!anatomy!medical science!articulations!

1. Made by:-VANDANA KHUBCHANDANI

2. The joints of the lower limb are subdivided into-
joints of the pelvic girdle and joints of free lower limb.
JOINTS OF PELVIC GIRDLE
 The bones of the pelvic girdle articulate by means of 2
sacroiliac joints, the pubic symphysis, and some
ligaments.

3. SACROILIAC JOINT
~Found between the iliac and sacrum.
~Articulating surface is flat and covered by
fibrous cartilage.
~Limited movement is allowed.
~Hip bone is also united with the vertebral
column by means of a series of strong ligaments.

4. THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
 Formed by articular
symphyseal surfaces of the
pubic bones, which are covered
by hyaline cartilage, and
interpubic disc.
 The pubic symphysis is
strenghtened by following
ligaments:- The superior pubic
ligament and the inferior
(arcuate) pubic ligament

5. JOINTS OF FREE LOWER LIMB
THE HIP JOINT
 It is formed with the articular
surface of femoral head(which is
covered by hyaline cartilage except
of the fovea capitis)and by the
acetabulum of the hip bone.
 Above the acetabular notch,
stretches the ligament of
acetabulum and on this ligament is
attached the labrum acetabulare
which makes the acetabulum
deeper.

6.  The hip joint has following ligaments;
 Iliofemoral ligament-lies anteriorily on
hip joint. It contributes to holding the
trunk erect.
 Pubofemoral ligament-runs downwards
from superior pubic ramus and
intertwines with capsule of hip joint.
 Ischiofemoral ligament-arises
anteriorily on body of ischium,runs
forward and blends with capsule of hip
bone.
 Zona orbicularis-runs in the articular
capsule, loops the femoral neck, and is
attached to the anterior inferior iliac
spine.
 Ligament of the head of femur-arises
from acetabulum and is covered by a
synovial membrane; attached to the pit
in femoral head.
 The hip joint is a variety of ball and
socket joint.

7. THE KNEE JOINT
 It is formed by three bones:-
 Lower end of femur,
 Upper end of tibia, and
 Patella.
 Femoro-tibial articulation: Between the 2 femoral
condyles & upper surface of the 2 tibial condyles(type:
synovial, modified hinge).
 Femoro-patellar articulation: between posterior
surface of patella & patellar surface of femur (type:
synovial, plane).

9. JOINTS OF THE LEG BONES
TIBIA
•Tibial tuberosity- raised anterior
surface that is attachment site for
patellar ligament.
•Medial malleolus- articulates with
talus of ankle; prominence that can be
felt on medial surface of ankle.

10. FIBULA

11. Ligaments
 The articular capsule is
attached to the edges of
the articulating surfaces;
it is taut and
strenghened by the
anterior and posterior
ligaments of superior
tibiofibular joint.
 The ligaments are on the
anterior and posterior
surfaces of the joint and
extends from the tibia to
the head of the fibula.
 The proximal
tibiofibular joint permits
a small range of
movements.

12. JOINTS OF THE FOOT

13. TALUS
 Beneath the true ankle joint is the second part of the ankle,
the subtalar joint, which consists of the talus on top and
calcaneus on the bottom.
 The subtalar joint allows side to side motion of the foot
 Talus is the first bone in the tarsal bones in the foot. It is
the second largest of the tarsal bones
 It forms the lower part of the ankle joint.
 It articulates with
• Tibia • Fibula • Navicular bone(front) • Calcaneum(below)

14. Talocalcaneonavicular joint
 Formed by the articulations with talus(forms head),
calcaneum and navicular bone(these supply the
articular socket).
LIGAMENTS-

15. MIDFOOT D

16. FOREFOOOT