curriculum supervisors, central office personnel, principals, and superintendents. He also has experience in teaching in doctoral and masters programs in elementary and secondary education as well as educational leadership and supervision. He has earned the rank as professor at three universities in two states, including successful post-tenure reviews.
American journal of epidemiology www.lizettealvarez.comeVerticeHealthTech
This document describes recruitment methods used in a case-control study of lung cancer among African Americans and Latinos in the San Francisco Bay Area from 1998-2001. Rapid case ascertainment through the tumor registry identified eligible lung cancer cases. Random digit dialing and Health Care Financing Administration records were initially used to recruit controls but failed to yield sufficient numbers. Community-based recruitment methods like churches, health fairs, and physicians' offices were more effective at recruiting African American and Latino controls, requiring less than 1 hour per control recruited on average.
The ONU HealthWise program began in 2010 with modest goals of improving employee health, satisfaction, and decreasing healthcare costs while providing education for students. It has since expanded to serve the surrounding community, offering services like disease management, medication management, health screenings, and a new tobacco cessation program. In 2015, ONU launched a mobile health clinic to improve access to healthcare in underserved Hardin County, where many lack primary care due to its rural nature, aging population, and poverty. The clinic has been successful in its first six months at helping patients manage chronic conditions.
Critique of Research Article #1 InstructionsCRITIQUE of RESEARCHMargenePurnell14
Critique of Research Article #1 Instructions
CRITIQUE of RESEARCH ARTICLE #1
Objectives:
· Understand common social science research designs.
· Understand measurement principles.
· Understand the purpose of sampling.
· Critique research findings and effectively communicate research results to others.
Select an academic/scholarly refereed research article in an area that fits the topic you want to focus on for the assignments this semester.
Highlight sentences in the article that you pull your info from to answer the questions. Do not copy and paste answers. Type in your own words.
After reading and analyzing the article, complete the following questions. List questions followed by your answers.
1. Specifically, what is the purpose of this research?
2. What is the research design/methodology? Type of data gathered. Survey, interviews, observations, second-hand data file, etc. Who are the research participants – population and sample? How was the sample determined and contacted? Are they the appropriate population for this study? Do they accurately represent this study to generalize from the results?
3. What is the “So What?” of this research study? What has been added to the body of academic and/or professional knowledge?
4. What are the implications for future research from the author? What would you add for future research?
5. APA reference of the article.
Format for submission:
Typed, 1” margins, 12-point font. Follow the APA Style Manual for references.
Attach two files:
PDF of highlighted full-text article
Doc. of your assignment answers. This must be a word doc so comments can be made when grading
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International Journal of Hospitality Management 60 (2017) 67–76
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
International Journal of Hospitality Management
jo u r n al homep age: www.elsev ier .com/ locate / i jhosman
nderstanding responses to posted restaurant food safety scores: An
nformation processing and regulatory focus perspective
imberly J. Harris (Ed. D.) (Professor, The Bessie Morgan Marshall Professor of Hospitality Management)
Lydia Hanks (Ph. D.) (Assistant Professor), Nathaniel D. Line (Ph. D.) (Assistant Professor)
Sean McGinley (Ph. D.) (Assistant Professor)
edman School of Hospitality Management, Florida State University, 288 Champions Way, UCB 4112, P. O. Box 30306541, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2541, USA
r t i c l e i n f o
rticle history:
eceived 17 May 2016
eceived in revised form 11 August 2016
ccepted 11 September 2016
vailable online 18 October 2016
a b s t r a c t
Ensuring the safety of food served in restaurants continues to be an essential issue in the hospitality
industry. An important part of the efforts to stem the outbreak of foodborne illnesses are the mandatory
inspections of any entity that serves food to ...
Importance Of Top-Rated Essay Writing Services - A Helpful Tool ForSean Flores
The document discusses the steps to use an essay writing service:
1. Create an account with personal information.
2. Complete a form providing instructions, sources, deadline and sample work.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications.
4. Review the paper and authorize payment or request revisions if needed. The service offers refunds for plagiarized work.
Linking Words For Essay Telegraph. Online assignment writing service.Sean Flores
1. The document provides instructions for how to request and receive writing assistance from the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process for creating an account, submitting a request, reviewing bids from writers, revising the paper if needed, and requesting revisions.
2. The process involves registering with a password and email, completing a request form with instructions and deadlines, choosing a writer based on their profile, paying a deposit to start the work, reviewing and authorizing payment for the completed paper or requesting revisions.
3. HelpWriting.net uses a bidding system where writers submit proposals, and clients can ensure their needs will be fully met with original, high-quality content or receive a refund if plag
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This document summarizes ¡Una Vida Sana!, a multi-disciplinary service learning program that provides health screenings to Richmond, Virginia's Hispanic community. It describes the program's goals of assessing community health risks, providing a valuable learning experience for students, and increasing access to healthcare. Over 350 individuals were screened across several events staffed by over 50 healthcare students. Preliminary results found participants at risk of future health issues, and students reported gaining knowledge around cultural competence and community health challenges through their involvement.
Doctors of Tomorrow – A Pipeline Program for Getting a Head Start in Medicineinventionjournals
Purpose: Pipeline programs have long been embraced as a strategyto recruit students from groups underrepresented in medicine into medical careers. Despite the prevalence of these programs, we know little about why students seek out participation and even less about their perceptions of the potential long-term benefits. This study explored the motivations and expectations of pipeline program participants. Method: Twenty-three high school students participated in the Doctors of Tomorrow (DoT) program, a high school and medical school partnership pipeline program from September 2014 through March 2015. Data for this study included students’ application essays, critical incident narratives, focus group discussions and transcripts from individual interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyze all narrative materials and transcripts. Results: Our analysis of all program data revealed that DoT participants were motivated to participate in the program to learn about becoming a physician, gain access to individuals in medicine and develop a competitive advantage over other students when applying to college and medical school. Conclusions: Barriers to careers in medicine for individuals from groups underrepresented in medicine is well documented. These findings suggest that students seek to participate in pipeline programs as astrategy to secure goal-oriented, experiential encounters to help improve access points and mitigate barriers to becoming physicians
- Melva Covington of Sanofi discusses strategies for increasing diversity in clinical trials to better represent populations impacted by medical conditions. Currently, racial and ethnic minorities are underrepresented in trials compared to disease prevalence.
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RacialEthnic Differences in Report of Drug TestingPractices.docxmakdul
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Report of Drug Testing
Practices at the Workplace Level in the U.S.
William C. Becker, MD,1,2 Salimah Meghani, PhD,3 Jeanette M. Tetrault, MD,2
David A. Fiellin, MD2
1VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
2Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
3University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Background and Objectives: It is unknown whether racial/ethnic
differences in report of workplace drug testing persist when analyzed
within and across various occupations. We sought to examine the
association between worker demographics, workplace characteristics,
and report of employment in a workplace that performs drug testing.
Methods: We performed a cross‐sectional study of the 2008–2010
National Survey on Drug Use and Health examining the relationship
between race/ethnicity and report of workplace drug testing among
employed, white, black, or Hispanic respondents �18 years old. In
logistic regression analysis, we adjusted for demographic, occupa-
tional, and other relevant variables and performed stratified analyses
among three specific occupations.
Results: Among 69,163 respondents, 48.2% reported employment in a
workplace that performs drug testing. On multivariable analysis,
younger age, male sex, black race, income greater than $20,000,
completion of high school and non‐urban residence were associated with
report of drug testing at one’s workplace among the full sample as were
non‐white collar occupation, work in medium or large workplace, and
absence of other substance abuse/dependence. In stratified analyses,
black race was associated with report of workplace level drug testing
among executive/administrative/managerial/financial workers and tech-
nicians/related support occupations; Hispanic ethnicity was associated
with the outcome among technicians/related support occupations.
Conclusions: Racial/ethnic differences in report of workplace drug
testing exist within and across various occupations. These differences
have important public health implications deserving further study.
Scientific Significance: Increased report of drug testing where racial/
ethnic minorities work highlights the potential bias that can be
introduced when drug testing policies are not implemented in a
universal fashion. (Am J Addict 2014;23:357–362)
INTRODUCTION
After and in spite of early controversy about the ethics of U.S.
workplace drug testing,1 its prevalence has been increasing since
the 1980s and is now commonly conducted in both prospective
and current employees. A study from 2007 reported that 46% of
workers and 90% of Fortune 200 companies report some form of
drug testing.2 As employee drug use has been associated with
accidents at work and elsewhere, absenteeism, lower productiv-
ity, and decreased profits, many employers see drug testing as a
cost‐saving measure.3,4 Additionally, some data demonstrate a
deterrent effect of testing on worker drug use.5 Typical
workplace drug t ...
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This document compares three regression methods - ordinary least squares (OLS), Poisson regression, and negative binomial regression - for analyzing count data from infrequently occurring health events. It uses data on adolescent pregnancies from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health to illustrate the different approaches. OLS regression is found to be inappropriate for modeling count data that is highly skewed and clustered around low values. Poisson and negative binomial regression are identified as more suitable alternatives that do not assume a normal distribution of error terms or dependent variables. The strengths and limitations of each method are discussed to help researchers choose the most appropriate analysis.
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Running Head HEALTH PROBLEMS IN U.S.A 1 HEALTH PROBLEMS I.docxwlynn1
Running Head: HEALTH PROBLEMS IN U.S.A
1
HEALTH PROBLEMS IN U.S.A
8
HEALTH PROBLEM IN U.S.A AND OTHER NATIONS
Student’s Name:
Institution:
Instructor:
Date:
Abstract
This paper addresses the cognitive abilities that enhance hand hygiene acquiescence while backing the inhibition of healthcare associated to the contagions and how they have been widely acknowledged. It is also acknowledged that great hand cleanliness alone cannot impress difficult risk influences, such as elder age, immune-suppression, entrance fee to the serious care part, a lengthier span of stay, and indwelling strategies. The participants used in this study were selected from were randomly selected from public places through observation of their actions and how they took care of their hands especially before eating, after eating and also engaging in hand cleanness in public places. The main methods used for the research are qualitative studies through the use of observation models. In sum, it was found that hand sanitation involvements are concomitantly assumed with other monotonous or superior preventive approaches, there are a probable for these simultaneous policies to confuse the result of the hand sanitation package. Therefore, the direct comment of hand cleanliness likelihoods and movements; microelectronic nursing of hand hygiene actions and valuation of liquor created hand rub ingesting strength also be used as accidental methods and supernumerary indicators. In addition to these studies specifically focused on hand hygiene treatments, hand hygiene was in the center of numerous studies applying broader transmission control treatments and demonstrating the effect on healthcare-associated infection rates. So, hand hygiene is the fundamental part of proper recommendations for the prevention of the most common healthcare-associated infections.
Keywords: hand hygiene, hand sanitation, qualitative studies
Significance and Background of the Study
The study is significant because it will have an impact on improving the healthcare and also the welfare of the poor populations in terms of improving their health. Therefore, those with previous illness situations anxiety that they might lose assurance attention if they modification occupations. Central income person terror that decrease insurance welfares might energy them to recompense extra and more of the prices of health care, accumulative their unwillingness to search for maintenance when they necessity it. Urged in portion by the misconduct assurance crisis, obstetrical amenities are described to be in small source in certain areas. Inhabitants of this nation's rural zones are aggressive a hard fight to save hospitals exposed so that, at a smallest, they consume admission to alternative facilities and vital main care. To evade consuming to admit extra room patients who might not have assurance, mounting numbers of clinics have stopped offering crisis amenities.
This study was informed by a number of factors suc.
This document describes a study that examined how unmet basic needs cluster in low-income populations and how the effectiveness of health interventions may vary based on levels of unmet basic needs. The study analyzed data from a randomized controlled trial where low-income callers to a 211 helpline received cancer screening referrals along with one of three interventions: verbal referral only, verbal referral plus a printed reminder, or verbal referral plus navigation from a health coach. Latent class analysis identified three classes of unmet basic needs among participants. Logistic regression found that for those with relatively more or money-specific unmet needs, the navigator intervention was more effective at linking them to health referrals, while the printed reminder worked as well as the navigator for those
2013 YRBS Data User’s GuideYouth Risk Behavior Surv.docxvickeryr87
2013 YRBS Data
User’s Guide
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)
June 2014
Where can I get more information? Visit www.cdc.gov/yrbss or call 800−CDC−INFO (800−232−4636).
www.cdc.gov/yrbss
2 0 1 3 Y R B S D a t a U s e r ’ s G u i d e
Introduction to the YRBSS
Introduction The YRBSS was developed in 1990 to monitor priority health risk behaviors
that contribute markedly to the leading causes of death, disability, and social
problems among youth and adults in the United States. These behaviors, often
established during childhood and early adolescence, include
Behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence.
Sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually
transmitted infections, including HIV infection.
Alcohol and other drug use.
Tobacco use.
Unhealthy dietary behaviors.
Inadequate physical activity.
In addition, the YRBSS monitors the prevalence of obesity and asthma.
From 1991 through 2013, the YRBSS has collected data from more than 2.6
million high school students in more than 1,100 separate surveys.
Uses of YRBSS The YRBSS was designed to
Results
Determine the prevalence of health risk behaviors.
Assess whether health risk behaviors increase, decrease, or stay the
same over time.
Examine the co-occurrence of health risk behaviors.
Provide comparable national, state, territorial, tribal, and local data.
Provide comparable data among subpopulations of youth.
Monitor progress toward achieving the Healthy People objectives and
other program indicators.
Components of
the YRBSS
The YRBSS includes national, state, territorial, tribal government, and local
school-based surveys of representative samples of 9th through 12th grade
students. These surveys are conducted every two years, usually during the
spring semester. The national survey, conducted by CDC, provides data
representative of 9th through 12th grade students in public and private
schools in the United States. The state, territorial, tribal government, and local
surveys, conducted by departments of health and education, provide data
representative of mostly public high school students in each jurisdiction.
The YRBSS also includes additional surveys conducted by CDC:
A middle school survey conducted by interested states, territories,
tribal governments, and large urban school districts.
June 2014 http://www.cdc.gov/yrbss Page 1
2 0 1 3 Y R B S D a t a U s e r ’ s G u i d e
A 2010 study to measure physical activity and nutrition-related
behaviors and determinants of these behaviors among a nationally
representative sample of high school students.
A series of methods studies conducted in 1992, 2000, 2002, 2004, and
2008 to improve the quality and interpretation of the YRBSS data.
The National Alternative High School Youth .
The survey of over 2,800 undergraduate students at UC Irvine found:
1) 35% had used some form of CAM in the past 12 months, and over 90% believed CAM can be effective. However, only 31% had received prior education on CAM.
2) The most common CAM therapies used were supplements, massage, body movement like yoga, herbal medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine.
3) Factors associated with higher CAM use included being female, Asian ethnicity, and having prior CAM education. Most students said they would be interested in CAM courses if they fulfilled graduation requirements or were in their major.
4) The study supports that education is a key factor in CAM use decisions
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis has served as an elementary school teacher, elementary and middle school principal, superintendent of schools, director of student teaching and field experiences, professor, author, consultant, and journal editor. Dr. Kritsonis has considerable experience in chairing PhD dissertations and master thesis and has supervised practicums for teacher candidates, curriculum supervisors, central office personnel, principals, and superintendents. He also has experience in teaching in doctoral and masters programs in elementary and secondary education as well as educational leadership and supervision. He has earned the rank as professor at three universities in two states, including successful post-tenure reviews.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis has served as an elementary school teacher, elementary and middle school principal, superintendent of schools, director of student teaching and field experiences, professor, author, consultant, and journal editor. Dr. Kritsonis has considerable experience in chairing PhD dissertations and master thesis and has supervised practicums for teacher candidates, curriculum supervisors, central office personnel, principals, and superintendents. He also has experience in teaching in doctoral and masters programs in elementary and secondary education as well as educational leadership and supervision. He has earned the rank as professor at three universities in two states, including successful post-tenure reviews.
American journal of epidemiology www.lizettealvarez.comeVerticeHealthTech
This document describes recruitment methods used in a case-control study of lung cancer among African Americans and Latinos in the San Francisco Bay Area from 1998-2001. Rapid case ascertainment through the tumor registry identified eligible lung cancer cases. Random digit dialing and Health Care Financing Administration records were initially used to recruit controls but failed to yield sufficient numbers. Community-based recruitment methods like churches, health fairs, and physicians' offices were more effective at recruiting African American and Latino controls, requiring less than 1 hour per control recruited on average.
The ONU HealthWise program began in 2010 with modest goals of improving employee health, satisfaction, and decreasing healthcare costs while providing education for students. It has since expanded to serve the surrounding community, offering services like disease management, medication management, health screenings, and a new tobacco cessation program. In 2015, ONU launched a mobile health clinic to improve access to healthcare in underserved Hardin County, where many lack primary care due to its rural nature, aging population, and poverty. The clinic has been successful in its first six months at helping patients manage chronic conditions.
Critique of Research Article #1 InstructionsCRITIQUE of RESEARCHMargenePurnell14
Critique of Research Article #1 Instructions
CRITIQUE of RESEARCH ARTICLE #1
Objectives:
· Understand common social science research designs.
· Understand measurement principles.
· Understand the purpose of sampling.
· Critique research findings and effectively communicate research results to others.
Select an academic/scholarly refereed research article in an area that fits the topic you want to focus on for the assignments this semester.
Highlight sentences in the article that you pull your info from to answer the questions. Do not copy and paste answers. Type in your own words.
After reading and analyzing the article, complete the following questions. List questions followed by your answers.
1. Specifically, what is the purpose of this research?
2. What is the research design/methodology? Type of data gathered. Survey, interviews, observations, second-hand data file, etc. Who are the research participants – population and sample? How was the sample determined and contacted? Are they the appropriate population for this study? Do they accurately represent this study to generalize from the results?
3. What is the “So What?” of this research study? What has been added to the body of academic and/or professional knowledge?
4. What are the implications for future research from the author? What would you add for future research?
5. APA reference of the article.
Format for submission:
Typed, 1” margins, 12-point font. Follow the APA Style Manual for references.
Attach two files:
PDF of highlighted full-text article
Doc. of your assignment answers. This must be a word doc so comments can be made when grading
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International Journal of Hospitality Management 60 (2017) 67–76
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
International Journal of Hospitality Management
jo u r n al homep age: www.elsev ier .com/ locate / i jhosman
nderstanding responses to posted restaurant food safety scores: An
nformation processing and regulatory focus perspective
imberly J. Harris (Ed. D.) (Professor, The Bessie Morgan Marshall Professor of Hospitality Management)
Lydia Hanks (Ph. D.) (Assistant Professor), Nathaniel D. Line (Ph. D.) (Assistant Professor)
Sean McGinley (Ph. D.) (Assistant Professor)
edman School of Hospitality Management, Florida State University, 288 Champions Way, UCB 4112, P. O. Box 30306541, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2541, USA
r t i c l e i n f o
rticle history:
eceived 17 May 2016
eceived in revised form 11 August 2016
ccepted 11 September 2016
vailable online 18 October 2016
a b s t r a c t
Ensuring the safety of food served in restaurants continues to be an essential issue in the hospitality
industry. An important part of the efforts to stem the outbreak of foodborne illnesses are the mandatory
inspections of any entity that serves food to ...
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5. Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work.
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Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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2. Pharmacy 2022, 10, 88 2 of 10
In 2019, Hispanics made up 31.7% of Arizona’s population [5]. In the city of Tuc-
son, Arizona, home to the University of Arizona (UofA), Hispanics make up 43.2% of
the population (548,073) and 28.3% of the undergraduate student population at UofA
(36,503) [5,6]. The UofA is the state’s only land-grant university “whose mission is to
improve the prospects and enrich the lives of the people of Arizona and the world through
education, research, and creative expression” and sits on the original homeland of indige-
nous people who have stewarded the land for time immemorial [7]. In 2018, the UofA
was designated a Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI) by the Department of Education. The
UofA is the first 4-year public university in the state to receive this designation and one
of four HSIs designated as research-intensive universities in the country [8]. Yet, this HSI
designation does not define the notion of “servingness” and does not guarantee retention,
student success or graduation of Hispanic students [9].
In 2020, the University of Arizona R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy (COP) enrolled
536 Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students. Of those, 111 students identified as Hispanic
or Latino (20%) [6]. Students enrolled at the COP do not reflect the state’s nor city’s
demographics and do not demonstrate a pipeline of success stemming from the university’s
HSI designation. This study aims to provide insight into this observation.
The primary objective of this study was to determine whether Hispanic ethnicity was
associated with pharmacy school admission status. The secondary objective was to identify
any other variables associated with pharmacy school admission.
2. Materials and Methods
This study utilized a retrospective database design. The COP used an online web-
based application system during the time studied (2005–2018). In 2019, the admissions
process was switched over to the Pharmacy College Application Service (PharmCAS)
system and the admissions process was changed in 2020 and 2021 to accommodate the
impact from the COVID19 pandemic. To avoid confounding results, data from 2019 to
2021 were excluded from the study. All data were input by applicants or college personnel
during the application process. These data were saved during the admissions process in a
set of relational database tables; data were extracted via anonymized queries. Subjects in
the dataset were included if they had complete data available for all variables. Incomplete
applications were excluded from the analysis.
The key independent variable was Hispanic status (Hispanic versus not Hispanic).
All independent variables available from the database were included in the study. When
the independent variables were not dichotomous, the authors would meet and discuss
how to best dichotomize the data. These independent variables included age (<25 years,
≥25 years). Age was dichotomized in accordance with the definition of a nontraditional
student according to the National Center for Education Statistics [10]. Other independent
variables included gender (female, male), Spanish speaking (yes, no), AZ Resident (yes,
no), attended AZ high school (yes, no), pharmacist in the family (yes, no), first generation
college applicant (yes, no), previous applicant to the college (yes, no), Pharmacy College
Admissions Test (PCAT) biology score (70–100, 0–69), PCAT chemistry score (70–100, 0–69),
PCAT composite score (70–100, 0–69), PCAT math score (70–100, 0–69), PCAT reading
score (70–100, 0–69), science GPA (3.5–4.0, 3.0–3.49, <3), and non-science GPA (3.5–4.0,
3.0–3.49, <3). A PCAT score of 70 was chosen as a cutoff for the PCAT variables since
this is considered a competitive PCAT score [11]. Elements of the applicant’s letters of
recommendation were scored by the admission’s office during the applicant’s admission
cycle. These elements were tested as independent variables, including the letter writer’s
assessment of the applicant’s adaptability (3–5, 0–2.9), empathy (3–5, 0–2.9), their ability
to think ahead (3–5, 0–2.9), honesty (3–5, 0–2.9), leadership (3–5, 0–2.9), if the applicant
was liked by their colleagues (3–5, 0–2.9), maturity (3–5, 0–2.9), the applicant’s autonomy
(3–5, 0–2.9), and if the recommender would suggest the applicant for admission (3–5, 0–2.9).
The dependent variable was admission status (admitted to the COP versus not admitted to
the COP).
3. Pharmacy 2022, 10, 88 3 of 10
Differences in the characteristics of Hispanic versus not Hispanic applicants were
compared using chi-square tests or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. An adjusted logistic
regression model was constructed to identify the variables (described above) that were
associated with COP admission status, where not admitted to the COP served as the
reference group. The alpha level (set a priori) to determine statistical significance was 0.05.
All analyses were conducted using SAS Studio (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The
University of Arizona Institutional Review Board approved this study (IRB #2009061709,
23 September 2020).
3. Results
This study included a total of 2096 applicants, of which 272 were Hispanic and
1824 were not Hispanic. Most applicants in the study had the following characteristics:
aged <25 years, female, not Spanish speaking, AZ resident, attended AZ high school, did
not have a pharmacist in the family, were not first-generation college applicants, had not
applied to the COP before, had PCAT scores ≥ 70, recommender’s scores ≥ 3, and science
and non-science GPAs ≥ 3.5. There were significant differences between individuals who
were Hispanic and those who were not Hispanic (p < 0.05) for several variables (Tables 1–3).
Table 1. Characteristics of study subjects stratified by Hispanic status.
Variable
Hispanic (N = 272)
N (%)
Not Hispanic (N = 1824)
N (%)
p
Age, years 0.0394
<25 158 (58.1) 1177 (64.5)
≥25 114 (41.9) 647 (35.5)
Gender 0.6774
Female 166 (61.0) 1089 (59.7)
Male 106 (39.0) 735 (40.3)
Spanish Speaking <0.0001
Yes 128 (47.1) 190 (10.4)
No 144 (52.9) 1634 (89.6)
AZ Resident 0.0218
Yes 241 (88.6) 1516 (83.1)
No 31 (11.4) 308 (16.9)
Attended AZ high school <0.0001
Yes 220 (80.9) 1222 (67.0)
No 52 (19.1) 602 (33.0)
Pharmacist in the family 0.1348
Yes 36 (13.2) 307 (16.8)
No 236 (86.8) 1517 (83.2)
First generation college
applicant
<0.0001
Yes 125 (46.0) 442 (24.2)
No 147 (54.0) 1382 (75.8)
Applied to the COP before 0.8577
Yes 56 (20.6) 367 (20.1)
No 216 (79.4) 1457 (79.9)
Differences between groups compared with Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test (as appropriate). COP = College
of Pharmacy; GPA = grade point average; PCAT = Pharmacy College Admissions Test.
4. Pharmacy 2022, 10, 88 4 of 10
Table 2. PCAT and GPA scores of study subjects stratified by Hispanic status.
Variable
Hispanic (N = 272)
N (%)
Not Hispanic (N = 1824)
N (%)
p
PCAT biology score 0.0046
70–100 136 (50.0) 1078 (59.1)
0–69 136 (50.0) 746 (40.9)
PCAT chemistry score <0.0001
70–100 136 (50.0) 1262 (69.2)
0–69 136 (50.0) 562 (30.8)
PCAT composite score <0.0001
70–100 109 (40.1) 163 (59.9)
0–69 1061 (58.2) 763 (41.8)
PCAT math score <0.0001
70–100 71 (26.1) 858 (47.0)
0–69 201 (73.9) 966 (53.0)
PCAT reading score 0.0021
70–100 75 (27.6) 678 (37.2)
0–69 197 (72.4) 1146 (62.8)
Science GPA 0.0071
3.5–4.0 140 (51.5) 1121 (61.5)
3.0–3.49 128 (47.1) 684 (37.5)
<3 4 (1.5) 19 (1)
Non-science GPA 0.0006
3.5–4.0 184 (67.7) 1413 (77.5)
3.0–3.49 82 (30.2) 396 (21.7)
<3 6 (2.2) 15 (0.8)
Differences between groups compared with Chi-Square test or Fisher’s exact test (as appropriate). COP = College
of Pharmacy; GPA = grade point average; PCAT = Pharmacy College Admissions Test.
Table 3. Interview ratings of study subjects stratified by Hispanic status.
Variable
Hispanic (N = 272)
N (%)
Not Hispanic (N = 1824)
N (%)
p
Adaptability 0.5665
3–5 270 (99.3) 1799 (98.6)
0–2.9 2 (0.7) 25 (1.4)
Ability to think ahead 0.3304
3–5 264 (97.1) 1746 (95.7)
0–2.9 8 (2.9) 78 (4.3)
Empathy 0.2761
3–5 269 (98.9) 1786 (97.9)
0–2.9 3 (1.1) 38 (2.1)
Honesty 0.1286
3–5 270 (99.3) 1821 (99.8)
0–2.9 2 (0.7) 3 (0.2)
5. Pharmacy 2022, 10, 88 5 of 10
Table 3. Cont.
Variable
Hispanic (N = 272)
N (%)
Not Hispanic (N = 1824)
N (%)
p
Leadership 0.6316
3–5 264 (97.1) 1760 (96.5)
0–2.9 8 (2.9) 64 (3.5)
Likeability 0.1296
3–5 270 (99.3) 1786 (97.9)
0–2.9 2 (0.7) 38 (2.1)
Maturity 0.2787
3–5 270 (99.3) 1818 (99.7)
0–2.9 2 (0.7) 6 (0.3)
Suggest applicant for
admission
0.0667
3–5 255 (93.8) 1647 (90.3)
0–2.9 17 (6.3) 177 (9.7)
Autonomy 0.3843
3–5 272 (100) 1818 (99.3)
0–2.9 0 (0) 12 (0.7)
Differences between groups compared with Chi-Square test or Fisher’s exact test (as appropriate). COP = College
of Pharmacy; GPA = grade point average; PCAT = Pharmacy College Admissions Test.
Hispanic ethnicity (Hispanic versus non-Hispanic) was not associated with admis-
sion status (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.202, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.841,
1.719). Characteristics significantly associated with admission to pharmacy school were:
age < 25 versus ≥ 25 years (AOR = 2.273, 95% CI = 1.783, 2.907); female versus male gender
(AOR = 1.536, 95% CI = 1.224, 1.927); attended high school within versus outside Arizona
(AOR = 1.743, 95% CI = 1.289, 2.359); previous application to the college versus no previous
application (AOR = 0.675, 95% CI = 0.522, 0.871); PCAT biology score ≥ 70% versus < 70%
(AOR = 1.696, 95% CI = 1.321, 2.177); and PCAT chemistry score ≥ 70% versus < 70%
(AOR = 1.618, 95% CI = 1.258, 2.080). The logistic regression model had a c-statistic of 0.720
and Wald statistic of <0.0001 (Tables 4–6).
Table 4. Association of variables on admitted versus not admitted status among University of Arizona
pharmacy school applicants.
Variable Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Ethnicity
Hispanic 1.202 (0.841, 1.719)
Non-Hispanic Reference
Age, years
<25 2.273 (1.783, 2.907)
≥25 Reference
Gender
Female 1.536 (1.224, 1.927)
Male Reference
Spanish Speaking
Yes 1.306 (0.938, 1.819)
6. Pharmacy 2022, 10, 88 6 of 10
Table 4. Cont.
Variable Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
No Reference
AZ Resident
Yes 0.759 (0.521, 1.106)
No Reference
Attended AZ high school
Yes 1.743 (1.289, 2.359)
No Reference
Pharmacist in the family
Yes 0.948 (0.707, 1.271)
No Reference
First generation college applicant
Yes 1.134 (0.884, 1.455)
No Reference
Applied to the COP before
Yes 0.675 (0.522, 0.871)
No Reference
CI = confidence interval; COP = College of Pharmacy; GPA = grade point average; PCAT = Pharmacy Col-
lege Admissions Test. Bold indicates the variable was significantly associated with admission to the college
of pharmacy.
Table 5. Association of PCAT and GPA variables on admitted versus not admitted status among
University of Arizona pharmacy school applicants.
Variable Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
PCAT Biology Score
70–100 1.696 (1.321, 2.177)
0–69 Reference
PCAT Chemistry Score
70–100 1.618 (1.258, 2.080)
0–69 Reference
PCAT Composite Score
70–100 1.214 (0.888, 1.659)
0–69 Reference
PCAT Math Score
70–100 1.199 (0.934, 1.539)
0–69 Reference
PCAT Reading Score
70–100 0.895 (0.684, 1.172)
0–69 Reference
Science GPA
3.5–4.0 0.901 (0.326, 2.494)
3.0–3.49 0.680 (0.248, 1.864)
<3 Reference
7. Pharmacy 2022, 10, 88 7 of 10
Table 5. Cont.
Variable Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Non-science GPA
3.5–4.0 1.961 (0.776, 4.952)
3.0–3.49 1.612 (0.635, 4.094)
<3 Reference
CI = confidence interval; COP = College of Pharmacy; GPA = grade point average; PCAT = Pharmacy Col-
lege Admissions Test. Bold indicates the variable was significantly associated with admission to the college
of pharmacy.
Table 6. Association of interview rating scale variables on admitted versus not admitted status among
University of Arizona pharmacy school applicants.
Variable Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Adaptability
3–5 1.595 (0.583, 4.365)
0–2.9 Reference
Ability to think ahead
3–5 0.929 (0.498, 1.734)
0–2.9 Reference
Empathy
3–5 1.136 (0.489, 2.638)
0–2.9 Reference
Honesty
3–5 1.817 (0.246, 13.402)
0–2.9 Reference
Leadership
3–5 1.288 (0.692, 2.398)
0–2.9 Reference
Likeability
3–5 1.040 (0.451, 2.400)
0–2.9 Reference
Maturity
3–5 0.240 (0.021, 2.726)
0–2.9 Reference
Suggest applicant for admission
3–5 1.181 (0.786, 1.775)
0–2.9 Reference
Autonomy
3–5 0.887 (0.201, 3.913)
0–2.9 Reference
CI = confidence interval; COP = College of Pharmacy; GPA = grade point average; PCAT = Pharmacy Col-
lege Admissions Test. Bold indicates the variable was significantly associated with admission to the college
of pharmacy.
8. Pharmacy 2022, 10, 88 8 of 10
4. Discussion
This study was completed to determine if the admissions criteria used at the COP
could be associated with the disparity observed between the number of Hispanic people
in Arizona and the number of Hispanic students enrolled into the COP. This study found
that ethnicity was not associated with pharmacy school admissions at the COP. However,
being 25 years or younger, female, attending an Arizona high school, having a previous
application to the college, and having higher PCAT biology and chemistry scores were
associated with pharmacy school admissions. These results may reflect that the admissions
process relies on quantitative metrics versus a more qualitative review of the applicant.
Utilizing quantitative measures to predict proficient health care professionals is common
practice in the healthcare fields. To assess pharmacy graduate competency, students are
required to pass the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX). Studies
have found that performance on the PCAT, pharmacy GPA, and pre-NAPLEX scores are
predictors of student performance on the NAPLEX [12–15]. However, there has also been
research that has shown that the conventional social context of testing adversely affects
minority students’ performance on these measures [16–18]. Recently, there has been a shift
in utilizing PCAT scores for admissions [19]. According to PharmCAS, the PCAT is either
optional or not required in more than 80% of colleges [20]. PCAT scores were required at
the COP during the study period; however, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the
availability of PCAT testing in 2020 and 2021 and the COP does not currently require or
consider the PCAT score for admissions. This change may further diversify the student
body by encouraging the admissions criteria to become based on qualitative measures;
however, it is just one of the many quantitative measures being used to evaluate applicants.
Davidson and Lewis showed that URM students admitted to medical school programs
under affirmative action programs are as likely as their peers to graduate from medical
school, pass licensing boards, and enter practices, regardless of having lower quantitative
measures, such as MCAT scores and college GPAs [21]. The study includes ethnicity as a
criterion for admissions to compensate for past societal discrimination. Using ethnicity
as a criterion may diversify the profession, lead to practitioners that are more likely to
practice in areas that are medically underserved and have higher percentages of minority
patients [21]. Additionally, this study highlights the need to establish programs that
encourage URM students to apply for pharmacy school. There were only 272 applicants
that were Hispanic out of 2096 total applicants (13%). Historically, schools of pharmacy tend
to recruit applicants from the undergraduate level [22]. Since the University of Arizona’s
undergraduate racial/ethnic profile also differs from the state population, this method
of recruitment would require recruitment efforts or programs to be targeted towards
students that are Hispanic. Being an Arizona high school graduate led to greater odds in
admissions. As discussed by McLaughlin and colleagues, creating opportunities for pre-
college students to be exposed to the healthcare professions and creating pipeline programs
targeting students identifying as racial and ethnic minorities will increase the number
of URM students interested in pursuing a future career in pharmacy [23]. Recent efforts
include outreach to high school students, particularly those in predominantly Hispanic
areas, increasing the likelihood of admitting a more diverse population of students.
Developing qualitative measures to evaluate applications and establishing programs
to recruit pre-college Arizona students that are Hispanic will ensure future COP cohorts
will better reflect and serve the diversity of the region and the university’s designation as
an HSI.
Excluding incomplete applications may be a limitation to this study. Gaining under-
standing as to the characteristics associated with students that start applications and do not
complete them may provide additional insight into the resources available to students that
are interested in applying to the COP. For example, the findings may suggest that more
students from URM populations may start the application but are unable to complete it in
its entirety. Given that this study used data from one college of pharmacy, the findings may
not be generalizable to other colleges of pharmacy.
9. Pharmacy 2022, 10, 88 9 of 10
Lastly, it is important to note that admissions are one aspect of understanding the
lack of diversity, as it relates to students that are Hispanic, at the COP. Further studies are
required to gain additional insight into this disparity.
5. Conclusions
This study found that at this College of Pharmacy, ethnicity was not associated with
pharmacy school admission and identified several characteristics associated with pharmacy
school admission status. This study highlights the need for intervention prior to the
pharmacy school application process and in the admissions process to ensure future cohorts
better reflect the diversity of the region.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing, Project admin-
istration, B.C.; Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing, C.E.; Conceptualization,
Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing, D.R.A.; Conceptualization, Writing, L.G.; Methodology, Data
Curation, Writing, L.R.-R.; Resources, Data Curation, Writing, B.J.; Conceptualization, Methodology,
Formal analysis, Writing, Supervision, N.A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published
version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration
of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Arizona (protocol
code #2009061709 and 23 September 2020).
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest: Axon reports grant funding from the American Association of Colleges of
Pharmacy, Arizona Department of Health, Merck & Co., Pharmacy Quality Alliance, and Tabula
Rasa HealthCare Group, outside of this study. Alvarez reports being a stockholder for Walgreens
Company and Zogenix, outside of this study. Edwards and Cornelison have no conflicts of interest
to report.
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