Introduction to benzene, orbital picture, resonance in benzene, Huckel‟s rule
Reactions of benzene - nitration, sulphonation, halogenation- reactivity, Friedel- Craft‟s alkylation- reactivity, limitations, Friedel-Craft‟s acylation.
Substituents, effect of substituents on reactivity and orientation of mono substituted benzene compounds towards electrophilic substitution reaction.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Introduction to benzene, orbital picture, resonance in benzene, Huckel‟s rule
Reactions of benzene - nitration, sulphonation, halogenation- reactivity, Friedel- Craft‟s alkylation- reactivity, limitations, Friedel-Craft‟s acylation.
Substituents, effect of substituents on reactivity and orientation of mono substituted benzene compounds towards electrophilic substitution reaction.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
This presentation has been reported for its great application in Organic synthesis and effects of various substituents. It will be useful in understanding of many organic reaction mechanisms.
Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group. Aldehydes are considered the most important functional group. Ketones A carbon double bonded to an oxygen is called a carbonyl group. Compounds in which the carbon of a carbonyl group is bonded to two other carbons
This presentation has been reported for its great application in Organic synthesis and effects of various substituents. It will be useful in understanding of many organic reaction mechanisms.
Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group. Aldehydes are considered the most important functional group. Ketones A carbon double bonded to an oxygen is called a carbonyl group. Compounds in which the carbon of a carbonyl group is bonded to two other carbons
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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2. introduction
Benzynes or Arynes are highly reactive uncharged chemical species derived from an aromatic
ring by removal of two hydrogens or groups from adjacent carbon atoms. Thus they are 1,2-
didehydrobenzenes or 1,2-didehydroarenes.
Benzynes or arynes are commonly described as having a strained triple bond. However they
possess some diradical character as well.
3. Structure
Structure of benzynes can be represented by following resonance contributing
structures…
4. The alkyne representation is the most widely accepted. However the cumulene and the
diradical structures are also significant resonance contributors. The alkyne structure
calls for sp-hybridized carbon atoms at the two bond termini of the triple bond. The
rest of the ring skeleton consists of sp2 -hybridized carbon atoms. Thus, the aromatic
character of the ring is still retained in the benzyne.
Geometric constraints on the triple bond result in a reduced overlap of in-plane p-
orbitals and thus a weaker triple bond than in an unstrained alkyne.
In a chemical reaction, benzynes behave as electrophiles.
5. GENERATION (Formation):
Benzynes may be generated in a chemical reaction in following ways…
a) From aryl halides: Aryl halides can be treated with a strong base to remove an aromatic proton
and generate benzyne via elimination.
6. b) From o-amino benzoic acid (anthranilic
acid):
This method involves diazotization of o-amino benzoic acids. After diazotization, loss of nitrogen
and carbon dioxide generates benzyne.
7. c) From 1-amino benzotriazole:
This method involves oxidative decomposition of 1-amino benzotriazole. The oxidized
intermediate decomposes with elimination of two molecules nitrogen.
8. d) From o-dihalo aromatic precursors:
o-dihalo aromatic compounds generate benzyne when treated with lithium amalgam (Li/Hg) or
alkyl lithium (R–Li).
9. Reactions:
Benzynes or arynes are very reactive reaction intermediates and show
electrophilic character. They undergo nucleophilic addition, pericyclic and
radical reactions. Following are the important reactions of benzynes…
10. a) Nucleophilic additions:
Benzynes react with nearly all nucleophiles especially nitrogen bearing nucleophiles and
carbanions to give addition product.
For example…
11. b) Pericyclic cycloaddition reactions:
They can be of various types such as…
i. [4+2]-cycloadditions:
Benzynes can undergo [4+2]-cycloaddition reactions. For example, Diels-Alder reaction
between benzyne and butadiene occurs as follows…
13. ii. [2+2]-cycloadditions:
Benzynes undergo [2+2]-cycloaddition reactions with a wide range of olefins especially with
olefins bearing electron-donating substituents.
For example, benzynes react with a ketene acetal to give benzocyclobutanones.
14. c) σ-bond insertion reactions:
Benzynes can undergo carbon-carbon σ-bond insertion reactions.
For example…
15. d) Metal catalyzed reactions:
Metal catalyzed aryne chemistry is highly underdeveloped and involves complex reactions. An
example is the palladium catalyzed [2+2+2]-cyclization of aryne and diyne in total synthesis of
taiwanin-C (an antiviral drug).
