This document discusses physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development in early childhood. It covers major topics like motor skill development, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Erikson's psychosocial theory, and the importance of social and emotional development. Key theorists discussed include Piaget, Erikson, and their stages/theories of child development. The document also examines different types of play and their role in children's social learning and skill building.

1. Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood EducationBy Ashley Janca

2. Physical DevelopmentMotor Skill DevelopmentThere are two types of motor skillsGross motor skills, andFine motor skillsThe rate at which these motor skills emerge depends on the child and can sometimes be a worry for the parents. Nearly all children begin to exhibit these motor skills at a fairly consistent rate unless some type of disability is present.

3. Gross (or large) Motor SkillsInvolve the larger muscles including the:Arms and legsActions requiring gross motor skills include:Walking, running, balance, and coordination. When evaluating the factors the experts look at are:Strength, muscle tone, movement quality, and the range of movement.

4. Fine (or small) Motor SkillsInvolve the smaller muscles:Fingers, toes, and eyesActions requiring fine motor skills include:Drawing, writing, grasping objects, throwing, waving, and catching.

5. Physical GrowthLarge muscles develop before small musclesMuscles in the body’s core, legs and arms develop before those in the fingers and toes. That’s why children learn to walk before they can draw.The center of the body develops before the outer regions.Muscles located at the core of the body become stronger and develop sooner than those in the feet and hands.Development goes from the top down, from the head to the toes.This is why babies learn to hold their heads up before they learn to crawl.

6. Cognitive DevelopmentEarly childhood is not only a period of amazing physical growth, it is also a time of remarkable mental development. Cognitive abilities associated with memory, reasoning, problem-solving and thinking continue to emerge throughout childhood.

7. Jean Piaget (1896-1980)Jean Piaget was a biologist who originally studied molluscs but moved into the study of the development of children’s understanding. He studied them through observing them and talking and listening to them while they worked on exercises he set.Piaget divided the child’s path of development into four stages which began with birth and continued into the teen years.

9. The Sensorimotor StageA period of time between birth and age two during which an infant's knowledge of the world is limited to his or her sensory perceptions and motor activities. Behaviors are limited to simple motor responses caused by sensory stimuli.

10. The Preoperational StageA period between ages two and six during which a child learns to use language. During this stage, children do not yet understand concrete logic, cannot mentally manipulate information and are unable to take the point of view of others.

11. The Concrete Operational StageA period between ages seven and eleven during which children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts.

12. The Formal Operational StageA period between age twelve to adulthood when people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts.Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning and systematic planning also emerge during this stage.

13. Psychosocial DevelopmentPsychosocial is broke down into 2 categories:Emotional andSocialErik Erikson is a big part of this area of development.

14. Erik Erikson (1902-1994)He maintained that children develop in a predetermined order. Instead of focusing on cognitive development, he was interested in how children socialize and how it affects their sense of self. According to his theory, successful completion of each stage can results in a healthy personality and successful interactions with others. Unsuccessful completion of the stages results in an inability to trust or may result in anxiety.

15. Erikson’s 8 Stages of Life

16. Social DevelopmentSocial development is a major part of a child’s development. Social development consists of 2 interrelated aspectsLearning andApplicationSocial development of a child in the early childhood stage is influences by type of parenting, economic status of the family and family structure.

17. Social DevelopmentPlay is very important in the social development. There are different types of play:Sensorimotor PlayPractice PlaySymbolic PlaySocial PlayConstructive PlayI will go over what each means in the next few slides.

18. Social DevelopmentSensorimotor PlayThis type of play is most associated with infancy. It involves the different sensesTactile, movement, sound, and visual experiences.

19. Social DevelopmentPractice PlayThis type of play involves the repetition of new skills as they are being learned. Is continued throughout our lifetimeAbout 1/3 of a preschooler’s play is practice play.It contributes to the development of coordinated motor skills needed for later game playing. Some activities include finger painting, running, jumping, throwing, sliding, and twirling.

20. Social DevelopmentSymbolic PlayAlso called dramatic playChild will transfer objects into other objects and act toward them accordingly. Is at its peak between the ages of 4 and 5Helps develop your child’s imagination and also helps develop needed social skills.

21. Social DevelopmentSocial PlayRevolves around social interaction with peers. Will help your child learn how to interact with others. Various games can be attributed to social play, for example, rough-and-tumble play.

22. Social DevelopmentConstructive PlayOccurs when a child uses their imagination and skills to create a product.Ex: artwork, magic shows, and building an ant farm This type of play is important because it helps develop solving skills, imagination, fine motor skills, and self-esteem.

23. Emotional DevelopmentEmotional development should be started at an age as soon as children start kindergarten and preschool so that their interactions with others will develop them in both social and intellectual ways. Its is said that emotional development starts in the wound as the baby starts to become aware of its surroundings. The noises that it hears and the feelings that the mother is going through.

24. Work Citedhttp://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/piaget.htmhttp://www.nndb.com/people/359/000094077/http://www.emotionaldevelopment.orghttp://psychology.about.comhttp://allpsych.com/psychology101/socialdevelopment.htmlhttp://www.blackwellpublishing.com