The document discusses deforestation and conservation efforts in India. It notes that while India's forest cover is over 23% of land area, much of the reported increase is due to plantations rather than natural forest growth. Major causes of depletion include agricultural expansion, development projects, and mining during colonial times. Conservation efforts include the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, Project Tiger launched in 1973, and establishing tiger reserves. While Project Tiger initially increased tiger populations, numbers have since declined again. Overall the document outlines the challenges and some strategies for conserving India's natural habitats and species.

2. ______

3. 

4. 



5. VANISHING FOREST
The dimensions of deforestation in India are
staggering. The forest cover in the country is
estimated at 78.29 million hectare, which is
23.81 per cent of the total geographical area.
(dense forest 12.30 per cent; open forest 8.75
per cent; and mangrove 0.14 per cent).
According to the State of Forest Report
(2011), the dense forest cover has increased
by 10,098 sq km since 1997. However, this
apparent increase in the forest cover is due
to plantation by different agencies. The State
of Forest Report does not differentiate
between natural forests and plantations.
Therefore, these reports fail to deliver accurate information about actual loss of natural
forests.

6. 
: Species whose population levels are
considered to be normal for their survival, such as cattle,
sal , pine, rodents, etc.

: These are species which are
in danger of extinction. The survival of such
species is difficult if the negative factors that have
led to a decline in their population continue to
operate.
The examples of such species are black buck,
crocodile.

8. These are specie whose population has
declined to levels from where it is likely to move into the endangered
category in the near future if the negative factors continue t o operate.
The examples Of such species are blue sheep, Asiatic elephant Gangetic
dolphin, etc.

Species with small population may move
into the endangered or vulnerable category if the negative
factors affecting them continue to operate. The examples of
such species are the Himalayan brown bear, wild Asiatic
buffalo, desert fox and hornbill, etc.

: These are species which are only found
in some particular areas usually isolated by natural or
geographical barriers. Examples of such species are the
Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, Andamanwild pig, mithun
in Arunchal Pradesh.

9. 
: These are species which
are not found after searches of known or
likely areas where they may occur. A species
may be extinct from a local area, region,
country, continent or the entire earth.
Examples of such species are the Asiatic
cheetah, pink head duck

10. FACTORS THAT CAUSE DEPLETION OF THE
FAUNA
FLORA AND
The greatest damage inflicted on Indian forests was during the colonial period
due to the expansion of the railways, agriculture, commercial and scientific
forestry and mining activities.
Even after Independence, agricultural expansion continues to be one of the
major causes of depletion of forest resources.
Between 1951 and 1980, according to the Forest Survey of India, over 26,200
sq. km. of forest area was converted into agricultural land all over India

11. CONSERVATION OF
&
IN INDIA
The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was
implemented in 1972, with various provisions
for protecting habitats.
 The thrust of the programme was towards
protecting the remaining population of
certain endangered species by banning
hunting, giving legal protection to their
habitats, and restricting trade in wildlife.
 Subsequently, central and many state


12. 
The central government also announced
several projects for protecting specific
animals, which were gravely
threatened, including the tiger, the onehorned rhinoceros, the Kashmir stag or
hangul, three types of crocodiles – fresh
water crocodile, saltwater crocodile and the
Gharial, the Asiatic lion, and others.

14. 



“Project Tiger”, one of the well-publicised wildlife
campaigns in the world, was launched in 1973.
Initially, it showed success as the tiger population went
up to 4,002 in 1985 and 4,334 in 1989. But in 1993, the
population of the tiger had dropped to 3,600.
There were 39 tiger reserves in India covering an area of
32137.14 sq km* Tiger conservation has been viewed not
only as an effort to save an endangered species, but with
equal importance as a means of preserving biotypes of
sizeable magnitude.
Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, Sunderbans
National Park in West Bengal, Bandhavgarh National
Park in Madhya Pradesh, Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary in
Rajasthan, Manas Tiger Reserve in Assam and Periyar
Tiger Reserve in Kerala are some of the tiger reserves of
India.

15. reserved Forests: More than half of the total
forest land has been declared reserved forests. Reserved
forests are regarded as the most valuable as far as the
conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned.
protected Forests: Almost one-third of the total forest
area is protected forest, as declared by the Forest
Department. This forest land are protected from any further
depletion.

16. unclassed Forests: These are other forests
and wastelands belonging to both government
and private individuals and communities.

17. INTERACTIVE CLASS
1. Multiple choice questions.
(i) Which of these statements is not a valid reason for the depletion
of flora and fauna?
(a) Agricultural expansion.
(b) Large scale developmental projects.
(c) Grazing and fuel wood collection.
(d) Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation.
(ii) Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly
involve community participation?
(a) Joint forest management
(b) Beej Bachao Andolan
(c) Chipko Movement
(d) Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries