** Cyclone separators remove particulate matter from air streams through centrifugal force. They consist of a cylindrical barrel and conical cone section. Air enters tangentially and forms an outer vortex that separates particles from the air stream.
** Common cyclone designs for particulate control in agriculture are the 1D3D and 2D2D designs, which differ in their barrel and cone length dimensions relative to the barrel diameter.
** Cyclones effectively remove particles larger than 10 microns, with efficiency over 95% for particles over 25 microns. Performance depends on factors like cyclone diameter and inlet velocity.
This work deals with the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for cyclone modeling on three-dimensional unstructured mesh using the Reynolds Stress turbulence model, a standard k-ε or a k-É model and Large Eddy simulation. Large-eddy simulations (LES) is performed on the gas flow in a cyclone at Re = 280,000. Numerical analysis of flow characteristics and separation efficiency in a high-efficiency cyclone is carried out. The model is only estimated the cyclone's performance under the limited environments; it is difficult to obtain a general model for all the types of cyclones. The purpose of this study is to find out the flow characteristics and separation efficiency numerically using ANSYS Fluent software. The Reynolds stress model (RSM), standard k-ε model and Large Eddy simulations are used in this work to know the flow separation characteristics. The models represent the 3-D, time-dependent flow analysis. CFD velocity profiles, and pressure drops for all the time-dependent flows are compared and discussed. Some details of the flow in the relatively small region in the vicinity of the inlet have strong influence on the separation process is checked with the simulations. The cyclone flow field pattern is simulated and analyzed with the aid of velocity components and static pressure contour plots.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
It is the device that utilize specific configuration of N number of cyclones (diameter equal or greater than 300 mm) to treat higher volume of gas efficiently.
Episode 42 : Gas Solid Separation
The process may be interpreted to mean both degassing of solids and dedusting of the solids.
3 phases may be distinguished in any gas cleaning process, i.e;
transport of particles onto a surface (separation)
collection of separated particles from the separation surface into discharge hoppers (or particle fixation)
disposal of the collected particles from the gas cleaning equipment
All phases are equally important as the failure of any of the phases will result in the failure of the separation process
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 35 : Design Approach to Dilute Phase Pneumatic ConveyingSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 35 : Design Approach to Dilute Phase Pneumatic Conveying
For many years gases have been used successfully in industry to transport a wide range of particulate solids - from wheat flour to wheat grain and plastic chips to coal.
The pneumatic transport of particulate solids is broadly classified into two flow regimes: dilute (or lean) phase and dense phase
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
This work deals with the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for cyclone modeling on three-dimensional unstructured mesh using the Reynolds Stress turbulence model, a standard k-ε or a k-É model and Large Eddy simulation. Large-eddy simulations (LES) is performed on the gas flow in a cyclone at Re = 280,000. Numerical analysis of flow characteristics and separation efficiency in a high-efficiency cyclone is carried out. The model is only estimated the cyclone's performance under the limited environments; it is difficult to obtain a general model for all the types of cyclones. The purpose of this study is to find out the flow characteristics and separation efficiency numerically using ANSYS Fluent software. The Reynolds stress model (RSM), standard k-ε model and Large Eddy simulations are used in this work to know the flow separation characteristics. The models represent the 3-D, time-dependent flow analysis. CFD velocity profiles, and pressure drops for all the time-dependent flows are compared and discussed. Some details of the flow in the relatively small region in the vicinity of the inlet have strong influence on the separation process is checked with the simulations. The cyclone flow field pattern is simulated and analyzed with the aid of velocity components and static pressure contour plots.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
It is the device that utilize specific configuration of N number of cyclones (diameter equal or greater than 300 mm) to treat higher volume of gas efficiently.
Episode 42 : Gas Solid Separation
The process may be interpreted to mean both degassing of solids and dedusting of the solids.
3 phases may be distinguished in any gas cleaning process, i.e;
transport of particles onto a surface (separation)
collection of separated particles from the separation surface into discharge hoppers (or particle fixation)
disposal of the collected particles from the gas cleaning equipment
All phases are equally important as the failure of any of the phases will result in the failure of the separation process
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 35 : Design Approach to Dilute Phase Pneumatic ConveyingSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 35 : Design Approach to Dilute Phase Pneumatic Conveying
For many years gases have been used successfully in industry to transport a wide range of particulate solids - from wheat flour to wheat grain and plastic chips to coal.
The pneumatic transport of particulate solids is broadly classified into two flow regimes: dilute (or lean) phase and dense phase
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
One of the most popular methods of moving solids in the chemical industry is pneumatic conveying. Pneumatic conveying refers to the moving of solids suspended in or forced by a gas stream through horizontal and/or vertical pipes. Pneumatic conveying can be used for particles ranging from fine powders to pellets and bulk densities of 16 to 3200 kg/m3 (1 to 200 lb/ft3).
The forth lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics.
Fluid flow in porous media covers the basic streamline and turbulent flow models for pressure drop as a function of flow rate within the media. The Modified Reynolds number determines the degree of turbulence in the fluid. The industrial processes of deep bed (sand) filtration and fluidisation are included.
A study on evacuation performance of sit type water closet by computational f...combi07
This study was undertaken to study the performance of the type of toilet seat by using CFD numerical methods to obtain the optimum flow rate to reduce water usage. Toilet seat has two main types which is siphon and washdown. The case is the model type of siphon and washdown, using a mixture of water and air as a medium to flush the toilet. The area is considered critical to all cases in the stagnant water inlet and outlet. The analysis result, shows that the type of siphon is better than the washdown for the both case. The comparison also show that (Siphon Type Water closet) second case has better performance than (Washdown Water Closet) the first case.
Mathematical modeling of the structure of vortex zones between periodic surface-located flow turbulators of a semicircular and square cross-section is carried out on the basis of multi-block computational technologies based on the solution of the factorized finite-volume method of the Reynolds equations (closed with the help of the Menter shear stress transfer
mode) and the energy equation (on different-scale intersecting structured grids). This method was previously successfully applied and verified by experiment. An exhaustive analysis of the corresponding streamlines is presented, proving the advantage of abruded turbulators.
Gas-Particulate Models of Flow through Porous StructuresIJERA Editor
A recently developed general model of gas-particulate flow is sub-classified in this work. The model takes into
account both the Darcy resistance and the Forchheimer effects, and is valid for variable particle number density
and flow through variable porosity media. The form of governing equations is discussed when the particle
relaxation time is small.
One of the most popular methods of moving solids in the chemical industry is pneumatic conveying. Pneumatic conveying refers to the moving of solids suspended in or forced by a gas stream through horizontal and/or vertical pipes. Pneumatic conveying can be used for particles ranging from fine powders to pellets and bulk densities of 16 to 3200 kg/m3 (1 to 200 lb/ft3).
The forth lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics.
Fluid flow in porous media covers the basic streamline and turbulent flow models for pressure drop as a function of flow rate within the media. The Modified Reynolds number determines the degree of turbulence in the fluid. The industrial processes of deep bed (sand) filtration and fluidisation are included.
A study on evacuation performance of sit type water closet by computational f...combi07
This study was undertaken to study the performance of the type of toilet seat by using CFD numerical methods to obtain the optimum flow rate to reduce water usage. Toilet seat has two main types which is siphon and washdown. The case is the model type of siphon and washdown, using a mixture of water and air as a medium to flush the toilet. The area is considered critical to all cases in the stagnant water inlet and outlet. The analysis result, shows that the type of siphon is better than the washdown for the both case. The comparison also show that (Siphon Type Water closet) second case has better performance than (Washdown Water Closet) the first case.
Mathematical modeling of the structure of vortex zones between periodic surface-located flow turbulators of a semicircular and square cross-section is carried out on the basis of multi-block computational technologies based on the solution of the factorized finite-volume method of the Reynolds equations (closed with the help of the Menter shear stress transfer
mode) and the energy equation (on different-scale intersecting structured grids). This method was previously successfully applied and verified by experiment. An exhaustive analysis of the corresponding streamlines is presented, proving the advantage of abruded turbulators.
Gas-Particulate Models of Flow through Porous StructuresIJERA Editor
A recently developed general model of gas-particulate flow is sub-classified in this work. The model takes into
account both the Darcy resistance and the Forchheimer effects, and is valid for variable particle number density
and flow through variable porosity media. The form of governing equations is discussed when the particle
relaxation time is small.
Air Pollution control- at source-equipments for control of air pollution-For particulate matter-Settling chambers-Fabric filters-Scrubbers-Cyclones-Electrostatic precipitators
, For Gaseous pollutants-control by absorption-adsorption-scrubbers-secondary combustion after burners, Working principles advantages and disadvantages
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A REVIEW STUDY ON GAS-SOLID CYCLONE SEPARATOR USING LAPPLE MODEL | J4RV4I1001Journal For Research
Cyclone is the most commonly used device to separate dust particles from gas and dust flow. The performance of cyclone separator can be measured in terms of collection efficiency and pressure drop. Parameters like Inlet Flow velocity, the particle size distribution in feed, dimensions of inlet and outlet ducts and cyclone affects the performance of cyclone significantly. Various Mathematical models used for calculation of cut off diameter of separator, flow rate, target efficiency and no. of vortex inside the cyclone to design and study to check the performance of existing cyclone separator. Also new dimensions can be design with help of models. Here, in this study the efficiency achieved with Lapple model cumulatively 86.47%.
Rudder Control Analysis / Hydraulic Pump AnalysisAndrè G. Odu
The objective of the lab is to analyze the performance of a hydraulic pump, responsible for the transfer of fluid between two tanks at a constant flow, in function of its rotational speed.
As the RPM vary from 0 to 4000 we are mainly interested in studying the speed, flow rate and pressures when entering and exiting the pump, the coefficient of head losses associated with the delivery duct, the required hydraulic power and the hydraulic power generated.
As the lab progresses, we find ourselves needing to solve the problem of cavitation that manifests itself in the aspiration duct, and are asked to calculate the plate angle of orientation when the cylinders are placed along a circumference with diameter of 60mm.
The objective of the lab is to analyze the operativity of an actuator used to control the movements of an Airbus A320 rudder.
The Airbus A320 uses three actuators with double redundancy, each of which is designed to control the mobile surface independently.
Given the opposing moment that must be overcome we can calculate the muscular force required to control the mobile surface, from which we can determine the dimensional specifics for the actuator that will be introduced, the equations of operation and the approximate time required to complete the movement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Cyclone separators provide a method of removing
particulate matter from air streams at low cost and
low maintenance.
In general, a cyclone consists of an upper cylindrical
part referred to as the barrel and a lower conical part
referred to as cone.
The air stream enters tangentially at the top of the
barrel and travels downward into the cone forming an
outer vortex. The increasing air velocity in the outer
vortex results in a centrifugal force on the particles
separating them from the air stream.
When the air reaches the bottom of the cone, an
inner vortex is created reversing direction and exiting
out the top as clean air while the particulates fall into
the dust collection chamber attached to the bottom
of the cyclone.
3. In the agricultural processing industry, 2D2D (Shepherd
and Lapple, 1939) and 1D3D (Parnell and Davis, 1979)
cyclone designs are the most commonly used abatement
devices for particulate matter control.
The D’s in the 2D2D designation refer to the barrel
diameter of the cyclone. The numbers preceding the D’s
relate to the length of the barrel and cone
sections, respectively.
A 2D2D cyclone has barrel and cone lengths of two times
the barrel diameter, whereas the 1D3D cyclone has a
barrel length equal to the barrel diameter and a cone
length of three times the barrel diameter.
The configurations of these two cyclone designs are shown
in figure 2. Previous research (Wang, 2000) indicated
that, compared to other cyclone designs, 1D3D and 2D2D
are the most efficient cyclone collectors for fine dust
(particle diameters less than 100 μm).
4.
5. CYCLONE SEPARATORS
** Works on the principle of spinning the gas stream so that particles of
higher mass fall out in proportion to the velocity.
** The tendency of particles to move in a straight line when the
direction of the gas stream is changed is the primary mechanism of
imparting centrifugal motion.
** Removes particles of diameter > 10 microns. But efficiency is > 95%
only for particles greater than 25 microns.
** There are however three different types: high volume cyclone (low
efficiency), medium cyclone and high efficiency cyclone (low
throughputs).
8. Cyclones and centrifugal collectors are
utilized in various industries.
such as chemical, coal mining and
handling, combustion fly ash, metal
melting, metal working, metal mining, rock
products, plastics and wood products.
Common uses of cyclones and inertial
separators are the collection of
grinding, crushing, conveying, machining, mi
xing, sanding, blending and materials
handling dust and for particle collection
9.
10. Co llection Efficienc y of a Cyc lone:
** First, the number of revolutions Ne in the outer vortex is given by
(1)
** To be collected the particles must strike the wall within the amount of
time the gas travels in the outer vortex. The gas residence time in the
outer vortex is given by
(2)
** Maximum radial distance travelled by a particle is the width of the
inlet du ct W. Assume that centrifugal force quickly accelerates the
particle to its terminal velocity in the radial direction. The terminal
velocity that will allow a particle to be collected in time is
t
(3)
Remember that Vt is given by the Stokes law
(4)
Eliminating between (2) and (3) and equating (3) to (4) we get
t
The above gives the minimum particle diameter that will be collected.
11. The theoretical equation derived has a major flaw – it states that all
particles with diameter larger than dp will be collected with 100%
efficiency, which is NOT correct.
Lapple derived a semi-empirical relationship which gives the “50% cut
diameter” dpc., which is the diameter of particles collected with 50%
efficiency.
Lapple then derived a general curve for standard conventional cyclones
that can be used to predict the collection efficiency of any given particle
size. This has been further enhanced by an algebraic relationship
between collection efficiency and cut diameter obtained by Theodore
and DePaola:
Note that is the collection efficiency for the jth particle size range and
j
dpj is the characteristic diameter for that size range.
The overall efficiency of the cyclone is the weighted average of the
efficiencies for various size ranges
13. Diameter: 6 to 10” (15 to 25 cm)
Inlet Velocities: 50 to 60 ft/s (15 to 20
cm/s)
Volumetric Rates:
◦ 500 to 1000 ft3/s (15 to 20 m3/min)
◦ Capacities as high as 30,000 ft3/min have been
manufactured.
14. •Large diameter cyclones are less efficient than small diameter ones.
•However, large D will have lower P.
•P in cyclones related to the number of velocity heads of loss, Hv
Vg2 g H v
P(inches of fluid)
2 g L
•Note: Vg2/2g is one velocity head (Vg is the inlet gas velocity)
•L corrects for P in terms of fluid height.
* Lapple’s observation: HW
Hv K 2 K = 16 for std. Cyclone
D (tangential gas entry)
e
Vg2 g HW
P K 2
2 g L De
P : simple cyclones (0.5 to 2” of water); high efficiency (2 to 6” water).
15.
16.
17. (Know dp from size distribution curve, Qp, Tg, P from stack sampling)
Choose a dpc
Repeat with different dpc
(Obtain required efficiency)
Locate optimum dpc on optimization
curve to get correct D)
1
P 2Q2
2
Q2 D1
3 2
D2 D1
Q and P2 P
1
2
P1 1 Q1 D2
Note: Q1 = 0.094 m3/s; P1 = 1,000 kg/m3; D1 = 0.254 m.
18.
19. Hc: height of cyclone inlet duct (m)
Hv: pressure drop expressed in number of inlet velocity heads
K: (1) cyclone pressure drop constant (equations 7 and 10)
(2) orifice meter coefficient
(3) cut-point correction factor
K1D3D: cut-point correction factor for 1D3D cyclone
K2D2D: cut-point correction factor for 2D2D cyclone
L: (1) air stream travel distance in the
outer vortex (m)
(2) total inlet loading rate ( equation
78 only g/m3)
L1: air stream travel distance in the barrel part (m)
L2: air stream travel distance in the cone part (m)
Lc: length of cyclone body (m)