An Introduction to bioinformatics

3. Role ofRole of BioinformaticsBioinformatics inin CRIMECRIME
ControlControl
Presenting ToPresenting To Presenting ByPresenting By
Sir. Jehangir KhanSir. Jehangir Khan Asar KhanAsar Khan

4. Bioinformatics
• Bioinformatics involves applying computer technology
to the handling and sorting of biological information.
As such, we can use computers to analyze and make
sense of this biological information.

5. Crime Scene Integrity
• Protection of the crime scene is essential to
the protection of evidence.
• Safeguarding and
preserving evidence
is fundamental to the
successful solution of
a crime.

6. DNA IdentificationDNA Identification
• To identify criminals whose DNA may match
evidence left at crime scene
• To exonerate persons wrongly accused of crimes
• To establish paternity & other family relationship

7. DNA fingerprinting
• Also called DNA typing, in genetics, method of
isolating and making Images of sequences of DNA.
• Developed in 1984 by the British geneticist Alec
Jeffreys
• The procedure for creating a DNA fingerprint
consists of first obtaining a sample of cells
containing DNA (e.g., from skin, blood, or hair).

9. For example

10. DNA microarray/DNA ChipDNA microarray/DNA Chip
• Commonly known as DNA chip or biochip, is a
collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a
solid surface.
• Scientists use DNA microarrays to measure the
expression levels of large numbers of genes
simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a
genome.

11. How does it works. . . ?How does it works. . . ?

12. DNA family relationship analysis orDNA family relationship analysis or
DNA ProfileingDNA Profileing
• Using PCR technology, DNA analysis is widely applied to
determine genetic family relationships such as Paternity,
Maternity, Siblingship etc.
• During conception (Egg & Sperm) recieve half amount of DNA
then it form fertilized egg (zygote).
• The zygote contains a complete set of DNA molecules, a
unique combination of DNA from both parents.

13. How they Do it. . . ?
• The combination of marker sizes found in each person makes
up his/her unique genetic profile.
• When determining the relationship between two individuals,
their genetic profiles are compared to see if they share the
same inheritance patterns at a statistically conclusive rate.
• The DNA test report in other family relationship tests, such as
Grandparentage and Siblingship tests, is similar to a paternity
test report.

14. • The report shows the genetic
profiles of each tested person.
If there are markers shared
among the tested individuals,
the probability of biological
relationship is calculated
to determine how likely the
tested individuals share the
same markers due to a blood
relationship.

15. DNA evidence as evidence inDNA evidence as evidence in
criminal trialscriminal trials
• Familial DNA Database
Searching is the practice of
creating new investigative
leads in cases where DNA
evidence found at the scene
of a crime strongly resembles
that of an existing DNA profile
in a state DNA database.

16. For Example
• It was 1st
used in the United Kingdom on April 19, 2004.
• Craig Harman was convicted using familial DNA because of
the partial matches from Harman's brother.
• When the police questioned Harman's brother, the police
noticed Harman lived very close to the original crime scene.
• Harman confessed when his DNA isolated from the DNA
found on the brick, matched.

17. Determination of Paternity or
Maternity of a Child or Fetus
• Aborted fetal tissue can be analyzed for
determining paternity, for example, in sexual
assault and/or incest cases where conception
occurred.
• Paternity and/or maternity of a child can be
confirmed using blood or other samples from
the child and the alleged parent(s).

18. DNA BarcodingBarcoding
• DNA barcoding allows scientists to use short standardized
regions of genetic material to identify species and compare
them to reference genetic sequences.
Simple Barcode DNA Barcode

19. Bioinformatics and Criminology
• DNA has not only impacted areas such as paternity testing
and genetics, but it has literally revolutionized the field of
criminology and improved the functioning of the criminal
justice system.
• criminology looks at how society itself responds to crime and
it investigates methods of crime prevention.
• Whether evidence is being examined or the emotional and
mental effects of crime on victims are being analyzed,
criminology is an important field that supports a healthy
society.

20. Using DNA and for Immigration PurposesUsing DNA and for Immigration Purposes
• DNA testing is basically comparative testing, which allows for
two DNA samples to be sequenced and compared to see if
two people are biologically related.
• Most developed nations use DNA testing on a routine basis
when assessing immigration applications.
• It is an accurate way to give evidence of the claimed
relationship between two relatives.

21. Paternity Tests and DNAPaternity Tests and DNA
• When there is confusion regarding who is the father of a child,
it can be a stressful and difficult time for all people involved.
• In this way, determining the relationship is an important task
and must be accurate, reliable and ideally non-invasive.
• A paternity test works by examining the DNA of a child so that
the identity of the father can be investigated.
• Since DNA is inherited, the DNA between two family members
will be closely related.

22. Facial Recognition SystemFacial Recognition System
• From a photograph or a video recording by
facial recognition systems we can also find out
the person involve in crime.

24. Evidence
Possible Location of
DNA on the Evidence
Source of DNA
hat, mask inside sweat, hair, dandruff
eyeglasses nose or ear pieces, lens sweat, skin
facial tissue, cotton swab surface area
mucus, blood, sweat, semen, ear
wax
dirty laundry surface area blood, sweat, semen
toothpick tips saliva
used cigarette cigarette butt saliva
stamp or envelope licked area saliva
bottle, can, or glass sides, mouthpiece saliva, sweat
used condom inside/outside surface semen, vaginal or rectal cells
blanket, pillow, sheet surface area sweat, hair, semen, urine, saliva
"through and through" bullet outside surface blood, tissue
bite mark person's skin or clothing saliva

25. DNA Evidence BasisDNA Evidence Basis
• If the sample profiles don't match, the person did not
contribute the DNA at the crime scene.
• If the patterns match, the suspect may have
contributed the evidence sample.
• DNA from crime scenes also can be compared to
profiles stored in a database.

26. Forensic identificationForensic identification
• Forensic identification is the application of
forensic science, or "forensics", and
technology to identify specific objects from the
trace evidence they leave, often at a crime
scene or the scene of an accident. Forensic
means "for the courts".

27. Sub Divisions of Forensic ScienceSub Divisions of Forensic Science
• Forensic anthropology is the application of physical
anthropology in a legal setting, usually for the recovery and
identification of skeletonized human remains.
• Criminalistics examination and comparison of biological
evidence, trace evidence, impression evidence (such as
fingerprints, footwear impressions, and tire tracks),
• Forensic dactyloscopy is the study of fingerprints.
• Forensic limnology is the analysis of evidence collected from
crime scenes in or around fresh-water sources.

28. • Forensic ptometry is the study of glasses and other eye wear
relating to crime scenes and criminal investigations.
• Forensic podiatry is an application of the study of feet
footprint or footwear and their traces to analyze scene of
crime and to establish personal identity in forensic
examinations.
• Forensic psychology is the study of the mind of an individual,
using forensic methods. Usually it determines the
circumstances behind a criminal's behavior.

29. THANK YOU VERYTHANK YOU VERY
MUCHMUCH
For Information, Comments & SuggestionsFor Information, Comments & Suggestions
asar1056@gmail.comasar1056@gmail.com
Khan1056@live.comKhan1056@live.com
OrOr
www.facebook.com/loveadaewww.facebook.com/loveadae
nehal1056nehal1056