This document discusses assembling, administering, and appraising classroom tests and assessments. It emphasizes the importance of careful preparation, including creating an assessment plan aligned to learning outcomes and selecting appropriate question formats. When constructing test items, each item should be clearly written and recorded with relevant information. A thorough review process examines items for issues like ambiguity, bias, and technical errors. Directions should provide necessary information to students. Scoring procedures and analyzing item effectiveness are also reviewed to improve classroom assessments.

1. Aassembling, Administering,
and Appraising Classroom
Tests and Assessments
Presented by: Shumaela Tabassum
Presented to: Dr. Ayesha Siddiqa

2. Care in preparing an assessment plan and constructing
relevant test items and assessment tasks should be
followed by similar care in reviewing and editing the items
and tasks, preparing clear directions, and administering
and appearing the results. classroom assessments also can
be improved by using simple methods to analyse students'
responses
2
Effective classroom
assessment begins with:
 Aassessment plan that specifically
describes the instructional objectives
 content to be measured
 emphasis on each intended learning
outcomes
 Selection of the most appropriate
items and tasks formats (multiple
choice, essay, hand on performance
assessment).
 Preparation of the items and the tasks
that are relevant to the learning
outcomes specified in the plan

3. Assembling the Classroom Test
Recording test items
When constructing the test items:
 Each item should be written in the form that make it
possible to easily address and retrieve indiviual items
 Items can be recorded into word-processings programs or
onto index cards
 The item record should contain information concerning
the instructional objectives, the specific learning
outcome, and the content measured by the item.
3
A space should be
also reserved for
item analysis
information to
record the data each
time the item is
used.
As the item are
reviewed and
edited, they can be
eliminated, added
or revised with little
difficulty

4. “
4

5. Reviewing test items and
assessment tasks
1
In reviewing test items and tasks, we should try to
view them from the students’ s perspective as well as
from that of the teacher. The following questions will
help to analyse the quality of each item or tasks.
 Is the format appropriate for the learning
outcomes being measured?
 If the learning outcome calls for the definition of
a term, for example, then a supply- type (short-
answer item) would be appropriate and selection-
type ( multiple-choice) would be clearly
inappropriate.
 Thus, the first step is to check weather the format
is suitable for the type of students' performance
described in the testing and assessment plan

6. Does the knowledge, understanding, or thinking skill called forth
by the item or task match the specific learning outcome and
subject- matter content being measured?
6
When a table of
specifications has been
used as a basis for
constructing items and
tasks, this is merely a
matter of checking to
see weather the item or
task is still relevant to
the same cell in the
table.
For example, an item’s
functioning content has
shifted during
construction, the item
should be either modified
so that it serves its
original purpose or
reclassified in the light of
the new purpose.

7. 7
Is the point of item or task clear?
 A careful review of items and tasks often reveals
ambiguity, inappropriate vocabulary, and awkward
sentence structure that were overlooked during their
construction.
 Returning to items and tasks after they have been set aside
for a few days provides a fresh outlook that makes such
defects more apparent.
At all levels, ambiguity
should be removed. In
its final form, each
item or task should be
so clearly worded that
all students understand

8.  Sometimes, items become
excessively wordy because of
awkward sentence or the
inclusion of nonfunctional
material.
 Although adding such non-
functional material may be
useful in some instances,
items and tasks are generally
more effective when the
problem is stated as concisely
as possible.
Is the item or task free from excessive verbiage?
 When reviewing items,
the content of each item
should be analyzed to
determine the functional
elements leading to the
correct response.
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9. Does the item have an answer that would be agreed on by
experts?
This is seldom a
problem with factual
material, which
usually can be judged
as correct or incorrect. The problem is greatest
with tasks requiring
extended performances
where qualified judges
may differ in their
evaluation and
performances.
If experts agree on the
best response, fine but do
not include items that
require students to
endorse someone’s
unsupported opinion, and
do not evaluate
performances on tasks
simply in terms of
personal preferences.
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10. Is the item or task free from technical errors and
irrelevant clues?
10
an irrelevant clue
for selection-type
item is any element
that leads the poor
achievers to the
correct answer and
thereby prevents
the items from
functioning as
intended.
These include
 Ggrammatical
inconsistencies
 Verbal associations
 Specific
determiners(word such
as always and never)
 Some mechanical
features, such as
correct statements
tending to be longer
than incorrect ones.
Most of these clues can be removed merely by trying to
detect them during the item review.

11. 11
Is the item free from racial, ethnic and gender
bias?
 An effort should be made to
remove any type of
stereotyping, such as always
portraying minorities in
subservient roles, women in
homemaking roles.
 A judicious and balanced use of
different roles for minorities and
males and females should
contribute to more effective
assessment.

12. 12

13. Arranging items in the test
13
For most classroom
purposes, the items can
be arranged by a
systematic consideration
of: (a) a type of items
used
( c) the
difficulty
of the
items
(b) The
learning
outcome
measured
(d) The
subject
matter
measured
There are various methods of grouping items in
an achievement test, and the method will vary
somewhat depending on the use of the results.
 Items should be arranged in the sections by
item type. that is, all true-false items should
be grouped together, then all matching
items, than all multiple -choice items.
 This arrangement requires the fewest sets
of directions, it is the easiest for the
students because they can retain the same
mental set throughout each section, and it
greatly facilitates scoring.
Essay type and
performance
task usually
take enough
time that they
would be
administered
alone. If
combined with
some of the
other types of
items, should
come last.

14. Preparing directions for the test or assessment:
our
office
14
Teachers sometimes devote considerable time
and attention to the construction and assembly
of test items or a challenging performance-
based assessment and then dash off directions
with very little thought
1. Purpose of
the test or
assessment
This is usually
done orally. The
only time a
statement of the
purpose of test
need to be
included in the
written directions
in when it is to be
administered to
several sections
taught by different
teachers.
2.Time allowed for
test
It depends on the
types of items and
tsks used, the age and
ability of the students,
and the complexity of
the learning outcomes
measured.
Experienced teachers
familiar with the
ability and work
habits of a given
group of students are
in the best position to
judge time allotments.
Some teachers also use oral
directions, but they
frequently leave much to be
desired. Wether written,
oral, or both, the directions
should include at least the
following points:

15. 15
4
5
6

16. 16

17. 17

18. Reproducing the test
In preparing the test
materials for
reproduction, it is
important tat the items
be spaced and
arranged so that they
can be read, answered,
and scored with the
least amount of
difficulty
It is desirable to
proofread the entire
test or assessment
before it is
administered. Charts,
graphs, and other
pictorial material
must be checked to
ensure that the
reproduction has been
accurate, and the
details are clear
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Test item should be
numbered
consecutively
throughout the test.
each test item will need
to be identified during
discussion of the test
and other purposes,
such as item analysis.

19. Administering and scoring classroom tests and assessments
Care should be carries over into its administration and scoring. Here we are concerned with
(a) providing optimum conditions for obtaining the students’ responses, and
(b) selecting convenient and accurate procedures for scoring the results.
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Administeration
Physical conditions such as adequate
workspace, quiet, proper light and
ventilation, and comfortable
temperature are significantly familiar to
teachers to warrant little attention here
of greater importance but frequently
neglected are the psychological
conditions influencing results.
Sstudents will not perform at their best
if they are tense and anxious during
testing.
The following may createe excessive
test anxiety:
1. Threatening students with tests if
they do not behave.
2. Warning students to do their bet
“because test is important”
3. Telling students, they must work
fast in order to finish on time
4. Theatening dire consequences if
they fail.

20. Oral directions, if used,
should be presented
clearly. Any sample
problems or illustrations
put on board should be
kept brief and simple.
beyond this, suggestions
for administration consist
mainly of things to avoid.
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1. Do not talk
unnecessarily before
letting students start
working.
2. Keep interruptions
to a minimum
3. Avoid giving hints
to students who ask
about indiviual
items.
4. Discourage cheating,
if necessary

21. 21
scoring the test
 If the students' answers are recoded on the test
paper itself, a scoring key can be made by
marking the correct answers on a blank copy of
the test.
 Scoring then is simply a matter of comparing
the columns of answers on this master copy
with the columns of answers on each student’s
paper.
 A strip key, which consist merely of strips of
paper on which the columns of answers are
recorded, may also be used if more convenient.
 These can be prepared by cutting the columns
of answers from master of the test and mounting
them on strips of cardboard cut from manila
folders.

22. 22
Correction for guessing
The correction for guessing
formula assumes that an
examinee either knows the
answer to a question or guesses
at random among all the choices.

23. 23
Evaluating the classroom assessment
Before a classroom
test or assessment
has been
administered, it
should be evaluated
according to the
point discussed
earlier. The most
important of these
point are listed in the
checklist "evaluating
the classroom
assessment".

24. 24

25. 25

26. 26
Determining item and task effectiveness
 The effectiveness of each test
item can be determined by
analysing student responses
to it.
 Item analysis is generally
associated with a norm-
referenced perspective.
 this is natural because the
results of an item analysis
can be used to select items of
desired difficulty that best
discriminate between high
and low achieveing students.
However, the results of an item analysis
can be useful in identifying faulty items
and can provide information about
students' misconceptions and topics that
need additional work.

27. Item analysis is usually designed to answer
questions such as the following:
1. 1. Did the item function as intended?
2. 2. Was the test item of appropriate difficulty level?
3. 3. Was the test item free of irrelevant clues and other defect?
4. 4. Were the distracters effective?
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28. Benefits of item analysis

29. Item analysis

31. 31
Example of item analysis

32. “
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33. Computing item difficulty
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34. Computing item discriminating power
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35. Computing item discriminating power
35

36. 36
There is some advantage in recording item-
analysis data directly on the test paper that was
used a scoring key and make calculations
mentally.
Thus , during
discussion of the
test results, you
can quickly judge
the difficulty and
discriminating
power of each
item.
Recording item analysis data on
test paper

38. Building a file of effective items and tasks
38
By indicating on
the record both the
objectives and
content are being
measured. It is
possible to file the
records under both
headings.
For example: the item
in the figure 14.2
measures knowledge of
weather instruments, so
it is placed in the first
category under weather
instrument as like:
Weather
instruments
 Knowledge
 Understanding
 application
Course content can be used
as major categories with
the objectives forming the
subcategories.
A file of effective
items and tasks
can be built and
maintained , if
tasks and items
are recorded.