The best sterilization process for medical devices depends on the materials used. Steam is effective but limits materials that can withstand heat. Ethylene oxide (EO) is friendly to most materials but cannot sterilize liquids or gas-impermeable packages. Nitrogen dioxide damages cellulose, polyurethane, and nylon. Radiation breaks polymer bonds and discolors glass. Material compatibility determines the sterilization method, though switching materials increases costs. Different methods are complementary, with EO accounting for over 50% of sterilization and reducing processing time through new techniques.
Stratasys White Paper - Sterilization of 3D Printed Medical ToolsSUE BROWN
This paper evaluated the sterilization of parts made with 9 different 3D printing materials using 4 sterilization methods: autoclave, ethylene oxide gas, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, and gamma radiation. Sterility testing found that most materials could be successfully sterilized by all 4 methods. However, autoclaving caused deformations in some materials. This research demonstrates that 3D printed parts can be sterilized for medical applications using appropriate sterilization methods compatible with the materials.
Giorgio Mari has expertise in high containment technologies from working in pharmaceutical production, engineering, and for the Italian National Institute for Safety and Health. He has experience designing isolators for personnel protection and product sterility in API and fill/finish production. Mari also worked with the Italian military on mobile laboratories for NBC emergencies. Isolators are critical for high containment and come in flexible temporary models or rigid metal designs, and can have single or dual chambers depending on process needs. Proper cleaning, sterilization, nitrogen levels, and vent filter replacement are important design considerations. Mari's work complies with European safety directives by containing dangerous agents at their source.
This document discusses various sterilization methods, including physical, chemical, and filtration techniques. Physical sterilization methods include heat (dry and moist), radiation, sunlight, and drying. Common heat sterilization techniques are autoclaving, hot air ovens, flaming, and boiling. Chemical methods involve the use of gases like ethylene oxide and formaldehyde or liquids such as alcohol and phenol. Filtration is also used to sterilize heat-sensitive materials by removing microorganisms through membrane, sintered glass, or ceramic filters. The goal of all sterilization methods is to eliminate microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses from materials and surfaces.
This document discusses ethylene oxide (EO) sterilization, which is a common method used to sterilize disposable healthcare products. It describes the EO sterilization process, which involves exposing products to EO gas at specific concentrations, temperatures, and durations. EO is effective because it is an alkylating agent that disrupts DNA and prevents microorganism reproduction. The document lists several Pakistani pharmaceutical companies that use EO sterilization and provides details on the three phases of the EO sterilization cycle - pre-conditioning, sterilization, and aeration.
1. The document describes the various processes involved in water treatment at the Khrabdem Water Treatment Plant, including withdrawing water from rivers, adding chlorine to kill microorganisms, filtering out sand, and storing treated water in tanks.
2. It then discusses the occupational health and safety risks facing mechanical staff, including physical (noise, weather), chemical (chlorine, acids), biological, ergonomic, and accident hazards.
3. Preventive measures are outlined such as wearing protective equipment, checking equipment safety, following chemical safety rules, and safe lifting techniques.
This document discusses different types of silica gel desiccants and their uses. It describes white, blue, and orange round bead silica gels and lists their common applications. White silica gel is used for drying air, gases, analytical samples, solvents, synthesis products, and protecting exports. Blue silica gel is used in transformers, refrigeration, air conditioning, hearing aids, aviation equipment, and gas drying. Orange silica gel is used similarly to white, for drying air, samples, solvents, and protecting electronics. The document also lists various desiccant products available.
The document provides information about methyl isocyanate, including its physical and chemical properties, health and environmental hazards, fire data, applications, and details about the Bhopal disaster. It occurred at a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India in 1984 when a tank containing 42 tons of methyl isocyanate reacted with water, releasing toxic gas that killed thousands. Causes included technological failures, poor safety systems, and lax legal restrictions that allowed the plant in a densely populated area.
This document discusses various sterilization methods including physical (heat, radiation, filtration), chemical (gaseous), and their mechanisms and applications. Heat sterilization is the most widely used method and can be dry heat or moist heat. Radiation uses gamma rays or electrons to damage DNA. Filtration removes microbes physically. Gaseous methods like ethylene oxide act as alkylating agents. Selection depends on material properties and desired sterility level. In-process controls monitor manufacturing to ensure quality. Membrane filtration and direct inoculation are used in sterility testing.
Stratasys White Paper - Sterilization of 3D Printed Medical ToolsSUE BROWN
This paper evaluated the sterilization of parts made with 9 different 3D printing materials using 4 sterilization methods: autoclave, ethylene oxide gas, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, and gamma radiation. Sterility testing found that most materials could be successfully sterilized by all 4 methods. However, autoclaving caused deformations in some materials. This research demonstrates that 3D printed parts can be sterilized for medical applications using appropriate sterilization methods compatible with the materials.
Giorgio Mari has expertise in high containment technologies from working in pharmaceutical production, engineering, and for the Italian National Institute for Safety and Health. He has experience designing isolators for personnel protection and product sterility in API and fill/finish production. Mari also worked with the Italian military on mobile laboratories for NBC emergencies. Isolators are critical for high containment and come in flexible temporary models or rigid metal designs, and can have single or dual chambers depending on process needs. Proper cleaning, sterilization, nitrogen levels, and vent filter replacement are important design considerations. Mari's work complies with European safety directives by containing dangerous agents at their source.
This document discusses various sterilization methods, including physical, chemical, and filtration techniques. Physical sterilization methods include heat (dry and moist), radiation, sunlight, and drying. Common heat sterilization techniques are autoclaving, hot air ovens, flaming, and boiling. Chemical methods involve the use of gases like ethylene oxide and formaldehyde or liquids such as alcohol and phenol. Filtration is also used to sterilize heat-sensitive materials by removing microorganisms through membrane, sintered glass, or ceramic filters. The goal of all sterilization methods is to eliminate microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses from materials and surfaces.
This document discusses ethylene oxide (EO) sterilization, which is a common method used to sterilize disposable healthcare products. It describes the EO sterilization process, which involves exposing products to EO gas at specific concentrations, temperatures, and durations. EO is effective because it is an alkylating agent that disrupts DNA and prevents microorganism reproduction. The document lists several Pakistani pharmaceutical companies that use EO sterilization and provides details on the three phases of the EO sterilization cycle - pre-conditioning, sterilization, and aeration.
1. The document describes the various processes involved in water treatment at the Khrabdem Water Treatment Plant, including withdrawing water from rivers, adding chlorine to kill microorganisms, filtering out sand, and storing treated water in tanks.
2. It then discusses the occupational health and safety risks facing mechanical staff, including physical (noise, weather), chemical (chlorine, acids), biological, ergonomic, and accident hazards.
3. Preventive measures are outlined such as wearing protective equipment, checking equipment safety, following chemical safety rules, and safe lifting techniques.
This document discusses different types of silica gel desiccants and their uses. It describes white, blue, and orange round bead silica gels and lists their common applications. White silica gel is used for drying air, gases, analytical samples, solvents, synthesis products, and protecting exports. Blue silica gel is used in transformers, refrigeration, air conditioning, hearing aids, aviation equipment, and gas drying. Orange silica gel is used similarly to white, for drying air, samples, solvents, and protecting electronics. The document also lists various desiccant products available.
The document provides information about methyl isocyanate, including its physical and chemical properties, health and environmental hazards, fire data, applications, and details about the Bhopal disaster. It occurred at a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India in 1984 when a tank containing 42 tons of methyl isocyanate reacted with water, releasing toxic gas that killed thousands. Causes included technological failures, poor safety systems, and lax legal restrictions that allowed the plant in a densely populated area.
This document discusses various sterilization methods including physical (heat, radiation, filtration), chemical (gaseous), and their mechanisms and applications. Heat sterilization is the most widely used method and can be dry heat or moist heat. Radiation uses gamma rays or electrons to damage DNA. Filtration removes microbes physically. Gaseous methods like ethylene oxide act as alkylating agents. Selection depends on material properties and desired sterility level. In-process controls monitor manufacturing to ensure quality. Membrane filtration and direct inoculation are used in sterility testing.
Sterilization is the process of removing all microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Disinfection destroys or removes organisms that cause infection but not their spores. The most reliable sterilization methods are heat sterilization methods like moist heat using autoclaves and dry heat using hot air ovens. Chemical agents like alcohol, aldehydes, and halogens are also used for sterilization and disinfection. Proper waste disposal methods sort biohazardous and non-biohazardous medical waste into appropriate categories and containers for safe treatment and disposal.
Sterilization is used to destroy all microbial life through physical or chemical processes. It is important for reducing deaths from infection, improving surgical techniques and health conditions. Sterility assurance levels define the probability of an item remaining non-sterile after sterilization. Common sterilization methods include heat, steam, radiation, filtration, ethylene oxide, and hydrogen peroxide. Regulations and standards from organizations like the ISO aim to harmonize sterilization practices globally.
Table of Contents
The Four Principles of Safety 3
Rules to Avoid Contamination 3
Causes of laboratory accidents 4
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS 4
Students’ Discipline in the Laboratory 4
Precautions to be taken by All Laboratory Users 5
Housekeeping safety rules 6
Dress code safety rules 6
Personal protection safety rules 7
Chemical Safety Precautions 8
Electrical safety rules 9
A List of Chemistry Laboratory Apparatus and Their Uses 10
Beaker 11
Pipette 11
Burette (buret) 11
Conical flask (AKA Erlenmeyer flask) 12
Florence flasks, (AKA boiling flasks) 12
Test tubes 12
Watch glasses 12
Crucibles 12
Graduated cylinders 13
Volumetric flasks 13
Droppers 13
Tongs and forceps 13
Bunsen burner 14
Pipette Filler Instructions 14
What method of measuring should you use? 15
HOW TO GET THE BEST RESULTS IN THE LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS 16
Accidents Common in Science Laboratories 17
Cuts 17
Heat Burns/Scalds 18
Chemicals on Skin 18
Chemical Spillage 19
Eye Accidents 19
Substances Catching Fire 19
Discomfort arising from Inhalation of Gases 20
Bites by Animals 20
Others 20
Laboratory First AID Tips 21
This document provides information about a project on waste water treatment in a pharmaceutical factory conducted by 5 students. It includes an abstract, introduction discussing waste water treatment methods for pharmaceutical industries, and sections on literature review, methods of treatment which involve physical, chemical and biological processes, and issues like site selection and environmental impacts. The main goal is to properly design unit operations and select materials to maximize treatment effectiveness and profitability.
Sterilization refers to any process that eliminates all forms of life. There are physical and chemical sterilization methods. Physical methods include heat (dry heat, moist heat like autoclaving), radiation (electron beams, x-rays, gamma rays), and filtration. Chemical methods use liquid or gas disinfectants like ethylene oxide gas, alcohol, phenol, formaldehyde, and surfactants. Sterilization is important in medicine and surgery to sterilize instruments, medications, and devices entering the body to prevent infection.
This document discusses safety and health in the chemical industry, with a focus on IFFCO Aonla Unit in India. It outlines various risks in chemical plants like fires, explosions, exposure to hazardous materials. It describes safety measures at IFFCO Aonla like the site location, construction design with protection zones, process safety systems, and total safety management program. Key aspects of the ammonia production process and associated occupational health hazards are also summarized.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection in dentistry. It defines sterilization as killing all microorganisms, including bacterial spores, while disinfection only eliminates most pathogens. It describes various sterilization methods like steam, dry heat, radiation, filtration and chemicals. Moist heat sterilization using an autoclave at 121.5°C for 15-30 minutes is the most reliable method. Proper cleaning and packaging of instruments before sterilization is also covered. The document emphasizes the importance of sterility assurance through various indicators to ensure the sterilization process was successful.
White paper - Decontamination by hydrogen peroxide: use and technical develop...Fedegari Group
This article compares the concepts of sterilization, disinfection and decontamination with reference to the different scopes thereof. Decontamination by hydrogen peroxide vapor and its use for conditioning the Sterility Test Isolators are discussed. A technologically new method for the vaporization of the hydrogen peroxide and its dosage control is presented. Author: V. Mascherpa - Senior consultant R&D Fedegari Group
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on different industrial hazards and safety measures. It discusses five main types of industrial hazards: fire and explosion, electrical, chemical, mechanical, and pharmaceutical hazards. For each hazard, it provides examples of causes and preventions. It also summarizes two research articles about chemical hazards from sodium methoxide and safety assessment of anaerobic digestion for biogas production.
This document discusses gaseous sterilization methods using ethylene oxide and formaldehyde. It provides details on the principles, sterilizer design and operation for each method. Ethylene oxide sterilization is more commonly used internationally and involves an alkylation reaction. Formaldehyde sterilization also poses toxicity risks but has lower material absorption. Both processes use steam and controlled temperature chambers to introduce, circulate and remove the toxic gases from sterilized equipment and loads.
This document discusses various sterilization techniques used to destroy microorganisms. It defines sterilization as the killing or removal of all microorganisms, including bacterial spores. The goals of sterilization are to ensure preparations are free from microbes and safe for use. Effectiveness depends on the sterilizing material, agent, and time. Physical methods include dry heat, moist heat, and radiation sterilization techniques. Chemical methods involve the use of gaseous agents and disinfectants like ethylene oxide and formaldehyde.
This lecture notes is primarily prepared for medical laboratory students pursuing their studies at bachelorrate level in various universities. It can also be helpful for those graduates who are in service.
The document discusses sterilization methods used in dentistry. It begins with historical background on sterilization pioneers Semmelweis and Lister who demonstrated the importance of handwashing and use of antiseptics. The document then covers various sterilization terminologies and categorizes methods as physical (e.g. heat) or chemical (e.g. phenol, alcohol). Heat sterilization can use dry heat (e.g. hot air oven) or moist heat (e.g. autoclave) and must achieve certain time and temperature combinations to be effective. Proper sterilization is crucial in dental settings to prevent contamination and infection.
Occupational hygiene aims to prevent illness caused by workplace hazards. It does this through recognizing, evaluating, and controlling hazardous agents via a multidisciplinary approach involving chemistry, toxicology, physics, biology, engineering, and law. Hazards include chemicals, physical agents like noise and vibration, biological agents, and ergonomic risks. Risk is determined by assessing the hazard and level of worker exposure. Controls follow a hierarchy starting with eliminating or substituting the hazard, then using engineering controls, administrative controls like safe work practices, and finally personal protective equipment. Occupational hygienists play a key role in anticipating hazards, conducting exposure assessments, and advising on prevention strategies to protect worker health.
Basic seminar 3 sterilization and disinfectionBarkha Tiwari
Sterilization, disinfection and clinical dentistry go hand in hand, here is brief explanation of all the old and latest sterilization and disinfection methods in dentistry. It covers everything.
Disinfection and sterilization guidelines what you need to know 2007Manel Ferreira
This document provides an overview and recommendations for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities. It discusses the classification of medical equipment based on intended use as critical, semicritical, or noncritical. Critical items require sterilization to eliminate all microbes. Semicritical items require high-level disinfection to kill all microbes except for some bacterial spores. Noncritical items require low-level disinfection to kill vegetative bacteria and viruses. Common sterilization and disinfection methods are outlined for each classification. The document also reviews factors influencing efficacy and provides recommendations for monitoring sterilizers and proper storage of sterile items.
This document discusses asepsis and sterile technique in healthcare. It defines key terms like pathogens, indigenous microflora, and types of human-microbe relationships. Factors that increase the risk of surgical site infections are described. The document outlines the characteristics, growth requirements, and transmission of different microbes. It also explains the principles of asepsis, sterilization, disinfection, and the processes for cleaning and sterilizing surgical instruments.
Presentation showing various methods used for confirmation of sterilization processes. This includes various methods used for confirmation of sterilization done by filtration sterilization, Thermal sterilization, radiation sterilization, gaseous sterilization etc.
This document is a material safety data sheet for a polycarbonate compound called ENV14-A1514R-1000. It consists of translucent, cylindrical plastic pellets that are primarily high molecular weight polymers. The product does not contain any reportable hazardous ingredients. It can burn if exposed to fire and melting plastic can cause severe burns. Proper ventilation should be used if the pellets are melted during processing to avoid inhalation of fumes, which may cause irritation. The product is generally stable and not reactive under recommended storage conditions.
The document discusses various sterilization methods including heat, chemicals, gases, and radiation. It provides details on common sterilization techniques like autoclaving, which uses moist heat under pressure to kill microbes, and ethylene oxide gas exposure, which is used to sterilize heat-sensitive items. The document also notes that ionizing radiation is widely used to sterilize disposable medical supplies and some foodstuffs due to its penetrating ability.
Sterilization is the process of removing all microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Disinfection destroys or removes organisms that cause infection but not their spores. The most reliable sterilization methods are heat sterilization methods like moist heat using autoclaves and dry heat using hot air ovens. Chemical agents like alcohol, aldehydes, and halogens are also used for sterilization and disinfection. Proper waste disposal methods sort biohazardous and non-biohazardous medical waste into appropriate categories and containers for safe treatment and disposal.
Sterilization is used to destroy all microbial life through physical or chemical processes. It is important for reducing deaths from infection, improving surgical techniques and health conditions. Sterility assurance levels define the probability of an item remaining non-sterile after sterilization. Common sterilization methods include heat, steam, radiation, filtration, ethylene oxide, and hydrogen peroxide. Regulations and standards from organizations like the ISO aim to harmonize sterilization practices globally.
Table of Contents
The Four Principles of Safety 3
Rules to Avoid Contamination 3
Causes of laboratory accidents 4
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS 4
Students’ Discipline in the Laboratory 4
Precautions to be taken by All Laboratory Users 5
Housekeeping safety rules 6
Dress code safety rules 6
Personal protection safety rules 7
Chemical Safety Precautions 8
Electrical safety rules 9
A List of Chemistry Laboratory Apparatus and Their Uses 10
Beaker 11
Pipette 11
Burette (buret) 11
Conical flask (AKA Erlenmeyer flask) 12
Florence flasks, (AKA boiling flasks) 12
Test tubes 12
Watch glasses 12
Crucibles 12
Graduated cylinders 13
Volumetric flasks 13
Droppers 13
Tongs and forceps 13
Bunsen burner 14
Pipette Filler Instructions 14
What method of measuring should you use? 15
HOW TO GET THE BEST RESULTS IN THE LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS 16
Accidents Common in Science Laboratories 17
Cuts 17
Heat Burns/Scalds 18
Chemicals on Skin 18
Chemical Spillage 19
Eye Accidents 19
Substances Catching Fire 19
Discomfort arising from Inhalation of Gases 20
Bites by Animals 20
Others 20
Laboratory First AID Tips 21
This document provides information about a project on waste water treatment in a pharmaceutical factory conducted by 5 students. It includes an abstract, introduction discussing waste water treatment methods for pharmaceutical industries, and sections on literature review, methods of treatment which involve physical, chemical and biological processes, and issues like site selection and environmental impacts. The main goal is to properly design unit operations and select materials to maximize treatment effectiveness and profitability.
Sterilization refers to any process that eliminates all forms of life. There are physical and chemical sterilization methods. Physical methods include heat (dry heat, moist heat like autoclaving), radiation (electron beams, x-rays, gamma rays), and filtration. Chemical methods use liquid or gas disinfectants like ethylene oxide gas, alcohol, phenol, formaldehyde, and surfactants. Sterilization is important in medicine and surgery to sterilize instruments, medications, and devices entering the body to prevent infection.
This document discusses safety and health in the chemical industry, with a focus on IFFCO Aonla Unit in India. It outlines various risks in chemical plants like fires, explosions, exposure to hazardous materials. It describes safety measures at IFFCO Aonla like the site location, construction design with protection zones, process safety systems, and total safety management program. Key aspects of the ammonia production process and associated occupational health hazards are also summarized.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection in dentistry. It defines sterilization as killing all microorganisms, including bacterial spores, while disinfection only eliminates most pathogens. It describes various sterilization methods like steam, dry heat, radiation, filtration and chemicals. Moist heat sterilization using an autoclave at 121.5°C for 15-30 minutes is the most reliable method. Proper cleaning and packaging of instruments before sterilization is also covered. The document emphasizes the importance of sterility assurance through various indicators to ensure the sterilization process was successful.
White paper - Decontamination by hydrogen peroxide: use and technical develop...Fedegari Group
This article compares the concepts of sterilization, disinfection and decontamination with reference to the different scopes thereof. Decontamination by hydrogen peroxide vapor and its use for conditioning the Sterility Test Isolators are discussed. A technologically new method for the vaporization of the hydrogen peroxide and its dosage control is presented. Author: V. Mascherpa - Senior consultant R&D Fedegari Group
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on different industrial hazards and safety measures. It discusses five main types of industrial hazards: fire and explosion, electrical, chemical, mechanical, and pharmaceutical hazards. For each hazard, it provides examples of causes and preventions. It also summarizes two research articles about chemical hazards from sodium methoxide and safety assessment of anaerobic digestion for biogas production.
This document discusses gaseous sterilization methods using ethylene oxide and formaldehyde. It provides details on the principles, sterilizer design and operation for each method. Ethylene oxide sterilization is more commonly used internationally and involves an alkylation reaction. Formaldehyde sterilization also poses toxicity risks but has lower material absorption. Both processes use steam and controlled temperature chambers to introduce, circulate and remove the toxic gases from sterilized equipment and loads.
This document discusses various sterilization techniques used to destroy microorganisms. It defines sterilization as the killing or removal of all microorganisms, including bacterial spores. The goals of sterilization are to ensure preparations are free from microbes and safe for use. Effectiveness depends on the sterilizing material, agent, and time. Physical methods include dry heat, moist heat, and radiation sterilization techniques. Chemical methods involve the use of gaseous agents and disinfectants like ethylene oxide and formaldehyde.
This lecture notes is primarily prepared for medical laboratory students pursuing their studies at bachelorrate level in various universities. It can also be helpful for those graduates who are in service.
The document discusses sterilization methods used in dentistry. It begins with historical background on sterilization pioneers Semmelweis and Lister who demonstrated the importance of handwashing and use of antiseptics. The document then covers various sterilization terminologies and categorizes methods as physical (e.g. heat) or chemical (e.g. phenol, alcohol). Heat sterilization can use dry heat (e.g. hot air oven) or moist heat (e.g. autoclave) and must achieve certain time and temperature combinations to be effective. Proper sterilization is crucial in dental settings to prevent contamination and infection.
Occupational hygiene aims to prevent illness caused by workplace hazards. It does this through recognizing, evaluating, and controlling hazardous agents via a multidisciplinary approach involving chemistry, toxicology, physics, biology, engineering, and law. Hazards include chemicals, physical agents like noise and vibration, biological agents, and ergonomic risks. Risk is determined by assessing the hazard and level of worker exposure. Controls follow a hierarchy starting with eliminating or substituting the hazard, then using engineering controls, administrative controls like safe work practices, and finally personal protective equipment. Occupational hygienists play a key role in anticipating hazards, conducting exposure assessments, and advising on prevention strategies to protect worker health.
Basic seminar 3 sterilization and disinfectionBarkha Tiwari
Sterilization, disinfection and clinical dentistry go hand in hand, here is brief explanation of all the old and latest sterilization and disinfection methods in dentistry. It covers everything.
Disinfection and sterilization guidelines what you need to know 2007Manel Ferreira
This document provides an overview and recommendations for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities. It discusses the classification of medical equipment based on intended use as critical, semicritical, or noncritical. Critical items require sterilization to eliminate all microbes. Semicritical items require high-level disinfection to kill all microbes except for some bacterial spores. Noncritical items require low-level disinfection to kill vegetative bacteria and viruses. Common sterilization and disinfection methods are outlined for each classification. The document also reviews factors influencing efficacy and provides recommendations for monitoring sterilizers and proper storage of sterile items.
This document discusses asepsis and sterile technique in healthcare. It defines key terms like pathogens, indigenous microflora, and types of human-microbe relationships. Factors that increase the risk of surgical site infections are described. The document outlines the characteristics, growth requirements, and transmission of different microbes. It also explains the principles of asepsis, sterilization, disinfection, and the processes for cleaning and sterilizing surgical instruments.
Presentation showing various methods used for confirmation of sterilization processes. This includes various methods used for confirmation of sterilization done by filtration sterilization, Thermal sterilization, radiation sterilization, gaseous sterilization etc.
This document is a material safety data sheet for a polycarbonate compound called ENV14-A1514R-1000. It consists of translucent, cylindrical plastic pellets that are primarily high molecular weight polymers. The product does not contain any reportable hazardous ingredients. It can burn if exposed to fire and melting plastic can cause severe burns. Proper ventilation should be used if the pellets are melted during processing to avoid inhalation of fumes, which may cause irritation. The product is generally stable and not reactive under recommended storage conditions.
The document discusses various sterilization methods including heat, chemicals, gases, and radiation. It provides details on common sterilization techniques like autoclaving, which uses moist heat under pressure to kill microbes, and ethylene oxide gas exposure, which is used to sterilize heat-sensitive items. The document also notes that ionizing radiation is widely used to sterilize disposable medical supplies and some foodstuffs due to its penetrating ability.
Importance of sterilization and its guidelinesRajKumar4943
Sterilization and disinfection are the basic components of hospital infection control activities. Every day, a number of hospitals are performing various surgical procedures. Even more number of invasive procedures are being performed in different health care facilities. The medical device or the surgical instrument that comes in contact with the sterile tissue or the mucus membrane of the patient during the various processes is associated with increased risk of introduction of pathogens into the patient's body. Moreover, there is chance of transmission of infection from patient to patient; from patient or to health care personnel, and vice versa; or from the environment to the patient through the improper sterilized or disinfected devices. Hence, medical personnel, laboratory people and the health care providers should have better knowledge regarding these techniques to prevent the spread of these pathogens.
This document summarizes a study that compared four methods for sterilizing orthodontic pliers: wrapped cassettes in an M11 ultraclave sterilizer, V-shaped pouches in an M11 ultraclave, wrapped cassettes in a Statim 5000 sterilizer, and V-shaped pouches in a Statim 5000. The study found that the most efficient method was using V-shaped pouches in the larger M11 ultraclave sterilizer, while the least efficient was using wrapped cassettes in the smaller Statim 5000 sterilizer. Following CDC guidelines and using pouches designed for hinged instruments like pliers allows for better sterilization than cassettes. While all methods
This document discusses sterilization methods for infection control in medical offices. It states that instrument sterilization is an important part of infection control. The main sterilization methods discussed are steam under pressure, dry heat, chemical vapor, and ethylene oxide gas. It provides details on cleaning, packaging, and monitoring instruments to ensure effective sterilization. Biological indicators that test for microbial kill are emphasized as the ultimate criteria for verifying sterilization.
Effect of Sterilization on Elastomeric components Used in Pharmaceutical Indu...ijsrd.com
Sterilization (or sterilisation) is a term referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills all forms of microbial life, including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, spore forms, etc.) present on a surface, contained in a fluid, in medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media. Sterilization can be achieved by applying the proper combinations of heat, chemicals, irradiation, high pressure, and filtration. Several methods are available for sterilization and among all steam & gamma sterilization are most suitable methods for elastomeric components. In this study the effect of steam & gamma sterilization has been compared with non-sterile components. For this comparison EP & USP methodology has been used. Steam and gamma which has been used as a source for sterilization that may affect the molecular chain & crosslink density of elastomeric components. The study on effect of sterilization serves to help understand the potential deterioration of physical and chemical properties, the possible impact to functionality and the potential changes to the extractable/leachable profile as a result of sterilization.
Sterilization is any process that eliminates transmissible agents like bacteria and viruses. There are physical and chemical methods of sterilization. Physical methods include heat sterilization like autoclaving, which is most widely used, as well as radiation and filtration. Heat sterilization destroys cell constituents but can only be used on thermo-stable products. Radiation sterilization uses gamma rays or electrons on dry products. Filtration removes microbes from liquids and gases. Chemical sterilization uses ethylene oxide or formaldehyde gases, which are mutagenic. Different sterilization methods have various merits and applications in pharmaceuticals and medicine.
1. Radiation sterilization using gamma rays or high-energy electrons has advantages over other sterilization methods for heat-sensitive and ethylene oxide incompatible pharmaceuticals and polymers. It allows for terminal sterilization of final packaged products and can be done as a batch or continuous process.
2. The minimum accepted radiation dose for sterilization is 2.5 Mrad. Cobalt-60 and cesium-137 are commonly used gamma radiation sources. Electron accelerators can generate electrons from 1-15 MeV for sterilization.
3. Radiation sterilization has benefits over other methods like steam or ethylene oxide sterilization in that it penetrates thoroughly and packaging shelf life
Steam sterilization uses steam contact at high temperature and pressure to kill microorganisms. Key parameters are steam, pressure, temperature, and time. Dry heat sterilization exposes items to extremely high uniform temperatures for extended times to penetrate via conduction. Chemical sterilization uses chemicals like chlorine and formaldehyde to terminate microbes, but they have limited penetration and potential health hazards. Each method has advantages like cost or speed but also disadvantages like material damage, toxicity, or lengthy exposure times required. Proper protocols must be followed for chemical sterilization in healthcare settings due to risks.
The Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) receives, stores, processes, distributes, and controls sterile and non-sterile supplies and equipment for hospitals. It aims to provide safe, sterile supplies and reduce infections. CSSD processes items through cleaning, disinfection, packaging, and sterilization methods like heat, chemicals, or radiation. Proper facility design, staffing, and quality control processes are required for an effective CSSD.
Infection control in healthcare facilitiesUday Kumar
Infection control in healthcare facilities requires strict adherence to practices like aseptic technique, standard precautions, and proper hand hygiene. Key factors in preventing transmission of pathogens include proper handwashing, use of personal protective equipment, cleaning and disinfection/sterilization of medical equipment, vaccination of healthcare workers, isolation protocols for infectious patients, and surveillance and investigation of potential disease outbreaks. Training and certification in infection control help ensure healthcare workers have the knowledge and skills needed to implement best practices.
This document provides best management practices for commercial medical marijuana cultivation operations to reduce environmental impacts and odors. It recommends properly designing and maintaining ventilation and odor control systems, using energy efficient lighting and offsets, conserving water, and safely disposing of chemicals and waste. Activated carbon filtration, negative ion generation, and odor masking agents can help control odors, while ozone generators may damage crops and cause health issues if not properly monitored.
The Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) is responsible for receiving, processing, sterilizing, storing, and distributing medical equipment and supplies. It aims to provide safe sterile supplies and reduce hospital-acquired infections. CSSD developed from the need for aseptic techniques after the discovery of microorganisms. It has specific areas for receiving, cleaning, sterilizing, storing and distributing supplies following a one-way workflow. CSSD uses various sterilization methods like heat, ETO, radiation and chemicals depending on the item to be sterilized. Regular bacteriological testing of sterilizers is done to ensure sterility.
This document provides information about disinfection and sterilization. It defines key terms like disinfection, antisepsis, asepsis, and discusses the difference between antiseptics and disinfectants. It describes various physical agents for sterilization including heat, radiation, and filtration. It also covers different chemical agents used for sterilization like alcohols, chlorine compounds, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. The document provides details on different sterilization techniques and the advantages and disadvantages of various physical and chemical sterilization methods.
This document provides information about disinfection and sterilization. It defines key terms like disinfection, antisepsis, and asepsis. It describes various physical agents for sterilization like heat, radiation, and filtration. It covers types of heat sterilization including moist and dry heat. It also discusses various chemical agents used for sterilization including alcohols, chlorine compounds, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. The document categorizes different types of filters and provides details on filtration sterilization methods.
This document discusses various methods for sterilizing gases, liquids, and equipment in bioprocess technology. It describes how sterilization of inlet gases can be achieved through absolute, ceramic, fibrous and stainless steel filters, as well as filter cartridges and membrane filters. It also discusses liquid sterilization using filtration and heat sterilization methods. Sterilization techniques for small equipment include the use of microbiocidal gases, chemicals, radiation and dry heat. Methods for sterilizing large industrial equipment involve valves, piping and eliminating condensation. Validation of sterilization processes is also covered.
Drug-eluting stents (DES) are coronary stents that slowly release drugs to prevent restenosis. Restenosis occurs when scar tissue blocks the stented artery. Clinical trials showed DES have lower rates of major adverse cardiac events compared to bare-metal stents. Challenges in packaging DES include maintaining drug stability and effectiveness while allowing sterilization and providing a sterile barrier until use. Proper packaging is crucial given the high cost of DES.
SMT - Extraction and Filtration Technology Importanceマルセロ 白井
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Assembly Magazine Sterilizing Medical Devices Requires Friendly Agents
1. 5/21/2018 Sterilizing Medical Devices Requires Friendly Agents | 2018-05-01 | Assembly Magazine
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May 1, 2018
Michael E. Fitzgerald
Sterilizing Medical Devices Requires Friendly Agents
The best sterilization process for a medical device depends on the materials and methods used to assemble it
When it comes to sterilizing medical devices, material compatibility is the Achilles’ heel.
“Steam is probably the best sterilization method,” notes Clark Houghtling, who has worked in the sterilization industry for
40 years. But steam, technically known as moist heat, has limited use because few materials in medical devices can take the
high temperature. Moist heat sterilization is often limited to products that consist of metal, glass and certain plastics that
withstand high temperatures.
In contrast, ethylene oxide (EO) is the “most material-friendly sterilant,” insists Houghtling, the vice president for business development and technical
affairs at the Cosmed Group, which provides contract sterilization services and supplies to medical device manufacturers. “It does not alter the physical
structure of the component.”
Because it is so material-friendly, EO currently accounts for more than 50 percent of industrial product sterilization, Houghtling estimates, adding that
gamma radiation is the other big player, accounting for more than one-third of the market.
Despite being material-friendly, EO does have two minor limitations, Houghtling says. Because EO is a gas, it cannot be used to sterilize liquids, and it
cannot be used on devices that are in gas-impermeable packaging.
NO2 is incompatible with cellulose materials, such as paper and cardboard. It will also change the chemical structure of polyurethane,
nylon and polyoxymethylene. Photo courtesy Noxilizer Inc.
The sterilization with EO tak
EO, and aeration to purge th
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Another gas sterilant, nitrogen dioxide (NO ), is incompatible with cellulose materials, such as paper and cardboard, explains physicist David Opie, Ph.D.,
the senior vice president for research and development at Noxilizer Inc. NO also changes the chemical structure of polyurethane and nylon, as well as
polyoxymethylene, which is commonly known by the brand name Delrin.
With radiation sterilization, the biggest concern is the effect on polymers, such as certain plastics like polytetra uoroethylene, commonly known as
Te on.
“[Radiation] will create bond breakages in long-chain polymers,” says nuclear engineer Mark Smith, the managing director of the private radiation
consulting company Ionaktis LLC. Caused by free radicals formed during irradiation, these breakages can make polymers more brittle, change their
temperature characteristics, discolor them, and limit their shelf lives. Radiation also can change the uid properties of plastics.
Glass will change colors when irradiated, Smith adds, noting the metal ions in glass will dictate the new color. Clear glass, for example, may turn brown.
He recalls an incident in which a manufacturer used radiation to sterilize clear glass syringes but the glass turned so dark that the black gradation
markings could not be read.
Material incompatibility can be addressed by adjusting the manufacturing process to accommodate the sterilization method. The syringe manufacturer
that Smith noted decided to change the gradation markings to white so that they were easier to read. Medical devices sterilized with NO are placed in
their cardboard packaging after the devices are sterilized. And when gaseous sterilants are used for devices that contain liquids, the liquids are typically
sterilized in their containers by radiation prior to the containers being incorporated into the devices.
Alternatively, the sterilization method could be switched to one compatible with the materials, or the materials could be replaced with ones compatible
with the chosen sterilization method. However, Houghtling points out, switching materials to address the limitations of a particular sterilization method
almost always results in higher raw material costs.
“Nylon, polyurethane and Delrin—you can’t say those are uncommon materials,” Opie admits, noting that NO was not introduced as a sterilizing agent
until approximately three years ago. “Other sterilization methods have the bene t of 30 or more years [during which] medical device engineers [have
become] attuned to the incompatibilities and, just by nature, don’t select incompatible materials.... Until NO gets more mainstreamed and people start
avoiding nylon, Delrin and polyurethane, then we’ll always be challenged with asking people to change the materials.”
Radiation physicist Chris Howard views different sterilization methods not so much as having advantages over one another but as being complementary.
“There are certain products that don’t mix well with radiation, and there are certain products that don’t mix well with ethylene oxide,” says Howard, who
works at Nordion Canada, which provides gamma technologies and medical isotopes to sterilization facilities in approximately 40 countries.
Sometimes, the molecular changes caused by sterilization methods are bene cial. Gamma radiation, for example, is used to harden the ultrahigh-
molecular-weight polyethylene used in orthopedic implants like arti cial hips and knees so that the implants will last a long time. “Those products are
given healthy doses of gamma radiation several times to make them very dense so they have better wear properties,” Houghtling says.
Saving Time
The goal of all sterilants is to either kill microorganisms or make them incapable of replicating. “You can have one bad germ, but if it can’t reproduce
itself, it means nothing,” Opie adds.
Typically, medical device manufacturers design their methods to achieve a sterility assurance level (SAL) of 10-6. At that level, the chances are one in a
million that one microorganism remains viable, explains Smith, who has more than 30 years of experience in the eld of radiation.
To reach such a SAL, different sterilization methods take different approaches.
Conventional EO sterilization, for example, historically relied on a three-phase process that begins with preconditioning. Pallets of medical devices are
placed in a room, chamber or cell, where they are exposed to heat and humidity for a de ned period to acclimate the devices to the sterilization
conditions and to make the microorganisms more susceptible to the sterilization process.
In the second phase, the pallets are placed in a sterilizer, which can range from the size of a tabletop to a full tractor trailer. The medical devices are
sterilized in their nal packaging, typically corrugated cardboard boxes.
In the United States, most EO sterilizers use 100 percent EO, as opposed to a blend of EO and carbon dioxide, Houghtling notes. When 100 percent EO is
used, the process is done under vacuum, creating an environment that is lower than atmospheric pressure. After air is removed from the sterilizing
chamber and humidity added, EO is introduced. Several hours are required for EO to permeate throughout the load and kill microorganisms to the
designated SAL. EO is then ushed out of the chamber.
For EO sterilization, it’s essential that devices are packaged in gas-permeable sterile barriers. The pores in the barriers are large enough to allow EO to
ow in and out but too small to allow microorganisms in. As a consequence, once EO kills the existing microorganisms on the devices, the devices remain
sterile until their gas-permeable barriers are opened.
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The last phase of EO sterilization is aeration to further remove EO. This is done in a room, chamber or cell with heat, but without humidity. Aeration
reduces EO concentrations to or below permissible levels for the safety of both the workers who handle the devices and the patients who are treated with
them.
Coming more into vogue in EO sterilization is all-in-one processing, in which all three phases take place in the sterilizer instead of in three different
areas. The all-in-one process is safer for workers because they do not move the pallets until the product is nearly fully aerated. It also reduces process
deviations and product damage.
On the other hand, because the entire process is executed in a sterilizer, the amount of time that the devices are in the sterilizer roughly doubles, cutting
throughput in half. So to process the same volume, all-in-one processing requires roughly doubling the number or size of the sterilizers. In addition,
sterilizers are much more expensive than preconditioning and aeration areas.
However, the time required for EO sterilization can be reduced signi cantly by combining all-in-one processing with dynamic environmental conditioning
(DEC), parametric release and in-chamber aeration, Houghtling notes.
DEC, which works best for products that can withstand deep vacuums, can be used to more quickly and evenly heat and humidify product loads.
Parametric release eliminates the need for using biological indicators to monitor whether the designated SAL was reached, which typically takes two to
seven days. In addition, the dynamics of the sterilization chamber can be used to speed up aeration, resulting in more rapid dissipation of residual EO.
“It can take a process that may occupy ve to 10 days and shorten it to perhaps one day,” Houghtling reports. “This is arguably the biggest advance in the
EO sterilization process since its beginning in the 1950s.”
The phases of NO sterilization mimic those of EO, with a major difference being that medical devices are not sterilized in their cardboard packaging.
Consequently, NO sterilization is more likely to be done in house than outsourced.
Opie notes that two-door sterilizers can be used to batch-sterilize medical devices in line. The devices are manufactured and packaged in sterile barriers
in a clean room, moved into an NO sterilizer through its loading door in the clean room, sterilized, and removed through the opposite door into a normal
manufacturing area to be packaged and labeled.
“You want the size of the sterilizer to match the speed of the packaging line,” Opie says. “If you have a two-hour cycle for sterilization, for example, then
you need two hours’ worth of product to t in the chamber.”
Sterilizing With Radiation
While EO and NO sterilization takes place in sealed chambers, radiation sterilization typically takes place within a concrete shield approximately 2
meters thick. Packaged medical devices travel through an entrance in the shield on a conveyor that takes a series of turns before reaching the radiation
source in the inner chamber of an irradiator, Smith explains. Radiation does not escape from the shielded area because it is absorbed by the concrete
walls.
The most common source of radiation for sterilization is cobalt-60. Small rods of cobalt-60 are stacked in a column that is encapsulated by two separate
layers of stainless steel. Each “pencil” of cobalt-60 is approximately 18 inches long and 0.375 inch in diameter.
Several pencils are placed in the source rack of an irradiator. As the cobalt-60 decays, more pencils are added to maintain the irradiator’s strength.
Eventually, pencils are replaced either because they have decayed too much to be useful or because the source rack no longer has room for fresh pencils.
Cobalt-60 emits gamma rays at a steady rate in all directions as it decays. Consequently, products like packaged medical devices are circulated around the
source rack. The gamma rays penetrate the products and damage the DNA and other cellular structures of microorganisms.
Other forms of radiation used to sterilize medical devices include electron beam (e-beam) and X-ray. Both are generated by accelerators, not radioactive
sources. An X-ray irradiator is essentially an e-beam irradiator in which electrons pass through a target that converts the electrons to X-rays. X-ray’s
ability to penetrate products is comparable to gamma, while e-beam penetrates only a few centimeters.
Unlike gamma, both e-beam and X-ray are directional. “If you want to irradiate a product with electron beam or X-ray, your beam is pointing straight at
it,” Smith says. Consequently, products can be sterilized one box at a time with e-beam and one container at a time with X-ray.
E-beam and X-ray deliver energy at a higher dose rate than does gamma. This allows free radicals to form and recombine more quickly, reducing
degradation in such materials as oxygen-permeable polymers.
“At a slower rate, there’s more time for the oxygen to permeate through a polymer...which then creates the oxygenation reaction and creates more
degradation,” Smith explains. “With electron beam in particular, you’re doing that fast enough that the oxygen doesn’t have [as much] time to go in and
react to those free radicals.”
Other Pros and Cons
One major advantage radiation has over gaseous sterilants is speed. Large radiation facilities can typically sterilize products in one to two hours.
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