Genetic variability studies provide basic information for breeders to develop different stress-tolerant varieties. In the present study, forty-nine Tef genotypes were evaluated under strong acid soil (pH 4.97) and lime treated (pH 5.90) soils in the lathouse at Assosa Agricultural Research Center in 2017 to estimate the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of various traits of tef genotypes in relation to soil acidity stress. The result indicated that there was high significant (p<0.01) differences among genotypes for all traits under both environments; except for shoot biomass in the combined data analysis. The two environments differed significantly in their effect on all traits except on plant height, panicle length, culm length, total and fertile tillers and number of primary branches, although environment contribution to total TSS was less than 10% in 13 of the 17 traits studied; its high contribution was to harvest index (42.6%) and grain yield pot-1 (32.5%). Big reduction due to soil acidity was recorded for yield of primary panicle (27.78%), grain yield pot-1 (33.85%) and harvest index (35.6%). A contribution of G was from 44.5% in harvest index to 90.5% in panicle length. The GxE interaction was also significant for all traits and it contributed more than 15% in 11 of the traits, indicating inconsistency of performance of genotypes under acidic and lime treated soils. PCV, GCV, and GAM were high (>20%) for fertile tillers per plant, panicle weight, yield of primary panicle, grain yield, and harvest index under both acidity levels and in the combined analysis. Heritability was high (>60%) for all traits except for shoot biomass in the combined analysis and lime treated soil. In general, there was wide genetic variability in the traits studied pointing to the possibility of improving the desired traits, including grain yield under both environments and over environments through the selection of elite genotypes.
host parasite relationship of nematode.pptxASNIANSAR
this includes the different host parasite relationship between nematodes. this ppt covers all the major nematodes and their relationship between the particular host. life cycle of different nematode is also included here. pictorial representation of the different types of nematode adds clarity for reader.
Yli 2 200 peruskoulun luokanopettajaa, aineenopettajaa ja rehtoria kertoi OAJ:n kyselyssä syksyllä 2022 näkemyksiään oppimisen tuesta ja sen toimivuudesta. Tutustu tuloksiin ja OAJ:n ratkaisuehdotuksiin!
Lue lisää OAJ:n näkemyksistä osoitteessa www.oaj.fi/oppimisentuki
Protected Cultivation of Vegetable crops Present Status and Futures Prospects...Hemant Kumar Gurjar
Protected cultivation techniques provide favorable growing conditions for crops by controlling the environment. In India, protected cultivation was first started by DRDO in the 1960s and has grown significantly since then due to various government schemes. Different structures are used for protected cultivation based on cost and needs, including low-cost structures made of bamboo, medium-cost structures with GI pipes, and automated high-cost greenhouses. Protected cultivation allows year-round production, higher yields, better quality, and less pesticide use than open field cultivation. However, the high initial costs and need for technical skills remain challenges to adoption in India. Future areas of focus include developing standardized protocols, farmer-friendly techniques, and suitable crop varieties for different climate zones.
9.Fertigation a method of fertilizer application lets see A Lecture By Mr. Al...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Fertigation involves applying fertilizer through irrigation systems like drip lines or sprinklers to deliver nutrients to crops. The use of fertigation has expanded to more crops as drip and micro-irrigation methods have advanced technologically. Treated wastewater can be used for fertigation to reduce dependence on freshwater and provide a constant water source, but should have secondary treatment to limit health risks.
1. Downy mildew of cucurbits is caused by the oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis. It affects crops like cucumber, squash, melon, and watermelon.
2. Symptoms include angular leaf lesions that become water-soaked during periods of leaf wetness and can progress to complete leaf death.
3. The disease is managed through cultural practices to improve airflow and reduce leaf wetness, as well as fungicide applications following resistance management strategies.
Planning & design protected cultivationpavanknaik
This document discusses the planning and design of greenhouses. It covers site selection, structural design, covering materials, ventilation systems, and cooling/heating systems. The key points are:
1. Greenhouses must be designed to control the environment for optimal plant growth through heating, cooling, ventilation and insulation.
2. Site selection considers factors like solar exposure, drainage, wind protection and proximity to trees. Structural design aims to maximize light transmission while supporting the greenhouse.
3. Covering materials must balance light transmission and insulation properties. Popular options include glass, polycarbonate and polyethylene films.
4. Ventilation systems can be passive (natural) or active (forced) using fans. Cooling
El conflicto laboral entre los trabajadores de Transportes de Tenerife y la empresa, controlada por la familia Oramas, detonó protestas y enfrentamientos violentos en la isla que dejaron varios heridos y detenidos. La lucha de los trabajadores, que reclamaban mejores salarios y el cumplimiento de acuerdos previos, se enfrentó no solo a la empresa sino también a las autoridades locales y otras figuras políticas ligadas a los Oramas. El control de la familia sobre la economía y la política de Tenerife a través de prá
Dichogamy - a term coined by Sprengel as “Dichogamie” refers to a temporal separation of sexual functions
Individual bisexual flowers begin anthesis with a functionally male or female phase and continue anthesis with both sexes or only the other sex functional
In the case of unisexual flowers, flowering begins with one sex, and the other sex comes later
In flowers of an individual or a population, the functionally male and female phases are often synchronized
As complete synchronization without overlapping male and female phases in a population would not only exclude cross-pollination, but all pollination, such synchronization needs to be combined with further elaborations that circumvent this disadvantage.
The simplest pattern is slightly overlapping male and female phases, as reported, e.g. for Anaxagorea dolichocarpa
host parasite relationship of nematode.pptxASNIANSAR
this includes the different host parasite relationship between nematodes. this ppt covers all the major nematodes and their relationship between the particular host. life cycle of different nematode is also included here. pictorial representation of the different types of nematode adds clarity for reader.
Yli 2 200 peruskoulun luokanopettajaa, aineenopettajaa ja rehtoria kertoi OAJ:n kyselyssä syksyllä 2022 näkemyksiään oppimisen tuesta ja sen toimivuudesta. Tutustu tuloksiin ja OAJ:n ratkaisuehdotuksiin!
Lue lisää OAJ:n näkemyksistä osoitteessa www.oaj.fi/oppimisentuki
Protected Cultivation of Vegetable crops Present Status and Futures Prospects...Hemant Kumar Gurjar
Protected cultivation techniques provide favorable growing conditions for crops by controlling the environment. In India, protected cultivation was first started by DRDO in the 1960s and has grown significantly since then due to various government schemes. Different structures are used for protected cultivation based on cost and needs, including low-cost structures made of bamboo, medium-cost structures with GI pipes, and automated high-cost greenhouses. Protected cultivation allows year-round production, higher yields, better quality, and less pesticide use than open field cultivation. However, the high initial costs and need for technical skills remain challenges to adoption in India. Future areas of focus include developing standardized protocols, farmer-friendly techniques, and suitable crop varieties for different climate zones.
9.Fertigation a method of fertilizer application lets see A Lecture By Mr. Al...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Fertigation involves applying fertilizer through irrigation systems like drip lines or sprinklers to deliver nutrients to crops. The use of fertigation has expanded to more crops as drip and micro-irrigation methods have advanced technologically. Treated wastewater can be used for fertigation to reduce dependence on freshwater and provide a constant water source, but should have secondary treatment to limit health risks.
1. Downy mildew of cucurbits is caused by the oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis. It affects crops like cucumber, squash, melon, and watermelon.
2. Symptoms include angular leaf lesions that become water-soaked during periods of leaf wetness and can progress to complete leaf death.
3. The disease is managed through cultural practices to improve airflow and reduce leaf wetness, as well as fungicide applications following resistance management strategies.
Planning & design protected cultivationpavanknaik
This document discusses the planning and design of greenhouses. It covers site selection, structural design, covering materials, ventilation systems, and cooling/heating systems. The key points are:
1. Greenhouses must be designed to control the environment for optimal plant growth through heating, cooling, ventilation and insulation.
2. Site selection considers factors like solar exposure, drainage, wind protection and proximity to trees. Structural design aims to maximize light transmission while supporting the greenhouse.
3. Covering materials must balance light transmission and insulation properties. Popular options include glass, polycarbonate and polyethylene films.
4. Ventilation systems can be passive (natural) or active (forced) using fans. Cooling
El conflicto laboral entre los trabajadores de Transportes de Tenerife y la empresa, controlada por la familia Oramas, detonó protestas y enfrentamientos violentos en la isla que dejaron varios heridos y detenidos. La lucha de los trabajadores, que reclamaban mejores salarios y el cumplimiento de acuerdos previos, se enfrentó no solo a la empresa sino también a las autoridades locales y otras figuras políticas ligadas a los Oramas. El control de la familia sobre la economía y la política de Tenerife a través de prá
Dichogamy - a term coined by Sprengel as “Dichogamie” refers to a temporal separation of sexual functions
Individual bisexual flowers begin anthesis with a functionally male or female phase and continue anthesis with both sexes or only the other sex functional
In the case of unisexual flowers, flowering begins with one sex, and the other sex comes later
In flowers of an individual or a population, the functionally male and female phases are often synchronized
As complete synchronization without overlapping male and female phases in a population would not only exclude cross-pollination, but all pollination, such synchronization needs to be combined with further elaborations that circumvent this disadvantage.
The simplest pattern is slightly overlapping male and female phases, as reported, e.g. for Anaxagorea dolichocarpa
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF LEEK AND CHAYOTE HARISH J
This document provides information on leeks and chayote. It discusses that leeks are a non-bulb forming plant from the onion family that is grown for its blanched stem. It is a good source of nutrients but is not commonly grown commercially in India. Chayote is a vine grown cucurbit from Mexico. It can be eaten as a vegetable or its tubers consumed. Both plants require regular irrigation and weeding to thrive. Pests and diseases mentioned that can affect the crops include various fungi, mites, and aphids.
This document discusses plant disease outbreaks and epidemics. It defines an outbreak as a sudden increase in disease occurrences in a particular place and time, while an epidemic is a change in disease over time and space that can affect regions or countries. Epidemics develop from a combination of susceptible hosts, virulent pathogens, and favorable environmental conditions over a long period. Factors like host genetics, crop type, and moisture levels can influence epidemic development. The document also outlines management strategies like computer modeling, forecasting, and warning systems to help control epidemics.
Integrated Disease Management on Tikka disease of GroundnutMuhammed Ameer
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) is recommended for managing Tikka disease of groundnut. Tikka disease causes circular leaf spots and is caused by the fungi Cercospora arachidicola and C. personata. IDM involves using cultural, biological, and chemical controls as needed to keep disease incidence below economic thresholds. Key practices include crop rotation, resistant varieties, removing crop residues, neem extracts, and fungicide sprays of Bordeaux mixture, Dimethane M-45, or carbendazim. The goal of IDM is to promote natural farming methods while keeping diseases under control.
Beetroot, also known as beets or table beets, is a root vegetable that is typically deep red in color, although it can also come in other colors such as golden yellow and white. Beetroot is a rich source of various vitamins and minerals, including fiber, vitamin C, folate, potassium, and manganese.
The document discusses several diseases and pests that affect cocoa plants. It describes the symptoms, causal agents, and management strategies for diseases like seedling die-back, white thread blight, black pod disease, charcoal pod rot, and witches' broom disease. It also covers major pests like mirids, mealy bugs, thrips, aphids, ring bark borers, cocoa moth, bollworm, and cocoa beetle. Control involves removing infected plant parts, providing proper drainage, pruning shade trees, and applying pesticides when needed. Biological control using natural enemies is also explored for some pests.
The document is a research proposal from Opoku Eric David of the Agribusiness Department at Valley View University-Techiman Campus. The proposal is on a cost benefit analysis of sweet pepper production under different fertilizer regimes. It outlines the introduction, background and justification, literature review, problem statement, aims and objectives, methodology, expected outcomes, and conclusion for the research. It provides background information on sweet peppers and discusses inorganic and organic fertilizers.
Presentation on Disease of Guava and ManagementRafiqul Islam
The document discusses several diseases that affect guava plants, including their symptoms and management strategies. It describes algal leaf spot caused by Cephaleuros virescens, which produces orange tufts on leaves that turn reddish-purple. Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporoides results in sunken dark lesions on fruit. Rust caused by Puccinia psidii creates orange-red pustules on leaves, shoots, flowers and fruit. Root knot caused by Meloidogyne nematodes forms galls on roots. The document provides management recommendations for each disease such as fungicide application, resistant varieties, solarization, and cultural practices.
- Marigolds are native to Central and South America and are used widely as ornamental plants and for their pigments. There are two main types - African and French marigolds.
- They are grown commercially in states like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and more. Soil and climate requirements are mentioned. Various varieties are listed for the two main types.
- The document outlines production practices like field preparation, propagation, spacing, nutrient management, irrigation, pest and disease management, and harvesting. French marigolds yield 8-12 tons/hectare while African varieties yield 11-18 tons/hectare.
COMMERCIAL VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS IN FRENCH BEANAdhiyamaan Raj
This document describes several commercial varieties and hybrids of French bean and broad bean. It provides details on the botanical classification, origin, description and characteristics of varieties such as Giant Stringless, Contender, Pusa Parvati, Kentucky Wonder, Bayo, Blue Pod Medium, Brown Swedish, California Cream, Michigan Robust, Red Kidney, Premier, Bountiful, Jampa, Arka Komal, Pant Anupama, VL-Boni-1, Pusa Udit for French bean and broad bean respectively. It also summarizes a study on assessing genetic diversity among 57 French bean genotypes which found the first five principal components explained over 80% of variation, and identified clusters IV and VII as
Reaction of Elite Faba Bean Genotypes for Soil Acidity StressAI Publications
Soil acidity is one of the major abiotic stresses in Ethiopian highland agriculture that limits crop production in general and a prime factor of faba bean production in particular. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of soil acidity stress on grain yield of 50 faba bean genotypes of which 22 were released varieties. The experiment was comprised two stress levels (lime treated and untreated) arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis of variance for both potential yield (YP) and stress yield (YS) indicated significant differences among fifty genotypes. Also, significant differences were observed among faba bean genotypes regarding seven soil acidity stress indices. Based on the YP, the genotypes Moti, CS20DK, EKLS/CSR02010-4-3, Cool-0024 and EH07023-3, had the highest yield under non-stressed condition, while the genotypes CS20DK, Obse, Wolki, Didi’a and Dosha displayed the highest yield under stressed condition. In terms of grain yield (g/5plants) CS20DK was ranked 2nd and 1st with 113.24g and 79.56g under non-stressed and stressed, respectively. However, based on the overall performances of multiple stress indices (YI, STI, MP, GMP, HM, SSI and RYR) Wolki, Dosha and Obse were confirmed as soil acidity stress tolerant genotypes whereas Wayu was identified as the most sensitive genotype. The STI, MP, GMP and HM indices exhibited strong correlation with YP, while YI showed strong correlation with YS indicating YS can discriminate soil acidity tolerant genotypes with high grain yield under stress conditions. Hence, use of multiple stress indices confirms the performance consistency of the genotypes considered for the stress.
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing on yield and yield ...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Gode Polytechnic College demonstration farm in 2013 under irrigation to observe the effect of six N rates (0, 46, 69, 92, 115 and 138 kg ha-1) and four intra-row spacing levels (7.5, 10 12.5 and 15 cm) on yield and yield components of onion (Allium cepa L.). The experiment was laid out according to randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Results of the analysis revealed that the interaction effects of N rates and intra-row spacing showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on harvest index, fresh biomass yield, dry biomass yield, total bulb yield and marketable bulb yield. Thus, according to the result of partial Budget analysis application of 138kg N ha-1 planted at 7.5cm plant to plant distance was found the best treatment than others in relation to yield and yield components of onion under Gode condition.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers on the quality of snap bean pods grown in Jimma, Ethiopia. Five levels of N (0-164 kg/ha) and four levels of P (0-138 kg/ha) were applied in a field experiment. The results showed that increasing N and P rates significantly improved several quality parameters, including pod length, diameter, and marketable yield. Specifically, applying 82 kg N/ha and 46 kg P2O5/ha optimized pod quality by increasing length, diameter, fiberless nature, and marketable yield compared to other treatment combinations and the unfertilized control.
Adaptation Trial of Improved Perennial Grass Varieties/Accessions at the High...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted with an objective of adapting, see the yield, quality and recommend improved perennial grass accessions to the highland of Guji Zone, Ethiopia in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three blocks. Accessions were (Phalaris aquatica Sirossa Phalaris aquatica Sirocco, ILCA 14983, ILCA 14984 and variety X (Holeta local). Broadcasting method for Phalaris and 0.5meter between plant and 1meter between row spacing for Napier grass was applied at planting time each plot measuring 4meter x 6meter. Yield parameters were analyzed using statistical analysis software (SAS) and the means of quality parameters were compared with standards. Accordingly, Napier variety X was significant in survival rate, number of shoot, date of first harvest and harvesting frequency at (P<0.05) and highest in crude protein (CP) content. ILCA 14983 were also significant in survival rate and number of shoot and has highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (DOMD). Phalaris aquatica Sirossa was significant in green forage yield and has highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (DOMD). Generally, considering most parameters, Variety X and ILCA 14983 from Napier grass, Phalaris aquatica Sirossa from Phalaris were selected and recommended to the area and has to be evaluated under farmers’ conditions.
1) The study assessed the impact of different cultivation methods on soil fertility and rural livelihoods in Arsi Zone, southeast Ethiopia. 2) Soil samples were collected from fields with different cropping systems, including wheat-wheat, wheat-barley, wheat-bean, and wheat-maize. 3) The results showed that wheat-bean and wheat-pea cropping systems improved soil properties like soil organic matter and total nitrogen, while wheat-barley and wheat-maize systems had adverse effects compared to continuous wheat cropping.
An Agronomic field study was conducted at University of Limpopo Experimental farm, Syferkuil, over two summer growing seasons to determine the optimum phosphorus (P) rate and also assess the productivity of pigeonpea under intercrop with maize. Five P rates (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 kg P ha-1) were evaluated under sole and intercropped pigeonpea. Treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Results revealed that variable P fertilizer rates exerted significant effect on pigeonpea grain yield in both seasons. Highest grain yields of 922 and 1141.7 kg ha-1 under sole and intercrop plots, respectively, were achieved at 45 kg P ha-1 during first and second seasons, respectively. However, the predicted optimum grain yield of 734 and 1034 kg ha-1 based on the response model was achieved at 52.67 kg P ha-1 and 42.84 kg P ha-1, in the respective seasons. Intercropping achieved a significantly higher pigeonpea grain yield (+37%) during second year than sole cropping following P addition; with over 21% mean grain yield advantage across the two planting seasons. Hence, depending on the inherent soil-P level, application of 42-53 kg P ha-1 under pigeonpea/maize intercrop represents the range at which P is optimum for maximum pigeonpea grain yield and better returns for farmers.
A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of plant spacing and phosphorus rates on yield related traits and yield of faba bean (Viacia faba L.) at Farmers Training Center, Duna District during 2015 summer cropping season. Three intra-rows spacing (5, 10 and 15 cm), three inter-rows spacing (30, 40 and 50 cm) and three phosphorus rates (0, 46 and 92 kg/ha) were tested. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and was replicated three times. Improved faba bean variety (Degaga) was ued as test crop. Phenological growth parameters yield and yield related data were collected and their ANOVA was analyzed using GenSta 5th edition and while treatment means were significantly different, they were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% probability level. There was highly significant (P<0.01) effect of the highest rate of phosphorus (92 kg P2O5 ha-1) on days to flowering, days to maturity, leaf area index, effective nodules per plant, plant height , primary tillers plant-1, seeds pod-1, hundred seed weight, grain yield, above ground dry biomass and harvest index. Significantly lowest days to flowering (54.3 days) after emergence and highest plant height (105.63 cm), leaf area (1073 cm2), seeds pod-1(3.57), grain yield (2633 kg ha-1), dry biomass (8108kg ha-1) and harvest index (32.47) were obtained from the highest rate of P (92 kg P2O5 ha-1). For all inter-rows spacing, the leaf area, number of primary tillers, pods plant-1, seeds pod-1 and hundred seed weight were increased as intra-row spacing increase and the highest leaf area (1084 cm2), primary tillers (2.99) and hundred seed weight (54.59 g) were obtained from the widest (50 cm) inter-row spacing, while the highest effective nodules (59.56) and leaf area index (3.51) were resulted from the narrowest (30 cm) inter-row spacing. On the other hand, the interaction effects of inter and intra-row spacing significantly influenced, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, above ground dry biomass, grain yield and harvest index. The 30 cm inter-row by 15 cm intra-row spacing gave the highest grain yield (2495 kg ha-1), harvest index (35.79%) and pods plant-1(19.68) whereas the highest dry biomass (8738 kg ha-1) was obtained from 30 cm x 5 cm spacing combination. Thus, it can be concluded that application of 92 kg P2O5 ha-1 rate of phosphorus at 30 x 15 cm spacing combination proved to be superior with respect to grain yield in the study area. However, further study at least for one more cropping season under different soils is required to reach at conclusive recommendation.
Performance Evaluation of released Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) variet...Premier Publishers
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Leguminosae) is a crop widely distributed in almost all parts of the world. In Ethiopia, common bean is cultivated for two main purposes namely as a source of protein for local consumption and for export. Mostly, it grows in the warm and lowland areas of the country. This experiment was conducted to identify, select and recommend adaptable, high yielding, as well as Insect pest and disease resistant released variety(ies) for major common bean producing areas mainly Kamashi zone and Mao-komo special Woreda of Benishangul gumuz regional state of Ethiopia. Sixteen varieties were evaluated in RCBD with three replications with plot size of 4m x 2.4m = 9.6m2 at Kamashi and Tongo (Mao-komo) testing sites of Assosa Agricultural Research Centre (AsRC) for two years (2013/14 and 2014/15) main cropping seasons. The result of ANOVA showed that there was a significant varietal difference (P< 0.001) in seed yield. The least seed yield per hectare was recorded for Argene variety (474 kg ha-1) and the highest grain yield for SER 125 variety (2220 kg ha-1) followed by SER 119 (2022 kg ha-1) SER 48 varieties (1891kg ha-1) and Nasir variety (1800 kg ha-1). SER 125, SER 119 and SER 48 varieties were performed well across both locations during the consecutive cropping seasons while Nasir variety has another quality of tolerating soil acidity which was the major problem in the western parts of the country including Assosa and western Oromia. Therefore, these varieties have to be promoted in farmer’s field for dissemination and scaling up.
Response of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to Different Rates of Nitrogen and P...Premier Publishers
In Ethiopia, wheat is being cultivated on about 1.51 million hectares, delivering 3.3 million tons of grain yields. However, productivity of this crop is low compared to its potential due to many factors among which N and P play a vital role. Field study was conducted in 2014 crop season at Fiche-Salale with the objective of determining the optimum rates of N and P fertilizer for wheat production. The treatments consist factorial combination of four level of N (0, 32, 64 and 96 kg/ha) and four level of P (0, 23, 46 and 69kg P2O5/ha) which were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Wheat variety, Digelu, was used as a test crop. The result of the study indicated that grain and biological yields were significantly affected only due to main effect N. The highest (3284 kg/ha) and lowest (2383 kg/ha) grain yield was obtained from application of 96 kg N/ha and 0 kg N/ha, respectively. Similarly, the highest (6611.00 kg/ha) and lowest (5145.00 kg/ha) biological yield was obtained from 96 kg N/ha and 64 kg N/ha, respectively. The highest MRR was also attained at 96 kg N/ha (6998.80%). Hence, 96 kg N/ha is profitable for the area.
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF LEEK AND CHAYOTE HARISH J
This document provides information on leeks and chayote. It discusses that leeks are a non-bulb forming plant from the onion family that is grown for its blanched stem. It is a good source of nutrients but is not commonly grown commercially in India. Chayote is a vine grown cucurbit from Mexico. It can be eaten as a vegetable or its tubers consumed. Both plants require regular irrigation and weeding to thrive. Pests and diseases mentioned that can affect the crops include various fungi, mites, and aphids.
This document discusses plant disease outbreaks and epidemics. It defines an outbreak as a sudden increase in disease occurrences in a particular place and time, while an epidemic is a change in disease over time and space that can affect regions or countries. Epidemics develop from a combination of susceptible hosts, virulent pathogens, and favorable environmental conditions over a long period. Factors like host genetics, crop type, and moisture levels can influence epidemic development. The document also outlines management strategies like computer modeling, forecasting, and warning systems to help control epidemics.
Integrated Disease Management on Tikka disease of GroundnutMuhammed Ameer
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) is recommended for managing Tikka disease of groundnut. Tikka disease causes circular leaf spots and is caused by the fungi Cercospora arachidicola and C. personata. IDM involves using cultural, biological, and chemical controls as needed to keep disease incidence below economic thresholds. Key practices include crop rotation, resistant varieties, removing crop residues, neem extracts, and fungicide sprays of Bordeaux mixture, Dimethane M-45, or carbendazim. The goal of IDM is to promote natural farming methods while keeping diseases under control.
Beetroot, also known as beets or table beets, is a root vegetable that is typically deep red in color, although it can also come in other colors such as golden yellow and white. Beetroot is a rich source of various vitamins and minerals, including fiber, vitamin C, folate, potassium, and manganese.
The document discusses several diseases and pests that affect cocoa plants. It describes the symptoms, causal agents, and management strategies for diseases like seedling die-back, white thread blight, black pod disease, charcoal pod rot, and witches' broom disease. It also covers major pests like mirids, mealy bugs, thrips, aphids, ring bark borers, cocoa moth, bollworm, and cocoa beetle. Control involves removing infected plant parts, providing proper drainage, pruning shade trees, and applying pesticides when needed. Biological control using natural enemies is also explored for some pests.
The document is a research proposal from Opoku Eric David of the Agribusiness Department at Valley View University-Techiman Campus. The proposal is on a cost benefit analysis of sweet pepper production under different fertilizer regimes. It outlines the introduction, background and justification, literature review, problem statement, aims and objectives, methodology, expected outcomes, and conclusion for the research. It provides background information on sweet peppers and discusses inorganic and organic fertilizers.
Presentation on Disease of Guava and ManagementRafiqul Islam
The document discusses several diseases that affect guava plants, including their symptoms and management strategies. It describes algal leaf spot caused by Cephaleuros virescens, which produces orange tufts on leaves that turn reddish-purple. Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporoides results in sunken dark lesions on fruit. Rust caused by Puccinia psidii creates orange-red pustules on leaves, shoots, flowers and fruit. Root knot caused by Meloidogyne nematodes forms galls on roots. The document provides management recommendations for each disease such as fungicide application, resistant varieties, solarization, and cultural practices.
- Marigolds are native to Central and South America and are used widely as ornamental plants and for their pigments. There are two main types - African and French marigolds.
- They are grown commercially in states like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and more. Soil and climate requirements are mentioned. Various varieties are listed for the two main types.
- The document outlines production practices like field preparation, propagation, spacing, nutrient management, irrigation, pest and disease management, and harvesting. French marigolds yield 8-12 tons/hectare while African varieties yield 11-18 tons/hectare.
COMMERCIAL VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS IN FRENCH BEANAdhiyamaan Raj
This document describes several commercial varieties and hybrids of French bean and broad bean. It provides details on the botanical classification, origin, description and characteristics of varieties such as Giant Stringless, Contender, Pusa Parvati, Kentucky Wonder, Bayo, Blue Pod Medium, Brown Swedish, California Cream, Michigan Robust, Red Kidney, Premier, Bountiful, Jampa, Arka Komal, Pant Anupama, VL-Boni-1, Pusa Udit for French bean and broad bean respectively. It also summarizes a study on assessing genetic diversity among 57 French bean genotypes which found the first five principal components explained over 80% of variation, and identified clusters IV and VII as
Reaction of Elite Faba Bean Genotypes for Soil Acidity StressAI Publications
Soil acidity is one of the major abiotic stresses in Ethiopian highland agriculture that limits crop production in general and a prime factor of faba bean production in particular. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of soil acidity stress on grain yield of 50 faba bean genotypes of which 22 were released varieties. The experiment was comprised two stress levels (lime treated and untreated) arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis of variance for both potential yield (YP) and stress yield (YS) indicated significant differences among fifty genotypes. Also, significant differences were observed among faba bean genotypes regarding seven soil acidity stress indices. Based on the YP, the genotypes Moti, CS20DK, EKLS/CSR02010-4-3, Cool-0024 and EH07023-3, had the highest yield under non-stressed condition, while the genotypes CS20DK, Obse, Wolki, Didi’a and Dosha displayed the highest yield under stressed condition. In terms of grain yield (g/5plants) CS20DK was ranked 2nd and 1st with 113.24g and 79.56g under non-stressed and stressed, respectively. However, based on the overall performances of multiple stress indices (YI, STI, MP, GMP, HM, SSI and RYR) Wolki, Dosha and Obse were confirmed as soil acidity stress tolerant genotypes whereas Wayu was identified as the most sensitive genotype. The STI, MP, GMP and HM indices exhibited strong correlation with YP, while YI showed strong correlation with YS indicating YS can discriminate soil acidity tolerant genotypes with high grain yield under stress conditions. Hence, use of multiple stress indices confirms the performance consistency of the genotypes considered for the stress.
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing on yield and yield ...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Gode Polytechnic College demonstration farm in 2013 under irrigation to observe the effect of six N rates (0, 46, 69, 92, 115 and 138 kg ha-1) and four intra-row spacing levels (7.5, 10 12.5 and 15 cm) on yield and yield components of onion (Allium cepa L.). The experiment was laid out according to randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Results of the analysis revealed that the interaction effects of N rates and intra-row spacing showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on harvest index, fresh biomass yield, dry biomass yield, total bulb yield and marketable bulb yield. Thus, according to the result of partial Budget analysis application of 138kg N ha-1 planted at 7.5cm plant to plant distance was found the best treatment than others in relation to yield and yield components of onion under Gode condition.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers on the quality of snap bean pods grown in Jimma, Ethiopia. Five levels of N (0-164 kg/ha) and four levels of P (0-138 kg/ha) were applied in a field experiment. The results showed that increasing N and P rates significantly improved several quality parameters, including pod length, diameter, and marketable yield. Specifically, applying 82 kg N/ha and 46 kg P2O5/ha optimized pod quality by increasing length, diameter, fiberless nature, and marketable yield compared to other treatment combinations and the unfertilized control.
Adaptation Trial of Improved Perennial Grass Varieties/Accessions at the High...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted with an objective of adapting, see the yield, quality and recommend improved perennial grass accessions to the highland of Guji Zone, Ethiopia in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three blocks. Accessions were (Phalaris aquatica Sirossa Phalaris aquatica Sirocco, ILCA 14983, ILCA 14984 and variety X (Holeta local). Broadcasting method for Phalaris and 0.5meter between plant and 1meter between row spacing for Napier grass was applied at planting time each plot measuring 4meter x 6meter. Yield parameters were analyzed using statistical analysis software (SAS) and the means of quality parameters were compared with standards. Accordingly, Napier variety X was significant in survival rate, number of shoot, date of first harvest and harvesting frequency at (P<0.05) and highest in crude protein (CP) content. ILCA 14983 were also significant in survival rate and number of shoot and has highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (DOMD). Phalaris aquatica Sirossa was significant in green forage yield and has highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (DOMD). Generally, considering most parameters, Variety X and ILCA 14983 from Napier grass, Phalaris aquatica Sirossa from Phalaris were selected and recommended to the area and has to be evaluated under farmers’ conditions.
1) The study assessed the impact of different cultivation methods on soil fertility and rural livelihoods in Arsi Zone, southeast Ethiopia. 2) Soil samples were collected from fields with different cropping systems, including wheat-wheat, wheat-barley, wheat-bean, and wheat-maize. 3) The results showed that wheat-bean and wheat-pea cropping systems improved soil properties like soil organic matter and total nitrogen, while wheat-barley and wheat-maize systems had adverse effects compared to continuous wheat cropping.
An Agronomic field study was conducted at University of Limpopo Experimental farm, Syferkuil, over two summer growing seasons to determine the optimum phosphorus (P) rate and also assess the productivity of pigeonpea under intercrop with maize. Five P rates (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 kg P ha-1) were evaluated under sole and intercropped pigeonpea. Treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Results revealed that variable P fertilizer rates exerted significant effect on pigeonpea grain yield in both seasons. Highest grain yields of 922 and 1141.7 kg ha-1 under sole and intercrop plots, respectively, were achieved at 45 kg P ha-1 during first and second seasons, respectively. However, the predicted optimum grain yield of 734 and 1034 kg ha-1 based on the response model was achieved at 52.67 kg P ha-1 and 42.84 kg P ha-1, in the respective seasons. Intercropping achieved a significantly higher pigeonpea grain yield (+37%) during second year than sole cropping following P addition; with over 21% mean grain yield advantage across the two planting seasons. Hence, depending on the inherent soil-P level, application of 42-53 kg P ha-1 under pigeonpea/maize intercrop represents the range at which P is optimum for maximum pigeonpea grain yield and better returns for farmers.
A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of plant spacing and phosphorus rates on yield related traits and yield of faba bean (Viacia faba L.) at Farmers Training Center, Duna District during 2015 summer cropping season. Three intra-rows spacing (5, 10 and 15 cm), three inter-rows spacing (30, 40 and 50 cm) and three phosphorus rates (0, 46 and 92 kg/ha) were tested. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and was replicated three times. Improved faba bean variety (Degaga) was ued as test crop. Phenological growth parameters yield and yield related data were collected and their ANOVA was analyzed using GenSta 5th edition and while treatment means were significantly different, they were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% probability level. There was highly significant (P<0.01) effect of the highest rate of phosphorus (92 kg P2O5 ha-1) on days to flowering, days to maturity, leaf area index, effective nodules per plant, plant height , primary tillers plant-1, seeds pod-1, hundred seed weight, grain yield, above ground dry biomass and harvest index. Significantly lowest days to flowering (54.3 days) after emergence and highest plant height (105.63 cm), leaf area (1073 cm2), seeds pod-1(3.57), grain yield (2633 kg ha-1), dry biomass (8108kg ha-1) and harvest index (32.47) were obtained from the highest rate of P (92 kg P2O5 ha-1). For all inter-rows spacing, the leaf area, number of primary tillers, pods plant-1, seeds pod-1 and hundred seed weight were increased as intra-row spacing increase and the highest leaf area (1084 cm2), primary tillers (2.99) and hundred seed weight (54.59 g) were obtained from the widest (50 cm) inter-row spacing, while the highest effective nodules (59.56) and leaf area index (3.51) were resulted from the narrowest (30 cm) inter-row spacing. On the other hand, the interaction effects of inter and intra-row spacing significantly influenced, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, above ground dry biomass, grain yield and harvest index. The 30 cm inter-row by 15 cm intra-row spacing gave the highest grain yield (2495 kg ha-1), harvest index (35.79%) and pods plant-1(19.68) whereas the highest dry biomass (8738 kg ha-1) was obtained from 30 cm x 5 cm spacing combination. Thus, it can be concluded that application of 92 kg P2O5 ha-1 rate of phosphorus at 30 x 15 cm spacing combination proved to be superior with respect to grain yield in the study area. However, further study at least for one more cropping season under different soils is required to reach at conclusive recommendation.
Performance Evaluation of released Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) variet...Premier Publishers
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Leguminosae) is a crop widely distributed in almost all parts of the world. In Ethiopia, common bean is cultivated for two main purposes namely as a source of protein for local consumption and for export. Mostly, it grows in the warm and lowland areas of the country. This experiment was conducted to identify, select and recommend adaptable, high yielding, as well as Insect pest and disease resistant released variety(ies) for major common bean producing areas mainly Kamashi zone and Mao-komo special Woreda of Benishangul gumuz regional state of Ethiopia. Sixteen varieties were evaluated in RCBD with three replications with plot size of 4m x 2.4m = 9.6m2 at Kamashi and Tongo (Mao-komo) testing sites of Assosa Agricultural Research Centre (AsRC) for two years (2013/14 and 2014/15) main cropping seasons. The result of ANOVA showed that there was a significant varietal difference (P< 0.001) in seed yield. The least seed yield per hectare was recorded for Argene variety (474 kg ha-1) and the highest grain yield for SER 125 variety (2220 kg ha-1) followed by SER 119 (2022 kg ha-1) SER 48 varieties (1891kg ha-1) and Nasir variety (1800 kg ha-1). SER 125, SER 119 and SER 48 varieties were performed well across both locations during the consecutive cropping seasons while Nasir variety has another quality of tolerating soil acidity which was the major problem in the western parts of the country including Assosa and western Oromia. Therefore, these varieties have to be promoted in farmer’s field for dissemination and scaling up.
Response of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to Different Rates of Nitrogen and P...Premier Publishers
In Ethiopia, wheat is being cultivated on about 1.51 million hectares, delivering 3.3 million tons of grain yields. However, productivity of this crop is low compared to its potential due to many factors among which N and P play a vital role. Field study was conducted in 2014 crop season at Fiche-Salale with the objective of determining the optimum rates of N and P fertilizer for wheat production. The treatments consist factorial combination of four level of N (0, 32, 64 and 96 kg/ha) and four level of P (0, 23, 46 and 69kg P2O5/ha) which were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Wheat variety, Digelu, was used as a test crop. The result of the study indicated that grain and biological yields were significantly affected only due to main effect N. The highest (3284 kg/ha) and lowest (2383 kg/ha) grain yield was obtained from application of 96 kg N/ha and 0 kg N/ha, respectively. Similarly, the highest (6611.00 kg/ha) and lowest (5145.00 kg/ha) biological yield was obtained from 96 kg N/ha and 64 kg N/ha, respectively. The highest MRR was also attained at 96 kg N/ha (6998.80%). Hence, 96 kg N/ha is profitable for the area.
Farmers in Ethiopia participated in research evaluating different seeding rates for teff production using a seed spreader. Over two years, farmers preferred lower seeding rates of 5-20 kg/ha mixed with sand compared to the recommended 30 kg/ha or typical 35 kg/ha rate. An economic analysis also found the lower 15 kg/ha rate mixed with sand to have the highest benefit-cost ratio. Both the farmer preferences and economic analysis support using the lower 15 kg/ha seeding rate mixed with sand as the most feasible option for farmers in the study area.
Application of np fertilizers for better production of teffAlexander Decker
This document summarizes three experiments conducted in Ethiopia to determine optimal NP fertilizer rates for teff production on different soil types. The experiments were conducted on Profondic Luvisols soil in Hossana, Haplic Alisols soil in Areka, and Vitric Andosols soil in Awassa. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers had varying effects on teff grain and straw yields depending on the location and soil type. The results showed that fertilizer is not needed for teff production in Awassa. In Areka, only phosphorus up to 20 kg/ha increased yields. In Hossana, phosphorus up to 30 kg/ha significantly increased both grain and straw yields. The document
This document reports on a study that evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the yield and yield components of shallot (Allium cepa L.) in two districts of Ethiopia. Five rates of nitrogen (0-132 kg/ha) and six rates of phosphorus (0-240 kg/ha) were applied in a factorial experiment. The treatment of 92 kg/ha nitrogen and 160 kg/ha phosphorus resulted in the highest marketable yield (23 tons/ha), total yield (23.45 tons/ha), and average bulb weight (88.8 g). While plant height, marketable yield, and total yield were not significantly different among most nitrogen rates, the combination
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the yield of shallot in Ethiopia. Five levels of nitrogen (0, 72, 92, 112, 132 kg/ha) and six levels of phosphorus (0, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240 kg/ha) were applied to shallot plants. The highest marketable yield of 23 tons/ha was obtained with the application of 92 kg/ha nitrogen and 160 kg/ha phosphorus. This treatment combination of 92 kg/ha nitrogen and 160 kg/ha phosphorus was recommended for shallot production in the study area.
This study evaluated the effects of altitude (mid vs. high) and harvesting date (90, 120, 150 days) on the morphological characteristics, yield, and nutritive value of desho grass in Ethiopia. Key findings include:
1) Most morphological characteristics were not significantly affected by altitude except leaf length. Harvesting date significantly impacted number of leaves, leaf-to-stem ratio, and dry matter yield.
2) Both altitude and harvesting date significantly affected crude protein content, yield, and fiber fractions. Calcium was only impacted by harvesting date while phosphorus was only impacted by altitude.
3) Dry matter content and yield were positively correlated with plant height, leaf length, crude protein yield
When breeding diploid potatoes, tetraploid progeny can result from the union of 2n eggs and 2n pollen in 2x-2x crosses. Thirty-three crosses were made to examine tetraploid progeny frequency in 2x-2x crosses. All crosses were between S. tuberosum dihaploids and diploid self-compatible donors, M6 and DRH S6-10-4P17. Using chloroplast counting for ploidy determination, the frequency of tetraploid progeny was as high as 45% in one of the 33 crosses. Based upon single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, the tetraploid progeny were attributed to bilateral sexual polyploidization (BSP), which is caused by the union of 2n egg and 2n pollen. Dihaploids were identified that produce lower frequencies of 2n eggs. The results of this study suggest that S. tuberosum dihaploids with a high frequency of 2n eggs should be avoided in 2x - 2x crosses for diploid breeding programs.
This study developed a low cost and affordable to small-scale farmers’ indirect air-cooling combined with evaporative cooling (IAC+EC) system for storage of fruit and vegetables under both arid and hot; and humid and hot climatic conditions. Field heat from freshly harvested produce should be immediately removed through cooling to the desired storage temperature. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of IAC+EC system in terms of the cooling time requirement of the fresh tomato fruit. A fresh tomato cooling experiment to remove field heat during the summer month of September in Pietermaritzburg was conducted for 36 hours where the IAC+EC system was compared to storage under ambient conditions. The results showed that 16 hours was required to reduce the flesh temperature of tomatoes to 16.5°C while the flesh temperature for tomatoes under ambient conditions followed the ambient temperature profile with time of storage. The IAC+EC system reduced and maintained the microenvironment air temperature inside the coolers to 16.5°C - 19°C. The ambient temperature varied between 21 and 32°C. The results in this study are evidence that IAC+ EC system can be a choice for farmers, for cooling the fresh by reducing the field temperature after harvest.
Dioscorea rotundata is a staple food crop for millions of people in the tropical and subtropical regions. In vitro germplasm conservation is a very useful tool in yam improvement strategies but very little is known about the genetic integrity and stability of in-vitro conserved yam plants. In this study, 42 accessions from in vitro and field populations were genotyped using 11 microsatellite markers and 23 morphological descriptors to assess variability within and between accessions. Out of the 23 morphological variables used, 13 were identified as most discriminate and were used to cluster the accessions into 4 clusters using the unweighted pair group arithmetic mean average (UPGMA). Accession maintained in field as well as in in-vitro showed high genetic similarity (R2 = 0.91, p-value: 1e-04). Out of the 42 accessions analyzed, nine accessions maintained in the field and in-vitro displayed different genetic profiles. This study provided basic information on the possible somaclonal variation of yam accessions maintained through in-vitro. Further study with advanced tools such as next-generation sequencing is required to elucidate the nature of the observed variation within clones.
A study was carried out on plant density at the experimental field of the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) Nkolbisson, Yaoundé to determine the appropriate spacing to improve rainfed rice production in the bimodal rainfall forest zone of Cameroon. The experiment was conducted during the main cropping seasons of 2017 and 2018. The planting spacing used were 15cm x 15cm, 20cm x 20cm, 25cm x 25cm and 30cm x 30cm giving the plant populations of 444444, 250000, 160,000 and 111,111 plants / ha respectively using two varieties (Nerica 3 and Nerica 8). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant differences were observed in the growth and yield across the years. Treatments were highly significant concerning the number of days to the appearance of the first flower, the number of days to 50% flowering, and the number of days to 50 % maturity. Plants were taller with more tillers and gave higher yields in 2017 than those of 2018. The spacing significantly affected the plant height, number of tillers, and panicle length for both varieties. The interaction of spacing and variety was significant for the number of tillers per m2 and the number of seeds per panicle, however, it was not for the weight of 1000 grains and the percentage of full bales. The yield components determining yield increase were the number of panicles / m2 and the number of seeds/panicles. Nerica 3 variety gave higher yields compared to the Nerica 8, the closer the spacing, the higher the yield. There were a strong significance and positive correlation between yield, number of panicles, and the number of grain per panicle. The spacing that gives the highest number of panicle per m2 was 15 cm X 15 cm and this spacing gave good yield in the region where the study was carried out.
Intermolecular interaction is the material basis for cells to achieve their functions, and protein-protein interaction is an important approach to illuminate the regulation network of biological molecules and has important theoretical significance and potential application value for revealing the activity law of life in nature. This paper mainly summarizes and analyzes the new advances and applications of modern biotechnologies in the study of protein-protein interactions, including local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), yeast two-hybrid, GST-Pull-down, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and coimmunoprecipitation. At the same time, the principles of different research methods for protein-protein interaction and their other applications in the field of life sciences are also discussed, all of these will provide a reference value for the analysis of protein-protein interaction and the molecular regulation mechanism of biomacromolecules.
Field experiment involving five improved onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties and carried out at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center during the 2018 to 2019 cropping seasons under irrigated condition to identify the best performing variety for seed production to the target areas of Arsi Zone. The onion varieties included in the field experiment were (Nafis, Robaf, Nasic Red, Bombe Red, and Adama Red). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Phenological and growth parameters, seed yield, and yield components were studied. The result showed that Variety had a significant effect on most phonological and growth attributes as well as on yield attributes. The number of days to flowering and vigorously were significantly affected by variety; while plant height, days to boolting and branch number was not significantly influenced by variety. Flower stalks height and diameter, number of umbel per plant, and umbel diameter also significantly affected by variety. Seed yield per umbel and mean seed yield per hectare also showed a significance difference among varieties. The highest seed yield per hectare (1415.89 kg/ha) was recorded from Adama Red and followed by Nafis variety, whereas Nasic rerd, Bombe red and Robaf show no significance difference among each other, Therefore, it can be concluded that use of the improved onion varieties such as Adama red and Nafis is advisable and could be appropriate for onion seed production in the test area even though further testing is required to put the recommendation on a strong basis.
Rubber trees are among the important cultivated crops in Malaysia, and have contributed to the country’s overall economic growth since the 1950s. However, the existing anatomical and morphological studies are relatively insufficient. Currently, Hevea brasiliensis has been cultivated and planted commonly as a commercial planting clone, while Hevea camargoana remains to be a non-cultivated and underutilized rubber species. For many years, there only exists little information both in private plantations and government agencies that have carried out anatomical and morphological assessments on these underutilized species. There is little information about the characteristics of H.camargoana, thus raising the issue among plant breeders on how to best use this underutilized rubber species. This study attempts to investigate the taxonomic values and characteristics of Hevea brasiliensis and Hevea camargoana through anatomical and morphological studies.
Use of distributed electricity generation systems is currently increasing due to their economic and environmental benefits. Agricultural greenhouses require heat and electricity for covering their energy needs while their annual energy requirements vary significantly. Aim of the current work is the investigation of applying various distributed electricity generation systems in greenhouses. A review of different distributed generation systems currently used in various sectors as well as in greenhouses has been implemented. Various technologies are examined utilizing either renewable energies or fossil fuels in very efficient energy systems. Most of them are mature and cost-effective having lower environmental impacts compared with traditional centralized electricity generation technologies. Their use in greenhouses results in many benefits including the creation of an additional income for the farmer, reduction of carbon emissions into the atmosphere and increasing stability of the electric grid. It is suggested that distributed electricity generation systems should be used more in greenhouses when the necessary conditions are favorable.
Grain mold, considered the most important disease of sorghum, is associated with several fungal genera. The disease reduces both yield and quality. In this study, over 300 sorghum seed samples collected from Texas, Florida, and Georgia were evaluated for grain mold severity, seed weight, germination rate, and seed fungal community. Grain mold severity of the seed samples, except for those collected from Cameron, Texas, were rated 3 or higher, indicating that these sorghum lines were moderately susceptible under naturally-infected field conditions during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Seed weight across surveyed locations ranged from 1.1 g to 4.0g for samples collected in Texas during the same period. Percent germination rates for samples collected in Texas ranged from 59.6% to 86.7%. Sorghum samples collected from Florida and Georgia exhibited moderately susceptible response to grain mold infection. Mean seed weight was 1.9 g for samples collected from Florida, while in Georgia, mean seed weight was 2.3 g. Germination rate was low for samples collected from Florida and Georgia. Mycological analysis of sorghum seed samples collected from farmers’ fields in Central and South Texas during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons showed Alternaria species as the most frequently isolated fungal genus, accounting for 40% and 42 % in 2016 and 2017, followed by Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex. In Florida and Georgia, Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex was the most frequently recovered fungal species, accounting for 77% and 72% of the total. genera/species isolated from seed samples. Other fungal species, including Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris sp., Colletotrichum sublineola, F. verticillioides, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, F. thapsinum, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and Aspergillus niger were also isolated from sorghum seeds in various frequencies. In conclusion, the presence of large number of fungal genera associated with grain deterioration and their effect on other traits, makes management of this disease complex challenging. To identify grain mold resistant sources in a region, using the most dominant species in that region to screen the sorghum germplasm is recommended.
- The document describes national performance trials of potato varieties conducted in mid-altitude regions of Kenya between 2016 and 2017.
- Twenty-six potato genotypes, including four check varieties, were evaluated across six mid-altitude sites over two seasons. Yield and other agronomic data was collected.
- In the first season, genotypes, environments, and their interaction all significantly affected yield. Trans-Nzoia was the highest yielding site, with all genotypes yielding between 10-25 tons/ha. In the second season, only environments significantly impacted yield, with Trans-Nzoia again the highest.
The tests for the evaluation of seedling establishment, palatability and acceptability were carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology and the Food Laboratory of the Department of Home and Rural Economics, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, Adamawa State. The experimental designs used were Randomized Complete Block Design and the Completely Randomized Design. Some of the parameters measured were percentage seedling establishment, palatability, and acceptability tests. The highest mean percentage seedling establishment was observed in 12.00g levels of H. suaveolens whole powder treated shelled groundnut seeds (97.67, 97.00, and 94.00) at the three periods of storage. Percentage seedling establishment decreased with a decrease in levels of H. suaveolens whole powder. One of the major constraints to the use of plant materials as an alternative to synthetic insecticides is the issue of standardization in dosage of application. This work has suggested that, if groundnut seeds are to be used for sowing, they should be stored with a 12.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for three months. However, if they are to be used for consumption, they could be stored with a 6.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for at most three months. There was no significant difference between treated and untreated shelled groundnut seeds at the three periods of storage on the acceptability and palatability score of cooked groundnut at all dosages of application. All treatments were within the acceptable score rates even though the two rates of the synthetic insecticides, actellic dust were at the lowest acceptable score rate. The finding also showed that acceptability and palatability decreased with an increase in dosage of application. The periods of storage also had a significant impact on the mean percentage seedling establishment. It was observed that there was a higher percentage of seedling establishment when shelled groundnut seeds were stored from November- January. At this period of the year, the temperature and humidity are usually low and this might have necessitated the high state of inactivity and low performance of the bruchids compared to other periods of storage within the year.
1. The study examined the effects of mulching and irrigation on cocoa seedling survival and establishment during the dry season in Ghana.
2. Results showed that irrigation and mulching significantly increased soil moisture content. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated had the highest survival rate of 94.5%, while seedlings without irrigation or mulching had the lowest survival rate of 47.1%.
3. Irrigation had a significant positive effect on cocoa seedling survival, plant height, and leaf number. Seedling survival was 89.6% under irrigation versus 65.6% without irrigation. Mulching alone did not significantly affect seedling survival.
Few years ago National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM) launched melon sheller to reduce burden of obtaining melon oil and cake, and to enhance rural women’s productivity. This study looked at the productivity of promoted melon shelling technology and preference by rural women in Nigeria. Data were gathered from the NCAM workshop and survey of melon processors in Niger State. In the workshop, it was found that time allowed for soaking melon and covering with piece of clothes contributed to the productivity of the sheller. Results from survey revealed that 95.1% of the respondents’ preferred Internal Combustion technology and 90.2% liked electric-driven melon shellers over the manual one. Also, 69.5% obtained the shellers from local fabricators rather than NCAM. The technology led to increased turnout of melon (378kg/hr) and reduced wastages to 1.26kg out of 75.6kg. The study concluded that the promoted melon sheller is efficient and have positive implication on the rural women’s productivity and revenue. The study recommends that the rural women should put the melon sheller into its maximum capacity use. The NCAM should extend training to the local fabricators so that they can improve on the technology most especially in the areas of winnowing and washing of melon kernels.
Keeping in view of lack of recommended rates of N and NPS fertilizers, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the newly introduced NPS fertilizer and nitrogen on growth, physiology and above ground biomass of garlic. Four NPS (0-0-0, 78.75-69-12.75, 105-92-17 and 131.25-115-21.25 kg N-P-S ha-1) and three nitrogen fertilizer rates (114.13, 228.26 and 278.33 kg N ha-1) were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Significantly highest plant height (28.02 cm), leaf diameter (1.27 cm), dry and fresh weight (4.71 g and 6.11 g) and leaf length were recorded on garlic plants supplied with 105-92-17 kg N-P-S ha-1 and also the highest plant height (27.75 cm), leaf length (24.02 cm), fresh and dry weight (6.23 g and 5.04 g) were recorded on garlic plants supplied with 278.33 kg N ha-1. The interaction effect also show a significant effect in almost all the growth parameters; the early day to 50% emergence was recorded from a plot which received 228.26 kg N ha-1 and 105-92-17 kg NPS ha-1 and the highest plant height, leaf length, fresh and dry above ground biomass and leaf diameter were 29.62 cm, 25.60 cm, 6.93 g, 5.59 g and 1.4 cm, respectively were observed by the interaction of 278.33 kg N ha-1 and 105-92-17 kg N-P-S ha-1 with no significant difference with 228.26 N and 78.75-69-12.75 kg N-P-S ha−1. From this one season experiment, fertilizer rates 307.01-69-12.75 kg N-P-S ha−1 could be recommended for garlic production.
In the past, conservation effort has primarily focused on establishment of forest reserves for timber production, with minimal or no consideration to how these natural resources will help sustain or improve livelihoods of adjoining communities. This study examined the contribution of Aramoko forest reserve to the livelihoods of the adjoining communities in Ekiti State. One hundred and twenty pre-tested questionnaires were administered among the products collectors in the study area. Data collected were analysed and the result showed that 78.3 % of the respondents are married with 52.3 % of them male, while 50.8 % of the respondents aged between 51-70 years with 64.1 % having at least secondary education. Twenty-five (25) different products were collected by the respondents in the study area. These products include among others; timber with highest frequency of (120) followed by herbal plants (115), Archantina marginata (105), Thaumatococcus danielli (89), Bridelia ferruginea (70) and Irvingia garbonensis (65). The use of motor cycle accounted for 41.4 % of the respondents means of transportation, while 31.3 % of the respondents sell their product in bit at the village market. Picking, digging, plucking, cutting and uprooting were methods used for harvesting by the respondents while illegal felling (24 %) and indiscriminate bush burning (22.4 %) were the major conservation problem in the study area. Specifically, some of the products harvested are used for food, medicine, fuelwood, herbs and cultural purposes. The study recommends that research should be conducted into how these products can be artificially raised in the nursery for plantation establishment.
Cocoa farmer faces increasing challenging environment through exposure to risks factors which have impacted negatively on their production or output. Since farmers are primary producers and often times lack capacity to control risks factor, it is important to manage this factors. This study examines the cocoa farmers’ risk preferences and crop insurance perception and isolates the drivers of decision to uptake crop insurance among cocoa farmers in Ekiti state. The sample for the study consist of 200 cocoa farmers who were household heads selected through multi-stage sampling across four Local government areas of Ekiti State who are predominantly cocoa producers. Data collected on socio-demographic characteristics, perception of crop insurance and risk preferences, were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic model. Results showed that majority of the cocoa farmers were without crop insurance, with higher enrolment in Membership of cooperative society, owned their land, larger household size and lower educational level but higher level of farm experience when compared to cocoa farmers who are holding crop insurance. Farmers risk preferences showed no significant difference between farmers with or without insurance. Education (β=0.59), Household size (β=0.0029) and Debt use (β=0.02), Membership of cooperative (β=-4.53), Farming Experience (β=-2.51), Owned Land (β=-2.19) and Non-Farm Income (β=-0.65) were among the significant determinants of insurance uptake. Risk mitigating measures such as provision of necessary incentives such as improved varieties of cocoa seedling, as well as provision of fertiliser and approved pesticides, financial assistance, and simple processing technologies that produce standard cocoa bean plus a re-jigged Nigeria Agricultural Insurance Corporation (NAIC) for an improved discharge of its function are recommended.
Mitigation of climate change requires the decrease of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere and the increasing use of renewable energies replacing fossil fuels. Agricultural greenhouses are energy-intensive agricultural systems using mainly fossil fuels. The use of renewable energies during their operation is limited so far. The possibility of using renewable energies for covering their energy needs has been investigated, focused on the Mediterranean region. Various sustainable energy technologies which are reliable, mature, cost-effective and broadly used in various applications are examined. These include solar-PV systems, low enthalpy geothermal energy, solid biomass burning, co-generation systems, high efficiency heat pumps and reuse of rejected industrial heat. Combined use of these systems in greenhouses can cover all their energy requirements in heat, cooling and electricity, reducing or zeroing their net CO2 emissions into the atmosphere due to operational energy use. It is concluded that depending on their local availability in Mediterranean countries, these benign energy technologies can assist greenhouse crop growers in the reduction of their carbon emissions, contributing in the achievement of the universal goal for climate change mitigation.
Field experiment was carried out under rain-fed conditions during the 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, solely to develop an integrated pest management for the control of groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) [Homoptera: Aphididae]. The experimental Design used was the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Parameters measured were, average number of leaves per plot at 6 weeks after sowing, number of branches at 3 weeks after sowing, number of branches at 6 weeks after sowing, number of pods per plot, weight of harvested seeds per plot. The result obtained shows that, there was significant difference among the treatments in all the parameters measured at 0.05 level of probability using the Least Significant Difference (LSD). According to the results recorded, the highest mean yield of groundnut was obtained on plots treated with the combination of chemical and physical control methods (1444g) followed by plots treated with physical, chemical and cultural control methods combined (1296g). The highest mean number of pods per plant was recorded in the combination of physical, chemical and cultural control methods (18.00) followed by chemical and physical control methods as combined (15.00). The work shows that, the cultivation of groundnut with the control of groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) using integrated pest control applied as recommended facilitates better growth and guarantees good crop yield. The use of physical, chemical and cultural control method is profitable in Ganye Area of Adamawa State and is therefore suggested for use to local farmers.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world. Purple rice, as a special rice with important nutritional and health functions, has important scientific significance and application value for genetic improvement of purple rice and breeding of new varieties through in-depth study on its agronomic and related quality traits and products processed, and analysis of its genetic basis. In this paper, the new progress of purple rice in agronomic traits, quality traits, environmental impacts on purple rice and genetic basis of purple rice seed coat in recent years were reviewed and analyzed, and the application prospects of purple rice processing products and purple gene in rice genetic improvement were also prospected. Thus, our results will provide important information and reference for breeding new purple rice varieties with good quality and high yield.
Groundnut is an important oil seed crop, grown throughout the tropics and sub tropics worldwide. It is one of the three economically important oilseed crops grown in Ethiopia. Groundnut is commonly produced by small scale farmers as food and cash crops in the study area. The area has potential to the production of Ground nut for food and nutrition security as well as export commodity. However, scarcity of varieties that fit to the environment is one of the major constraints of production. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate five Ground nut varieties and select early maturing varieties with considerable yield and agronomic traits. The field experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at Abaya and varieties were planted in Randomized complete block design (RCBD). Data were collected on yield and important agronomic traits. The computed analysis of variance revealed significant variations among varieties for days to maturity, number of primary branches, number of pegs per plants, Grain yield and shelling percentage. The pooled over year mean of varieties indicated , Tole- 1 variety ( Check) is high yielding with mean grain yield of 4174.7kg followed by variety Sedi (3552.5kg/ha) and Babile local (3550.4kg/ha).Variety Sedi has special merit in terms of earliness and therefore recommended for moisture stress areas of Abaya and location with similar agro ecologies while Tole -1 (Standard check) is high yielding varieties and should be used in production until new varieties will be developed through selection/breeding program.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Genetic Variability of Tef [Eragrostis Tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Genotypes for Acid Soil Tolerance
1. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
ISSN(e): 2412-6381, ISSN(p): 2413-886X
Vol. 5, Issue. 9, pp: 162-171, 2019
URL: https://arpgweb.com/journal/journal/14
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/jac.59.162.171
Academic Research Publishing
Group
*Corresponding Author
162
Original Research Open Access
Genetic Variability of Tef [Eragrostis Tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Genotypes for Acid
Soil Tolerance
Misgana Merga*
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Assosa Agricultural Research Center, Assosa, Ethiopia
Hussein Mohammed
Department of Plant and Horticultural Science, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
Kebebew Assefa
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre-Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia
Abstract
Genetic variability studies provide basic information for breeders to develop different stress-tolerant varieties. In the
present study, forty-nine Tef genotypes were evaluated under strong acid soil (pH 4.97) and lime treated (pH 5.90)
soils in the lathouse at Assosa Agricultural Research Center in 2017 to estimate the genetic variability, heritability
and genetic advance of various traits of tef genotypes in relation to soil acidity stress. The result indicated that there
was high significant (p<0.01) differences among genotypes for all traits under both environments; except for shoot
biomass in the combined data analysis. The two environments differed significantly in their effect on all traits except
on plant height, panicle length, culm length, total and fertile tillers and number of primary branches, although
environment contribution to total TSS was less than 10% in 13 of the 17 traits studied; its high contribution was to
harvest index (42.6%) and grain yield pot-1
(32.5%). Big reduction due to soil acidity was recorded for yield of
primary panicle (27.78%), grain yield pot-1
(33.85%) and harvest index (35.6%). A contribution of G was from
44.5% in harvest index to 90.5% in panicle length. The GxE interaction was also significant for all traits and it
contributed more than 15% in 11 of the traits, indicating inconsistency of performance of genotypes under acidic and
lime treated soils. PCV, GCV, and GAM were high (>20%) for fertile tillers per plant, panicle weight, yield of
primary panicle, grain yield, and harvest index under both acidity levels and in the combined analysis. Heritability
was high (>60%) for all traits except for shoot biomass in the combined analysis and lime treated soil. In general,
there was wide genetic variability in the traits studied pointing to the possibility of improving the desired traits,
including grain yield under both environments and over environments through the selection of elite genotypes.
Keywords: Acid tolerance; Genetic advance; Genetic variability; Heritability.
CC BY: Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
1. Introduction
Tef, Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter is one of the crops that originated and were diversified in Ethiopia [1]. It has
been distributed to various parts of the world via different organization and individuals. For instance, in 1866 the
Royal Botanic Gardens imported the seed of tef from Ethiopia and distributed to India, Australia, USA, and South
Africa [2].
In Ethiopia, tef serves as a staple food, and the majority of Ethiopian people prefer the grain of tef for food by
making injera, porridge, unraised non-fermented bread (kitta) and local beverage [2]. It is highly nutritious, and
excellent in amino acid and mineral content like iron, calcium, and phosphorus when compared to other cereal crops
[2, 3]. The other importance of tef is, it’s free of gluten which found in the other cereal crops and can cause a celiac
disease by the response of T-cells in the small intestine [4]. On the other hand, straw tef is used for feeding of
livestock because tef straw is very palatable and nutritious when compared to other cereal crops [2].
Tef is grown on over three million hectares of land in Ethiopia [5]. It is majorly grown in Oromia, Amhara,
Tigray, South nation nationalities of people region and Benishangul Gumuz regions of Ethiopia. Benishangul
Gumuz region has a large area of land for the production of crops. In 2017 cropping season, the average productivity
of tef was estimated at 1.75 and 1.34 tons hectare-1 for Ethiopia at the country level and Benishangul Gumuz
Region, respectively [5]. Still, the productivity is low in Ethiopia; and this is mainly due to its susceptibility to
lodging, attributed to poor crop husbandry, and moisture stress [2].
On the other hand, soil acidity is also one of the limiting factors of crop production in Ethiopia. According to
Angaw and Desta [6], soil acidity severely reduces the yields of many crops in the high rainfall areas of western,
southern and south-western Ethiopia. This also true for Benshangul Gumuz Region where the dominant soil is the
Nitosols with the average pH value of 5.5 [7].
One of the options to combat the impact of soil acidity on crop yield is the development of tolerant cultivars
through selection, hybridization, and other breeding methods. Genetic variability is the pre-requisite for obtaining
suitable segregants with desirable traits. Genetic variability is also useful for proper choice of parents for realizing
higher heterosis and obtaining useful recombinants. It is also indispensable for the improvement of wider adaptation
2. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
163
to stress environments like drought, salinity, acidity and heat tolerance, desirable quality and pest resistance [8].
Several studies have to date been made on the magnitude, extent, and utilization of genetic diversity of tef [9-16].
However, there is little available information on the magnitude of tef genetic variability in respect to soil acidity.
Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the extent of genetic variability of tef genotypes for acid soil tolerance
based on agronomic traits.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Experimental Site
The experiment was conducted in the lathouse of Assosa Agricultural Research Center (AsARC) found in the
Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia. The region is geographically located at a latitude of 90
30' to 110
39'' N and
longitude of 340
20' to 360
30'' E covering a total land area of 50,000 square kilometers. Assosa is one of the districts
of the Benishangul Gumuz region, located at 100
02' 05'' N latitude and 340
34' 09'' E longitudes. Its altitude is 1547
meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.). The rainfall pattern of Assosa is unimodal, which starts from the end of April and
extends up to mid-November. The total annual average rainfall of Assosa is 1275 mm. The minimum and maximum
temperatures are 17 0
C and 28 0
C, respectively. The dominant soil type is Nitosols.
2.2. Experimental Plant Materials
Forty-nine tef genotypes, including 44 germplasms collected from different areas of Ethiopia, 4 improved
varieties (Ambo Toke, Etsuib, Kora and Quncho), and one local check were used for this study. These materials
were obtained from Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center (DZARC).
Figure-1. Location map of the study area
Source: AsARC Metrology station, 2017
3. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
164
Table-1. List of tef germplasms and released varieties used in the experiment
No. Genotype Area of collection No. Genotypes Area of collection
1 DZ- 01-1531 - 26 DZ-01-1512 -
2 DZ-01-1821 West Showa 27 DZ-01-2086 Awi
3 DZ-01-1908 West Wollega 28 DZ-01-3492 Jimma
4 DZ-01-2111A West Wollega 29 DZ-01-3733 South West Showa
5 DZ-01-280 Debre Zeit 30 DZ-01-3738 South West Showa
6 DZ-01-16 Debre Zeit 31 DZ-01-3753 South West Showa
7 DZ-01-1676A West Wollega 32 DZ-01-3724 Minjar
8 DZ-01-272 East Showa 33 DZ-01-3394 Jimma
9 DZ-01-305 East Showa 34 DZ-01-3405 Jimma
10 DZ-01-306 East Showa 35 DZ-01-3486 Jimma
11 DZ-01-1551 - 36 DZ-01-3497 Jimma
12 DZ-01-1482 East Gojjam 37 DZ-01-3535 Jimma
13 DZ-01-1809 West Showa 38 DZ-01-3533 Jimma
14 DZ-01-1573A - 39 DZ-01-3507 Jimma
15 DZ-01-999 West Showa 40 Dabo Banja Awi
16 DZ-01-728 Ambo 41 DZ-01-3704 Minjar
17 DZ-01-1722 Jimma 42 DZ-01-3688 South West Showa
18 DZ-01-1311 Arsi Negele 43 DZ-01-3692 South West Showa
19 DZ-01-855 East Showa 44 DZ-01-3747 South West Showa
20 DZ-01-1978 West Wollega 45 Ambo toke Released in 1999
21 DZ-01-1769A - 46 Estuib Released in 2008
22 DZ-01-1234 Central Tigray 47 Quncho Released in 2006
23 DZ-01-229 Debre Zeit 48 Kora Released in 2014
24 DZ-01-383 Debre Zeit 49 Local check Assosa
25 DZ-01-1841A East Wollega
2.3. Soil Sampling and Analysis
Soil samples were taken from the field of AsARC randomly at 0-20 cm depth using Auger sampler in a zigzag
form. The soil samples taken were bulked into one composite sample. The was air-dried, ground using mortar and
pestle, sieved through 2 mm mesh and packed in a polyethylene bag. The soil sample was analyzed at Assosa
Agricultural Research center for the major soil physical and chemical properties. Its pH was identified by using glass
electrode pH meter in 1:2.5 soils to water ratio [17]. Bulk density was determined using the core sampling method
[18]. The total nitrogen analysis was done using the Kjeldahl method described by Jackson [19]. Exchangeable
acidity was determined using the method described by McLean [20]. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) was
determined by the ammonium-acetate saturation method [21]. Available soil P was analyzed according to the
standard procedure of Olsen [22] extraction method. Exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) and microelements
(Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) were determined using Mehlich-3 Extraction procedures [23]. Organic carbon content was
determined using Walkey-Black wet oxidation method described by Walkley and Black [24]. Electrical conductivity
(EC) was measured in 1: 2.5 sample to water ratio using a conductive meter [25].
2.4. Soil Preparation and Lime Application
Collected acid soil was grouped into two: - one used as it is (acidic soil) without application of lime and the
other was used for lime treatment. The lime requirement in tons hectare-1 was obtained based on the results of bulk
density (1.4 mg m-3) and exchangeable acidity (3.86 Cmol. kg-1) of the soil by using the formula used in Bruce
[26]. Accordingly, to raise the pH value near to 6.0, 2 kg of acid soil was limed with 4.71 g of fine particles of
quicklime (CaO) which is equivalent to 4 t ha-1 lime. It was thoroughly mixed on the clean tray and then filled into
the pot which has a 14 cm top and a 10.2 cm bottom diameter, with 17.4 cm height. Pots were incubated for two
weeks in the lathouse before beginning the experiments.
2.5. Experimental Design and Management
Two sets of experiments, lime treated and lime un-treated (acid soil); each was conducted by using Completed
Randomized Design with three replications and both sets of experiments were arranged side by side in the lathouse
of Assosa Agricultural Research center. Tef seed was sown on the pots at 20 September 2017 and then thinning was
done to get five plants per pot after the three weeks. Fertilizer rate of 46 kg ha-1
P2O5 and 23 kg ha-1
N2 was applied.
Frequently hand weeding was practiced to control the weeds.
2.6. Data Collection
The collected data was done on the pot basis and individual plant basis. Accordingly, days to heading (DTH),
days to maturity (DTM), grain filling period (GFP), grain yield/pot (GY), shoot biomass (SBM) and harvest index
(HI) data were collected on the basis of the pot. While plant height (PH), panicle length (PL), culm length (CL),
peduncle length (PDUL), number of total tillers per plant (TT), number of productive (Fertile) tillers per plant (FT),
4. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
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number of primary panicle branches (PPB), first basal culm internodes diameter (FBID), second basal culm
internode diameter (SBID), panicle weight (PW) and grain yield of primary panicle (YPP) were collected from the
five plants per pot and the average was used for the analyses.
2.7. Statistical Analyses
Analysis of variance was done for each respective soil environment (lime treated and acid soil) and combined
data over the two soil conditions based on the method described by Gomez and Gomez [27] using SAS software
version 9.0 [28]. Mean separation done using least significance difference at 5% level of probability. Prior to doing a
combined analysis, variance homogeneity was tested using the F-max test method of Hartley [29]. The variance
components for the individual environment were estimated using the method suggested by Dewey and Lu [30]. The
phenotypic, genotypic and environmental coefficients of variation at were estimated using the formula adopted by
Johanson, et al. [31] and classified as low (0-10%), moderate (10-20%) and high (>20) values. Broad-sense
heritability (H2) and genetic advance for selection intensity (k) at 5% were estimated based on the formula described
by Allard [32].
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Major Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soil Used in the Experiments
The soil chemical analysis results for major physical and chemical properties are presented in Table 2. The Soil
acidity changed from strongly acidic to slightly acidic classes [33] and the deficiencies of certain plant nutrients
were observed. The application of lime raised the soil pH from 4.97 to 5.90 and dropped exchangeable acidity from
3.86 to 0.42 Cmol (+) kg-1 and most of the nutrients were relatively increased (Table 2). The Organic Carbon (OC)
content was changed from 2.26 to 2.29 %, which is low according to Landon [34] who classified the OC content as
very low (< 2%), low (2-4%), medium (4-10%) and high (10-20%). This has an impact on the organic matter content
availability in the soil. He also categorized the total nitrogen content as very low (<0.1%), low (0.1-0.2%), medium
(0.2-0.5%), high (0.5-1%) and very high (>1%); accordingly, the availability of the total nitrogen content of this soil
was low. Electrical conductivity (EC) was very low, implying the soil is free of the salt problem.
A deficiency of the most essential plant elements including potassium and phosphorus was observed (Table 2).
In similar, the study conducted at two sites of Assosa district indicated the low availability of OC, potassium,
phosphorus, and nitrogen [35]. The deficiencies of such nutrients are mainly due to soil acidity. Soil acidity
characterized by a deficiency of essential plant nutrients such as P, K, N, Ca, Mg, and Mo [36], therefore, acid soil
improvement practices are imperative in the study area to reduce the constraints of soil acidity.
Table-2. Major physio-chemical properties under lime treated and non-treated soil
3.2. Analysis of Variance
The analysis of variance for the individual environment and for data combined across two soil conditions were
done for 17 characters studied, and results are presented in Tables 3 and 4. There was a highly significant difference
(p<0.01) between the tested tef genotypes for all characters studied at individual soil conditions (un-limed and
limed) indicating that considerable genetic variability exists between the 49 tef genotypes for phenology, growth,
yield, and yield-related traits studied. This result is agreed with the reports of Kebebew, et al. [37]; Solomon, et al.
[16]; Habte, et al. [38]; Chekole, et al. [9] and Mizan, et al. [39].
As the analysis of variance for combined data indicated, the mean square of genotypes were highly significant
(p<0.01) for all characters except shoot biomass tested across two soil acidity conditions. Besides, significant
environmental effects were observed for all characters, except for plant height, cum and panicle length, number of
total and fertile tillers, and number of primary panicle branches indicating the effect of soil acidity on the majority
indicators of phenology, growth and yield traits of the tef genotypes (Table 3). The absence of significant
Sample Acid soil Decision Limed Decision
pH (H2O) 4.97 Strongly acidic 5.90 Slightly acidic
Ex. Acidity (Cmol (+) kg-1
) 3.86 Very high 0.42 Very low
CEC (Cmol (+) kg-1
) 19.30 Optimum 25.50 Optimum
EC (ds/m) 0.082 Very low 0.062 Very low
Organic Carbon (%) 2.26 Low 2.29 Low
Total Nitrogen (%) 0.16 Low 0.17 Low
Ca+
(Cmol (+) kg-1
) 4.75 Low 17.54 Optimum
P (Cmol (+) kg-1
) 0.91 Very low 1.47 Very low
K+
(Cmol (+) kg-1
) 0.10 Very low 0.12 Very low
Mg2+
(Cmol (+) kg-1
) 2.86 Optimum 2.90 Optimum
Na+
(Cmol (+) kg-1
) 0.24 Low 0.28 Low
S (Cmol (+) kg-1
) 3.57 Optimum 4.36 Optimum
Fe (Cmol (+) kg-1
) 8.02 Optimum 7.64 Optimum
Mn (Cmol (+) kg-1
) 4.64 High 4.61 High
Zn (Cmol (+) kg-1
) 0.01 Low 0.01 Low
Cu (Cmol (+) kg-1
) 0.12 Optimum 0.13 Optimum
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166
environmental effects for the insignificant variables cited above was also agreed with the reports of Kebebew, et al.
[40]. Solomon, et al. [16], also found no significant environmental effect on plant height.
Similarly, the interaction of genotypes with soil acidity environments was highly significant (p≤0.01) for days to
heading, grain filling period, culm and panicle length, plant height, shoot biomass, yield of primary panicle, number
of total tillers per plant, harvest index, primary panicle branch, first and second basal culm internode diameter. This
implies that the genotypes were responding differentially under these two soil acidity conditions with respect to these
characters studied (Table 4). The performance of the genotypes was inconsistent over the two acidity levels. Similar
to our results, [39] reported that the test of genotype by environment interaction showed highly (p≤0.01) significant
difference for all traits except the lodging index studied under moisture stress and irrigated environments.
Wondewosen, et al. [41], also reported that grain yield and all yield-related traits were affected significantly by
environment and interaction of genotype by environment.
The environment did contribute near to zero to the variability in plant height, panicle and culm length, and
primary panicle branches, and it contributed less than 10% to total treatment (G+E+GEI) in eight other traits (Table
5). The maximum environment contribution was 32.5% to grain yield pot-1
and 42.6 % to harvest index. The GxE
interaction made a contribution of more than 15% to 11 traits, its highest contribution being to the variability of
shoot biomass (41.5%), second basal culm internode diameter (26.7%), total tillers per plant (23.5%) and fertile
tillers per plant (20.4%). There was an inconsistency of performance among the genotypes over the two soil acidity
environments in these traits. The major portion of the total variability of traits in the combined analysis came from
the genotypes (from 44.5% for the harvest index to 90.5% for the variability of panicle length). Genotype
contributed more than 70% to the variability of 13 of the 17 traits. The higher reduction due to environmental effect
was found for harvest index (37.7%), grain yield (34%) and yield of primary panicle (28%) (Table 3). The remaining
traits had relatively low percent reduction.
Generally, the present results indicate the existence of considerable genetic variation among the 49 tef
genotypes tested under the two soil environments. Several reports confirmed the existence of substantial genetic
variability among tef genotypes for their tolerance to various stress [13, 41-43].
Table-3. The significance of mean squares of 17 traits for individual (acid and limed) soil environments
Traits Acid soil (Un-limed) Limed PCRD
Genotype
1
df=48
Error
1
df=98
Mean CV% Genotype
1
df=48
Error
1
df=98
Mean CV%
DTH 88.25** 6.84 40.33 6.49 73.74** 10.57 43.1 7.54 6.43
DTM 39.13** 4.95 79.4 2.8 36.08** 5.88 80.35 3.02 1.18
GFP 65.47** 9.29 39.06 7.8 50.81** 10.95 37.26 8.88 -4.83
PH 111.74** 12.69 62.16 5.73 214.87** 12.67 62.15 5.73 -0.02
PL 26.22** 2.24 24.55 6.09 36.03** 3.47 24.4 7.63 -0.62
CL 48.01** 8.89 37.61 7.93 103.6** 8.92 37.74 7.91 0.34
PDUL 11.98** 2.68 11.4 14.35 18.73** 2.77 12.95 12.86 11.97
TT 32.24** 10.10 14.4 22.07 29.69** 10.98 14.13 23.45 -1.91
FT 20.26** 5.70 11.41 20.92 23.69** 6.62 10.77 23.89 -5.94
PW 0.023** 0.006 0.37 20.07 0.03** 0.007 0.43 19.69 13.95
YPP 0.007** 0.002 0.13 36.82 0.01** 0.003 0.18 32.92 27.78
SBM 6.49** 2.16 13.39 10.99 5.13** 2.57 12.56 12.77 -6.61
GY 0.72** 0.22 1.61 29.22 1.45** 0.43 2.44 26.84 33.85
HI 33.19** 13.09 12.1 29.91 77.08** 15.96 19.41 20.59 37.66
FBID 0.09** 0.02 1.1 11.38 0.1** 0.01 1.13 8.62 2.65
SBID 0.13** 0.04 1.02 20.04 0.12** 0.04 1.09 17.37 6.42
PPB 24.19** 3.53 23.07 8.17 31.53** 3.99 22.99 8.67 0.35
**: significant difference at 0.01 probability level, 1
Degree of freedom, DTH: days to heading, DTM: days to maturity, GFP: grain
filling period, PH: plant height, PL: panicle length, CL: culm length, PDUL: peduncle length, TT: number of total tillers plant-1
, FT:
number of fertile tillers plant-1
, PW: panicle weight, YPP: grain of primary panicle, SBM: shoot biomass, GY: grain yield pot-1
, HI:
harvest index, FBID: first basal culm internode diameter, SBID: second basal culm internode diameter, PPB: primary panicle
branches, PCRD: percent reduction.
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Table-4. The significance of mean squares of 17 traits for data combined over two soil environments
Traits Environment
1
df=1
Genotype
1
df=48
G*E
1
df=48
Error
1
df=196
CV % Mean
DTH 560.7** 142.2** 19.8** 8.704 7.07 41.71
DTM 67.62** 66.48** 8.73* 5.41 2.91 79.87
GFP 238.9** 93.53** 22.8** 10.12 8.34 38.16
PH 0.023ns 292.9** 33.7** 12.69 5.73 62.15
PL 0.82ns 55.04** 5.75** 2.81 6.85 24.47
CL 0.57ns 129.8** 22.7** 8.2 7.92 37.68
PDUL 177.4** 26.72** 3.99* 2.723 13.55 12.18
TT 51.04ns 50.56** 15.87** 9.24 22.76 14.27
FT 30.7ns 34.88** 9.07* 6.16 22.38 11.09
PW 0.25** 0.043** 0.01* 0.006 19.9 0.40
YPP 0.18** 0.016** 0.005** 0.003 34.75 0.15
SBM 50.88** 6.35ns 5.26** 2.37 11.86 12.97
GY 50.01** 1.69** 0.47* 0.32 28.15 2.03
HI 3926** 85.49** 24.78** 14.53 24.19 15.75
FBID 0.321* 0.155** 0.03** 0.012 10.02 1.10
SBID 0.3** 0.18** 0.07** 0.04 18.68 1.05
PPB 0.52ns 44.89** 10.8** 3.762 8.42 23.03
ns: no significant difference, * and **: significant difference at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level respectively, 1
Degree of
freedom, G*E: genotype by environment interaction, DTH: days to heading, DTM: days to maturity, GFP: grain filling
period, PH: plant height, PL: panicle length, CL: culm length, PDUL: peduncle length, TT: number of total tillers plant-1
,
FT: number of fertile tillers plant-1
, PW: panicle weight, YPP: grain of primary panicle, SBM: shoot biomass, GY: grain
yield pot-1
, HI: harvest index, FBID: first basal culm internode diameter, SBID: second basal culm internode diameter, PPB:
primary panicle branches, CV: coefficients of variation.
Table-5. The proportion of Total Treatment SS contributed by Genotype, Environment and GxE
Variables Genotype Environment G x E
Days to heading 81.878 6.726 11.396
Days to maturity 86.763 1.839 11.399
Grain filling period 77.134 4.104 18.762
Plant height 89.691 0.001 10.308
Panicle length 90.515 0.028 9.457
Culm length 85.111 0.008 14.882
Peduncle length 77.744 10.695 11.561
Number of total tillers per plant 74.912 1.575 23.513
Number of fertile per plant 78.148 1.458 20.395
Panicle weight 73.394 8.963 17.643
Yield of primary panicle 65.756 15.457 18.787
Shoot biomass 50.101 8.365 41.534
Grain yield pot-1
52.771 32.476 14.753
Harvest index 44.512 42.582 12.906
1st
basal culm internode diameter 80.890 3.474 15.635
2nd
basal culm internode diameter 70.685 2.560 26.755
Primary panicle branches 80.538 0.019 19.442
3.4. Variability in Tef Traits
3.4.1. Genotypic and Phenotypic Coefficients of Variation
The estimates of variance components and coefficients of variations for the lime treated and acidic soils and the
combined data are given in Tables 6 and 7. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was ranged from 4.55% and
4.32% for days to maturity to 37.42% and 38.68% for the yield of primary panicle under acid and lime treated soil
conditions, respectively (Table 6). Estimates of phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) under acid and lime
treated conditions respectively were relatively high for yield of primary panicle (37.42% and 38.68%) followed by
grain yield pot-1
(30.30% and 28.49%), harvest index (27.49% and 26.12%), number of total tillers per plant (22.77%
and 22.26%) and number of fertile tillers per plant (22.76% and 26.09%). PCV values under acidic and lime treated
soils were low for days to maturity (4.55% and 4.32) and plant height (9.8 only under acidic soil). While they were
low for days to maturity (4.55% and 4.32%) and plant height (9.8% only under acid soil). Intermediate (10-20%)
PCV values in both soil environments were obtained for days to heading, grain filling period, panicle, peduncle, and
culm length, shoot biomass, first basal culm internode diameter, and primary panicle branches (Table 6).
Coefficient of variation at genotypic level was ranged from 4.25% and 3.95% for days to maturity to 30.79 %
and 33.70 % for the yield of primary panicle under acidic and lime treated soil conditions, respectively (Table 6).
The yield of primary panicle, panicle weight, grain yield pot-1
, harvest index and fertile tillers per plant had index
had high (>20%) GCV values under both soil conditions. Low (<10%) GCV values were recorded for days to
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maturity and shoot biomass under both soil conditions and plant height and culm length under only acidic soil. Days
to heading, panicle and peduncle length, total and fertile tillers per plant, first and second basal culm internode
diameter and primary panicle branches were categorized under intermediate (10-20%) GCV values in both soil
conditions.
In the combined data yield of primary panicle, grain yield pot-1
and harvest index scored high (>20%) GCV,
while low (<10%) GCV were observed for days to maturity, grain filling period and shoot biomass. The rest of the
traits had an intermediate (10-20%) GCV estimates. In a similar way, high PCV values were observed from
combined data for yield of primary panicle (34.22%), grain yield pot-1
(26.21%), harvest index (23.96), number of
fertile tillers per plant (21.74%) and panicle weight (21.17%), whereas low PCV estimates were found for days to
maturity (4.17%) and shoot biomass (7.93%). For all other traits intermediate (10-20%) PCV values were obtained
in the combined analysis (Table 7).
The range of GCV and PCV values in our study agreed with previous studies by Habte and Gugssa [44], Tsion
[45], and Chekole, et al. [9]; although the values are relatively less than those reported by Solomon [46] who
observed 4.2 to 54.2% and 10.5 to 51.0% range for GCV and PCV values, respectively. Similarly, [41], reported that
low values of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation for days to maturity, grain filling period, plant
height, and high values for total biomass, panicle weight, and grain yield pot-1 under stress environment. They also
reported high GCV estimates of 22.4% and 25.9% for main shoot panicle weight under drought stress and irrigated
conditions respectively. In addition, Habtamu, et al. [10] also reported low GCV for days to maturity and high GCV
for harvest index. The low GCV for days to maturity, grain filling period and shoot biomass implies that selection
for improvement of such traits may be misleading.
Generally, in the present study, the difference between the two PCV and GCV values were very small in
magnitude and indicating that environment and genetics have a comparative effect on the expression of traits. The
presence of high GCV values among genotypes evaluated under the two soil environments indicated that selection
can be successful in most important traits. Particularly, the higher GCV estimates for grain yield pot-1
under acidic
soil than under lime treated soil suggests the relative better scope of improvement through selection under acid stress
conditions.
3.4.2. Broad-Sense Heritability
Broad sense heritability was ranged from 61% to 92% under acid soil and from 50% to 94% under limed soil
(Table 6). High heritability estimates under un-limed and limed soil conditions, respectively, in that order were
found for days to heading (92% and 86%), days to maturity (87% and 84%), grain filling period (86% and 78%),
plant height (89% and 94%), panicle length (92% and 90%), and culm length (82% and 91%). On the other hand,
relatively low heritability was found for harvest index (61%) from acid soil and shoot biomass (50%) from lime
treated soil environment.
The ranges of heritability are agreed with the reports of Wondewosen, et al. [41] who found 59% to 96% and
73% to 94% under drought stress and non-stress environments, respectively. In line with our results various
researchers observed high heritability for days to heading [40, 44, 47], panicle length [40, 48], grain yield [49], and
harvest index [9]. The high heritability indicates that the influence of environment on the expression of the trait is
minimum [32]. Hence, heritability is a value of a character only for the population and the environment to which the
genetic materials are subjected and it depends on the magnitude of all the components of variance, and a change in
any of these will affect it. According to the present results, selection in tef traits, which had high heritability value
(such as days to heading and maturity, plant height, panicle and culm length, panicle weight, and primary panicle
branches), might be effective under both acidic and limed soils.
However, the heritability of shoot biomass was relatively low (67% and 50%) under acid and lime treated soils,
respectively, when compared to other characters; which implies that improvement of this trait under both soil types
through selection might be unworthy. Kebebew, et al. [50] found similar low heritability for shoot biomass/plant
(17%) and higher heritability for panicle length (75%). Moreover, Mizan, et al. [13] in a similar way reported low
heritability of 8.6% for shoot biomass under drought stress.
3.4.3. Genetic Advance
Genetic advance (GA) ranged from 8% and 7% for days to maturity to 52% and 60% for a yield of primary
panicle under acid and limed soil, respectively (Table 6). High genetic advance values as a percent of the mean
(>20%) were found for days to heading, panicle weight and length, peduncle length, total and fertile tillers per plant,
yield of primary panicle, grain yield pot-1
, first and second basal culm internode diameter, harvest index, and primary
panicle branches. A low (<10%) GA estimate was found only for days to maturity under both soil conditions. The
GA values for all traits were generally high under both soil conditions.
From the analysis of the combined data for shoot biomass and days to maturity, the results scored low (<10%)
for GA as % of the mean, while all other traits scored high (>20%) GA as % of the mean, except grain filling period
(16.1%) and number of primary panicle branches (18.5%), which had intermediate GA as % of the mean (Table 7).
The range (7% to 60%) of GA is high for most of the characters as compared to previous studies of Solomon, et
al. [16]; Habte and Gugssa [44] and Chekole, et al. [9]. Inline to the present results, Mizan, et al. [13] reported high
GA for grain yield (31.5%) and yield of primary panicle (40%) from 144 tef genotypes evaluated under moisture
stress and irrigated environments. The low GA observed in the present result was in agreement with the report of
Habte and Gugssa [44] and Chekole, et al. [9].
8. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
169
According to Johanson, et al. [31], high heritability coupled with high genetic advance is usually more useful
than heritability alone in predicting the resultant effect of selecting the best individuals, and this implies the role of
the additive gene for the expression of the characters and thus could be effective in improving upon selection. In this
study, relatively high heritability coupled with high GA as % mean was observed for days to heading, plant height,
panicle length, culm length, peduncle length, panicle weight, a yield of primary panicle and grain yield pot-1. Thus,
selection upon these traits is important for effective yield improvement.
Table-6. Estimate of coefficients of variations, heritability (H2
) and genetic advance for 17 traits of 49 tef genotypes tested under acid and limed
soil environments
Traits PCV GCV H2
% GA GA(% mean)
Acid Limed Acid Limed Acid Limed Acid Limed Acid Limed
DTH 13.45 11.50 12.92 10.65 92.25 85.67 10.26 8.71 25.43 20.20
DTM 4.55 4.32 4.25 3.95 87.36 83.71 6.47 5.95 8.15 7.41
GFP 11.96 11.05 11.08 9.78 85.82 78.44 8.22 6.62 21.04 17.76
PH 9.82 13.62 9.24 13.21 88.64 94.10 11.09 16.33 17.84 26.27
PL 12.04 14.20 11.52 13.50 91.48 90.37 5.54 6.42 22.58 26.31
CL 10.64 15.57 9.60 14.89 81.48 91.39 6.68 11.01 17.77 29.17
PDUL 17.53 19.29 15.45 17.80 77.68 85.19 3.18 4.36 27.92 33.69
TT 22.77 22.26 18.86 17.67 68.66 63.02 4.61 4.06 32.05 28.76
FT 22.76 26.09 19.30 22.15 71.85 72.05 3.83 4.15 33.53 38.54
PW 23.48 23.54 20.43 20.61 75.67 76.67 0.14 0.16 36.42 36.99
YPP 37.42 38.68 30.79 33.70 67.72 75.89 0.07 0.11 51.95 60.18
SBM 10.98 10.41 8.97 7.35 66.64 49.88 2.01 1.34 15.00 10.65
GY 30.30 28.49 25.17 23.91 69.01 70.39 0.69 1.00 42.86 41.12
HI 27.49 26.12 21.39 23.26 60.56 79.29 4.13 8.24 34.13 42.46
FBID 16.10 15.88 14.70 15.08 83.32 90.18 0.29 0.33 27.50 29.36
SBID 20.25 18.16 16.62 15.14 67.34 69.49 0.29 0.28 27.96 25.87
PPB 12.35 14.05 11.42 13.13 85.43 87.32 4.97 5.80 21.63 25.15
PCV: phenotypic correlation coefficient, GCV: genotypic correlation coefficient, H2
: broad sense heritability, GA: genetic advance, GA
(%): genetic advance as percent mean, DTH: days to heading, DTM: days to maturity, GFP: grain filling period, PH: plant height, PL:
panicle length, CL: culm length, PDUL: peduncle length, TT: number of total tillers/plant, FT: number of fertile tillers/plant, PW: panicle
weight, YPP: grain of primary panicle, SBM: shoot biomass, GY: grain yield/pot, HI: harvest index, FBID: first basal culm internode
diameter, SBID: second basal culm internode diameter, PPB: primary panicle branches.
Table-7. Estimate of coefficients of variations, heritability (H2
) and genetic advance for 17 traits of 49 tef genotypes based on combined analyses
over two soil environments
Characters Mean σ2
g σ2
ge σ2
p PCV GCV H2
% GA GA (%)
DTH 41.71 20.4 3.7 23.7 11.67 10.83 86.08 8.59 20.59
DTM 79.87 9.62 1.11 11.08 4.17 3.88 86.86 5.93 7.42
GFP 38.16 11.8 4.21 15.59 10.35 9 75.68 6.13 16.05
PH 62.15 43.21 6.99 48.82 11.24 10.58 88.51 12.68 20.4
PL 24.48 8.47 0.96 9.42 12.54 11.89 89.87 5.65 23.1
CL 37.68 17.55 4.76 21.41 12.28 11.12 81.96 7.77 20.63
PDUL 12.18 3.79 0.42 4.45 17.33 15.98 85.06 3.68 30.22
TT 14.27 4.79 2.01 7.56 19.27 15.35 63.44 3.58 25.06
FT 11.09 4.3 0.97 5.81 21.74 18.7 74 3.66 32.98
PW 0.4 0.005 0.001 0.007 21.17 18.46 76.01 0.13 32.99
YPP 0.15 0.002 0.001 0.003 34.22 28.95 71.6 0.08 50.22
SBM 12.97 0.18 0.97 1.06 7.93 3.28 17.1 0.36 2.78
GY 2.03 0.2 0.05 0.28 26.21 22.25 72.05 0.78 38.72
HI 15.75 10.12 3.42 14.25 23.96 20.19 71.02 5.5 34.88
FBID 1.1 0.02 0.01 0.03 14.63 13.13 80.54 0.27 24.16
SBID 1.05 0.02 0.01 0.03 16.34 12.89 62.2 0.22 20.83
PPB 23.03 5.67 2.36 7.48 11.88 10.34 75.86 4.25 18.47
σ2
g: genotypic variance, σ2
ge: genotype by environment interaction variance, σ2
p: phenotypic variance, PCV: phenotypic correlation
coefficient, GCV: genotypic correlation coefficient, H2
: broad sense heritability, GA: genetic advance, GA (%): genetic advance as percent
mean, DTH: days to heading, DTM: days to maturity, GFP: grain filling period, PH: plant height, PL: panicle length, CL: culm length,
PDUL: peduncle length, TT: number of total tillers/plant, FT: number of fertile tillers/plant, PW: panicle weight, YPP: grain of primary
panicle, SBM: shoot biomass, GY: grain yield/pot, HI: harvest index, FBID: first basal culm internode diameter, SBID: second basal culm
internode diameter, PPB: primary panicle branches.
4. Summary and Conclusion
Analysis of variance for the data from individual environments and the combined indicated the considerable
variation among 49 tef genotypes for almost all studied traits, although the environment made a minimum
contribution to total treatment sum of squares (TSS). The interaction of genotype by environment was also
9. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
170
significant in most of the traits revealing differential performances of the genotypes under the two soil conditions.
Most of the variability was due mainly to the contribution of genotypes.
High (>20%) phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variations were found for a grain yield pot-1
, panicle
weight, yield of primary panicle, harvest index and fertile tillers per plant under both environments (acidic and limed
soil). The PCV was also high for total tiller per plant. Intermediate PCV and GCV values were observed from both
soils for all remaining traits, except for days to maturity where it was low (<10%) under both soil acidity levels and
plant height only under acid soil. Heritabilities were higher than 60% for all traits under both soil environments
except for shoot biomass under lime treated soil, indicating that genetics had a comparative effect on the expression
of such traits. The genetic advance was high (>20%) for all traits except for shoot biomass where it was intermediate
and for days to maturity, where it was low (<10%). The high heritability, along with high genetic advance as percent
of mean observed for most of the traits evaluated under these soil conditions, indicated that there is a predominance
of additive gene action; and it suggests the improvement of tef through the selection of these traits is a more efficient
approach. The overall partitioning of the components of variation confirmed the existence of adequate variation that
can be exploited and utilized for improvement through selection.
Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful to the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) for the financial support and
to Debre-Zeit Agriculture research center for supplying tef germplasms and varieties.
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