The document discusses electronic eye technology for the blind. It describes how electronic eyes work by replacing damaged photoreceptors or simulating remaining retinal cells. Techniques discussed include the MIT-Harvard device, Artificial Silicon Retina (ASR), Multi-unit Artificial Retina Chipset System (MARC), and Argus II. MARC is highlighted as using a 6x6mm chip with diagnostic capabilities to stimulate the retina with less stress. While electronic eyes have advantages like size and function, challenges remain in powering them and interfacing with the brain.

1. Free Powerpoint Templates
“ELECTRONIC
EYE”: A Ray of
Vision For the
Blind…
Presented by:
Biswa Bandini Aastha Khamari
Aiswarya Lakshmi Khilar
Roll No.: 12EEE052
12EEE053
(Current Research and Future Prospects)

2. CONTENTS:-
 WHAT IS ELECTRONIC EYE ?
 BLINDNESS
 TECHNIQUES FOR ELECTRONIC
EYE
 MARC
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
 CONCLUSION

3.  WHAT IS ELECTRONIC OR BIONIC
EYE?
 ELECTRONIC OR BIONIC EYE REFERS TO
BIOELECTRONIC EYE.
 THE ELECTRONIC DEVICE WHICH
REPLACES FUNCTIONALITY OF A PART
OR WHOLE OF THE EYE.

4. BLINDNESS
 BLINDNESS MEANS LOSS OF VISION.
 A COMPLETELY BLIND INDIVISUAL UNABLE TO SEE
ANYTHING EVEN WITH THE USE OF EYE GLASSES ,
CONTACT LENSES , MEDICINE OR SURGERY.
 8O% OF BLINDNESS OCCURS IN PEOPLE OVER 50
YEARS OLD.
 COMMON CAUSES :- MACULAR DEGENERATION ,
TRAUMATIC INJURIES , GLAUCOMA etc.
 LESS COMMON CAUSES :- VIT-A DEFICIENCY ,
RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA , RETINOPATHY OF
PREMATURITY etc.

5. TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED IN BIONIC EYE :-
 MIT – HARVARD DEVICE
 ASR(ARTIFICIAL SILICON RETINA)
 MARC(MULTI UNIT ARTIFICIAL
RETINA CHIPSET SYSYEM)
 ARGUS II
 HOLOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY

6. MIT-Harvard device
 Epi-Retinal Approach
 Microelectrode array replaces damaged photoreceptors
 Image Acquisition - Using CCD Camera
 Patient spectacle holds the camera and power source

7.  Epiretinal Approach involves a
semiconductor based device positioned
on the surface of the retina to try to simulate
the remaining overlying cells of the retina.
 Subretinal Approach involves
implanting the ASR chip behind the
retina to simulate the remaining
viable cells.
ASR (ARTIFICIAL SILICON RETINA)

8. ARGUS II
 The Argus II epiretinal
prosthesis system allows
letter and word reading
and long-term function
in patients with profound
vision loss.
 Test I: letter identification
 Test II: letter size reduction
 Test III: word recognition

9. HOLOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY
 Computer-generated holography,
could be used in conjunction with a
technique called optogenetics,
which uses gene therapy to deliver
light-sensitive proteins to damaged
retinal nerve cells.
 “The basic idea of optogenetics is to
take a light-sensitive protein from
another organism, typically from
algae or bacteria, and insert it into a
target cell, and that photosensitizes
the cell,”

10. MARC(Multiple Unit Of Artificial Retinal Chipset System)

11. Photograph of MARC Chip

12. MARC Photoreceptor

13. MARC System Block Diagram

14. On-Going Development:
Argus III
The Argus III will work by taking the image from a camera and
wirelessly transmitting it to an electronics package. That
package will stimulate undamaged retinal tissue using a thin
film transistor electrode array.

15. Augmented Reality: Argus II
Sent it to the eye implant
Process the new image
Add the graphics
Take the input from the camera

16. Advantages Disadvantages
Compact Size – 6x6 mm
 Diagnostic Capability
 Reduction of stress upon
retina
Costly
If a single part of the chip is
damaged the total technique
will be meaningless.

17. Conclusion
 Its been 40 years since Arne Larsson received the first fully implanted
cardiac pacemaker at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm.
 Researchers throughout the world have looked for ways to improve
people's lives with artificial, bionic devices.
 Bionic devices are being developed to do more than replace defective
parts.
 Researchers are also using them to fight illnesses.
 Providing power to run bionic implants and making connections to the
brain's control system pose the two great challenges for both electrical
& biomedical engineering.
 Scientist are now looking at devices like bionic arms, tongues, noses
etc.