This study evaluated the effects of sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers on the yield of bread wheat in northern central Ethiopia. Soil samples from the study sites had low levels of organic matter, total nitrogen, available S and P. Applying S at 15 or 30 kg/ha and P at 11, 22, or 44 kg/ha significantly increased wheat yield components and grain yield compared to the control. Combining S and P fertilizers produced higher yields than applying either nutrient alone, indicating a synergistic interaction between S and P. The optimum treatment was 15 kg S/ha + 22 kg P/ha, increasing grain yield by 46-65% compared to the control. This study demonstrates that S
1) The study assessed the impact of different cultivation methods on soil fertility and rural livelihoods in Arsi Zone, southeast Ethiopia. 2) Soil samples were collected from fields with different cropping systems, including wheat-wheat, wheat-barley, wheat-bean, and wheat-maize. 3) The results showed that wheat-bean and wheat-pea cropping systems improved soil properties like soil organic matter and total nitrogen, while wheat-barley and wheat-maize systems had adverse effects compared to continuous wheat cropping.
Response of tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc).Trotter) to Organic and inorganic fert...AI Publications
Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is a highly valued crop in the national diet of Ethiopians. It is major crops grown in Central highlands of Ethiopia under wide range of Agro ecological condition. Integrated nutrient management is the best approach to supply adequate and balanced nutrients to increase crop productivity in an efficient and environmentally benign manner, without sacrificing soil productivity of future generations. The objective of this review was to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers as well as their combination on growth, yield and yield components of tef. Applications of chemical fertilizers mainly Urea and DAP have been started some four decades ago to improve soil fertility for enhanced crop production. Untenable increases in the price of fertilizers coupled with their adverse effects on the soil and reduced recovery efficiency of fertilizers by crops are the bottlenecks that prohibit the indiscriminate use of this technology. On farm using of organic fertilizers is inadequate due to some parts of the country us it as source of energy. Though ISFM is the notably preferred option in replenishing soil fertility and enhancing productivity, it is not yet widely taken up by farmers due to access or availability of inputs, use of organic resources for other purposes in place of soil fertility, transporting and management of organic inputs and economic returns of investments. Therefore, research needs to conduct detailed study on the best combinations of inputs that can boost crop yield in different farming systems and soil types.
A field experiments were conducted for two year (2011and 2012) at Areka Agricultural Research Center, in the South Region of Ethiopia to evaluate the response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to N and P fertilizers. Four levels of N (18, 27, 36 and 45 kg N/ ha) and three levels of P (46, 69 and 92 kg P2O5 /ha) with control were arranged in RCBD with three replications. Application of nitrogen increased significantly grain yield of common bean up to 116% than the control. And phosphorus application at a rate of 69 kg P2O5/ha increased significantly grain yield by 113% than control. The highest grain yield was obtained by the application of 45 kg N /ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha, though 45 kg N /ha rate had not cause statistically significant different grain yield than the preceding lower rates (36 and 27 kg N/ha). The economic analysis also supported that the highest net benefit of 23,110 Ethiopian Birr ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 1270% was obtained by the application of 27 kg N/ha. Net benefit of 21,070 ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 80% were obtained by the application of 69 kgP2O5/ha. As a result, a combined application of 27 kg N/ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha are optimum and economical for better common bean production at Areka and similar areas.
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yield o...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic fertilizers (NP or NPK) led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination led to the greatest increases in soil fertility and barley production.
11.combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yiel...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic (NP or NPK) fertilizers led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers worked best for increasing soil fertility and barley production sustainably.
Application of np fertilizers for better production of teffAlexander Decker
This document summarizes three experiments conducted in Ethiopia to determine optimal NP fertilizer rates for teff production on different soil types. The experiments were conducted on Profondic Luvisols soil in Hossana, Haplic Alisols soil in Areka, and Vitric Andosols soil in Awassa. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers had varying effects on teff grain and straw yields depending on the location and soil type. The results showed that fertilizer is not needed for teff production in Awassa. In Areka, only phosphorus up to 20 kg/ha increased yields. In Hossana, phosphorus up to 30 kg/ha significantly increased both grain and straw yields. The document
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
1) The study assessed the impact of different cultivation methods on soil fertility and rural livelihoods in Arsi Zone, southeast Ethiopia. 2) Soil samples were collected from fields with different cropping systems, including wheat-wheat, wheat-barley, wheat-bean, and wheat-maize. 3) The results showed that wheat-bean and wheat-pea cropping systems improved soil properties like soil organic matter and total nitrogen, while wheat-barley and wheat-maize systems had adverse effects compared to continuous wheat cropping.
Response of tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc).Trotter) to Organic and inorganic fert...AI Publications
Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is a highly valued crop in the national diet of Ethiopians. It is major crops grown in Central highlands of Ethiopia under wide range of Agro ecological condition. Integrated nutrient management is the best approach to supply adequate and balanced nutrients to increase crop productivity in an efficient and environmentally benign manner, without sacrificing soil productivity of future generations. The objective of this review was to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers as well as their combination on growth, yield and yield components of tef. Applications of chemical fertilizers mainly Urea and DAP have been started some four decades ago to improve soil fertility for enhanced crop production. Untenable increases in the price of fertilizers coupled with their adverse effects on the soil and reduced recovery efficiency of fertilizers by crops are the bottlenecks that prohibit the indiscriminate use of this technology. On farm using of organic fertilizers is inadequate due to some parts of the country us it as source of energy. Though ISFM is the notably preferred option in replenishing soil fertility and enhancing productivity, it is not yet widely taken up by farmers due to access or availability of inputs, use of organic resources for other purposes in place of soil fertility, transporting and management of organic inputs and economic returns of investments. Therefore, research needs to conduct detailed study on the best combinations of inputs that can boost crop yield in different farming systems and soil types.
A field experiments were conducted for two year (2011and 2012) at Areka Agricultural Research Center, in the South Region of Ethiopia to evaluate the response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to N and P fertilizers. Four levels of N (18, 27, 36 and 45 kg N/ ha) and three levels of P (46, 69 and 92 kg P2O5 /ha) with control were arranged in RCBD with three replications. Application of nitrogen increased significantly grain yield of common bean up to 116% than the control. And phosphorus application at a rate of 69 kg P2O5/ha increased significantly grain yield by 113% than control. The highest grain yield was obtained by the application of 45 kg N /ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha, though 45 kg N /ha rate had not cause statistically significant different grain yield than the preceding lower rates (36 and 27 kg N/ha). The economic analysis also supported that the highest net benefit of 23,110 Ethiopian Birr ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 1270% was obtained by the application of 27 kg N/ha. Net benefit of 21,070 ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 80% were obtained by the application of 69 kgP2O5/ha. As a result, a combined application of 27 kg N/ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha are optimum and economical for better common bean production at Areka and similar areas.
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yield o...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic fertilizers (NP or NPK) led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination led to the greatest increases in soil fertility and barley production.
11.combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yiel...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic (NP or NPK) fertilizers led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers worked best for increasing soil fertility and barley production sustainably.
Application of np fertilizers for better production of teffAlexander Decker
This document summarizes three experiments conducted in Ethiopia to determine optimal NP fertilizer rates for teff production on different soil types. The experiments were conducted on Profondic Luvisols soil in Hossana, Haplic Alisols soil in Areka, and Vitric Andosols soil in Awassa. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers had varying effects on teff grain and straw yields depending on the location and soil type. The results showed that fertilizer is not needed for teff production in Awassa. In Areka, only phosphorus up to 20 kg/ha increased yields. In Hossana, phosphorus up to 30 kg/ha significantly increased both grain and straw yields. The document
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Agro-Economic Benefits of Weed Biomass and Crop Residue in Maize Production S...IOSRJAVS
The climatic conditions of coastal Kenya favour rapid weed growth, leading to the accumulation of large biomass of weeds between cropping seasons. Smallholder farmers in the region usually slash and remove the weed biomass and crop residue from their farms during land preparation in order to facilitate easy planting. The impact of such practice on the production of maize has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the farmers’ practice on the performance of maize and fertilizer requirement. Three methods of managing weed biomass and crop residue (removal from field, incorporation into soil, or use as surface mulch) and five fertilizer rates (60 kg N ha-1 , 20 kg P ha-1 , 30 kg N ha-1 , 10 kg P ha-1 , and no fertilizer application) were evaluated. Removal of weed biomass and crop residue from the field led to 20-26% loss in grain yield and reduced the returns to labour by 41-51%.There was no response to applied P where weed biomass and crop residue had been incorporated into soil. Efforts should therefore be made to educate farmers on the advantages of retaining weed biomass and crop residue on their farms as they prepare land for subsequent crops.
Determination of soil p for optimum durum wheat production in ada抋, akaki and...Alexander Decker
This study investigated soil test-based phosphorus recommendations for optimum durum wheat production in three locations in central Ethiopia over three years. Thirty-six farmers' fields were included, with six phosphorus rates tested in a randomized complete block design. Results varied by location and year. In the first year at one location, 34.49 kg P2O5/ha produced the highest 3.75 t/ha grain yield. In subsequent years, applications often did not increase or decreased yields compared to the control. Overall, the study found soil phosphorus levels and needs varied significantly between fields, and blanket recommendations were not appropriate. Regression equations were developed to map phosphorus levels and recommend rates tailored to individual fields.
11.determination of soil p for optimum durum wheat production in ada抋, akaki ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated soil test-based phosphorus recommendations for optimum durum wheat production in three locations in central Ethiopia over three years. Thirty-six farmers' fields were included, with six phosphorus rates tested in a randomized complete block design. Results varied by location and year. In the first year at one location, 34.49 kg P2O5/ha produced the highest 3.75 t/ha grain yield. In subsequent years, applications often did not increase yields compared to the control. Overall, the study found soil phosphorus levels and needs varied significantly between fields. Regression equations were developed to map soil phosphorus levels for individual fields and recommend phosphorus based on soil testing.
Constraints of onion (alluim cepa.var.cepa l.) yield production and food pref...Alexander Decker
The document discusses constraints to onion production and food preferences in Bibugn Woreda, Ethiopia. It finds that the major constraints to onion production are low water accessibility and high rates of onion disease. While the climate is suitable for onion growth, water shortages and diseases have led to declining onion yields over time. There is also high local demand for onions that exceeds current production levels. The community prefers onions to shallots for food flavoring, but often uses shallots instead due to shortage of onions. To address these issues, the document recommends improving irrigation access through water diversion and pumping projects, supporting disease-resistant varieties, and prioritizing increased onion production.
11.[7 17]determinants of adoption and labour intensity of stone-terraces in e...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of adoption and labor intensity of stone terraces in the Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia. The study uses household and plot level data from 211 farm households to analyze factors affecting adoption of stone terraces and labor use intensity through a double hurdle model. Key findings were that land tenure security, parcel size and fragmentation, and farm training and education influence adoption and labor intensity of stone terraces. The implications are that programs should focus on relaxing land tenure, increasing parcel size and reducing fragmentation, and strengthening farm education.
Agronomy: Precision water management in different rice ecosystemsJagadish.M Gayakwad
This document discusses various methods of water management in rice production. It begins with an introduction to rice cultivation and its high water requirements. It then discusses the importance of precision water management to produce more crop per drop of water. The document provides details on various rice production systems including transplanted rice, direct seeded rice, aerobic rice, and their water requirements and yields under different irrigation schedules. It concludes that precision water management through appropriate irrigation methods and schedules is necessary to address the challenges of decreasing water availability.
Impact of organic and conventional practices on, soil health and crop yield u...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study evaluated the impact of organic and conventional farming practices on soil health and crop yields in Bangladesh over 7 years. Soil samples were taken from plots using organic fertilizers (compost and BAOFER), no inputs (control), and chemical fertilizers (conventional). The organic soils had significantly higher organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and microbial populations compared to conventional soils. Crop yields in organic plots gradually increased over 5 years and were similar to conventional yields by the end. The study found that applying 15 tonnes/hectare/year of compost improved soil health and vegetable yields under tropical conditions.
Production of food in resource-constrained environments that have poor inherent soil nutrition depends on tillage and cropping systems that provide high yields, preserve soil, water and biodiversity. This research was conducted in the Guinea savannah agroecology of Ghana, during the 2015-2016 cropping seasons to evaluate the impact of tillage and cropping systems on sustainable production of maize and soybean by resource-poor farmers. The experiment was a split-split plot design with four replications. The factors consisted of tillage system at three levels (plough, ripping and direct-seeding) laid out as main plots, fertilizer rate at three levels (0 kg/ha, half the recommended rate of 30-15-15 kg/ha and the recommended optimum rate of 60-30-30 kg/ha NPK) laid as sub-plots and cropping system at two levels (sole maize, maize-soybean intercrop) laid on the sub-sub plot. Apart from leaf area that had significant three-way interaction of tillage, cropping system and fertilizer rate (p < 0.05), all other growth parameters were affected by either two factor interaction or a sole factor. Grain yield of maize was significantly influenced by sole maize and fertilizer rate with highest yield occurring under the full rate (3.4 t/ha) compared with the half rate (2.7 t/ha), amounting to yield difference of about 700 kg/ha. Yield of soybean under the integrated production was affected by interaction of tillage system and fertilizer rate. Highest soybean yield (1.4 t/ha) was recorded under the ploughed condition at the full rate of fertilizer application. Though sole maize, ploughed and with full rate of fertilizer application, gave similar benefit/cost ratio as that of the integrated production with half rate of fertilizer application, the intercropped system with half fertilizer rate resulted in 45% more increases in profit compared to the sole production with full fertilizer rate. Integrated production of maize and soybean, with half the recommended rate of NPK (30-15-15 kg/ha) is therefore recommended to resource-poor farmers in northern Ghana.
Effect of Rates and Time of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Yield and Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of rates and time of nitrogen fertilizer application on yield and yield components of sorghum in northern Ethiopia. The treatments consisted of four rates of nitrogen (23, 46, 69 and 92 kg N ha-1) and three time of N application (1/2 dose at sowing and 1/2 dose at mid-vegetative, 1/2 dose at mid-vegetative and 1/2 dose at booting stage, 1/3 dose at sowing, 1/3 dose at mid vegetative and 1/3 dose at booting stage). The main effect of rate of N application showed significantly the highest days to flowering, days to physiological maturity, plant height, panicle length and biomass yield (10716 kg ha-1) at 92 kg N ha-1. Similarly, the highest days to flowering, leaf area index (2.86) and panicle weight were obtained from three split application and the maximum biomass yield (10142 kg ha-1) was recorded from two split application of N (1/2 dose each at mid-vegetative and at booting stage). The interaction of rates and time of application of nitrogen had significantly the highest 1000 kernels weight (44.67 g), grain yield (4635 kg ha-1) and harvest index from 69 kg N ha-1 in three split application. Economic analysis showed that maximum net benefit of 33053.23 ETB ha-1 from 69kg N ha-1 in three split application. Based on the results, it can be concluded that application of 69 kg N ha-1 in three splits to be appropriate to increase the productivity of sorghum in the study area.
11.the response of haricot bean to phosphorus application on ultisols at arek...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the response of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on Ultisols in Areka, Ethiopia. Seven levels of P (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg ha-1) were tested in a randomized complete block design. Key findings include:
1) P application significantly reduced time to physiological maturity but did not significantly affect other growth parameters.
2) Grain yield and total biomass increased significantly with P application up to 40 kg P ha-1, with maximum yields of 25.47 dt ha-1 and 45.97 dt ha-
The response of haricot bean to phosphorus application on ultisols at areka, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the response of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on Ultisols in Areka, Ethiopia. Seven levels of P (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg ha-1) were tested in a randomized complete block design. Key findings include:
1) P application significantly reduced time to physiological maturity but did not significantly affect other growth parameters.
2) Grain yield and total biomass increased significantly with P application up to 40 kg P ha-1, with maximum yields of 25.47 dt ha-1 and 45.97 dt ha-
Poultry manure application and fallow improves peanut production in a sandy s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
To meet our food security demands, Papua New Guinea (PNG) needs to improve smallholder subsistence agriculture by promoting the production of cash crops that mature early and have a high market value. Peanut is a typical example of a cash crop which potentially has a high market value, but pod yields are low due to declinein soil quality. A field experiment was conducted under 4 different land use systems (LUS) to evaluate the effects of continuous peanut cultivation on peanut pod yield and on selected soil properties. Peanut pod yield declined significantly under the continuous peanut and peanut/corn rotation systems; while the poultry manure and land fallow systems significantly increased pod yield. Over the 3 cropping seasons, significant changes in organic carbon; extractable potassium and CEC in all cropping systems occurred, while changes in total N was significant in the peanut/corn rotation and poultry manure cropping systems only. No significant changes in bulk density; field capacity; electrical conductivity; soil pH and available phosphorus were observed in all the 4 LUS over the 3 cropping seasons. We suggest that adequate fallow periods of more than 1 year and poultry manures are applied to enhance soil quality and improve peanut productivity and/or sustain peanut production in marginal lands under continuous cultivation
Adoption of good agricultural practices for sustainable maize and cowpea prod...Premier Publishers
This paper presents a comparative evaluation of maize and cowpea grain yields of 24 farmers in the Forest-Savannah Transition (Atebubu-Amantin) and Guinea Savannah (West-Mamprusi) zones of Ghana for 2012 and 2014 respectively at the inception and completion of the sustainable intensification of crop-livestock integration project. While only 7 and 2 farmers planted maize in rows at project inception, 12 and 9 farmers were recorded at project completion in Atebubu–Amantin and West–Mamprusi districts respectively. During 2012 cropping season, when farmers had access to fertilizer in the form of subsidy, only a farmer in each district did not apply fertilizer. However, the reverse was observed in 2014 where there was no subsidy. Comparing 2012 and 2014 cropping season results, revealed a 25% and 27% increase in maize grain yield in Atebubu–Amantin and West–Mamprusi districts respectively. Economic analysis revealed a high benefit cost ratio in maize and cowpea production in 2014 than in 2012 for both locations. The study has demonstrated that, enabling environment that encourages access to tools and implements for row planting and fertilizer in the form of subsidy would complement good agronomic technology packages introduced to farmers in order to ensure sustainable cereal and legume production.
Phosphorus recycling is a emerging problem in organic farming due to deterioration of rock phosphate sources from earth. There is a need for usage of alternative sources for P requirement by knowing their environmental impacts.
Credit of peanut to subsequent wheat under desert farming conditions in prese...IJAEMSJORNAL
Rotation with leguminous crops to break non-legume monocultures has been established to benefit the latter. The lacking information on this cultivation system in stressed environments encouraged the implementation of two field trials in two different locations of Ismailia desert soils. The experimental design included the cultivation of wheat subsequent to peanut in presence of diazotroph inoculation and N fertilization. Bradyrhizobial inoculation of the legume in combination with 50 kg N acre-1 resulted in the highest total biological yields of 4.24 and 5.01 kg plot-1 at the experimental sites 1 and 2, respective seed yields of 1.46 and 1.61 kg pot-1 were recorded. In case of the cereal crop, the measured acetylene reducing activities in soils of associative diazotroph-inoculated plants together with 50 kg N acre-1 were the highest being 515.8-886.2 and 616.7-1066.2 nmoles C2H4 g-1 h-1 at locations 1 and 2 respectively. The enzymatic activity of fallow-cultivated wheat generally represented ca. 95 % of that in subsequent to peanut. Irrespective of inoculation and N fertilization, the wheat biomass yield increases in residual effect-field over the fallow one were 6.4-35.1 % and 4.6-38.5 % at experimental sites 1 and 2 respectively. Increase percentages of 3.1-26.6 and 6.9-44.7 were scored as well for grain yield. The beneficial residual effect of the legume to the succeeding cereal was also extended to protein yields, increases of 4.0-14.2 % and 4.5-7.6 % were estimated for grain protein as well as 8.3-24.1 % and 8.1-35.3 % for straw protein yield. The findings of this study proved that the positively yield turnover of a legume is extended to the subsequent non-legume. Besides, the beneficial residual effects of legumes toward rotated non legumes could be magnified by diazotroph inoculation together with adequate N supply particularly in stressed environments represented, in the present study, by Ismailia sandy soil.
Urea-supergranules and phosphorus application increases irrigated rice yields...INNS PUBNET
Nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies are some of the main factors restricting irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity in Burkina Faso. Urea supergranules (USG) have been proven to increase rice yield but this increased productivity is likely to be constrained because P is becoming limiting in irrigated rice systems. Field experiments were carried out with rice variety Nerica 62N in Sourou valley in the wet season of 2012 and in the dry season of 2013. The effect of two sizes (1.8 and 2.7 g) of USG and five levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg P ha-1) were studied in a split plot design on rice yields. The use of USG 2.7 g did not significantly increase rice yields compare with USG 1.8 g in both seasons. P application significantly increased rice yields. The 1.8 g USG significantly increased the agronomic efficiency (AE) by 48.9% over the USG 2.7 g in the 2012 wet season while the increase in AE was 24.4% in the 2013 dry season. The best AE 42 kg kg-1 in 2012 and 25 kg kg-1 in 2013 were obtained with 50P and 30P. This study suggests that USG can be used by farmers in small rate (USG 1.8 g) to improve nitrogen use efficiency and the application of 30 kg P kg-1 seems to be adequate to increase yield in irrigated rice cropping system.
This document summarizes the results of a study on integrated nutrient management strategies for improving soil health and doubling farmer incomes in India. Key findings include:
1) Combining reduced tillage/no-till with mulching (straw, plastic) improved soil moisture retention and increased maize/wheat yields by 30-40% compared to conventional tillage alone.
2) Integrated nutrient management (INM) using organic manures, biofertilizers, and reduced inorganic fertilizers improved guava growth, yield, and quality more than inorganic fertilizers alone.
3) Applying vermicompost and biofertilizers along with 75% recommended inorganic fertilizers led to the highest guava plant
Factors influencing farmer’s participation in agricultural projects the case ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that aimed to identify factors influencing farmers' participation in agricultural projects in Ghana. It provides background on the importance of agriculture in Ghana and the northern region, as well as poverty levels. It then describes the Agricultural Value Chain Mentorship Project (AVCMP) being implemented in the region. The study used a survey of 180 farmers in two districts to analyze factors affecting participation. Results from a probit model indicated that years of schooling, access to production credit, and access to agricultural extension services significantly determined farmers' participation in projects. Farmer interest can be sustained by providing tangible benefits like credit and extension.
Integrated nutrient management advocates a balanced approach using fertilizers, manures, composts, crop residues, and biofertilizers. It aims to improve soil health and productivity in a sustainable way. Integrated use of organic and inorganic sources provides higher yields than either alone due to synergistic effects. Nutrient deficiencies are widespread in Indian soils due to removal exceeding addition. Adopting integrated practices can help close the nutrient gap while protecting soils and the environment.
The research findings indicated that the blended NPSB fertilizer rates and varieties of maize affected days to physiological maturity, leaf area, leaf area index, hundred kernels weight (HKW),
dry biomass yield (DBY), and grain yield (GY). The highest mean values for HKW, DBY, and GY were obtained from the 150 kg ha1 NPSB rate.
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important crops globally. There is little information on balanced use of chemical fertilizer on potato production in Benchi-Maji Zone. Thus, a field experiment was conducted with the objective to investigate the effect of NPS fertilizer rate on the growth parameters of potato. The treatment consisted of four levels of NPS fertilizer (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1) which were laid out in RCBD with three replications. Improved potato variety "Gudene" was used as a test crop. NPS fertilizer rate had significantly influenced almost all the tested parameters of potato. Day’s to 50% flowering was highly significantly affected by NPS rate. Early day to flower were obtained with the application of 100 kg ha-1 of NPS fertilizer and late flowering recorded at 150 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer application rate. Significantly highest plant height of potato was obtained from application of 150 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer and the smallest height is obtained from application of 50 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer.
Agro-Economic Benefits of Weed Biomass and Crop Residue in Maize Production S...IOSRJAVS
The climatic conditions of coastal Kenya favour rapid weed growth, leading to the accumulation of large biomass of weeds between cropping seasons. Smallholder farmers in the region usually slash and remove the weed biomass and crop residue from their farms during land preparation in order to facilitate easy planting. The impact of such practice on the production of maize has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the farmers’ practice on the performance of maize and fertilizer requirement. Three methods of managing weed biomass and crop residue (removal from field, incorporation into soil, or use as surface mulch) and five fertilizer rates (60 kg N ha-1 , 20 kg P ha-1 , 30 kg N ha-1 , 10 kg P ha-1 , and no fertilizer application) were evaluated. Removal of weed biomass and crop residue from the field led to 20-26% loss in grain yield and reduced the returns to labour by 41-51%.There was no response to applied P where weed biomass and crop residue had been incorporated into soil. Efforts should therefore be made to educate farmers on the advantages of retaining weed biomass and crop residue on their farms as they prepare land for subsequent crops.
Determination of soil p for optimum durum wheat production in ada抋, akaki and...Alexander Decker
This study investigated soil test-based phosphorus recommendations for optimum durum wheat production in three locations in central Ethiopia over three years. Thirty-six farmers' fields were included, with six phosphorus rates tested in a randomized complete block design. Results varied by location and year. In the first year at one location, 34.49 kg P2O5/ha produced the highest 3.75 t/ha grain yield. In subsequent years, applications often did not increase or decreased yields compared to the control. Overall, the study found soil phosphorus levels and needs varied significantly between fields, and blanket recommendations were not appropriate. Regression equations were developed to map phosphorus levels and recommend rates tailored to individual fields.
11.determination of soil p for optimum durum wheat production in ada抋, akaki ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated soil test-based phosphorus recommendations for optimum durum wheat production in three locations in central Ethiopia over three years. Thirty-six farmers' fields were included, with six phosphorus rates tested in a randomized complete block design. Results varied by location and year. In the first year at one location, 34.49 kg P2O5/ha produced the highest 3.75 t/ha grain yield. In subsequent years, applications often did not increase yields compared to the control. Overall, the study found soil phosphorus levels and needs varied significantly between fields. Regression equations were developed to map soil phosphorus levels for individual fields and recommend phosphorus based on soil testing.
Constraints of onion (alluim cepa.var.cepa l.) yield production and food pref...Alexander Decker
The document discusses constraints to onion production and food preferences in Bibugn Woreda, Ethiopia. It finds that the major constraints to onion production are low water accessibility and high rates of onion disease. While the climate is suitable for onion growth, water shortages and diseases have led to declining onion yields over time. There is also high local demand for onions that exceeds current production levels. The community prefers onions to shallots for food flavoring, but often uses shallots instead due to shortage of onions. To address these issues, the document recommends improving irrigation access through water diversion and pumping projects, supporting disease-resistant varieties, and prioritizing increased onion production.
11.[7 17]determinants of adoption and labour intensity of stone-terraces in e...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of adoption and labor intensity of stone terraces in the Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia. The study uses household and plot level data from 211 farm households to analyze factors affecting adoption of stone terraces and labor use intensity through a double hurdle model. Key findings were that land tenure security, parcel size and fragmentation, and farm training and education influence adoption and labor intensity of stone terraces. The implications are that programs should focus on relaxing land tenure, increasing parcel size and reducing fragmentation, and strengthening farm education.
Agronomy: Precision water management in different rice ecosystemsJagadish.M Gayakwad
This document discusses various methods of water management in rice production. It begins with an introduction to rice cultivation and its high water requirements. It then discusses the importance of precision water management to produce more crop per drop of water. The document provides details on various rice production systems including transplanted rice, direct seeded rice, aerobic rice, and their water requirements and yields under different irrigation schedules. It concludes that precision water management through appropriate irrigation methods and schedules is necessary to address the challenges of decreasing water availability.
Impact of organic and conventional practices on, soil health and crop yield u...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study evaluated the impact of organic and conventional farming practices on soil health and crop yields in Bangladesh over 7 years. Soil samples were taken from plots using organic fertilizers (compost and BAOFER), no inputs (control), and chemical fertilizers (conventional). The organic soils had significantly higher organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and microbial populations compared to conventional soils. Crop yields in organic plots gradually increased over 5 years and were similar to conventional yields by the end. The study found that applying 15 tonnes/hectare/year of compost improved soil health and vegetable yields under tropical conditions.
Production of food in resource-constrained environments that have poor inherent soil nutrition depends on tillage and cropping systems that provide high yields, preserve soil, water and biodiversity. This research was conducted in the Guinea savannah agroecology of Ghana, during the 2015-2016 cropping seasons to evaluate the impact of tillage and cropping systems on sustainable production of maize and soybean by resource-poor farmers. The experiment was a split-split plot design with four replications. The factors consisted of tillage system at three levels (plough, ripping and direct-seeding) laid out as main plots, fertilizer rate at three levels (0 kg/ha, half the recommended rate of 30-15-15 kg/ha and the recommended optimum rate of 60-30-30 kg/ha NPK) laid as sub-plots and cropping system at two levels (sole maize, maize-soybean intercrop) laid on the sub-sub plot. Apart from leaf area that had significant three-way interaction of tillage, cropping system and fertilizer rate (p < 0.05), all other growth parameters were affected by either two factor interaction or a sole factor. Grain yield of maize was significantly influenced by sole maize and fertilizer rate with highest yield occurring under the full rate (3.4 t/ha) compared with the half rate (2.7 t/ha), amounting to yield difference of about 700 kg/ha. Yield of soybean under the integrated production was affected by interaction of tillage system and fertilizer rate. Highest soybean yield (1.4 t/ha) was recorded under the ploughed condition at the full rate of fertilizer application. Though sole maize, ploughed and with full rate of fertilizer application, gave similar benefit/cost ratio as that of the integrated production with half rate of fertilizer application, the intercropped system with half fertilizer rate resulted in 45% more increases in profit compared to the sole production with full fertilizer rate. Integrated production of maize and soybean, with half the recommended rate of NPK (30-15-15 kg/ha) is therefore recommended to resource-poor farmers in northern Ghana.
Effect of Rates and Time of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Yield and Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of rates and time of nitrogen fertilizer application on yield and yield components of sorghum in northern Ethiopia. The treatments consisted of four rates of nitrogen (23, 46, 69 and 92 kg N ha-1) and three time of N application (1/2 dose at sowing and 1/2 dose at mid-vegetative, 1/2 dose at mid-vegetative and 1/2 dose at booting stage, 1/3 dose at sowing, 1/3 dose at mid vegetative and 1/3 dose at booting stage). The main effect of rate of N application showed significantly the highest days to flowering, days to physiological maturity, plant height, panicle length and biomass yield (10716 kg ha-1) at 92 kg N ha-1. Similarly, the highest days to flowering, leaf area index (2.86) and panicle weight were obtained from three split application and the maximum biomass yield (10142 kg ha-1) was recorded from two split application of N (1/2 dose each at mid-vegetative and at booting stage). The interaction of rates and time of application of nitrogen had significantly the highest 1000 kernels weight (44.67 g), grain yield (4635 kg ha-1) and harvest index from 69 kg N ha-1 in three split application. Economic analysis showed that maximum net benefit of 33053.23 ETB ha-1 from 69kg N ha-1 in three split application. Based on the results, it can be concluded that application of 69 kg N ha-1 in three splits to be appropriate to increase the productivity of sorghum in the study area.
11.the response of haricot bean to phosphorus application on ultisols at arek...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the response of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on Ultisols in Areka, Ethiopia. Seven levels of P (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg ha-1) were tested in a randomized complete block design. Key findings include:
1) P application significantly reduced time to physiological maturity but did not significantly affect other growth parameters.
2) Grain yield and total biomass increased significantly with P application up to 40 kg P ha-1, with maximum yields of 25.47 dt ha-1 and 45.97 dt ha-
The response of haricot bean to phosphorus application on ultisols at areka, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the response of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on Ultisols in Areka, Ethiopia. Seven levels of P (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg ha-1) were tested in a randomized complete block design. Key findings include:
1) P application significantly reduced time to physiological maturity but did not significantly affect other growth parameters.
2) Grain yield and total biomass increased significantly with P application up to 40 kg P ha-1, with maximum yields of 25.47 dt ha-1 and 45.97 dt ha-
Poultry manure application and fallow improves peanut production in a sandy s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
To meet our food security demands, Papua New Guinea (PNG) needs to improve smallholder subsistence agriculture by promoting the production of cash crops that mature early and have a high market value. Peanut is a typical example of a cash crop which potentially has a high market value, but pod yields are low due to declinein soil quality. A field experiment was conducted under 4 different land use systems (LUS) to evaluate the effects of continuous peanut cultivation on peanut pod yield and on selected soil properties. Peanut pod yield declined significantly under the continuous peanut and peanut/corn rotation systems; while the poultry manure and land fallow systems significantly increased pod yield. Over the 3 cropping seasons, significant changes in organic carbon; extractable potassium and CEC in all cropping systems occurred, while changes in total N was significant in the peanut/corn rotation and poultry manure cropping systems only. No significant changes in bulk density; field capacity; electrical conductivity; soil pH and available phosphorus were observed in all the 4 LUS over the 3 cropping seasons. We suggest that adequate fallow periods of more than 1 year and poultry manures are applied to enhance soil quality and improve peanut productivity and/or sustain peanut production in marginal lands under continuous cultivation
Adoption of good agricultural practices for sustainable maize and cowpea prod...Premier Publishers
This paper presents a comparative evaluation of maize and cowpea grain yields of 24 farmers in the Forest-Savannah Transition (Atebubu-Amantin) and Guinea Savannah (West-Mamprusi) zones of Ghana for 2012 and 2014 respectively at the inception and completion of the sustainable intensification of crop-livestock integration project. While only 7 and 2 farmers planted maize in rows at project inception, 12 and 9 farmers were recorded at project completion in Atebubu–Amantin and West–Mamprusi districts respectively. During 2012 cropping season, when farmers had access to fertilizer in the form of subsidy, only a farmer in each district did not apply fertilizer. However, the reverse was observed in 2014 where there was no subsidy. Comparing 2012 and 2014 cropping season results, revealed a 25% and 27% increase in maize grain yield in Atebubu–Amantin and West–Mamprusi districts respectively. Economic analysis revealed a high benefit cost ratio in maize and cowpea production in 2014 than in 2012 for both locations. The study has demonstrated that, enabling environment that encourages access to tools and implements for row planting and fertilizer in the form of subsidy would complement good agronomic technology packages introduced to farmers in order to ensure sustainable cereal and legume production.
Phosphorus recycling is a emerging problem in organic farming due to deterioration of rock phosphate sources from earth. There is a need for usage of alternative sources for P requirement by knowing their environmental impacts.
Credit of peanut to subsequent wheat under desert farming conditions in prese...IJAEMSJORNAL
Rotation with leguminous crops to break non-legume monocultures has been established to benefit the latter. The lacking information on this cultivation system in stressed environments encouraged the implementation of two field trials in two different locations of Ismailia desert soils. The experimental design included the cultivation of wheat subsequent to peanut in presence of diazotroph inoculation and N fertilization. Bradyrhizobial inoculation of the legume in combination with 50 kg N acre-1 resulted in the highest total biological yields of 4.24 and 5.01 kg plot-1 at the experimental sites 1 and 2, respective seed yields of 1.46 and 1.61 kg pot-1 were recorded. In case of the cereal crop, the measured acetylene reducing activities in soils of associative diazotroph-inoculated plants together with 50 kg N acre-1 were the highest being 515.8-886.2 and 616.7-1066.2 nmoles C2H4 g-1 h-1 at locations 1 and 2 respectively. The enzymatic activity of fallow-cultivated wheat generally represented ca. 95 % of that in subsequent to peanut. Irrespective of inoculation and N fertilization, the wheat biomass yield increases in residual effect-field over the fallow one were 6.4-35.1 % and 4.6-38.5 % at experimental sites 1 and 2 respectively. Increase percentages of 3.1-26.6 and 6.9-44.7 were scored as well for grain yield. The beneficial residual effect of the legume to the succeeding cereal was also extended to protein yields, increases of 4.0-14.2 % and 4.5-7.6 % were estimated for grain protein as well as 8.3-24.1 % and 8.1-35.3 % for straw protein yield. The findings of this study proved that the positively yield turnover of a legume is extended to the subsequent non-legume. Besides, the beneficial residual effects of legumes toward rotated non legumes could be magnified by diazotroph inoculation together with adequate N supply particularly in stressed environments represented, in the present study, by Ismailia sandy soil.
Urea-supergranules and phosphorus application increases irrigated rice yields...INNS PUBNET
Nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies are some of the main factors restricting irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity in Burkina Faso. Urea supergranules (USG) have been proven to increase rice yield but this increased productivity is likely to be constrained because P is becoming limiting in irrigated rice systems. Field experiments were carried out with rice variety Nerica 62N in Sourou valley in the wet season of 2012 and in the dry season of 2013. The effect of two sizes (1.8 and 2.7 g) of USG and five levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg P ha-1) were studied in a split plot design on rice yields. The use of USG 2.7 g did not significantly increase rice yields compare with USG 1.8 g in both seasons. P application significantly increased rice yields. The 1.8 g USG significantly increased the agronomic efficiency (AE) by 48.9% over the USG 2.7 g in the 2012 wet season while the increase in AE was 24.4% in the 2013 dry season. The best AE 42 kg kg-1 in 2012 and 25 kg kg-1 in 2013 were obtained with 50P and 30P. This study suggests that USG can be used by farmers in small rate (USG 1.8 g) to improve nitrogen use efficiency and the application of 30 kg P kg-1 seems to be adequate to increase yield in irrigated rice cropping system.
This document summarizes the results of a study on integrated nutrient management strategies for improving soil health and doubling farmer incomes in India. Key findings include:
1) Combining reduced tillage/no-till with mulching (straw, plastic) improved soil moisture retention and increased maize/wheat yields by 30-40% compared to conventional tillage alone.
2) Integrated nutrient management (INM) using organic manures, biofertilizers, and reduced inorganic fertilizers improved guava growth, yield, and quality more than inorganic fertilizers alone.
3) Applying vermicompost and biofertilizers along with 75% recommended inorganic fertilizers led to the highest guava plant
Factors influencing farmer’s participation in agricultural projects the case ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that aimed to identify factors influencing farmers' participation in agricultural projects in Ghana. It provides background on the importance of agriculture in Ghana and the northern region, as well as poverty levels. It then describes the Agricultural Value Chain Mentorship Project (AVCMP) being implemented in the region. The study used a survey of 180 farmers in two districts to analyze factors affecting participation. Results from a probit model indicated that years of schooling, access to production credit, and access to agricultural extension services significantly determined farmers' participation in projects. Farmer interest can be sustained by providing tangible benefits like credit and extension.
Integrated nutrient management advocates a balanced approach using fertilizers, manures, composts, crop residues, and biofertilizers. It aims to improve soil health and productivity in a sustainable way. Integrated use of organic and inorganic sources provides higher yields than either alone due to synergistic effects. Nutrient deficiencies are widespread in Indian soils due to removal exceeding addition. Adopting integrated practices can help close the nutrient gap while protecting soils and the environment.
The research findings indicated that the blended NPSB fertilizer rates and varieties of maize affected days to physiological maturity, leaf area, leaf area index, hundred kernels weight (HKW),
dry biomass yield (DBY), and grain yield (GY). The highest mean values for HKW, DBY, and GY were obtained from the 150 kg ha1 NPSB rate.
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important crops globally. There is little information on balanced use of chemical fertilizer on potato production in Benchi-Maji Zone. Thus, a field experiment was conducted with the objective to investigate the effect of NPS fertilizer rate on the growth parameters of potato. The treatment consisted of four levels of NPS fertilizer (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1) which were laid out in RCBD with three replications. Improved potato variety "Gudene" was used as a test crop. NPS fertilizer rate had significantly influenced almost all the tested parameters of potato. Day’s to 50% flowering was highly significantly affected by NPS rate. Early day to flower were obtained with the application of 100 kg ha-1 of NPS fertilizer and late flowering recorded at 150 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer application rate. Significantly highest plant height of potato was obtained from application of 150 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer and the smallest height is obtained from application of 50 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Response of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivars to Nitrogen Fertili...Premier Publishers
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) is one of the most important pulse crops grown in Ethiopia. However, low soil fertility and poor soil fertility management constrains the productivity of the crop. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the response of the crop to nitrogen (N) fertilizer at the research field of Nedjo ATVET College during the main cropping season of 2011. The treatments comprised four levels of nitrogen (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg N ha-1) and three bean cultivars (Dimtu, Beshbesh and Local Washkate). The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement. The result of the study revealed that the main effects of N had significant (P < 0.05) influence on days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, and hundred seed weight. Nitrogen and cultivar interaction significantly influenced most of the agronomic traits. Increasing the rates of nitrogen from 0 to 69 kg N ha-1 delayed days to flowering and days to maturity. The highest grain yield (4.58 t ha-1) was recorded for the Beshbesh cultivar at the rate of 69 kg N ha-1 with the yield advantage of 75% over the local cultivar. Grain yield (r = 0.50) was positively and highly significantly correlated with hundred seed weight. Thus, it could be concluded that applying 69 kg N ha-1 and cultivating the Beshbesh and Dimtu cultivar resulted in the highest grain yield of the crop. If Beshbesh is not available Dimtu should be used.
Title: The System of Tef Intensification (STI): Modifying crop management for greater food security in Ethiopia
Poster by: Tareke Berhe, Ayele G. Ayetenfisu,
Zewdie Gebretsadik, and Norman Uphoff
Date: October 13, 2015
[Poster presented at the 2nd International Conference on Global Food Security at Cornell University.]
In the Guinea savannah zone of northern Ghana, the soils are reported to be declining for agricultural productivity. In these farming communities that depend on soybean production for their livelihoods, resource-poor farmers are not able to afford purchases of high cost inorganic phosphatic fertilizers to enhance the crop’s production. The need arises to identify efficient practices and strategies and research into alternative means of enhancing soybean production to improve food security. This Randomized Complete Block Design as an experimental tool was employed to carry out a research in the Guinea savanna zone of Ghana (Tolon District) to assess the agronomic and economic productivity of rhizobia inoculation use in soybean production. Treatments used for the experiment were sole soybean production, soybean + recommended phosphorus (P) fertilize rate, soybean + inoculums, and soybean + P + inoculum. A planting distance of 60*10cm was used during planting. Each treatment was replicated three times. Growth and yield data were collected on plant height, nodule number and dry weight, shoot dry weight, pods number and dry weight, grain yield, 100 seed weight and nodule effectiveness. The results revealed the existence of significant difference in grain yield between treatments (p = 0.011). Soybean + inoculation + P gave the highest yield of 3.6 t/ha followed by soybean + inoculation (3.17 t/ha), soybean + P (2.97 t/ha) and soybean only (2.6 t/ha) respectively. Significant difference was also observed for number of pods between treatments (p= 0.01), with soybean + inoculation + phosphorus recording the highest followed by soybean + inoculation, soybean + phosphorus and soybean-only treatment respectively. However, use of sole inoculation in soybean production was associated with the least production cost, high revenue generation and high benefit/cost ratio. As rhizobia inoculation of soybean produced higher yields and is comparatively cheaper than phosphorus application, inoculation is suggested for the resource poor farmer in Northern Ghana.
Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmos...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg/ha) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons/ha) on the growth of okra plants. A field trial was conducted in Nigeria using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Application of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, and stem girth compared to the control treatment. Increasing levels of both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer generally led to better plant growth. The combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers supported greater okra growth than either treatment alone. Both p
Effect of Lime and Phosphorus Fertilizer on Acid Soil Properties and Sorghum ...Premier Publishers
Acidic soils limit the production potential of sorghum crop because of low availability of basic cations and excess of hydrogen (H+) and aluminium (Al3+) in exchangeable forms at Assosa. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of acid soil properties and sorghum to lime and Phosphorus fertilizer around Assosa area during 2012-2015 cropping seasons. Five levels of lime (0, 1.88, 3.76, 5.64 and 7.52 t ha-1) and four levels of P (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg ha-1) laid out in randomised complete block design with three replications.Analysis of variance revealed that the interaction effect of lime and phosphorus fertilizer significantly (P≤0.05) affected head weight, straw and grain yield of sorghum. The highest grain yield of sorghum was obtained from 5.65 t lime ha-1with application of 23, 46 and 69 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 7.54 t lime ha-1with application of 0, 23 and 46 kg P2O5 ha-1 treatments. The partial budget analysis also indicted that 1.88 t lime ha-1 along with 23 kg P2O5 ha-1 gives higher net benefits. Therefore, the management of P- deficient acid soils of Assosa area requires combined applications 1.88 t lime ha-1with application of 23 kg P2O5 ha-1.
Effect of Farmyard Manure and Mineral NP Fertilizers on Yield Related Traits ...Premier Publishers
Declining soil fertility is one of the major problems causing yield reduction in Ethiopia. Farmers at Areka apply both organic and inorganic fertilizers to overcome the problem and increase yield of potato. However, information on the application of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer is inadequate to the area to increase the yield of potato crop. Therefore, an experiment was conducted at Areka, Southern Ethiopia during the 2016 cropping season with the objective of assessing the effect of farmyard manure and mineral NP fertilizers on yield related traits and yield of potato. There were twenty treatments comprising of four levels of FYM (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 t ha-1) with five levels of combined mineral NP fertilizers [0, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of blanket recommended rates of NP (110 kg N ha-1 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1)] in randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. The results showed that the main effect of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers were significant (P<0.01) on tuber number per hill, tuber size category and tuber yield in tha-1. There was significant interaction effect of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers on days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and plant height. The maximum total and marketable tuber yields of 35.11t ha-1, and 33.97 t ha-1recorded at the rate of 7.5 t ha-1 FYM respectively while the maximum total and marketable tuber yield of 37.97 t ha-1and 36.78 t ha-1respectively were obtained in response to the application of 100% blanket recommended mineral NP fertilizer rate.
Screening of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Genotypes for Mycorrhizal Association ...Premier Publishers
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the most important legumes used for food, feed and maintaining ecological balance. However, its productivity has been declining due to various biotic and abiotic factors. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal symbioses have been proved to enhance growth and yield responses of faba bean and other agricultural crops by counteracting these extreme factors. The study was conducted at field and greenhouse to evaluate the performance of faba bean genotypes for mycorrhizal colonization on two Phosphorus fertilizer levels. Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications was used. Analysis of variance indicated that all parameters, except number of mycorrhizal spores and relative mycorrhizal dependency, were highly significantly (p<0.01) varied for genotypes. Genotypes Wayu, Dosha, Didea, Moti and Tumsa for phosphorus fertilized; and Dagim, Gebelcho, Dosha, Tumsa and Wayu for unfertilized trial had performed better. Mycorrhizal colonization performance was higher on unfertilized than on P fertilized trial, at both field and greenhouse. Furthermore, for the genotypes tested at both conditions, the performance of the genotypes was higher at field than at greenhouse. The study also revealed that most of the mycorrhizal association parameters were highly correlated with biomass phosphorus uptake and grain yield of the faba bean genotypes.
Liming effects on yield and yield attributes of nitrogen fertilized and brady...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of lime, bradyrhizobia inoculation, and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield attributes of soybean grown in acidic soil in Ethiopia. The main findings were:
1) Pod number, seed yield, seeds per pod, and hundred seed weight were significantly increased when lime and bradyrhizobia were used together, but nitrogen fertilizer did not significantly affect most yield attributes.
2) The highest seed yield was obtained with the combined application of lime, bradyrhizobia, and nitrogen fertilizer.
3) Using lime and bradyrhizobia together produced yields similar to applying nitrogen fertilizer,
This document summarizes a research project on the effect of different phosphorus fertilizer rates on soybean growth. The project involved applying rates of 0, 50, 75, 100, and 125 kg/ha of DAP fertilizer to soybean plots. Data was collected on plant emergence date, leaf length, plant height, and leaf number. Statistical analysis found plant height was significantly affected by phosphorus rate, with the tallest plants at 125 kg/ha. Emergence date, leaf length, and leaf number were not significantly different. The researchers recommend a rate of 125 kg/ha DAP for best soybean growth. Further research is needed on yield and multiple locations before making a definitive conclusion.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Use EfficiencyinImproved Potato_Hailu Gebru 2017.pdfAbebeChindi1
Abstract Use of nutrient efficient crop species or cultivars
within species in combination with improved crop production
practices offer the best option for meeting the future food
requirements of growing world populations. Efficiency improvement has a key role for nutrient use and it improves both
productivity of yield and minimizes risks of losses that potentially harm the environment. To improve nutrient use efficiency (NUE), one strategy is to select cultivars of crops with high
NUE. Both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are among essential macronutrients commonly applied to agricultural crops
to optimize yields. Evaluation of potato cultivars with high N
and P efficiency is essential for sustainable production of the
crop. In Ethiopia, however, little research has been done to
elucidate better NUE of potato crop until recently. This study
was, thus, designed to evaluate selected potato cultivars
(Belete, Gudene, Jalene, Marachere and one local check) for
NP use efficiency under low levels of the nutrients in Wolaita
Sodo University, Ethiopia during 2014 and 2015. Factorial
combination of 3 levels of each N (0, 55.5 and 111 kg N
ha−1 ) and P (0, 19.5 and 39 kg P ha−1 ) were assigned to the
main plots and the 5 cultivars to subplots of split-plot design in
three replications. Efficiency indices such as agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency and recovery efficiency were
computed for combined NP nutrients. Results showed that
agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, apparent phosphorus use
efficiency and phosphorus use efficiencies were significantly
influenced by the interaction effect of rates of NP nutrition and
variety. Application of NP more than 55.5:19.5 kg ha−1 will
not beneficial due to their less or equal use and recovery efficiencies to 55.5:19.5 kg NP ha−1
. Belete was the most NP
efficient variety followed by Jalene and Gudene in all efficiency indices. Therefore, Belete, Jalene and Gudene return better
for NP at 55.5:19.5 kg ha−1 for economical use of fertilizes
while obtaining satisfactory yield. It can be concluded that
yield response variation of the varieties was related to their
differences in NP uptake and use efficiencies; and the improved potato varieties were superior to local check in using
NP nutrients efficiently
Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Application on Concentration and Uptake of ...Premier Publishers
Field study was conducted in 2015 cropping season in North Shoa, Central Highlands of Ethiopia. The objectives of the study were determining the N and P concentration in plant parts and their uptake by wheat. The treatment contained four level of N (0, 32, 64 and 96 kg/ha) and four level of P (0, 23, 46 and 69kg P2O5/ha) which were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The source of N and P were urea and TSP, respectively. Wheat variety, Digelu, was used as a test crop. Interaction of N by P produced highly significant difference on the concentration of N and P in the grain, concentration of P in the straw, P uptake by grain and total P uptake by wheat. Similarly, highly significant differences were observed on the concentration of N and P in the grain, concentration of N and P in the straw, P uptake by the grain, and total P uptake by wheat due to main effect N and P. Nitrogen uptake by straw and grain as well as total uptake were also highly significant only due to main effect N. Phosphorus uptake was only significant due to main effect N.
Genetic variability studies provide basic information for breeders to develop different stress-tolerant varieties. In the present study, forty-nine Tef genotypes were evaluated under strong acid soil (pH 4.97) and lime treated (pH 5.90) soils in the lathouse at Assosa Agricultural Research Center in 2017 to estimate the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of various traits of tef genotypes in relation to soil acidity stress. The result indicated that there was high significant (p<0.01) differences among genotypes for all traits under both environments; except for shoot biomass in the combined data analysis. The two environments differed significantly in their effect on all traits except on plant height, panicle length, culm length, total and fertile tillers and number of primary branches, although environment contribution to total TSS was less than 10% in 13 of the 17 traits studied; its high contribution was to harvest index (42.6%) and grain yield pot-1 (32.5%). Big reduction due to soil acidity was recorded for yield of primary panicle (27.78%), grain yield pot-1 (33.85%) and harvest index (35.6%). A contribution of G was from 44.5% in harvest index to 90.5% in panicle length. The GxE interaction was also significant for all traits and it contributed more than 15% in 11 of the traits, indicating inconsistency of performance of genotypes under acidic and lime treated soils. PCV, GCV, and GAM were high (>20%) for fertile tillers per plant, panicle weight, yield of primary panicle, grain yield, and harvest index under both acidity levels and in the combined analysis. Heritability was high (>60%) for all traits except for shoot biomass in the combined analysis and lime treated soil. In general, there was wide genetic variability in the traits studied pointing to the possibility of improving the desired traits, including grain yield under both environments and over environments through the selection of elite genotypes.
11.response of maize (zea mays l) yield and yield components to rates of appl...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of phosphorus fertilizer rates on maize yield and yield components in two locations in Kogi State, Nigeria. Seven phosphorus rates ranging from 0 to 120 kg/ha were applied. Across both locations and years, phosphorus application significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem girth, cob weight, and grain yield compared to the control. The highest cob weights and grain yields were obtained from application rates of 100-120 kg/ha. Specifically, 100 kg/ha of P was found to provide optimum maize yields of 5.40 and 5.51 tons/ha in the Anyigba soils over two years. In the Ofere soils, the optimum yield of
11.[36 45]response of maize (zea mays l) yield and yield components to rates ...Alexander Decker
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Assefa et al. Agric & Food Secur (2021) 10:39
Despite, its importance and growing demand for bread
wheat in Ethiopia, its production and productivity are
desperately very low, about 2.5 t
ha−1
which is below
the world’s average of 3.4 t
ha−1
[2]. Consequently, the
country imports large amounts (30–50% of total annual
demand) wheat grains every year from abroad to meet
domestic demand [3] which has grave consequence on
foreign currency reserve of the country.
Declining soil fertility is one of the major factors that
account for low productivity of wheat in Ethiopia [4,
5]. Declining soil fertility which is caused by soil ero-
sion, continuous cropping of same land year after year,
deforestation, inadequate replenishment of nutrients
lost through different pathways through application of
organic and inorganic fertilizers are the main challenge
not only to wheat production but also to the produc-
tion of all crops [4, 6]. It is an issue of great concern in
Ethiopia as soil nutrient depletion is becoming severe
and severe with time since little efforts are being made
to reverse the problem. Food security is at the national
and global level tends to focus on the supply side of
the food equation. The question raised is there enough
food available, where food is usually interpreted to
mean dietary energy. But availability does not assure
access, and enough calories do not assure a healthy and
nutritional diet [7]. Among several composite indexes
for food security is a large set of proxies for food secu-
rity [8].
In an effort to overcome declining soil fertility chal-
lenge and thereby improve crop productivity includ-
ing wheat, application of inorganic fertilizer containing
nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) has long been started in
Ethiopia. This is because based on the results of extensive
field and laboratory studies some 50 years ago, N and P
were identified as the only nutrients deficient in almost
all arable lands of Ethiopia despite variations from place
to place [9]. Appreciable increases in the yields of several
crops used to be obtained due to these inputs [10–12].
However, crop yield gain due to N and P fertilizer applica-
tion is declining over time despite steady increases in fer-
tilizer consumption in Ethiopia [13]. Declining crop yield
responses to N and P fertilizers is attributed to decreas-
ing soil organic matter (SOM) content [13]. Moreover,
depletion of other nutrients in addition to N and P could
be additional factor for decreasing response of crops to N
and P fertilizers [9]. Sulfur (S) could be one of the most
likely limiting nutrients in Ethiopia soils. It is a building
block of protein and a key ingredient in the formation
of chlorophyll [14]. It has been reported that S-deficient
plants exhibits reduced plant height and stunted growth,
reduced tillers, spikelets and delayed maturity [15, 16].
Sulfur-deficient plants are shown to be less resistance
under stress conditions [17].
In this regards, emerging research evidences are show-
ing that sulfur (S) is one of the nutrients becoming defi-
cient in some Ethiopian soils limiting crop production.
For instance, Assefa [18] studied the response of wheat
to S application on 18 sites located in Arsi, East Shewa
and West Shewa and reported that wheat significantly
responded to S fertilizer application in 72% of experi-
mental sites. He further reported that soils of responding
sites had S content below critical level (11–13 mg
kg−1
SO4
−2
-S) for optimum production of wheat. Similarly,
Kiros and Singh [19] studied the effect of sulfur on two
varieties of wheat (Enkoy and Shehan) grown in Andisol
and Cambisols in semi-arid region of Ethiopia and found
that S application significantly increased grain yield, N-
use efficiency and S uptake of both varieties of wheat.
There is little or no information so far on the response of
wheat to S application in Moretena-Jiru district of north
Shewa, Ethiopia. Therefore, the designed objective of this
experiment was to determine effects of S and P applica-
tion on the growth, yield components and yield of wheat
and to determine the economic feasibility of S and P
fertilizer application for wheat production in the study
district.
Materials and methods
Description of the study locations
The experiment was conducted in 2017/2018 cropping
season on two farmers’ fields at Gerba and Deneba loca-
tions which are 17 km apart each other and they are
found in Moretena-Jiru district of north Shewa, about
195 km northwest of Addis Ababa. Geographically, the
study locations lie between 9°46′53.3’’–9°52′07.5’’ N and
390
10′38.1’’–039°11′28.3’’ E. The altitude of the study
locations ranges from 2600 to 2700 m.a.s.l with mean
annual minimum and maximum temperature ranging
from 5.9–11.6 ℃ to 17.4–31.2 ℃, respectively. The study
locations and the district as a whole are characterized by
having a uni-modal rainfall pattern and receives an aver-
age annual rainfall of 921.2 mm. Vertisols is the dominant
soil type occurring in the experimental locations and the
district. Major crops grown in the Gerba and Deneba
locations; and in Moretena-Jiru district as well include
wheat, tef, lentil, faba bean, and chickpea, field pea and
grass pea in decreasing orders of area cultivated under
these crops.
Soil sampling and analyses
After selecting the experimental sites, pre-planting soil
samples were collected from each site for the analy-
ses of selected physicochemical properties. Composite
soil samples were taken from each site from a depth of
0–20 cm using augur randomly from 15 spots by walk-
ing in a zigzag pattern. After thoroughly mixing the
3. Page 3 of 10
Assefa et al. Agric & Food Secur (2021) 10:39
composite samples, 1 kg of sub-sample was taken and
brought to Debre Birhan agricultural research centre soil
laboratory where it was air dried and grounded to pass
2 mm mesh sized sieve.
The processed samples were analyzed for texture fol-
lowing by Bouyoucos hydrometer method [20]. The pH
of the soil was measured using pH-water method by
making soil-to-water suspension of 1:2.5 ratio and was
measured using a pH meter. The soil OC content was
determined by wet digestion method [21]. Total nitro-
gen (TN) was determined by using the modified micro-
Kjeldhal method [22], available P (avaP) was analyzed by
using Olsen’s calorimetric method as described by Olsen
et al. [23], and exchangeable K in the soil was extracted
with 1 N
NH4OAc and the amount was estimated using
a flame photometer [24]. Soil available sulfur (avaS) was
determined turbidimetrically using a spectrophotometer
[25]. CEC was measured after saturating the soil with 1 N
NH4OAc and displacing it with 1 N NaOAc [26].
Treatments, design and experimental procedure
A factorial experiment consisting of three levels (0,
15 and 30 kg
ha−1
) of S and four levels (0, 11, 22 and
44 kg ha−1
) of P was laid out in RCB design with three
replications. The above S levels of 0, 15 and 30 kg
ha−1
were as coded S0, S1 and S2, respectively. Similarly, P lev-
els of 0, 11, 22 and 44 kg
ha−1
P were coded as P0, P1,
P2 and P3, respectively.
K2SO4 and TSP were used as S
and P sources, respectively. The test crop, wheat variety,
Menzaie was sown in a unit plot size of 3.6 × 3.4 m with
row spacing of 20 cm apart at a rate of 150 kg
ha−1
. The
whole doses of
K2SO4 and TSP fertilizers were applied
basal applied in both sides of rows just before sowing as
per the treatment. To compensate for K applied along
with S in S treatment plots, K was applied to all non-S
treatment receiving plots in the form of KCl. The recom-
mended dose of N fertilizer for wheat production around
the study area which is 167 kg
ha−1
[27] was applied uni-
formly to all plots in the form of urea. The urea-N was
split applied in which one half of N was applied at plant-
ing and the remaining one half was applied one month
after planting and first weeding. All agronomic manage-
ment of the trials was done as per the recommendation
for the crop [28].
Data collection and measurements
Data on plant height (PHT) at harvest, number of fer-
tile tillers per meter square (NFTPM), at harvest, spike
length (SPL), number of spikelets per spike (NSPS), num-
ber of grains per spike (NGPS), thousand grain weigh
(TGW), grain yield (GY), straw yield (SY) and harvest
index (HI) data were collected at appropriate stage and
time pertinent for each parameter.
Data analysis
The collected data were subjected to ANOVA. After
verifying the homogeneity of error variances, combined
analysis of variance was done using the procedure of SAS
software version 9.4 [29]. Mean comparisons were done
by least significant difference (LSD) at the 5% level of
significance.
Results and discussion
Soil physicochemical properties
Pre-planting soil analyses data of selected physico-
chemical properties of samples collected from experi-
mental location at Geraba and Deneba are summarized
in Table 1. The soils of both sites were belonging to clay
textural class. Gerba soil has soil reaction near to neu-
tral, whereas the soil of Deneba is slightly alkaline reac-
tion. The SOM and TN content of soils of both locations
are in low categories according to Jones [24]. The avail-
able P content of both locations are slightly higher than
6 mg kg−1
, lower than the critical soil available P value
established for some Ethiopian soils which is 10
mgkg−1
[30]. The S content of both soils were also found to be
below the critical value of S required for optimum pro-
duction of wheat which is 10–13 mg
kg−1
SO4
−2
-S [31].
The CEC of both soils was also in high category accord-
ing to rating established by Landon [32].
Effects of sulfur and phosphorus fertilizers on growth
of bread wheat
Main effects of S and P on PHT and NFTPM of wheat in
Gerba and Deneba locations are presented in Table 2. S1
and S2 treatments significantly increased PHT of wheat
in both locations compared with control (S0), but they
were statistically at par with each other. This is in agree-
ment with the findings [33] who reported that application
Table 1 Selected physicochemical properties of soils of experimental sites before planting
Locations Physical property Chemical properties
Sand Silt Clay Textural class Soil pH SOM TN avP avS CEC (Cmolkg−1
)
% % mgkg−1
Gerba 6 76 18 Clay 6.8 1.55 0.087 6.95 5.62 40.0
Deneba 8 74 18 Clay 7.3 1.79 0.088 6.36 4.98 39.0
4. Page 4 of 10
Assefa et al. Agric & Food Secur (2021) 10:39
of S significantly increased PHT of wheat. PHT was also
significantly increased by main effects of P application.
The highest PHT of was produced by P3 which was sta-
tistically at par equal to P2 followed by P1 and the least
PHT was produced by P0 in both locations.
NFTPM which are one of the major yield contributing
factors [34] were significantly affected by main effects
of both S and P fertilizers (Table 2). S1 and S2 increased
NFTPM by 8.5 and 4% over S0 in Gerba, respectively.
Similarly, in Deneba, S1 and S2 increased NFTPM by 8
and 4.5% over S0, respectively. In line with this, Assefa
[18] reported that application of S significantly increased
number of tillers per plant of wheat grown in Keteba and
Bekejo sites of east Shewa zone of Ethiopia. According to
him, S applied at 10 kg
ha−1
produced the highest num-
ber of tillers per plant relative to the control.
Phosphorus has also significantly increased NFTPM
in both locations. In Gerba, P2 produced the highest
NFTPM followed by P3, P1 and P0 in that order whereas
in Deneba, all P rates have significantly produced higher
NFTPM relative to P0, but they were statistically at par
among each other. The apparent significant increase in
NFTPM of wheat in both locations is in agreement with
Ibrahim et al. [35] who reported increased in number
of fertile tillers in wheat due to increase in P levels over
control.
There was also significant interaction effect between S
and P on PHT in both locations (Table 3). Significantly
higher PHT of wheat was produced treatment involv-
ing combined applications of S and P than that obtained
with control treatment and treatments with single appli-
cation of S or P in both locations. The present result is
in agreement with Kumar et al. [36] who reported that
combined application of P and S produced significantly
higher PHT of wheat than that produced by single appli-
cation either S or P. But S by P interaction was not sig-
nificant for NFTPM of wheat in both locations indicating
that change in the levels of S doesn’t change the effect of
P levels on NFTPM and vice versa.
Effects of sulfur and phosphorus on yield components
of wheat
The main effect results revealed that both S and P fertiliz-
ers have significant effect on yield components of wheat
grown in Gerba and Deneba locations (Table 4). Both
S1 and S2 have significantly increased SPL, and NGPS
of wheat relative to S0 except SPL at Deneba. However,
there was no significant difference between S1 and S2
rates with regards to these parameters of wheat in both
sites. Significantly higher NSPS was recorded on S2 on
Gerba and S1 on Deneba as compared to S0 but there
was no significant difference between S1 and S2. Signifi-
cantly higher TGW was recorded on S1 than S0 and S2
on both locations. In line with this finding, Togay et al.
[37] studied the effects of different levels of S on barley in
Turkey and found that application of S has significantly
increased the above parameters relative to the control.
Similarly, all P rates have also significantly increased SPL,
NGPS and TGW of wheat in both locations relative to
the control (P0) except NSPS at Gerba. But there were
no significant differences among P rates with respect to
these parameters of wheat indicating that optimum lev-
els of yield components of wheat can be achieved at P1
Table 2 Main effects of S and P fertilizers on PHT and NFTPM of
wheat at Gerba and Deneba locations
a
Means within column followed by same letter(s) are not statistically different
from each other at 0.05
Probability level, **significant at 0.01 probability level, ns, non-significant
Treatments Gerba Debeba
PHT (cm) NFTPM PHT (cm) NFTPM
S-levels
S0 90.3ba
559.4c 88.4b 496.9c
S1 93.4a 607.1a 92.6a 536.6a
S3 94.5a 583.3b 92.9a 519.4b
P-levels
P0 89.5c 547.1c 88.1c 485.8b
P1 92.4b 580.9b 91.2b 522.8a
P2 94.2a 609.0a 92.8ab 538.6a
P3 94.9a 594.0a 93.2a 532.2a
S × P ** ** ** **
CV (%) 1.8 3.0 2.1 5.3
Table 3 Interaction effects of S and P on PHT and NFTPM of
wheat at Gerba and Deneba locations
a
Means within column followed by same letter(s) are not statistically different
from each other at 0.05 probability level, ns, non-significant
S levels (kg/ha) P levels
(kg/ha)
Gerba Deneba
PHT (cm) NFTPM PHT (cm) NFTPM
P0 84.0fa
472.2d 83.1e 409.6c
S0 P1 88.5e 567.8c 88.0d 513.4b
P2 92.8 cd 612.8ab 91.0bcd 548.5a
P3 93.2bcd 584.7bc 91.6abc 516.2b
P0 91.0de 590.2bc 89.8 cd 533.1ab
S1 P1 94.0abc 595.9abc 92.1abc 526.0ab
P2 94.4abc 624.0a 94.0ab 547.1a
P3 94.7abc 612.8ab 94.8a 540.1ab
P0 93.2bcd 579.0c 91.5abc 514.8b
S2 P1 94.8abc 579.0c 93.5ab 528.8ab
P2 95.3ab 590.3bc 93.5ab 520.4a
P3 96.0a 584.7bc 93.3ab 513.4ab
CV (%) – 1.6 3.4 1.9 3.1
5. Page 5 of 10
Assefa et al. Agric & Food Secur (2021) 10:39
rate in both sites. In soils with low available P contents
such as at Gerba and Deneba locations in this case, appli-
cation of P significantly increases yields of crops includ-
ing wheat through its positive impacts on the growth and
yield components of crops [38].
The interaction effects of S and P were non-signifi-
cant on SPL, NSPS, NGPS in both locations suggesting
that the change in the levels of S was not affected by the
change in the levels of P with respect to these param-
eters and vice versa. However, there was a significant
interaction effect between S and P on TGW in both
locations (Fig. 1). The result implies that the effect of
changing levels of S on TGW was significantly changed
with a change in the levels of P and vice versa. In
both locations significantly higher TGW of wheat was
obtained with treatment involving combined applica-
tions of S and P and the highest TGW was obtained
with treatment involving S + P applied at 15 and
22 kg ha−1
, respectively, in both locations.
Table 4 Main effects of S and P fertilizers on yield components of wheat at Gerba and Deneba locations
a
Means within column followed by same letter(s) are not statistically different from each other at 0.05 probability level, **significant at 0.01 probability levels, ns, non-
significant
Treatments Gerba Deneba
SPL (cm) NSPS NGPS TWG (g) SPL (cm) NSPS NGPS TWG (g)
S-levels
S0 6.05ba
15.4b 47.2b 42.1b 6.20 15.4b 45.2b 40.8b
S1 6.50a 15.7ab 48.9a 43.2a 6.05 16.0a 47.9a 54.3a
S2 6.48a 15.8a 48.1ab 42.1b 6.03 15.7ab 48.0a 40.8b
P-levels
P0 6.3b 15.2b 47.1b 41.8b 5.82b 14.78b 44.3b 41.4b
P1 6.5a 15.8b 48.2ab 42.3ab 6.01ab 15.8a 47.3a 45.2a
P2 6.7a 15.8b 48.9a 42.9a 6.26a 16.2a 48.3a 44.9a
P3 6.7a 15.7a 48.1ab 42.5ab 6.21a 16.0a 48.4a 40.3b
S × P ns ns ns ** ns ns ns **
CV (%) 3.4 2.8 3.8 2.1 3.5 3.2 4.6 5.8
Fig. 1 Interaction effects of S and P on TGW of wheat at Gerba and Deneba locations. *Bars followed by same letter(s) are not significantly different
from each other at 0.05 probability level
6. Page 6 of 10
Assefa et al. Agric & Food Secur (2021) 10:39
Effects of sulfur and phosphorus on yield of wheat
Both grain yield (GY) and straw yield (SY) of wheat were
significantly affected by main effects of S application in
both Gerba and Deneba locations (Table 5). At Gerba,
S1 and S2 treatments have significantly increased GY by
13 and 12% over the control (S0), respectively, and SY by
39 and 38% over S0, respectively. Similarly, at Deneba, S1
and S2 rates have significantly increased GY by 19 and
20% over S0, respectively and same treatments increased
SY by 24 and 26% over S0, respectively. The apparent sig-
nificant response of wheat to S application in both loca-
tions found in this study indicates low level soil S for
optimum production of wheat in the study areas. This is
substantiated by low level or below critical soil test S val-
ues (Table 1) in both soils for optimum crop production.
These results are in agreement with the finding of Assefa
[18] Who studied the response of wheat to S applica-
tion on 18 sites located in Arsi, east Shewa and west
Shewa and reported that wheat significantly responded
to S fertilizer application in 72% of experimental sites.
He further reported that soils of responding sites had S
content below critical level (10–13 mg
kg−1
SO4
−2
-S) for
optimum production of wheat. In another study by Khan
et al. [39] reported that S applied at 20 kg
ha−1
at stem
elongation stage significantly increased GY of wheat in
Peshawar, Pakistan by 28.5% over untreated control.
According to DeRuiter and Martin [40], wheat yield can
be increased by up to 42% due to S fertilizer depending
on the inherent S level in a particular soil. The further
noted that usually best crop response to S is obtained at
application rates between 10 and 20 kg
ha−1
, even though
much higher application rates S (49–60 kg ha−1
) have
been reported in highly calcareous soils in India [41].
The main effect of S application on HI was significant at
Gerba but not at Deneba locations (Table 5). At Gerba,
both levels of S have significantly increased HI relative
to the control but they were statistically at par with each
other. This is in line with the finding of Togay et al. [37]
who reported that application of S significantly increased
HI in barley.
GY and SY of wheat were also significantly affected by
main effect of P application in both locations (Table 5).
All P levels produced significantly higher GY and SY com-
pared to control in both sites. The GY and SY increasing
effects of P levels were in the order of P3 = P2 > P1 > P0.
This suggests that the soil of the study sites is low in their
available P content for optimum growth and productivity
of wheat. This was substantiated by low level soil test P
values of both sites shown in Table 1. This is in line with
reports of several researchers that P is the second most
limiting nutrients in almost all arable soils of Ethiopian
[4, 9, 30].
The interaction effects of S and P on GY and SY of
wheat are shown in Fig. 2. The grain yields as influenced
by different levels of P and S are presented in Fig. 2. The
addition of 22 kg P
ha−1
with 15 kg S
ha−1
produced
maximum grains yield (3526.8 kg
ha−1
) which was sig-
nificantly different from other treatment combination
except 22P
+ 30S, 44P +
15S and 44P
+
30S kg
ha−1
.
This treatment has a yield advantage of 40.1% over con-
trol treatment. However, grain yield become decreased
numerically but not significantly as interactive applica-
tion rate of P and S beyond 22P and 15S kg
ha−1
. The
minimum grain yield (2076.7 kg
ha−1
) was recorded in
control plot (untreated with P and S) shown in Fig. 2.
Even though, the overall grain yield of the wheat was
lower compared to potential yield of wheat, the treatment
combinations showed that P and S at the rate of 22 and
Table 5 Main effects of S and P fertilizers on yield
(tha−1
) of wheat at Gerba and Deneba locations
a
Means within column followed by same letter(s) are not statistically different from each other at 0.05 probability level, **significant at 0.01 probability level, ns, non-
significant
Treatments Gerba Deneba
GY SY HI GY SY HI
S-levels
S0 3.41ba
4.27b 0.40b 3.13b 3.84b 0.43
S1 3.85a 5.89a 0.44a 3.71a 4.76a 0.44
S3 3.83a 5.85a 0.45a 3.75a 4.83a 0.44
P-levels
P0 3.17c 4.37c 0.40b 2.88c 3.38c 0.42
P1 3.72b 5.10b 0.42a 3.59b 4.61b 0.44
P2 3.93a 5.92a 0.42a 3.83a 4.87ab 0.44
P3 3.97a 5.97a 0.41b 3.80a 5.07a 0.43
S × P ** ** ns ** ** ns
CV (%) 4.2 4.1 3.25 4.8 7.7 5.1
7. Page 7 of 10
Assefa et al. Agric & Food Secur (2021) 10:39
15 kg ha−1
, respectively, was an advantageous. The straw
yield of wheat was also influenced significantly (P ≤ 0.01)
by different levels of P and S application interactively. The
higher straw yield (5120.0 kg
ha−1
) was produced when
22 kg P
ha−1
and 15 kg S
ha−1
were applied interactively
(Fig. 2) which have straw yield boosted by 53.4% over
control treatment. Similar trends were also observed like
grain yield due to the influence of different P and S appli-
cation rates. The minimum straw yield (2385.6 kg
ha−1
)
was recorded in control plot.
In agreement with the current finding, both synergistic
and antagonistic interactions between S and P have been
reported in literature [42–44]. For instance, Uddin et al.
[45] reported that there was a synergistic interaction
between S and P combined applied at 20 and 40 kg
ha−1
,
respectively, on yield of rice grown in Joydebpur, Bang-
ladesh. According to these authors, the above treatment
increased GY and SY of rice by 61 and 33% over the
control, respectively. But combined application of S and
P above these rates resulted in antagonistic interaction
effect on rice as was revealed by declining yield response.
Similarly, Islam et al. [46] reported synergistic effect of
these nutrients on chickpea when 15 kg
ha−1
S was com-
bined applied with 40 kg
ha−1
P. But they found antag-
onistic effect when 30 kg
ha−1
S was combined applied
with 80 kg ha−1
P.
The synergistic interaction effect of S and P that occurs
at specific combinations levels of these nutrients on
crops including wheat could be attributed to increased
uptake and utilizations of soil nutrients due to well-
developed roots and shoots [47]. On the contrary, antag-
onistic interaction effect between S and P that may occur
at higher dose of S when it is combined applied with P
or vice versa could be attributed to competition between
the two nutrients for uptake sites on plant roots as both
nutrients are taken by roots as negatively charred ions
(H2PO4
1−
/HPO4
2−
-P and
SO4
2−
-S). This is substantiated
by the finding of Muhammad et al. [47] who reported
that application of high dose of S (75 kg
ha−1
) resulted
in decreased uptake of P by maize plant and vice versa
ultimately resulted in decrease grain yield. In general,
the interaction between S and P could be synergistic or
antagonistic depending on the initial soil fertility sta-
tus, the amounts of nutrient applied and types of crop
[48]. The current result has similar trend with Islam [35]
reported that application of S and P at higher rate (40 kg
S and 35.2 kg P
ha−1
) showed reduction in yields. Other
findings [49] revealed that combined application of P and
S at 50 kg
P2O5 and 20 kg S
ha−1
improve yield of wheat
over control. Similarly, the interaction of P and S levels
increased their beneficial synergistic effect and apply-
ing of the individual Sulfur levels with P level produced
increases in the grain yield of wheat over the control [50].
Partial budget analysis
The data related to partial budget analysis are given
in Table 6. It is clear from the data that maximum net
benefit (45351.7 ET Birr) was obtained from combined
Fig. 2 Interaction effects of P and S, on yield of wheat grown at Gerba and Deneba locations. *Bars followed by same letter(s) are not statistically
different from each other at 0.05 probability level
8. Page 8 of 10
Assefa et al. Agric & Food Secur (2021) 10:39
application of S and P at the rate of 15 kg S and 22 kg
P ha−1
and followed by rate of 15 kg S and 44 kg P
ha−1
(44128.3 ET Birr.). Minimum net benefit (25697.4 ET
Birr.) was recorded in control (treatment that did not
receive any S and P fertilizers).
Depend on dominancy analysis, treatments of S and
P at 15 kg S without P, 44 kg P without S, 30 kg S with-
out P, 30 kg S with 22 kg P, 15 kg S with 44 kg P, 30 kg S
with 44 kg P, 30 kg S with 11 kg P
ha−1
and control were
dominated by the rest four treatments and they were
also excluded from further economic analysis. The data
regarding the marginal rate of return (MRR) revealed
that maximum MRR (5490%) was obtained when S and P
were applied at the combined rate of 15 kg S and 22 kg P
ha−1
followed by rate of 11 kg P
ha−1
without S (2502%).
Minimum MRR was (175%) recorded in treatment where
application of P at 22 kg
ha−1
without S.
Data from Table 6 clearly revealed that the non-dom-
inated treatments associated with MRR are greater than
100%. This implies that the four non-dominated treat-
ments are economically feasible alternative to the other
dominated treatments. MRR, 5490% means the producer
obtained an additional income of 54.9 Ethiopian birr
per a unite cost they have invested. Generally, treatment
combination of S and P at 15 kg S and 22 kg P
ha−1
gave
better MRR value relative to the other four non-dom-
inated treatments and profitability can be optimized by
using this treatment.
Conclusion
The results of this experiment revealed that applica-
tion of P and S fertilizer has significantly increased yield
component, grain and straw yield of wheat compared
to unfertilized control plot, indicating insufficient soil P
and S content for optimum production of wheat and this
was confirmed by very low soil test values of S in both
sites. Combined application of S and P produced sig-
nificantly higher yield of wheat than that obtained with
single application of S or P indicating synergistic interac-
tion between these nutrients. But this was true for treat-
ments involving combined applications low level of S and
increasing levels of P or vice versa. Otherwise, there was
decreasing trend of yield gains with treatments involving
combined applications at higher levels of both nutrients.
In all cases, optimum grain and straw yield of wheat was
obtained with treatment involving at 22 P + 15 S kg
ha−1
.
While, partial budget analysis result revealed that, com-
bination of 22P and 15S kg
ha−1
produced the highest
MMR (54.9%) and thus, this treatment is found to be eco-
nomically feasible treatment for bread wheat production
in study area of the district.
Abbreviations
avP: Available phosphorus; avS: Available sulfur; CV: Coefficient of variation; HI:
Harvest index; N: Nitrogen; NFTPM: Number of fertile tillers per meter square;
NGPS: Number of grains per spike; NSPS: Number of spikelets per spike; SPL:
Spike length; GY: Grain yield; P: Phosphorus; S: Sulfur; SY: Straw yield; TGW
: Thousand grain weight; PHT: Plant height; Adj.GY: Adjusted grain yield (kg
ha−1
); Adj. STY: Adjusted Straw yield (kg
ha−1
); TGB: Total growth benefit; TVC:
Total variable cost; NB: Net benefit; MC: Marginal cost; MB: Marginal benefit;
MRR: Marginal rate of return.
Acknowledgements
The senior author of this manuscript would like extend his thanks to Ato
Lisanu Getaneh and Ato Getaneh Shegaw, technicians in the soil laboratory of
Debre Berhan agricultural research center for their great support in analyzing
soil sample.
Authors’contributions
SAA generated the research idea, drafted into proposal containing details of
background information, objectives, treatments, experimental design, etc.
After defending his proposal and getting approval, he conducted the field
and laboratory experiments, collected all the necessary data, analyzed the
data and wrote his thesis. WHW served as major supervisor of SAA and played
a role in guiding the research starting from shaping the proposal up to review-
ing and edition the draft thesis of SAA. WTB was co-supervisor of SAA and
involved in commenting and reviewing the draft thesis of SAA. This manu-
script was extracted from the thesis of SAA. All authors read and approved the
final manuscript.
Funding
This study was financed by Amhara region agricultural research Institute and
we are very grateful to it.
Availability of data and materials
All relevant data generated from the study and reported in the manuscript are
included in this article. Further data sets are available from the senior and/or
corresponding author upon request.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Table 6 Marginal analysis of the non-dominated treatment
a
Adj.GY, adjusted grain yield (kg
ha−1
); Adj. STY, adjusted straw yield (kg
ha−1
); TGB, total growth benefit; TVC, total variable cost; NB, net benefit; MC, marginal cost;
MB, marginal benefit; MRR, marginal rate of return; P0, 0 kg
ha−1
P; P11, kg
ha−1
11P; P22, 22 kg
ha−1
P; P44, 44 kg
ha−1
phosphorus; S0, 0 kg S
ha−1
; S15, 15 kg S
ha−1
;
S30, 30 kg S
ha−1
.
Treatment Adj. GYa
Adj. STY GBGY GBSTY TVC TGB NB MC MB MRR
S0P11 2941.5 3554.9 30885.9 8282.8 2120.2 39168.7 37048.5 453.6 11351.1 25.0
S0P22 3016.0 3754.7 31667.7 8748.5 2573.7 40416.1 37842.4 453.6 793.9 1.8
S15P11 3094.8 4233.5 32495.0 9864.1 3148.0 42359.1 39211.1 441.6 4783.7 10.8
S15P22 3526.8 5120.0 37031.6 11929.5 3609.4 48961.2 45351.7 124.7 6850.3 54.9
9. Page 9 of 10
Assefa et al. Agric & Food Secur (2021) 10:39
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Author details
1
Amhara Agricultural Research Institute, Debre Berhan Agricultural Research
Center, P. O. Box 112, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. 2
College of Agriculture, Hawassa
University, P. O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia. 3
College of Agriculture and Natural
Science, Debre Berhan University, P. O. Box 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.
Received: 20 January 2020 Accepted: 3 May 2021
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