Freud, Erikson, Piaget, and Kohlberg's theories describe human development across the lifespan. Freud focused on psychosexual development through oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages. Erikson emphasized psychosocial development through trust, autonomy, initiative, industry and identity. Piaget's stages of cognitive development included sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational thought. Kohlberg described moral development progressing from preconventional to conventional to postconventional stages.

1. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Erikson’s Theory of Piaget’s Theory of Kohlberg’s Theory of
Psychosexual Development Psychosocial Development Cognitive Development Moral Development
Infants Oral Stage Trust vs. Mistrust Sensorimotor Stage
(birth to 1 year)
 Child explores the world by using  Psychosocial Virtue: Hope Neonatal Reflex (1 mo.)
mouth, especially the tongue  Fear: strangers, anxiety, loud  Stimuli are assimilated into beginning mental
 Infants are interested in oral noises, falls, sudden images. Behavior entirely reflexive
stimulation movements in the Primary Circular Reaction (1-4 mos.)
 Baby finds pleasure in the mouth environment  Hand-mouth & ear-eye coordination develops.
 Play: Solitary Reflect  Infant spends time looking at objects
 Learning confidence or  Toy: rattle or tape of parent’s voice
learning to love Secondary Circular Reaction (4-8 mos.)
 Infant learns to initiate, recognize, and repeat
pleasurable experiences
 Infant anticipates familiar events
 Toy: peel-a-boo
Coordination of Secondary Reactions
(8-12 mos.)
 Infant can plan activities to attain specific goals.
 Discovers a sense of identity, that his activities
are separate from the activities of others.
 Toy: nesting toys; colored boxes
Toddler Anal Stage Autonmy vs. Shame Inventions of new means through mental Preconventional (Level I)
(1-3 y/o) combinations (1-2 y/o)
 Child learns to control urination and  Psychosocial Theme: “hold  Transitional phase Stage 1: (2-3y/o)
defecation on or  Uses memory and imitation to act  Punishment / obedience
 Toilet training let go”  Can solve basic problems, foresee maneuvers orientation
 It is a part of the toddler’s self-  Child learns to be that will succeed or fail  Heteronomous morality
discovery, a way of exerting independent and make  Toy: Blocks, colored plastic rings  Child does right because a
independence decisions for self parent tells him or her to and to
 Favorite word: “I”, “no” Preoperational Thought (2-7 y/o) avoid punishment
Preschooler Phallic Stage Initiative vs. Guilt  Thought becomes more symbolic Stage 2: (4-7 y/o)
(3-6y/o)  Can arrive at answers mentally  Individualism
 The genitals are the pleasure of the  Ability to try new things  Thinking is basically concrete and critical  Instrumental purpose and
child  Intensive activity and  Child is egocentric exchange
 Oedipus and Electra Complex consuming fantasies  Displays static thinking  Carries out actions to satisfy
 Child learns identity through  Interjects parent’s social  .Concept of time is now, and concept of own needs rather than society’s
awareness of genital area consciousness distance is only as far as he/she can see  Will do something for that person
 Masturbation is common during this  Child learns how to do things  No awareness of reversibility (for every action if that person does something for
phase and that doing things is there is an opposite action) the child
 Children may also show desirable
exhibitionism  Knows right or wrong Concrete Operational Thought (7-12 y/o) Conventional (Level II)
 Bogus playmates/imaginary  Systematic reasoning
 Fears: dark, being left alone,  Uses memory to learn broad concepts Stage 3: (7-10 y/o)
large animals, ghosts,  Classifications involve sorting objects accdg to  Orientation to interpersonal
body mutilation, pain & attributes relations of mutuality
objects  Child is aware of reversibility  Child follows rules because of a
School-Age Latent Stage / Latency Period Industry vs. Inferiority  Understands conservation, sees constancy need to be a “good” person in
(6-12 y/o) despite of transformation own eyes and eyes of others
 All the sexual desires arch  Makes things w/ others Stage 4: (10-12 y/o)
 Child’s personality development  Strives to achieve success Formal Operational Thought (12 yr)  Child finds following rules and
appears to be nonactive or dormant  Child learns how to do things  Can solve hypothetical problems with scientific authority
well reasoning  Child finds following rules
 Understands causality satisfying
 Can deal with the past, present & future  Follows rules of authority figures
 Adult or mature thought and parents in an effort to keep
the “system” working

2. Adolescent Genital Stage Identity vs. Role Confusion Operational Thought Postconventional (Level III)
(13-20 y/o)
 Conflict: Setting Rules  Determines own sense of self Stage 5: (Older than 12)
 Genitals become awakened  Development of who, what &  Capable of abstract thinking  Social contract, utilitarian law-
 Adolescent develops sexual where they are going making persectives
maturity and learns to establish  Become focus (self-concept)  Follows standards of society for
satisfactory relationships w/ the  Period of rebellion and the good of all people
opposite sex uncertainty Stage 6:
 Adjusting to a new body and  Universal ethical principle
seeking emancipation from orientation
parents, choosing a vocation  Follows internalized standards of
& determining a value system conduct.
Young Adult Intimacy vs. Isolation
 Person makes commitments
to one another
 Isolation and self absorption if
unsuccessful
 Independent from parents,
possible marriage /
partnership
 Major goals to accomplish in
career and family
 Marrying age
 Fulfillment of career
Middle Adult Generativity vs. Stagnation
Middle Adulthood:
 Physical Changes: graying
hair, wrinkling skin, pain &  Settling down
muscle aches, menopausal  Find jobs
period  Start a family
 Psychosocial Virtue: Care
 Mature adult is concerned w/
establishing & guiding the
new generation or else feels Late Adulthood
personal impoverishment
 Relates to older & younger  Satisfaction w/ career
generations
 Become “Pillars of the
Community”
Older Adult Integrity vs. Despair
 Accomplishment of goals
 Achieves sense of
acceptance of own life
 Adapts to triumphs &
disappointment w/ a certain
ego integrity
 Accepts the inevitability of
death or else falls into despair
 Appraisal of life & changing
social roles
 Self-concerned & withdrawn

3. Havighurst’s Age Periods and Sullivan’s Theory of PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Developmental Task Interpersonal Relationships Mo. Gross Fine Motor Development Play
Yr. Motor Development
Infants  Largely reflex  The eyes is fixated on
(birth to 1 the person SOLITARY
Infancy Weight: 7 to 8 lbs
year) 0-1  Keeps hands fisted PLAY
Infancy and Early Childhood  Maternal anxiety Length: 19 to 21 in  Able to follow object to
midline
 Learning to walk Vital Signs:  Holds head up when  Development of social
prone smile
 Learning to take solid food Childhood 2  Responds to familiar
 Learning to talk  As the child grows he T – 37.5 C voices
 Learning to control the elimination of learns to interact P – 120 – 140 bpm  Holds head & chest  The baby knows how to
body wastes  Use one specific R – 30 – 60 /min up when prone cry
 Laughs aloud
 Learning sexual differences & sexual language at a time BP – 80/40 mmHg 3  Babbles and “coos”
modesty (language shock)  Follows object past
midline
 Achieving psychologic stability forming
simple concepts of social and physical  Grasp  Can raise head and
 Stepping chest
reality Juvenile  Tonic neck  Teething
 Learning to relate emotionally to  The child slowly 4  Reflexes are fading  Reach out to object
parents, siblings & other people learning accepts authority from
to distinguish right from wrong & his subordinates
developing a conscience  More concept of self,  Turns front to back  Roll over
 Has head lag when  Hold blocks at each
status, & role pulled upright hand
5  Bears partial weight
on feet when pulled
Middle Childhood upright
 Learning physical skills necessary for
ordinary games  Turns both ways  Doubles birth weight
 Moro reflex fading  Eruption of 1st tooth
 Building wholesome attitudes toward
 Sits w/ minimal support
oneself as a growing organism 6  Uses palmar grasp
 Learning to get along w/ age mates
 Reaches out in  “dada”, “mama”
 Learning an appropriate masculine and anticipation of being  Sleeps on prone
feminine social role picked up position
7  Sits unsteadily  Uses fingers to hold
 Developing fundamental skills in objects
reading, writing & calculating  Transfers objects hand
to hand
 Developing concept necessary for
everyday living  Sits securely w/o  Sits alone steadily for
support an indefinite period
 Developing conscience, morality &
8  Recognizes strangers
scale of values  Peek-a-boo (to test
memory)

4.  Achieving personal independence  Creeps or crawls  Can hold own bottle
 Starts to crawl
 Developing attitudes toward social
9  Understands simple
groups & institutions gestures
 Pulls self to standing  From crawling to
standing
10  Responds when called
by his/her name
 From crawling to  Walks with assistance
11 standing
 Stands alone  Triples birth weight
12  Some infants take 1st  Can say 2 syllable
step words
 Can walk w/ help
Toddler  A child gains about 5  Walks alone well  Puts small pellets into
(1-3 y/o) to 6 lb and 5 in a 15  Can seat self in chair small bottles PARALLEL
year during the  Can creep upstairs  Scribbles voluntarily w/ PLAY
toddler stage a pencil / crayon
 Head circumference  Holds a spoon
increases only about
2cm  Can run and jump in  No longer rotates a
 Prominent abdomen place spoon to bring it to
– pouchy belly 18  Can walk up and mouth
 Respirations slow down stairs w/
slightly assistance
 HR: 90 – 110 bpm
 BP: 99/64 mmHg  Walks up stairs  Can open doors by
 The brain develops 24 alone turning doorknobs
to about 90% of its  Unscrew lids
adult size
 Control of the urinary  Can jump down from  Makes simple lines or
and anal sphincters 30 chairs strokes or crosses w/ a
becomes possible pencil
 8 new teeth (canines
and molars) erupt
Preschooler  Ectomorphic (slim  Alternates feet  Undresses self
(3-6 y/o) body built) or 3  Runs  Stacks tower of blocks A
endomorphic (large y/o  Rides tricycle  Draws a cross S
body built) becomes  Stands on one foot S
apparent O
 PR: 85 bpm C
 BP: 100/60 mmHg  Constantly in motion  Can do simple buttons I
 Voiding is frequent 4  Jumps A
(about 9 to 10 times y/o  Skips T
a day) I
 The average child V
gains only about 4.5 E
lb a year.
 Height gain is also  Throws overhand  Draws a 6-part man &
minimal: 2 to 3.5  Can lace shoes
inches 5 Imaginative
 Generally have all 20 y/o PLAY
deciduous teeth by
age 3

5. School-Age  Average weight gain 6  A year of constant motion
(6-12 y/o) is 3 to lb y/o  Skipping is a new skill
 Increase in height is  First molars erupt
1 to 2 inches
 By age 10 brain 7  Central incisors erupt A
growth is complete y/o  Difference b/w sexes become apparent in play S
 Posture becomes  Spends time in quiet play S
more erect O
 PR: 70 – 80 bpm 8  Coordination definitely improved C
 BP: 112/60 mmHg y/o  Playing with gang becomes important I
 Development of  Eyes become fully developed A
Secondary Sex T
9
Characteristics I
y/o  All activities done w/ gang
 Sexual Maturation: V
10
Girls (12 – 18 y/o); E
y/o  Coordination improves
boys (14 - 20 y/o)
 Deciduous teeth are 11 PLAY
lost and permanent y/o  Active, but awkward and ungainly
teeth erupt 12
y/o  Coordination improves
Adolescent  Developing intellectual skills and  Onset of puberty SEXUAL MATURATION
(13-20 y/o)  Cessation of body Yr BOYS GIRLS
concepts necessary for civic
growth  Growth spurt  Pubic hair thick & curly,
competence  Most girls are 1 to 2 continuing triangular in distribution
 Desiring and achieving socially
inches taller than  Pubic hair  Breasts, areola & papilla
boys abundant & curly form secondary mound
responsible behavior  Boys grow about 4 to 13  Testes, penis, &  Menstruation is ovulatory,
12 inches in ht and to scrotum enlarging making pregnancy
 Acquiring a set of values & an ethical
gain 15 to 65 lb 15 further possible
system as a guide to behavior  Girls grow 2 to 8  Axillary hair
inches and gain 15 present
 Achieving emotional independence from
to 55 lb  Facial hair fine &
parents & other adults achieving  PR: 70 bpm downy
 RR: 20 breaths/min  Voice changes
assurance of economic independence
 BP: 120/70 mmHg happening w/
 Selecting and preparing for an  Gain 2nd molars by annoying freq.
age 13 and 3rd  Genitalia adult  Pubic hair curly &
occupation
molars b/w 18 and  Pubic hair abundant (adult); may
 Preparing for marriage and family life 21 y/o abundant & curly extend onto medial aspect
 Achieving a new and more mature 15  Scrotum dark & of thighs
to heavily rugated  Breast tissue adult &
relations w/ age mates of both sexes 16  Facial and body nipples protrude
 Achieving masculine or feminine social hair present  Areolas no longer project
 Sperm production as separate ridges from
role mature breasts
 Accepting ones physique & using the  May have some degree of
facial acne
body effectively  Pubic hair curly &
abundant (adult); END OF SKELETAL
may extend along GROWTH
16 medial aspect of
to thighs
17  Testes, scrotum &
penis adult in size
 May have some
degree of facial
acne
 Gynecomastia

6. 17
to END OF SKELETAL
18 GROWTH
 Selecting a mate
Young Adult /  Learning to live w/ a partner
Early  Starting a family
Adulthood  Rearing children
 Managing a home
 Getting started in an occupation
 Taking on civic responsibility
 Finding a congenital social group
Middle Adult  Achieving adult civic and social
responsibility
 Establishing and maintaining economic
standard of living
 Assisting teenage children to become
responsible and happy adult
 Developing adult-leisure time activities
 Relating oneself to one’s spouse as a
person
Older Adult /  Adjusting to decreasing physical
Late strength & health
Adulthood  Adjusting to retirement & reduced
income
 Adjusting to death of a spouse
 Establishing an explicit affiliation w/ one
age group
Terms:
INFANCY
Extrusion Reflex – food placed on an infant’s tongue is thrust forward and out of the mouth.
Natal Teeth – teeth in newborns
Neonatal Teeth – teeth erupted in the first 4 weeks of life
Deciduous Teeth – temporary baby teeth
Gross Motor Devt – ability to accomplish large body movements
Fine Motor Devt – measured by observing or testing the prehensile ability (ability to coordinate
hand movements)
Ventral Suspension – refers to an infant’s appearance when held in midair on a horizontal plane,
supported by a hand under the abdomen
Landau Reflex – develops at 3 mos. When held in ventral suspension, an infant’s head, legs, and
spine extend. When the head is depressed, the hips, knees and elbows flex
Parachute Reaction – when infants are suddenly lowered toward an examining table from ventral
suspension, the arms extend as if to protect themselves from falling.
Neck-righting reflex – this reflex causes the baby to lose balance and roll sideways when lifting the
head up
Thumb opposition – ability to bring the thumb and fingers together (4 mos)
Pincer Grasp – ability to bring the thumb and 1st finger together. This enables the baby to pick up
small objects (10 mos)
Binocular vision – ability to fuse two images into one
Hand Regard – hold hands in front of face and study their fingers for long periods of time
Eight-Month Anxiety – the height of fear of strangers