Infection control in healthcare facilities requires strict adherence to practices like aseptic technique, standard precautions, and proper hand hygiene. Key factors in preventing transmission of pathogens include proper handwashing, use of personal protective equipment, cleaning and disinfection/sterilization of medical equipment, vaccination of healthcare workers, isolation protocols for infectious patients, and surveillance and investigation of potential disease outbreaks. Training and certification in infection control help ensure healthcare workers have the knowledge and skills needed to implement best practices.
The document discusses standard precautions for preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings. It defines standard precautions as a set of infection prevention measures that should be used for all patient care. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, safe injection practices, and proper waste handling and surface disinfection. The document provides guidance on these standard precaution measures.
The document discusses fundamentals of infection control including cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization. It describes cleaning as the general removal of debris to reduce organic matter for bacteria and viruses. Disinfection is reducing microbes to very low levels, while sterilization kills all microorganisms. Healthcare settings follow Spaulding's Classification system which categorizes items as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical depending on infection risk. Critical items requiring sterilization enter sterile tissue. Semi-critical items requiring high-level disinfection contact mucous membranes. Non-critical items requiring low-level disinfection only contact intact skin. The document also outlines standard procedures for cleaning and disinfection in healthcare settings.
The document discusses key concepts of infection control including definitions of terms like nosocomial infection, disinfection, and sterilization. It also addresses factors that influence nosocomial infections like microbial agents, patient susceptibility, and environmental factors. Nosocomial infections are a major problem that increase healthcare costs and can be prevented through proper infection control programs and practices in healthcare facilities.
Hospital acquired infections, also known as nosocomial infections, can be contracted by patients or staff while receiving care in a hospital setting. They are usually caused by failure to follow aseptic techniques during procedures like surgery, IV insertion, or wound care. Patients, staff, and the hospital environment can all be sources of infection. Common routes of transmission include direct contact, droplets, contaminated equipment, and aerosols. Prevention strategies include isolating infectious patients, practicing good hand hygiene, wearing proper PPE, and thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting or sterilizing equipment between uses.
Infection control,BMW management,standard precautionSreevidya V S
Standard precautions are a set of practices used to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings. They include proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps, and appropriate waste disposal. Healthcare facilities must properly segregate, disinfect or sterilize, and dispose of biomedical waste to prevent the spread of infections. Waste is categorized and disposed of according to color-coded bags through methods like incineration, autoclaving, or deep burial. Proper waste management and staff training are essential to reduce the risks posed by biomedical waste.
The document discusses infection control and preventing the spread of infectious diseases. It defines infections as diseases caused by pathogens or microorganisms growing in the body. Infections can be generalized, affecting the entire body, or localized to a specific area. The main goals of infection control are to prevent infectious disease transmission by decreasing microbial sources, blocking transmission routes, and strengthening host resistance. Standard precautions like hand hygiene and personal protective equipment are key to breaking the chain of infection.
This document discusses infection control and prevention in a hospital setting. It begins by defining infection and listing some common infectious agents. It then discusses the importance of infection control in hospitals, noting that hospital-acquired infections are a leading cause of preventable death. The document outlines the chain of infection and various ways to break the chain, including appropriate handling of infectious materials and waste, sterilization and disinfection, isolation protocols, and other infection prevention strategies. It provides details on standard precautions like hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and maintaining a sterile field during procedures. The role of nurses in infection control is also highlighted.
Regular cleaning and disinfection of surfaces is important to remove pathogens from the environment. Healthcare workers should wear personal protective equipment like gloves, gowns and aprons when cleaning. Key principles of environmental cleaning include cleaning all horizontal surfaces daily or when soiled, cleaning exam tables after each use, and changing cleaning solutions and equipment regularly. Proper cleaning techniques and disinfecting high-touch surfaces helps limit the spread of infections.
The document discusses standard precautions for preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings. It defines standard precautions as a set of infection prevention measures that should be used for all patient care. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, safe injection practices, and proper waste handling and surface disinfection. The document provides guidance on these standard precaution measures.
The document discusses fundamentals of infection control including cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization. It describes cleaning as the general removal of debris to reduce organic matter for bacteria and viruses. Disinfection is reducing microbes to very low levels, while sterilization kills all microorganisms. Healthcare settings follow Spaulding's Classification system which categorizes items as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical depending on infection risk. Critical items requiring sterilization enter sterile tissue. Semi-critical items requiring high-level disinfection contact mucous membranes. Non-critical items requiring low-level disinfection only contact intact skin. The document also outlines standard procedures for cleaning and disinfection in healthcare settings.
The document discusses key concepts of infection control including definitions of terms like nosocomial infection, disinfection, and sterilization. It also addresses factors that influence nosocomial infections like microbial agents, patient susceptibility, and environmental factors. Nosocomial infections are a major problem that increase healthcare costs and can be prevented through proper infection control programs and practices in healthcare facilities.
Hospital acquired infections, also known as nosocomial infections, can be contracted by patients or staff while receiving care in a hospital setting. They are usually caused by failure to follow aseptic techniques during procedures like surgery, IV insertion, or wound care. Patients, staff, and the hospital environment can all be sources of infection. Common routes of transmission include direct contact, droplets, contaminated equipment, and aerosols. Prevention strategies include isolating infectious patients, practicing good hand hygiene, wearing proper PPE, and thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting or sterilizing equipment between uses.
Infection control,BMW management,standard precautionSreevidya V S
Standard precautions are a set of practices used to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings. They include proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps, and appropriate waste disposal. Healthcare facilities must properly segregate, disinfect or sterilize, and dispose of biomedical waste to prevent the spread of infections. Waste is categorized and disposed of according to color-coded bags through methods like incineration, autoclaving, or deep burial. Proper waste management and staff training are essential to reduce the risks posed by biomedical waste.
The document discusses infection control and preventing the spread of infectious diseases. It defines infections as diseases caused by pathogens or microorganisms growing in the body. Infections can be generalized, affecting the entire body, or localized to a specific area. The main goals of infection control are to prevent infectious disease transmission by decreasing microbial sources, blocking transmission routes, and strengthening host resistance. Standard precautions like hand hygiene and personal protective equipment are key to breaking the chain of infection.
This document discusses infection control and prevention in a hospital setting. It begins by defining infection and listing some common infectious agents. It then discusses the importance of infection control in hospitals, noting that hospital-acquired infections are a leading cause of preventable death. The document outlines the chain of infection and various ways to break the chain, including appropriate handling of infectious materials and waste, sterilization and disinfection, isolation protocols, and other infection prevention strategies. It provides details on standard precautions like hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and maintaining a sterile field during procedures. The role of nurses in infection control is also highlighted.
Regular cleaning and disinfection of surfaces is important to remove pathogens from the environment. Healthcare workers should wear personal protective equipment like gloves, gowns and aprons when cleaning. Key principles of environmental cleaning include cleaning all horizontal surfaces daily or when soiled, cleaning exam tables after each use, and changing cleaning solutions and equipment regularly. Proper cleaning techniques and disinfecting high-touch surfaces helps limit the spread of infections.
This document discusses isolation precautions in healthcare settings. It defines isolation precautions as special measures used to prevent the spread of contagious diseases. The document outlines the different modes of disease transmission - contact, droplet, airborne, vector-borne, and common vehicles. It then describes the various types of isolation precautions, including standard, contact, droplet and airborne precautions. For each type of precaution, it provides details on patient placement, signs, personal protective equipment used, and other measures to prevent disease transmission.
The document discusses spill management in a hospital setting. It aims to familiarize readers with regulatory standards, potential hazards of spills, and appropriate responses. Spills of body fluids, drugs, chemicals can occur at any time in a hospital due to equipment issues or human error, posing risks to staff, visitors, and susceptible patients. The document outlines different types of spills - biological, chemical, mercury - and provides guidelines for managing biological and mercury spills, including use of spill kits and proper cleaning procedures.
Infection prevention and control (IP&C) practices are important in maintaining a safe environment for everyone by reducing the risk of the potential spread of disease.
This document discusses hand hygiene and proper hand washing techniques for healthcare workers. It begins by defining various types of hand hygiene and outlines the normal bacterial flora found on hands. It then explains how pathogens can be transmitted between patients via healthcare workers' hands if hand hygiene is not properly performed. The document provides guidelines for proper hand washing and surgical hand preparation. It stresses that hand hygiene is the most effective way to prevent hospital-acquired infections. Finally, it discusses various strategies that can be used to promote and monitor hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers.
Cleaning and disinfection of p atient care equipmentMEEQAT HOSPITAL
This document provides definitions and guidelines for cleaning, disinfecting, and sterilizing patient care equipment. It outlines that cleaning removes foreign material, disinfection eliminates most pathogens, and sterilization destroys all microbes. It distinguishes between critical equipment that enters sterile tissues and non-critical equipment that touches intact skin. The goals are to eliminate transmission between patients and staff. It provides policies on sterilizing critical items and disinfecting high-touch non-critical surfaces between each patient use. Responsibilities and proper procedures are defined to ensure effective cleaning and protection of staff.
Prevention of Accidents in An Operation Theatre-NURSINGMariaKuriakose5
This is a PowerPoint made to explain various hazards in an operation theater and with its preventive measures.This will hepl the nursing students to go through the important points rather than going into deep studies.
Environmental cleaning depends on Infection Control risk Assessment as High, Moderate & Low Risk Areas. This document includes Procedures & Practices in Hospital for Environmental Cleaning & Disinfection based on cheapest hospital grade disinfectant i.e Clorox / Household Bleach available for especially third world countries.
The document discusses infection control procedures for healthcare workers. It covers the goals of infection control training which are to educate workers on pathogen transmission in the workplace and apply principles to minimize risks. Standard precautions that should be used with all patients are outlined, including hand hygiene, use of gloves, gowns and masks. Additional contact and airborne precautions are described for patients with certain infections.
The document provides information about infection control and preventing the spread of infectious diseases. It discusses the goal of infection control as preventing the spread of diseases by maintaining a safe environment and following procedures to prevent transmission between patients and staff. It explains the chain of infection and how breaking the links in the chain can stop the spread by decreasing sources of pathogens, preventing transmission, and strengthening a person's resistance.
This document discusses sterilization processes and the central sterile supply department (CSSD). It defines key terms like cleaning, disinfection, sterilization. It describes the functions of CSSD like collecting, processing, sterilizing and distributing patient care items. The typical layout of a CSSD includes receiving, cleaning, packaging, sterilization and storage areas. Common sterilization methods discussed are steam sterilization, hot air oven, radiation, ethylene oxide and chemical sterilization. The document emphasizes the importance of monitoring sterilization using physical, chemical and biological indicators.
This document discusses infection control in healthcare facilities. It defines infection control as measures to prevent the spread of infections between patients and from patients or staff to others. This is important in healthcare settings where sick patients are in close proximity. Standard precautions like handwashing, use of personal protective equipment, sterilization/cleaning, and proper waste disposal are described. Additional precautions may also be required depending on the type of infection, such as airborne, droplet or contact precautions. The role of infection control nurses in monitoring and preventing infections is also outlined.
This document discusses hand hygiene in healthcare settings. It notes that hands are often contaminated through routine patient care and that proper hand hygiene, including cleaning with alcohol-based hand rubs, is the most effective way to prevent transmission of pathogens between patients and healthcare workers. The document recommends cleaning hands before and after contact with patients, before clean procedures, after risk of exposure to body fluids, and after contact with the patient environment.
Hospital acquired infections, also known as nosocomial infections, are infections that patients acquire during the course of receiving treatment for other conditions within a healthcare setting. These infections can spread through direct contact or indirectly through hands, equipment, and the environment. Standard precautions like proper hand hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment are important for preventing the transmission of infections between patients and staff. Additional precautions tailored to specific infection types may also be implemented, such as isolating patients, wearing protective masks, and limiting movement. Regular surveillance and adherence to infection control guidelines and manuals are necessary to effectively reduce hospital acquired infections.
Ignaz Semmelweis discovered that handwashing with antiseptic solutions could prevent the spread of disease between patients. He observed that women giving birth in clinics where doctors examined corpses first without washing hands had a higher rate of puerperal fever than clinics where this did not occur. Proper hand hygiene, including washing with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rub, is important in medical settings to remove pathogens and prevent transmission of infection between patients and staff. The World Health Organization recommends cleaning hands at five key moments: before touching a patient, before clean procedures, after risk of body fluid exposure, after touching a patient, and after contact with patient surroundings.
Pathogenic microorganisms proliferate and invade bodily tissue, causing tissue harm and disease.
The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites those are not normally present within the body.
An infection may cause no symptoms and be subclinical, or it may cause symptoms and be clinically apparent.
An infection may remain localized, or it may spread through the blood or lymphatic vessels to become systemic (body wide).
Microorganisms that live naturally in the body are not considered infections.
For example, bacteria that normally live within the mouth and intestine are not infections.
Infection prevention policies and practices are used in hospitals and other health care facilities to reduce the spread of infections.
The presentation discusses healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and strategies for surveillance and prevention. It provides historical context on the development of germ theory and initiatives that reduced HAIs like hand hygiene. Surveillance is presented as important for establishing baselines, detecting outbreaks, and evaluating prevention efforts. Standardized surveillance allows for benchmarking while local adaptation considers unique situations. Both endogenous and exogenous sources of HAIs are noted. International research consortiums like INICC have found some HAIs higher in developing world ICUs despite similar device use.
Hospital-acquired infections are infections acquired in a hospital setting after at least 48 hours of admission. They pose a significant financial burden and risk to patients that increases with longer hospital stays. Standard precautions like proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, cleaning of equipment and surfaces can prevent the transmission of infections between patients and healthcare workers through contact with bodily fluids or contaminated items. Proper hand hygiene, which includes hand washing with soap and water or use of alcohol-based hand rub, is especially important before and after contact with patients to limit the spread of pathogens.
Vaccination is essential for preventing the spread of infections from healthcare workers to patients. The document recommends routine vaccinations for hepatitis B, influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis, varicella and COVID-19. It provides vaccination schedules, effectiveness and contraindications for each. Additional vaccinations for meningitis, typhoid and polio are recommended for those at higher risk of exposure. Successful implementation requires education, organized campaigns, free vaccines, and annual review of vaccination records for all healthcare workers.
The document discusses infection control in dentistry. It defines key terms like infection, infection control, cleaning, disinfection, sterilization etc. It describes standard precautions like using barriers during procedures. Modes of disease transmission and classification of instruments are covered. The sterilization methods of autoclaving, dry heat and chemical vapor are summarized. Disinfection methods and agents are also outlined along with protocols for processing instruments and sterilizing the dental chair between patients.
This document discusses infection control in dentistry. It outlines the key components of an infection control program including immunization, patient screening, hand hygiene, barrier techniques, sterilization and disinfection of instruments, and proper disposal of contaminated waste. The two main modes of disease transmission are contact and droplet infection. Maintaining sterilization and disinfection standards is essential to preventing the spread of infectious agents between patients and dental staff.
This document discusses isolation precautions in healthcare settings. It defines isolation precautions as special measures used to prevent the spread of contagious diseases. The document outlines the different modes of disease transmission - contact, droplet, airborne, vector-borne, and common vehicles. It then describes the various types of isolation precautions, including standard, contact, droplet and airborne precautions. For each type of precaution, it provides details on patient placement, signs, personal protective equipment used, and other measures to prevent disease transmission.
The document discusses spill management in a hospital setting. It aims to familiarize readers with regulatory standards, potential hazards of spills, and appropriate responses. Spills of body fluids, drugs, chemicals can occur at any time in a hospital due to equipment issues or human error, posing risks to staff, visitors, and susceptible patients. The document outlines different types of spills - biological, chemical, mercury - and provides guidelines for managing biological and mercury spills, including use of spill kits and proper cleaning procedures.
Infection prevention and control (IP&C) practices are important in maintaining a safe environment for everyone by reducing the risk of the potential spread of disease.
This document discusses hand hygiene and proper hand washing techniques for healthcare workers. It begins by defining various types of hand hygiene and outlines the normal bacterial flora found on hands. It then explains how pathogens can be transmitted between patients via healthcare workers' hands if hand hygiene is not properly performed. The document provides guidelines for proper hand washing and surgical hand preparation. It stresses that hand hygiene is the most effective way to prevent hospital-acquired infections. Finally, it discusses various strategies that can be used to promote and monitor hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers.
Cleaning and disinfection of p atient care equipmentMEEQAT HOSPITAL
This document provides definitions and guidelines for cleaning, disinfecting, and sterilizing patient care equipment. It outlines that cleaning removes foreign material, disinfection eliminates most pathogens, and sterilization destroys all microbes. It distinguishes between critical equipment that enters sterile tissues and non-critical equipment that touches intact skin. The goals are to eliminate transmission between patients and staff. It provides policies on sterilizing critical items and disinfecting high-touch non-critical surfaces between each patient use. Responsibilities and proper procedures are defined to ensure effective cleaning and protection of staff.
Prevention of Accidents in An Operation Theatre-NURSINGMariaKuriakose5
This is a PowerPoint made to explain various hazards in an operation theater and with its preventive measures.This will hepl the nursing students to go through the important points rather than going into deep studies.
Environmental cleaning depends on Infection Control risk Assessment as High, Moderate & Low Risk Areas. This document includes Procedures & Practices in Hospital for Environmental Cleaning & Disinfection based on cheapest hospital grade disinfectant i.e Clorox / Household Bleach available for especially third world countries.
The document discusses infection control procedures for healthcare workers. It covers the goals of infection control training which are to educate workers on pathogen transmission in the workplace and apply principles to minimize risks. Standard precautions that should be used with all patients are outlined, including hand hygiene, use of gloves, gowns and masks. Additional contact and airborne precautions are described for patients with certain infections.
The document provides information about infection control and preventing the spread of infectious diseases. It discusses the goal of infection control as preventing the spread of diseases by maintaining a safe environment and following procedures to prevent transmission between patients and staff. It explains the chain of infection and how breaking the links in the chain can stop the spread by decreasing sources of pathogens, preventing transmission, and strengthening a person's resistance.
This document discusses sterilization processes and the central sterile supply department (CSSD). It defines key terms like cleaning, disinfection, sterilization. It describes the functions of CSSD like collecting, processing, sterilizing and distributing patient care items. The typical layout of a CSSD includes receiving, cleaning, packaging, sterilization and storage areas. Common sterilization methods discussed are steam sterilization, hot air oven, radiation, ethylene oxide and chemical sterilization. The document emphasizes the importance of monitoring sterilization using physical, chemical and biological indicators.
This document discusses infection control in healthcare facilities. It defines infection control as measures to prevent the spread of infections between patients and from patients or staff to others. This is important in healthcare settings where sick patients are in close proximity. Standard precautions like handwashing, use of personal protective equipment, sterilization/cleaning, and proper waste disposal are described. Additional precautions may also be required depending on the type of infection, such as airborne, droplet or contact precautions. The role of infection control nurses in monitoring and preventing infections is also outlined.
This document discusses hand hygiene in healthcare settings. It notes that hands are often contaminated through routine patient care and that proper hand hygiene, including cleaning with alcohol-based hand rubs, is the most effective way to prevent transmission of pathogens between patients and healthcare workers. The document recommends cleaning hands before and after contact with patients, before clean procedures, after risk of exposure to body fluids, and after contact with the patient environment.
Hospital acquired infections, also known as nosocomial infections, are infections that patients acquire during the course of receiving treatment for other conditions within a healthcare setting. These infections can spread through direct contact or indirectly through hands, equipment, and the environment. Standard precautions like proper hand hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment are important for preventing the transmission of infections between patients and staff. Additional precautions tailored to specific infection types may also be implemented, such as isolating patients, wearing protective masks, and limiting movement. Regular surveillance and adherence to infection control guidelines and manuals are necessary to effectively reduce hospital acquired infections.
Ignaz Semmelweis discovered that handwashing with antiseptic solutions could prevent the spread of disease between patients. He observed that women giving birth in clinics where doctors examined corpses first without washing hands had a higher rate of puerperal fever than clinics where this did not occur. Proper hand hygiene, including washing with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rub, is important in medical settings to remove pathogens and prevent transmission of infection between patients and staff. The World Health Organization recommends cleaning hands at five key moments: before touching a patient, before clean procedures, after risk of body fluid exposure, after touching a patient, and after contact with patient surroundings.
Pathogenic microorganisms proliferate and invade bodily tissue, causing tissue harm and disease.
The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites those are not normally present within the body.
An infection may cause no symptoms and be subclinical, or it may cause symptoms and be clinically apparent.
An infection may remain localized, or it may spread through the blood or lymphatic vessels to become systemic (body wide).
Microorganisms that live naturally in the body are not considered infections.
For example, bacteria that normally live within the mouth and intestine are not infections.
Infection prevention policies and practices are used in hospitals and other health care facilities to reduce the spread of infections.
The presentation discusses healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and strategies for surveillance and prevention. It provides historical context on the development of germ theory and initiatives that reduced HAIs like hand hygiene. Surveillance is presented as important for establishing baselines, detecting outbreaks, and evaluating prevention efforts. Standardized surveillance allows for benchmarking while local adaptation considers unique situations. Both endogenous and exogenous sources of HAIs are noted. International research consortiums like INICC have found some HAIs higher in developing world ICUs despite similar device use.
Hospital-acquired infections are infections acquired in a hospital setting after at least 48 hours of admission. They pose a significant financial burden and risk to patients that increases with longer hospital stays. Standard precautions like proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, cleaning of equipment and surfaces can prevent the transmission of infections between patients and healthcare workers through contact with bodily fluids or contaminated items. Proper hand hygiene, which includes hand washing with soap and water or use of alcohol-based hand rub, is especially important before and after contact with patients to limit the spread of pathogens.
Vaccination is essential for preventing the spread of infections from healthcare workers to patients. The document recommends routine vaccinations for hepatitis B, influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis, varicella and COVID-19. It provides vaccination schedules, effectiveness and contraindications for each. Additional vaccinations for meningitis, typhoid and polio are recommended for those at higher risk of exposure. Successful implementation requires education, organized campaigns, free vaccines, and annual review of vaccination records for all healthcare workers.
The document discusses infection control in dentistry. It defines key terms like infection, infection control, cleaning, disinfection, sterilization etc. It describes standard precautions like using barriers during procedures. Modes of disease transmission and classification of instruments are covered. The sterilization methods of autoclaving, dry heat and chemical vapor are summarized. Disinfection methods and agents are also outlined along with protocols for processing instruments and sterilizing the dental chair between patients.
This document discusses infection control in dentistry. It outlines the key components of an infection control program including immunization, patient screening, hand hygiene, barrier techniques, sterilization and disinfection of instruments, and proper disposal of contaminated waste. The two main modes of disease transmission are contact and droplet infection. Maintaining sterilization and disinfection standards is essential to preventing the spread of infectious agents between patients and dental staff.
This document discusses infection control in dentistry. It covers various types of contamination like airborne, direct, and indirect contamination. Maintaining proper infection control is important to prevent transmission of diseases between patients and dental staff. Universal precautions like personal protective equipment, aseptic techniques, and sterilization of instruments are described. Sterilization can be achieved through steam, dry heat, or chemicals and is important for critical and semi-critical instruments. Maintaining proper sterilization and disinfection procedures helps ensure a safe dental practice.
This document discusses sterilization methods for infection control in medical offices. It states that instrument sterilization is an important part of infection control. The main sterilization methods discussed are steam under pressure, dry heat, chemical vapor, and ethylene oxide gas. It provides details on cleaning, packaging, and monitoring instruments to ensure effective sterilization. Biological indicators that test for microbial kill are emphasized as the ultimate criteria for verifying sterilization.
This document defines sterilization techniques as methods used to eliminate microorganisms from objects like medical tools. It describes several sterilization methods including steam, dry heat, chemical vapor, and liquid chemicals. It notes the appropriate uses of each method and stresses the importance of monitoring sterilization processes. The document also discusses aseptic technique and the use of disinfectants and antiseptics to create sterile environments and prevent microbial growth.
this presentation involves the various sterilization and asepsis procedure that can be carried out in our dental clinics for proper maintenance of surgical as well as other procedures.
This document discusses various infection control measures used in healthcare settings. It covers topics like hand hygiene, cleaning and sterilization of medical equipment, use of personal protective equipment, vaccinations for healthcare workers, isolation procedures, and surveillance of infections. Hand washing is identified as the most important infection prevention measure. Different sterilization and disinfection methods are described along with their effectiveness in killing microorganisms. The roles of protective equipment, vaccinations, isolation, and infection surveillance are outlined.
The document discusses various sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines sterilization as the complete elimination of all microbial life, including spores, through physical and chemical processes. Disinfection is defined as eliminating vegetative microorganisms but not bacterial spores. The document outlines different levels of disinfection/disinfectants - high-level, intermediate-level, and low-level - based on the microorganisms killed. Physical sterilization methods discussed include heat sterilization methods like dry heat, moist heat, and autoclaving which uses pressurized steam to sterilize equipment.
This document discusses guidelines for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities. It outlines three categories of medical devices based on infection risk: critical, semicritical, and noncritical. Critical devices that contact sterile tissue require sterilization. Semicritical devices that contact mucous membranes require at minimum high-level disinfection to kill all microbes except small numbers of bacterial spores. Noncritical devices that contact intact skin require low-level disinfection. The document provides examples of appropriate disinfection/sterilization methods for each category of device. Adherence to these guidelines is important for reducing healthcare-associated infections.
Aseptic technique refers to practices that help reduce the risk of infection by preventing the transfer of microorganisms. There are two main types - medical asepsis, which aims to reduce microorganisms, and surgical asepsis, which aims to eliminate them. Key aspects of aseptic technique include cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization. Cleaning removes visible dirt, disinfection eliminates many microorganisms, and sterilization destroys all microorganisms through processes like steam, dry heat, or chemicals. Proper aseptic technique helps protect patients by minimizing exposure to infection-causing pathogens.
Microbial Sterilization Demystified: A Comprehensive Visual GuideVamsi kumar
about the various sterilization techniques used to combat them. This detailed presentation discusses the principles, procedures, and equipment involved in maintaining a pathogen-free environment.
This document discusses infection control, including definitions, common terms, and the chain of infection. It describes universal precautions like hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment. Methods of sterilization and disinfection of patient care items are explained, including the importance of cleaning, packaging, and storage. The four main sterilization methods and factors affecting disinfection are also summarized.
The document discusses the sanitary and epidemiological regime of a healthcare department. It describes key aspects like infection control through hand hygiene and PPE, cleaning and disinfection of surfaces, proper waste management, and ventilation. The concept of disinfection is explained as eliminating pathogens except spores from inanimate surfaces through chemicals or UV light. Common disinfection methods used in healthcare include environmental disinfection using chemicals or UV light, hand hygiene, terminal cleaning of patient rooms, sterilization using steam or chemicals, and air disinfection through HEPA filters or UV lights. Proper training and adherence to guidelines for appropriate disinfection methods and disinfectants help reduce infection spread.
contents:
Introduction;
Historical Background;
Definitions;
Factors That Influence Degree Of Sterilization;
Classification of Instruments;
Instrument washer;
Thermal disinfectors;
Objectives;
How sterilization works;
New methods of sterilization;
New methods of sterilization;
Monitors of sterilization;
Dental radiology asepsis;
Laboratory asepsis;
Precautions by operator;
Disposal of waste;
Osha standards;
Handpiece sterilization;
Ultrasonic scalars asepsis;
GTR membranes, Implants, Bone Grafts presterilization ;
Conclusion;
References.
The document discusses various methods and processes for decontaminating medical equipment. It defines key terms like contamination, decontamination, cleaning, drying, disinfection and sterilization. It describes the three levels of risk for medical equipment based on its contact with patients - high, medium and low risk. For each level, it recommends the appropriate decontamination process - sterilization for high risk equipment, sterilization or disinfection for medium risk, and cleaning for low risk. It then discusses the various processes in detail, including manual and automated cleaning methods, types of disinfectants and disinfection methods, and sterilization techniques like heat, radiation and filtration.
Gustav Neuber is considered the father of asepsis. In 1884, he established a clinic that practiced strict rules of cleanliness and isolation to ensure a sterile environment. This included requiring staff to wash before entering operating rooms, isolating rooms from other areas, and using dry surgical gowns. Neuber published about his techniques in 1886, setting the standard for aseptic practice. Asepsis aims to prevent infection by eliminating contaminants through sterilization of instruments and materials, strict hygiene practices like hand washing, and maintaining sterile operating conditions. It differs from antisepsis which kills microbes within the body. Modern asepsis relies on sterilization methods like autoclaving, antibiotics, and hy
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection of orthodontic instruments and materials. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, and antiseptic. It describes various microorganisms that can be transmitted like hepatitis B and HIV/AIDS viruses. It discusses the importance of barrier protection, environmental surface disinfection, and contamination vehicles. Various sterilization methods are covered like steam autoclave, dry heat, glass bead and chemical vapor sterilization. Effects of sterilization on orthodontic materials are also mentioned.
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1) Maintaining cleanliness in hospitals, especially in operating rooms, is extremely important to prevent infections in patients and medical staff.
2) Surgical site infections are a common complication and account for 14-17% of hospital-acquired infections, so cleaning the operating room is critical.
3) Standard cleaning procedures for operating rooms include daily cleaning as well as cleaning between surgeries, and using appropriate disinfecting chemicals and following manufacturers' instructions to effectively eliminate infectious agents.
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1. INFECTION CONTROL IN HEALTHCARE FACILITIES
Aseptic technique is a key component of all invasive medical procedures.
Similarly, infection control measures are most effective when Standard Precautions
(health care) are applied because undiagnosed infection is common.
Hand hygiene
Independent studies by IgnazSemmelweis in 1847 in Vienna and Oliver
Wendell Holmes in 1843 in Boston established a link between the hands of health
care workers and the spread of hospital-acquired disease.[1] The Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has stated that “It is well documented that
the most important measure for preventing the spread of pathogens is effective
handwashing.” In the United States, hand washing is mandatory in most health
care settings and required by many different state and local regulations.
In the United States, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
standards[4] require that employers must provide readily accessible hand washing
facilities, and must ensure that employees wash hands and any other skin with soap
and water or flush mucous membranes with water as soon as feasible after contact
with blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM).
Mean percentage changes in bacterial numbers
Method used Change inbacteria presentPaper towels (2-ply 100% recycled).
- 48.4%Paper towels (2-ply through-air dried, 50% recycled) - 76.8%Warm air
dryer + 254.5%Jet air dryer + 14.9%Drying is an essential part of the hand hygiene
process. In November 2008, a non-peer-reviewed study was presented to the
European Tissue Symposium by the University of Westminster, London,
comparing the bacteria levels present after the use of paper towels, warm air hand
dryers, and modern jet-air hand dryers. Of those three methods, only paper towels
2. reduced the total number of bacteria on hands, with "through-air dried" towels the
most effective.The presenters also carried out tests to establish whether there was
the potential for cross-contamination of other washroom users and the washroom
environment as a result of each type of drying method. They found that:
the jet air dryer, which blows air out of the unit at claimed speeds of 400 mph, was
capable of blowing micro-organisms from the hands and the unit and potentially
contaminating other washroom users and the washroom environment up to 2
metres awayuse of a warm air hand dryer spread micro-organisms up to 0.25
metres from the dryerpaper towels showed no significant spread of micro-
organisms.
In 2005, in a study conducted by TUV Produkt und Umwelt, different hand
drying methods were evaluated. The following changes in the bacterial count after
drying the hands were observed:Drying method Effect on bacterial countPaper
towels and roll Decrease of 24%Hot-air drier Increase of 117%Cleaning,
disinfection and sterilization
This section requires expansion. (June 2008)Sterilization is a process
intended to kill all microorganisms and is the highest level of microbial kill that is
possible. Sterilizers may be heat only, steam, or liquid chemicalEffectivness of the
sterilizer (e.g., a steam autoclave) is determined in three ways.First, mechanical
indicators and gauges on the machine itself indicate proper operation of the
machine. Second heat sensitive indicators or tape on the sterilizing bags change
color which indicate proper levels of heat or steam. And, third (most importantly)
is biological testing in which a highly heat and chemical resistant microorganism
(often the bacterial endospore) is selected as the standard challenge. If the process
kills this microorganism, the sterilizer is considered to be effective. It should be
noted that in order to be effective, instruments must be cleaned, otherwise the
3. debris may form a protective barrier, shielding the microbes from the lethal
process. Similarly care must be taken after sterilization to ensure sterile
instruments do not become contaminated prior to use.
Disinfection refers to the use of liquid chemicals on surfaces and at room
temperature to kill disease causing microorganisms. Disinfection is a less effective
process than sterilization because it does not kill bacterial endospores.
Sterilization, if performed properly, is an effective way of preventing bacteria from
spreading. It should be used for the cleaning of the medical instruments or gloves,
and basically any type of medical item that comes into contact with the blood
stream and sterile tissues.
There are four main ways in which such items can be sterilized: autoclave
(by using high-pressure steam), dry heat (in an oven), by using chemical sterilants
such as glutaraldehydes or formaldehyde solutions or by radiation (with the help of
physical agents). The first two are the most used methods of sterilizations mainly
because of their accessibility and availability. Steam sterilization is one of the most
effective types of sterilizations, if done correctly which is often hard to achieve.
Instruments that are used in health care facilities are usually sterilized with this
method. The general rule in this case is that in order to perform an effective
sterilization, the steam must get into contact with all the surfaces that are meant to
be disinfected. On the other hand, dry heat sterilization, which is performed with
the help of an oven, is also an accessible type of sterilization, although it can only
be used to disinfect instruments that are made of metal or glass. The very high
temperatures needed to perform sterilization in this way are able to melt the
instruments that are not made of glass or metal.Steam sterilization is done at a
temperature of 121 C (250 F) with a pressure of 106 kPa(15 lbs/in2). In these
conditions, unwrapped items must be sterilized for 20 minutes, and wrapped items
4. for 30 minutes. The time is counted once the temperature that is needed has been
reached. Steam sterilization requires four conditions in order to be efficient:
adequate contact, sufficiently high temperature, correct time and sufficient
moisture. Sterilization using steam can also be done at a temperature of 132 C (270
F), at a double pressure. Dry heat sterilization is performed at 170 C (340 F) for
one hour or two hours at a temperature of 160 C (320 F). Dry heat sterilization can
also be performed at 121 C, for at least 16 hours.
Chemical sterilization, also referred to as cold sterilization, can be used to
sterilize instruments that cannot normally be disinfected through the other two
processes described above. The items sterilized with cold sterilization are usually
those that can be damaged by regular sterilization. Commonly, glutaraldehydes and
formaldehyde are used in this process, but in different ways. When using the first
type of disinfectant, the instruments are soaked in a 2-4% solution for at least 10
hours while a solution of 8% formaldehyde will sterilize the items in 24 hours or
more. Chemical sterilization is generally more expensive than steam sterilization
and therefore it is used for instruments that cannot be disinfected otherwise. After
the instruments have been soaked in the chemical solutions, they are mandatory to
be rinsed with sterile water which will remove the residues from the disinfectants.
This is the reason why needles and syringes are not sterilized in this way, as the
residues left by the chemical solution that has been used to disinfect them cannot
be washed off with water and they may interfere with the administered treatment.
Although formaldehyde is less expensive than glutaraldehydes, it is also more
irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract and is classified as a potential
carcinogen.
Other sterilization methods exist, though their efficiency is still
controversial. These methods include gas sterilization, UV sterilization, and
5. sterilization with other chemical agents such as peroxyacetic acid,
paraformaldehyde and gas plasma sterilization.Infections can be prevented from
occurring in homes as well. In order to reduce their chances to contract an
infection, individuals are recommended to maintain a good hygiene by washing
their hands after every contact with questionable areas or bodily fluids and by
disposing the garbage at regular intervals to prevent germs from growing.
Personal protective equipment
Disposable PPEPersonal protective equipment (PPE) is specialized clothing
or equipment worn by a worker for protection against a hazard. The hazard in a
health care setting is exposure to blood, saliva, or other bodily fluids or aerosols
that may carry infectious materials such as Hepatitis C, HIV, or other blood borne
or bodily fluid pathogen. PPE prevents contact with a potentially infectious
material by creating a physical barrier between the potential infectious material and
the healthcare worker.
In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) requires the use of Personal protective equipment (PPE) by workers to
guard against blood borne pathogens if there is a reasonably anticipated exposure
to blood or other potentially infectious materials.
Components of Personal protective equipment (PPE) include gloves, gowns,
bonnets, shoe covers, face shields, CPR masks, goggles, surgical masks, and
respirators. How many components are used and how the components are used is
often determined by regulations or the infection control protocol of the facility in
question. Many or most of these items are disposable to avoid carrying infectious
materials from one patient to another patient and to avoid difficult or costly
disinfection. In the United States, OSHA requires the immediate removal and
6. disinfection or disposal of worker's PPE prior to leaving the work area where
exposure to infectious material took place.
Antimicrobial surfacesMicroorganisms are known to survive on non-
antimicrobial in animate „touch‟ surfaces (e.g., bedrails, over-the-bed trays, call
buttons, bathroom hardware, etc.) for extended periods of time. This can be
especially troublesome in hospital environments where patients with
immunodeficiencies are at enhanced risk for contracting nosocomial
infections.Main article: Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfacesProducts made
with antimicrobial copper alloy (brasses, bronzes, cupronickel, copper-nickel-zinc,
and others) surfaces destroy a wide range of microorganisms in a short period of
time. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has approved the
registration of 355 different antimicrobial copper alloys that kill E. coli O157:H7,
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus,
Enterobacteraerogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in less than 2 hours of
contact. Other investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of antimicrobial
copper alloys to destroy Clostridium difficult, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and
fungi.
As a public hygienic measure in addition to regular cleaning, antimicrobial
copper alloys are being installed in healthcare facilities in the U.K., Ireland, Japan,
Korea, France, Denmark, and Brazil.
Vaccination of health care workers
Health care workers may be exposed to certain infections in the course of
their work. Vaccines are available to provide some protection to workers in a
healthcare setting. Depending on regulation, recommendation, the specific work
function, or personal preference, healthcare workers or first responders may
7. receive vaccinations for hepatitis B; influenza; measles, mumps and rubella;
Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis; N. meningitidis; and varicella. In general, vaccines
do not guarantee complete protection from disease, and there is potential for
adverse effects from receiving the vaccine.
Post exposure prophylaxis
In some cases where vaccines do not exist Post Exposure prophylaxis is
another method of protecting the health care worker exposed to a life threatening
infectious disease. For example, the viral particles for HIV-AIDS can be
precipitated out of the blood through the use of an antibody injection if given
within 4 hours of a significant exposure.
Surveillance for emerging infections
Main article: Disease surveillanceSurveillance is the act of infection
investigation using the CDC definitions. Determining an infection requires an
Infection Control Practitioner (ICP) to review a patient's chart and see if the patient
had the signs and symptom of an infection. Surveillance definition cover infections
of the bloodstream, urinary tract, pneumonia, and surgical sites.
Surveillance traditionally involved significant manual data assessment and
entry in order to assess preventative actions such as isolation of patients with an
infectious disease. Increasingly, integrated computerised software solutions, such
as Formic Fusion are becoming available that assess incoming risk messages from
microbiology and other online sources. By reducing the need for data entry, this
software significantly reduces the data workload of ICPs, freeing them to
concentrate on clinical surveillance.
8. As approximately one third of healthcare acquired infections are
preventable, surveillance and preventative activities are increasingly a priority for
hospital staff. In the United States, a study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection
Control Project (SENIC) by the CDC found that hospitals reduced their
nosocomial infection rates by approximately 32 per cent by focusing on
surveillance activities and prevention efforts.
Isolation
Main article: Isolation (health care)In the health care context, isolation refers
to various physical measures taken to interrupt nosocomial spread of contagious
diseases. Various forms of isolation exist, and are applied depending on the type of
infection and agent involved, to address the likelihood of spread via airborne
particles or droplets, by direct skin contact, or via contact with body fluid
Outbreak investigation
When an unusual cluster of illness is noted, infection control teams
undertake an investigation to determine whether there is a true outbreak, a pseudo-
outbreak (a result of contamination within the diagnostic testing process), or just
random fluctuation in the frequency of illness. If a true outbreak is discovered,
infection control practitioners try to determine what permitted the outbreak to
occur, and to rearrange the conditions to prevent ongoing propagation of the
infection. Often, breaches in good practice are responsible, although sometimes
other factors (such as construction) may be the source of the problem.Outbreaks
investigations have more than a single purpose. These investigations are carried
out in order to prevent additional cases in the current outbreak, prevent future
outbreaks, learn about a new disease or learn something new about an old disease.
9. Reassuring the public, minimizing the economic and social disruption as well as
teaching epidemiology are some other obvious objectives of outbreak
investigations.
According to the WHO, outbreak investigations are meant to detect what is
causing the outbreak, how the pathogenic agent is transmitted, where it all started
from, what is the carrier, what is the population at risk of getting infected and what
are the risk factors.
The results of outbreak investigations are always made public in the means
of a report in which the findings are communicated to the authorities, media,
scientific community and so on. These reports are commonly used as pedagogical
tools.
Training in infection control and health care epidemiology
Practitioners can come from several different educational streams. Many
begin as nurses, some as medical technologists (particularly in clinical
microbiology), and some as physicians (typically infectious disease specialists).
Specialized training in infection control and health care epidemiology are offered
by the professional organizations described below. Physicians who desire to
become infection control practitioners often are trained in the context of an
infectious disease fellowship.
In the United States, Certification Board of Infection Control and
Epidemiology is a private company that certifies infection control practitioners
based on their educational background and professional experience, in conjunction
with testing their knowledge base with standardized exams. The credential
awarded is CIC, Certification in Infection Control and Epidemiology. It is
10. recommended that one has 2 years of Infection Control experience before applying
for the exam. Certification must be renewed every five years.
A course in hospital epidemiology (infection control in the hospital setting)
is offered jointly each year by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America.The Association
for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc.(APIC) offers
training and courses in infection control.Standardization