The document provides an overview of the major arteries of the head and neck, including their origins, courses, branches, and clinical significance. It discusses the common carotid artery, external carotid artery, internal carotid artery, and their branches such as the lingual, facial, occipital, and maxillary arteries. The summary highlights the arterial supply of the head and neck originating from branches of the aortic arch and their roles in supplying surrounding structures.
This document provides an overview of the arterial supply of the head and neck. It begins with the embryological development of the aortic arches, which give rise to many major arteries. It then discusses the histology of arteries and describes the major arteries originating from the common carotid, external carotid, and internal carotid arteries. These include the lingual, facial, maxillary, and occipital arteries. It provides details on the branches, course, and anatomical relationships of these arteries.
The external carotid artery arises from the third aortic arch during embryonic development. It supplies structures in the front of the neck and face. It gives off 8 branches including the superior thyroid, lingual, and facial arteries. The superior thyroid artery supplies the thyroid gland. The lingual artery has three parts and supplies structures of the tongue. Ligation of the lingual artery is done by exposing it in the digastric triangle after dividing the hyoglossus muscle.
The common carotid artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery and divides into the external and internal carotid arteries. It travels up the neck and bifurcates at the thyroid cartilage. The internal carotid supplies the brain while the external carotid supplies the head and neck. Key branches of the external carotid include the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries. The internal carotid gives off ophthalmic and anterior cerebral arteries in the skull. These vessels anastomose to form the circle of Willis at the brain's base.
The document discusses the anatomy of various veins in the head and neck region. It begins with an overview of veins in general, including their structure, classification, differences from arteries, and roles. It then describes specific veins such as the internal jugular vein and its tributaries. Other veins discussed include the external jugular, anterior jugular, lingual, maxillary, superficial temporal, posterior auricular, and occipital veins. Applied anatomy concepts are also summarized, such as variations, relationships to surrounding structures, and clinical significance.
This document describes the muscles and structures in the back of the neck. It discusses the superficial and deep muscles in the back of the neck, including the trapezius, levator scapulae, splenius capitis, and suboccipital muscles. It then focuses on the suboccipital triangle, bounded superiorly by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, superolaterally by the obliquus capitis superior, and inferiorly by the obliquus capitis inferior. The suboccipital triangle contains the suboccipital nerve, vertebral artery, and venous plexus and is the site of cisternal puncture to access the cisterna magna through the
The carotid triangle is a vascular area in the neck bounded by the omohyoid muscle, digastric muscle, and sternocleidomastoid muscle. It contains the common carotid artery and its branches, internal jugular vein, vagus and other cranial nerves. The common carotid artery divides at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage into the internal and external carotid arteries. The posterior belly of the digastric muscle crosses superficial to the internal jugular vein and carotid vessels in the triangle.
This document discusses the anatomy of the face, including boundaries, skin layers, fascia, muscles, nerves, arteries, veins, and lymphatic drainage. It describes key facial muscles like the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris. The motor innervation of the face is outlined, with the facial nerve supplying muscles. The arterial blood supply is dominated by the facial artery. Applied anatomy concepts like Bell's palsy and trigeminal neuralgia are also briefly mentioned.
This document provides an overview of the arterial supply of the head and neck. It begins with the embryological development of the aortic arches, which give rise to many major arteries. It then discusses the histology of arteries and describes the major arteries originating from the common carotid, external carotid, and internal carotid arteries. These include the lingual, facial, maxillary, and occipital arteries. It provides details on the branches, course, and anatomical relationships of these arteries.
The external carotid artery arises from the third aortic arch during embryonic development. It supplies structures in the front of the neck and face. It gives off 8 branches including the superior thyroid, lingual, and facial arteries. The superior thyroid artery supplies the thyroid gland. The lingual artery has three parts and supplies structures of the tongue. Ligation of the lingual artery is done by exposing it in the digastric triangle after dividing the hyoglossus muscle.
The common carotid artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery and divides into the external and internal carotid arteries. It travels up the neck and bifurcates at the thyroid cartilage. The internal carotid supplies the brain while the external carotid supplies the head and neck. Key branches of the external carotid include the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries. The internal carotid gives off ophthalmic and anterior cerebral arteries in the skull. These vessels anastomose to form the circle of Willis at the brain's base.
The document discusses the anatomy of various veins in the head and neck region. It begins with an overview of veins in general, including their structure, classification, differences from arteries, and roles. It then describes specific veins such as the internal jugular vein and its tributaries. Other veins discussed include the external jugular, anterior jugular, lingual, maxillary, superficial temporal, posterior auricular, and occipital veins. Applied anatomy concepts are also summarized, such as variations, relationships to surrounding structures, and clinical significance.
This document describes the muscles and structures in the back of the neck. It discusses the superficial and deep muscles in the back of the neck, including the trapezius, levator scapulae, splenius capitis, and suboccipital muscles. It then focuses on the suboccipital triangle, bounded superiorly by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, superolaterally by the obliquus capitis superior, and inferiorly by the obliquus capitis inferior. The suboccipital triangle contains the suboccipital nerve, vertebral artery, and venous plexus and is the site of cisternal puncture to access the cisterna magna through the
The carotid triangle is a vascular area in the neck bounded by the omohyoid muscle, digastric muscle, and sternocleidomastoid muscle. It contains the common carotid artery and its branches, internal jugular vein, vagus and other cranial nerves. The common carotid artery divides at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage into the internal and external carotid arteries. The posterior belly of the digastric muscle crosses superficial to the internal jugular vein and carotid vessels in the triangle.
This document discusses the anatomy of the face, including boundaries, skin layers, fascia, muscles, nerves, arteries, veins, and lymphatic drainage. It describes key facial muscles like the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris. The motor innervation of the face is outlined, with the facial nerve supplying muscles. The arterial blood supply is dominated by the facial artery. Applied anatomy concepts like Bell's palsy and trigeminal neuralgia are also briefly mentioned.
The dural venous sinuses are lined with endothelium and lack muscles and valves. They collect blood from the brain, meninges, orbit, inner ear and diploe. The superior sagittal sinus begins at the crista galli and ends at the internal occipital protuberance, draining into the confluence of sinuses. Infection from the scalp, nasal cavity or diploic tissue can lead to septic thrombosis and obstruct CSF absorption, causing increased intracranial pressure. The paired transverse sinuses and sigmoid sinuses carry blood through the posterior compartment of the jugular foramen before joining the internal jugular vein.
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF HEAD, FACE, NECK AND BRAINDrVishal2
THIS SEMINAR ON VENOUS DRAINAGE OF HEAD, FACE, NECK AND BRAIN ENCOMPASSES ALL THE POSSIBLE DETAILED EXPLANATION ALONG WITH DIAGRAMMATIC ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SAME. APPLIED AND SURGICAL ANATOMY ALONG WITH RECENT MODALITIES HAS BEEN ADDED HEREIN..
The document provides an overview of the arteries of the face. It notes that the face is supplied by branches of the external carotid artery including the facial artery, transverse facial artery, and maxillary artery. It also discusses the internal carotid artery and its terminal branch, the ophthalmic artery, which gives off the zygomaticofacial and dorsal nasal arteries that supply parts of the face. The anastomoses between the branches of the external and internal carotid arteries are mentioned as well.
The submandibular gland is located beneath the lower jaw. It is roughly the size of a walnut and weighs 10-20 grams. The submandibular gland has two parts - a larger superficial part and smaller deep part. It receives blood supply from the sublingual and submental arteries and drains into the common facial and lingual veins. The gland is innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the submandibular ganglion as well as sympathetic fibers from the cervical ganglia. Obstruction of the submandibular duct can cause sialolithiasis or salivary calculi formation leading to xerostomia.
introduction of neck and boundaries of neck , superficial fascia and structures present with in it, deep cervical fascia types and most importantly spaces with in it mainly about Retro-pharyngeal spaces and applied anatomy along with incision markings.
The document summarizes the major arteries of the head and neck, including their embryological development, course, branches, and clinical significance. It describes the carotid system, internal carotid artery, and external carotid artery in detail. Key branches discussed include the superior thyroid, lingual, facial, and maxillary arteries. Variations in artery origins are also noted.
The anterior triangle of the neck contains three smaller triangles - the submandibular, submental, and muscular triangles. The submandibular triangle contains the submandibular gland and associated nerves and vessels, including the lingual and hypoglossal nerves. The submental triangle drains lymph from the chin and lower lip. The muscular triangle contains the infrahyoid strap muscles that depress the hyoid bone during swallowing.
The suboccipital triangle is located in the triangular area around the articulation of the skull and upper vertebral column. It is bounded by the occipital bone, posterior part of C1 (atlas), and C2 (axis) deep to neck muscles. Four muscles originate and insert in this region - the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, inferior oblique, and superior oblique muscles. The suboccipital triangle also contains the vertebral and occipital arteries and greater occipital and suboccipital nerves. The vertebral artery is susceptible to dissection as it enters the triangle, which can cause strokes in younger people.
The carotid sheath is located in the neck from the base of the skull to the root of the neck. It contains the internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and branches of the sympathetic trunk. The common carotid artery bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries around the level of the thyroid cartilage between vertebrae C3 and C4. The structures within the carotid sheath have important relationships that provide pathways for infection spread.
The document discusses the external carotid artery, its branches, and ligation. It begins with an introduction and overview of the embryological development of the external carotid artery. It then describes the common carotid arteries and their course in the neck. It discusses the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and structures located there - the carotid sinus and carotid body. The external carotid artery is then described in detail, including its course, branches, and relations. The branches discussed include the superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, ascending pharyngeal, maxillary, and superficial temporal arteries. Indications for ligation and surgical approaches are provided at the end.
This document describes the anatomy of several muscles and structures in the submandibular region. It includes descriptions and images of the digastric muscle, myelohyoid muscle, hyoglossus muscle, geniohyoid muscle, genioglossus muscle, stylohyoid muscle, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, and the submandibular ganglion. Relations and functions of each structure are provided, with an emphasis on their location and connections to surrounding muscles and nerves in the neck.
This document describes the triangles of the neck, including the anterior triangle bounded by the mandible, hyoid bone, and sternocleidomastoid muscle, and the posterior triangle bounded by the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and clavicle. It further divides these triangles and discusses the structures contained within each subdivision, such as muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes.
The Ansa cervicalis is a nerve loop that lies in the carotid sheath over the larynx and supplies the infrahyoid muscles. It is formed by a superior root from the hypoglossal nerve and first cervical nerve, and an inferior root from the second and third cervical spinal nerves. These roots join in front of the common carotid artery to innervate the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and inferior belly of the omohyoid muscles, while separate branches from C1 also innervate the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid.
The document discusses the deep cervical fascia of the neck, which forms a collar around the neck. It has several layers and modifications, including the investing layer, pretracheal layer, prevertebral layer, carotid sheath, buccopharyngeal fascia, temporal fascia, and pharyngobasilar fascia. Each layer has specific attachments, contents, and clinical relevance. For example, the pretracheal fascia attaches the thyroid gland and allows its movement during swallowing, while the prevertebral fascia can allow spread of infection from the neck to the axilla.
The posterior triangle is a space on the side of the neck bounded anteriorly by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, posteriorly by the trapezius muscle, and inferiorly by the middle third of the clavicle. It is divided into the occipital triangle and supraclavicular triangle by the omohyoid muscle. The occipital triangle contains nerves like the spinal accessory nerve and branches of the cervical plexus. The supraclavicular triangle contains structures of the brachial plexus like the trunks and nerves to muscles like serratus anterior. Lymph nodes in the posterior triangle drain the neck.
The document discusses the external carotid artery, including its branches and distributions. It begins with an overview of the common carotid arteries and then describes the branches of the external carotid artery, including the anterior branches (superior thyroid, lingual, facial), posterior branches (occipital, posterior auricular), medial branch (ascending pharyngeal), and terminal branches (maxillary, superficial temporal). It concludes with some clinical considerations regarding hematomas, maxillary sinus infections, and their management.
Submandibular gland and hyoglossus muscle and its relationsmgmcri1234
The submandibular gland lies in the submandibular triangle and fossa of the mandible. It has superficial and deep parts, and its duct passes upwards to open by the frenulum linguae. The hyoglossus muscle originates from the hyoid bone and inserts into the side of the tongue, depressing it. It has superficial relations to the mylohyoid, lingual nerve and submandibular ganglion, and deep relations to the middle constrictor muscle and lingual artery.
The document summarizes the major veins and lymph drainage of the neck. It describes the courses and tributaries of the external jugular, anterior jugular, internal jugular, and subclavian veins. It also outlines the regional cervical lymph nodes, including the occipital, retroauricular, parotid, buccal, submandibular, submental, anterior cervical, and superficial cervical nodes. Finally, it discusses the deep cervical lymph nodes located along the internal jugular vein within the carotid sheath.
This document provides an overview of the embryological development and anatomy of arteries and veins in the head and neck region. It discusses the formation of blood and aortic arches in early embryonic development. It then describes the course, branches, and clinical relevance of major arteries like the common carotid artery, external carotid artery, internal carotid artery, and branches including the lingual, facial, and superior thyroid arteries. It also briefly outlines the structure and differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Seminar presentation on arterial supply of human head & neck - carotid artery, maxillary artery, ophthalmic artery
post-graduate level
MDS- oral & maxillofacial surgery
The dural venous sinuses are lined with endothelium and lack muscles and valves. They collect blood from the brain, meninges, orbit, inner ear and diploe. The superior sagittal sinus begins at the crista galli and ends at the internal occipital protuberance, draining into the confluence of sinuses. Infection from the scalp, nasal cavity or diploic tissue can lead to septic thrombosis and obstruct CSF absorption, causing increased intracranial pressure. The paired transverse sinuses and sigmoid sinuses carry blood through the posterior compartment of the jugular foramen before joining the internal jugular vein.
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF HEAD, FACE, NECK AND BRAINDrVishal2
THIS SEMINAR ON VENOUS DRAINAGE OF HEAD, FACE, NECK AND BRAIN ENCOMPASSES ALL THE POSSIBLE DETAILED EXPLANATION ALONG WITH DIAGRAMMATIC ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SAME. APPLIED AND SURGICAL ANATOMY ALONG WITH RECENT MODALITIES HAS BEEN ADDED HEREIN..
The document provides an overview of the arteries of the face. It notes that the face is supplied by branches of the external carotid artery including the facial artery, transverse facial artery, and maxillary artery. It also discusses the internal carotid artery and its terminal branch, the ophthalmic artery, which gives off the zygomaticofacial and dorsal nasal arteries that supply parts of the face. The anastomoses between the branches of the external and internal carotid arteries are mentioned as well.
The submandibular gland is located beneath the lower jaw. It is roughly the size of a walnut and weighs 10-20 grams. The submandibular gland has two parts - a larger superficial part and smaller deep part. It receives blood supply from the sublingual and submental arteries and drains into the common facial and lingual veins. The gland is innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the submandibular ganglion as well as sympathetic fibers from the cervical ganglia. Obstruction of the submandibular duct can cause sialolithiasis or salivary calculi formation leading to xerostomia.
introduction of neck and boundaries of neck , superficial fascia and structures present with in it, deep cervical fascia types and most importantly spaces with in it mainly about Retro-pharyngeal spaces and applied anatomy along with incision markings.
The document summarizes the major arteries of the head and neck, including their embryological development, course, branches, and clinical significance. It describes the carotid system, internal carotid artery, and external carotid artery in detail. Key branches discussed include the superior thyroid, lingual, facial, and maxillary arteries. Variations in artery origins are also noted.
The anterior triangle of the neck contains three smaller triangles - the submandibular, submental, and muscular triangles. The submandibular triangle contains the submandibular gland and associated nerves and vessels, including the lingual and hypoglossal nerves. The submental triangle drains lymph from the chin and lower lip. The muscular triangle contains the infrahyoid strap muscles that depress the hyoid bone during swallowing.
The suboccipital triangle is located in the triangular area around the articulation of the skull and upper vertebral column. It is bounded by the occipital bone, posterior part of C1 (atlas), and C2 (axis) deep to neck muscles. Four muscles originate and insert in this region - the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, inferior oblique, and superior oblique muscles. The suboccipital triangle also contains the vertebral and occipital arteries and greater occipital and suboccipital nerves. The vertebral artery is susceptible to dissection as it enters the triangle, which can cause strokes in younger people.
The carotid sheath is located in the neck from the base of the skull to the root of the neck. It contains the internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and branches of the sympathetic trunk. The common carotid artery bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries around the level of the thyroid cartilage between vertebrae C3 and C4. The structures within the carotid sheath have important relationships that provide pathways for infection spread.
The document discusses the external carotid artery, its branches, and ligation. It begins with an introduction and overview of the embryological development of the external carotid artery. It then describes the common carotid arteries and their course in the neck. It discusses the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and structures located there - the carotid sinus and carotid body. The external carotid artery is then described in detail, including its course, branches, and relations. The branches discussed include the superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, ascending pharyngeal, maxillary, and superficial temporal arteries. Indications for ligation and surgical approaches are provided at the end.
This document describes the anatomy of several muscles and structures in the submandibular region. It includes descriptions and images of the digastric muscle, myelohyoid muscle, hyoglossus muscle, geniohyoid muscle, genioglossus muscle, stylohyoid muscle, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, and the submandibular ganglion. Relations and functions of each structure are provided, with an emphasis on their location and connections to surrounding muscles and nerves in the neck.
This document describes the triangles of the neck, including the anterior triangle bounded by the mandible, hyoid bone, and sternocleidomastoid muscle, and the posterior triangle bounded by the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and clavicle. It further divides these triangles and discusses the structures contained within each subdivision, such as muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes.
The Ansa cervicalis is a nerve loop that lies in the carotid sheath over the larynx and supplies the infrahyoid muscles. It is formed by a superior root from the hypoglossal nerve and first cervical nerve, and an inferior root from the second and third cervical spinal nerves. These roots join in front of the common carotid artery to innervate the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and inferior belly of the omohyoid muscles, while separate branches from C1 also innervate the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid.
The document discusses the deep cervical fascia of the neck, which forms a collar around the neck. It has several layers and modifications, including the investing layer, pretracheal layer, prevertebral layer, carotid sheath, buccopharyngeal fascia, temporal fascia, and pharyngobasilar fascia. Each layer has specific attachments, contents, and clinical relevance. For example, the pretracheal fascia attaches the thyroid gland and allows its movement during swallowing, while the prevertebral fascia can allow spread of infection from the neck to the axilla.
The posterior triangle is a space on the side of the neck bounded anteriorly by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, posteriorly by the trapezius muscle, and inferiorly by the middle third of the clavicle. It is divided into the occipital triangle and supraclavicular triangle by the omohyoid muscle. The occipital triangle contains nerves like the spinal accessory nerve and branches of the cervical plexus. The supraclavicular triangle contains structures of the brachial plexus like the trunks and nerves to muscles like serratus anterior. Lymph nodes in the posterior triangle drain the neck.
The document discusses the external carotid artery, including its branches and distributions. It begins with an overview of the common carotid arteries and then describes the branches of the external carotid artery, including the anterior branches (superior thyroid, lingual, facial), posterior branches (occipital, posterior auricular), medial branch (ascending pharyngeal), and terminal branches (maxillary, superficial temporal). It concludes with some clinical considerations regarding hematomas, maxillary sinus infections, and their management.
Submandibular gland and hyoglossus muscle and its relationsmgmcri1234
The submandibular gland lies in the submandibular triangle and fossa of the mandible. It has superficial and deep parts, and its duct passes upwards to open by the frenulum linguae. The hyoglossus muscle originates from the hyoid bone and inserts into the side of the tongue, depressing it. It has superficial relations to the mylohyoid, lingual nerve and submandibular ganglion, and deep relations to the middle constrictor muscle and lingual artery.
The document summarizes the major veins and lymph drainage of the neck. It describes the courses and tributaries of the external jugular, anterior jugular, internal jugular, and subclavian veins. It also outlines the regional cervical lymph nodes, including the occipital, retroauricular, parotid, buccal, submandibular, submental, anterior cervical, and superficial cervical nodes. Finally, it discusses the deep cervical lymph nodes located along the internal jugular vein within the carotid sheath.
This document provides an overview of the embryological development and anatomy of arteries and veins in the head and neck region. It discusses the formation of blood and aortic arches in early embryonic development. It then describes the course, branches, and clinical relevance of major arteries like the common carotid artery, external carotid artery, internal carotid artery, and branches including the lingual, facial, and superior thyroid arteries. It also briefly outlines the structure and differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Seminar presentation on arterial supply of human head & neck - carotid artery, maxillary artery, ophthalmic artery
post-graduate level
MDS- oral & maxillofacial surgery
Anatomy of eca.pptx anatomy physiology and pharmacologyDivuuJain
The external carotid artery arises from the common carotid artery at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage. It supplies structures in the neck, face, and scalp. Its main branches include the superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, facial artery, occipital artery, posterior auricular artery, and maxillary artery. The lingual artery arises opposite the tip of the greater cornua of the hyoid bone and supplies structures related to the tongue. The facial artery is the chief artery of the face and can be palpated in the neck below the mandible. The maxillary artery is the largest terminal branch and divides into mandibular, pterygoid, and pterygopalatine branches
The external carotid artery arises from the common carotid artery and supplies structures in the head and neck. It gives off several branches in the neck including the superior thyroid artery and lingual artery. The lingual artery travels deep to the hyoglossus muscle in three parts before terminating on the undersurface of the tongue. The facial artery arises from the external carotid and has both cervical and facial parts to its course where it supplies structures in the face such as the lips and nose. It gives off branches like the ascending palatine and tonsillar arteries in the neck.
This document discusses cerebral blood flow, its autoregulation, clinical relevance, and the role of collaterals in ischemic stroke. It begins with an overview of cerebral blood supply and drainage, then describes the autoregulation mechanism and its importance. It also discusses cerebral collaterals and their significance in acute ischemic stroke. The majority of the document provides detailed descriptions of the anatomy of cerebral arteries, veins, and sinuses. It explains factors that regulate cerebral blood flow and perfusion pressure, including metabolism, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and autoregulation.
The document summarizes the major arteries of the head and neck, including their origins, courses, and branches. It begins with an overview of the aorta and its branches that supply the head and neck (brachiocephalic artery, common carotid artery, subclavian artery). It then describes the external and internal carotid arteries in detail, outlining their branches which include the facial, lingual, occipital, and maxillary arteries. Throughout, clinical correlations and examples of surgical/traumatic implications are provided.
The document summarizes the arterial blood supply and venous drainage of the brain and spinal cord. It notes that the brain has high metabolic demands for oxygen and glucose due to its high metabolic activity. It then describes the major arteries that supply the brain, including the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, as well as branches like the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries. It discusses the circle of Willis and its role in connecting these arteries. It also summarizes venous drainage patterns and structures like dural venous sinuses. Finally, it briefly outlines the arterial supply and venous drainage of the spinal cord.
The document discusses the anatomy of the anterior triangle of the neck. It begins by outlining the boundaries and contents of the anterior triangle. It then describes how the triangle is divided into four smaller triangles - the submental, submandibular, carotid, and muscular triangles - by the digastric and omohyoid muscles. Each smaller triangle's boundaries, floor, contents, and structures are defined in detail. Key structures discussed include the thyroid gland, carotid sheath, carotid sinus, and carotid body. Blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland are also summarized.
The subclavian artery and vein originate in the neck and provide blood supply to the upper limbs. The right subclavian artery originates from the brachiocephalic trunk, while the left subclavian artery originates directly from the aortic arch. Key branches of the subclavian artery include the vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, and thyrocervical trunk. The internal thoracic artery supplies the anterior chest wall, while the vertebral artery supplies the brain. The thyrocervical trunk gives rise to branches including the inferior thyroid artery, which supplies the thyroid gland.
1) The external carotid artery arises from the third aortic arch and supplies structures in the head and neck. It bifurcates into the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries.
2) It gives off several branches including the superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, and posterior auricular arteries. The lingual artery supplies the tongue while the facial artery supplies structures in the face.
3) The external carotid artery can be ligated in the carotid triangle below the mandible or in the retromandibular fossa behind the mandible to control bleeding from the head and neck region.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and embryology of the heart. It describes the gross anatomy of the heart including its location, size, chambers and surrounding structures like the pericardium. It discusses the layers of the heart wall and differences in thickness between chambers. Key internal structures are outlined including the septums that separate the atria and ventricles as well as the fibrous skeleton. The valves of the heart including their roles in blood flow are explained. Finally, important blood vessels associated with the heart are identified.
The head and neck region receives most of its blood supply from the carotid and subclavian arteries. The common carotid arteries branch into the internal and external carotid arteries. The internal carotid arteries supply the brain while the external carotid arteries supply the neck and face. Venous drainage from the head and neck flows into the internal and external jugular veins and subclavian veins and returns blood to the heart.
This document summarizes heart embryology and radiological anatomy. It describes how the heart develops from mesenchymal cell clusters that form the primitive heart tube. This tube undergoes looping and partitioning to form the four chambers. Endocardial cushions develop and divide the atrioventricular canal and outflow tract. The document then describes heart anatomy and landmarks seen on imaging modalities like ultrasound, CT and MRI. It details the structures of the atria, ventricles, valves and coronary arteries. Standard views used in echocardiography are also mentioned.
Pmdc step 1 Review of CVS & Respiratory SystemDrSaeed Shafi
The document provides an overview of a course on reviewing CVS and respiratory systems. It includes:
1. A case study of a newborn with respiratory distress and gut sounds heard in the left chest, suggesting a congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
2. Learning objectives on comparing neonatal and adult chest anatomy, mediastinal shifts, and more.
3. Details on diaphragm development, anomalies, and positional changes.
4. Descriptions of the pleura, pericardium, mediastinum, and functional anatomy of related structures.
1. The document describes the arterial supply of the head and neck region, focusing on key arteries including the aorta, common carotid artery, external carotid artery, and internal carotid artery.
2. It provides details on the course and branches of various arteries, including the maxillary artery, lingual artery, facial artery, occipital artery, and posterior auricular artery.
3. The document discusses approaches for exposing and ligating arteries like the external carotid artery in cases of uncontrolled hemorrhage from injuries in the face or neck region.
The document summarizes the anatomy of arteries in the neck and head region. It describes the branches and course of the common carotid artery, external carotid artery, internal carotid artery, and their major branches including the maxillary artery, lingual artery, facial artery, occipital artery, and ophthalmic artery. It provides details on ligations and surgical approaches for various arteries. Key anatomical structures and landmarks are highlighted.
The document summarizes cerebral blood supply and the effects of vasoactive drugs. It describes how the brain receives 14% of cardiac output due to its high oxygen demand. It then details the arterial supply from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, which form the circle of Willis. It explains venous drainage through superficial cerebral veins, dural venous sinuses, and internal jugular veins in the neck. It also discusses the blood-brain barrier and how it regulates molecular exchange between blood and brain tissue.
This document discusses the blood vessels of the head and neck. It begins with an overview of the classification and structure of arteries and veins. It then describes the major arteries, including the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, external carotid artery and its branches, and subclavian artery. It also discusses some of the major veins draining the head and neck, including the internal jugular vein and external jugular vein. Finally, it covers some clinical considerations regarding these blood vessels, such as atherosclerosis, varicose veins, lusoria, brain hemorrhage, carotid artery bruits, and carotid endarterectomy.
Similar to Arterial supply of the head and neck (20)
INITIAL ASSESSMENT AND INTENSIVE CARE IN TRAUMA.pptxMahima Shanker
This document discusses the initial assessment and intensive care of trauma patients. It covers the trimodal distribution of trauma deaths, the importance of the "golden hour" period, and the steps of the primary and secondary surveys using the ABCDE approach. The primary survey involves assessing the airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure. Key points include techniques for airway management and control of hemorrhage. Overall it provides an overview of the critical principles and processes for stabilizing trauma patients in the initial emergency period.
This document provides information about mucormycosis, a fungal infection caused by mold of the Mucorales order. It can occur in immunocompromised individuals. Key points:
- It most commonly affects the sinuses, lungs, and skin. It can spread to the brain in rhino-orbital mucormycosis.
- Predisposing conditions include diabetes, immunosuppression, prolonged corticosteroid use, and iron overload.
- Symptoms vary by location but can include nasal congestion, eye swelling, black lesions on skin or inside mouth.
- Diagnosis involves examining tissues under microscope for characteristic wide, ribbon-like hyphae. Culture
INTRODUCTION
TEMPORAL FOSSA
Borders
Clinical correlation
Contents
Temporalis and surgical aspects
Temporal fascia and surgical aspects
Deep temporal nerves and vessels, auriculotemporal nerve, superficial temporal artery
TEMPORAL BONE AND TEMPORAL BONE FRACTURES
CORONAL OR BI-TEMPORAL APPROACH
TEMPORAL (GILLIES) APPROACH
INFRATEMPORAL REGION
Borders
Contents
LOCAL ANESTHESIA AND THE INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA
INFECTION OF THE INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA REGION AND ITS SPREAD
SURGICAL APPROACHES TO THE INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA
PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA / SPHENOPALATINE FOSSA
Contents
Relations
Communications
Clinical aspects
INTRODUCTION OF LASERS IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
INITIAL USE IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER LIGHT
CLASSIFICATION OF LASERS
TISSUE INTERACTION
TYPES OF LASERS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
LASER SAFETY IN SURGERY AND ANESTHESIA
PATIENT SELECTION
APPLICATIONS
SURGICAL LASER TECHNIQUE
APPLIED ASPECTS
RECENT ADVANCES
COMPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
SOURCES OF CALCIUM
RDA OF CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS OF CALCIUM
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Arterial supply of the head and neck
1. GREAT ARTERIES OFTHE HEAD AND NECK
PRESENTED BY: MAHIMA SHANKER
(DEPARTMENTOF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY)
2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• EMBRYOLOGYAND DEVELOPMENT
• HISTOLOGY OF ARTERIES
• ARCH OF AORTA
• SUBCLAVIANARTERY
i. Origin
ii. Course and termination
iii. Parts and clinical significance
iv. Branches
v. Subclavian steal syndrome
• CAROTID SYSTEM OF ARTERIES
i. Origin and termination
ii. Branches
iii. Surface marking
iv. Ligation
v. Carotid sinus, carotid body and carotid pulse
• EXTERNALCAROTID ARTERY
i. Course
ii. Branches
iii. Relations
iv. Surface marking
v. Ligation
• BRANCHESOF ECA IN DETAIL
• INTERNALCAROTID ARTERY
i. Course and termination
ii. Parts and branches
iii. Clinical significance
3. INTRODUCTION
• BLOOD -The red fluid in the body that contains white and red blood cells,
platelets, proteins, and other elements. (Webster’s New World Medical Dictionary
3rd edition)
• BLOODVESSEL – Part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout
the body.
• ARTERY - A blood vessel that carries blood, rich in oxygen, away from the heart to
the body.The oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin) in arterial blood makes it
look bright red. (Webster’s NewWorld Medical Dictionary 3rd edition)
• The blood supply of the head and neck consists of an arterial supply and venous
drainage carried out by the arteries and veins, respectively.
4.
5. EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT
• At the beginning of the third week, blood vessel formation begins.
• The early formation of the cardiovascular system is related to the urgent need for
blood vessels to bring oxygen and nourishment to the embryo from the maternal
circulation through the placenta.
• The formation of the embryonic vascular system involves two processes:
vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.
• By the end of the third week, the blood is circulating and the heart begins to beat on
the 21st or 22nd day.
6. Blood vessel formation in the embryo and extraembryonic membranes begins when mesenchymal cells
differentiate into endothelial cell precursors or angioblasts (vessel forming cells)
Angioblasts aggregate to form isolated angiogenic cell clusters or blood islands
Small cavities appear within the blood islands
The angioblasts flatten to form endothelial cells that arrange themselves around the cavities in
the blood islands to form the endothelium
These endothelium-lined cavities soon fuse to form networks of endothelial channels (vasculogenesis)
Additional vessels sprout into adjacent areas by endothelial budding (angiogenesis) and fuse with other vessels
The mesenchymal cells surrounding the primordial endothelial blood vessels differentiate into the muscular and
connective tissue elements of the vessels
9. ARTERIAL SUPPLY OFTHE HEAD AND NECK
ARCH OF AORTA
• Arch of aorta - part of the aorta between the
ascending and descending aorta.
• Branches
o Left common carotid artery
o Left subclavian artery
o Brachiocephalic trunk – Right common carotid
artery and right subclavian artery
• The arteries that supply the head and neck -
subclavian and common carotid arteries.
10. SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
• Subclavian artery - called so because it lies under the clavicle.
• Main source of blood supply to upper limb (called artery of the upper limb)
• Also supplies - part of the thoracic wall, head, neck and brain through its branches.
ORIGIN
• Right subclavian artery - from brachiocephalic trunk.
• Left subclavian artery - from arch of aorta in the thorax.
COURSEANDTERMINATION
• On each side - subclavian artery arches laterally across the anterior surface of the cervical pleura
onto the first rib posterior to the scalenus anterior muscle.
• At the outer border of 1st rib - ends by becoming axillary artery.
11. PARTS
On each side, the subclavian artery is divided into three parts by the scalenus anterior muscle
• First part - from origin to medial border of scalenus anterior
• Second part - lies behind scalenus anterior
• Third part - from lateral border of scalenus anterior to outer border of first rib
Third part of the subclavian artery - most superficial, pulsations felt on deep pressure. Located in supraclavicular
triangle. Can be compressed against the first rib by pressing downwards, backwards, and medially in the angle between
clavicle and posterior border of SCM.
Can be ligated here.
14. CAROTID SYSTEM OF ARTERIES
The common carotid artery is a paired structure that supplies oxygenated blood to the head and neck.
ORIGINANDTERMINATION
• The right common carotid artery - bifurcation of brachiocephalic trunk behind sternoclavicular joint.
• The left common carotid artery - thorax directly from arch of aorta.
• The artery terminates at the level of upper border of thyroid cartilage.
• The left CCA has two parts – a thoracic part and a cervical part
• The right CCA is exclusively cervical.
BRANCHES
• Internal carotid artery
• External carotid artery
15. SURFACE MARKINGOF COMMON CAROTIDARTERY
• First point on sternoclavicular joint
• Second point on anterior border of SCM at the level of upper border of thyroid cartilage
16. LIGATION OF CCA
• Easily accessible in carotid canal
• Covered anteromedially - skin, fascia, platysma and bilaterally by anterior margin of SCM
• Ligation of CCA - at the level of hyoid bone - very few structures pass above it
• Superior thyroid artery, superior thyroid vein and anterior jugular vein - superficial to the artery.
• Opening the carotid sheath more medially - IJV avoided
17. CAROTID SINUS
• Termination of CCA or beginning of ICA - slight dilatation known as carotid sinus.
• Baroreceptor (pressure receptor) and regulates blood pressure.
• Carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) - exaggerated response to stimulation of carotid sinus.
• Dizziness or syncope due to diminished cerebral perfusion.
• Even mild stimulation - bradycardia and drop in BP.
18. CAROTID BODY
• Small, oval, reddish brown structure situated behind the bifurcation of CCA.
• Act as a chemoreceptor and responds to change in the oxygen and carbondioxide content of blood.
CAROTID PULSE
• CCA can be compressed against the prominent anterior tubercle of the sixth cervical vertebrae called carotid
tubercle - pressing medially and posteriorly with the thumb.
• It is located about 4 cm above the sternoclavicular joint at the level of cricoid cartilage.
• Above this level - CCA is superficial, pulsations felt easily
• Most constant pulse in the body.
19. EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
One of the two terminal branches of CCA and supplies the structures external to the head and in front of the neck.
COURSE
• Extends upwards from - level of upper border of lamina of the thyroid cartilage to a point behind the neck of the
mandible - terminates in the substance of the parotid gland by dividing into the superficial temporal and maxillary
arteries.
• Has a slightly curved course so that it is anteromedial to ICA in its lower part and anterolateral in its upper part.
21. RELATIONS
INTHE CAROTIDTRIANGLE
Superficially - Cervical branch of facial nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Facial, lingual and superior thyroid veins
Deep to the artery -Wall of pharynx
Superior laryngeal nerve
Ascending pharyngeal artery
ABOVETHE CAROTIDTRIANGLE
Deep in the parotid triangle - within the gland -
Superficially - Retromandibular vein
Facial nerve
Deep to the artery - ICA
Structures passing between ECA and ICA
Styloglossus, Stylopharyngeus, IXth nerve, Pharyngeal branch of Xth nerve, Styloid process
22. SURFACEANATOMYOF ECA
• First point - anterior border of SCM at the level of the upper border of thyroid cartilage.
• Second point - posterior border of the neck of the mandible
23. LIGATION OF EXTERNAL CAROTIDARTERY
• Injuries of upper part of neck or superficial and deep structures of face - ligation of the ECA
• Two points at which ECA can be exposed and tied.
EXPOSURE INTHE CAROTIDTRIANGLE EXPOSURE INTHE RETROMANDIBULAR FOSSA
24. ANTERIOR BRANCHESOF ECA
ORIGIN
Arises from front of ECA below the tip of greater cornua of hyoid bone.
COURSE
• Runs downwards, forwards, parallel and superficial to external laryngeal nerve
• Passes deep to omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid - reaches the upper pole of lateral lobe of thyroid - divides
into terminal branches.
• Accompanied by superior thyroid vein
BRANCHES
Superior thyroid artery
• Infrahyoid branch
• Sternocleidomastoid branch
• Superior laryngeal artery
• Cricothyroid branch
• Glandular branches to the thyroid gland
25. • Surgical procedures that involve STA - radical neck dissection, cricothyroidotomy, thyroidectomy, reconstruction of
an aneurysm, carotid endarterectomy, treatments for cancer, diagnostic and therapeutic catheterization and
plastic surgery
• Accurate clinical anatomical knowledge of the STA is important to minimizing surgical complications
• Relationship of STA with external laryngeal nerve is important during thyroid surgery
• To avoid injury to the ELN, the STA is ligated and sectioned near the superior pole of thyroid gland where it is not
closely related to the nerve (as it is at the origin)
26. ORIGIN
• Arises - front of ECA opposite the tip of the greater cornu of hyoid bone
• Main artery - supply blood to the tongue
• May arise with the facial artery.
PARTS
Divided into three parts by the hyoglossus muscle
• First part - in the carotid triangle and forms a characteristic loop with convexity upwards - crossed superficially by the
hypoglossal nerve - loop permits free movement of the hyoid bone
• Second part - deep to hyoglossus muscle along upper border of the hyoid bone
• Third part- upwards along anterior border of the hyoglossus muscle, then forwards on the undersurface of tongue
and anastomoses on the opposite side.
Lingual artery
BRANCHES
• From first part –suprahyoid branch
• From second part - dorsal linguae branches (usually two in number)
• From third part - sublingual artery
29. Facial artery
ORIGIN
• Arises from the front of ECA just above the tip of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone
• Divided into two parts - cervical and facial
• Supplies muscles and skin of the face
BRANCHES
From the cervical part (branches in the neck)
• Ascending palatine artery
• Tonsillar artery (main artery of tonsil)
• Glandular branch
• Submental artery
From the facial part (branches on the face)
• Superior labial
• Inferior labial
• Lateral nasal
• Angular
30. • Facial artery - severed accidentally during operative procedures on the lower premolars or molars if an instrument
enters the cheek in this region
• Artery was severed during attempts to open buccal abscess of the first molar
• In a buccal abscess - artery often dislocated and it circles the abscess on inferior and lateral surfaces
• Deep incisions in such a case may endanger the artery - knife should not be allowed to penetrate the lateral or the
inferior wall of the abscess
32. POSTERIOR BRANCHESOFTHE ECA
Occipital artery
• Arises from the posterior aspect of the ECA at the same level as the facial artery.
• Crossed at origin by hypoglossal nerve.
• Supplies posterior part of scalp.
BRANCHES
• Sternocleidomastoid branches (usually two in number)
• Mastoid branch
• Meningeal branches
• Muscular branches
• Auricular branch
• Descending branch
Descending branch of the occipital artery - chief collateral circulation after
ligation of ECA or subclavian artery
33. Posterior auricular artery
• Arises from the posterior aspect of the ECA - little above occipital artery
• Crosses superficial to the stylohyoid muscle
• Supplies - auricle, skin over mastoid process and scalp
BRANCHES
• Stylomastoid artery
• Auricular branch
• Occipital branch
Posterior auricular artery is cut in incisions for mastoid operations
34. Ascending pharyngeal artery from the medial aspect of ECA
• Slender artery - arises very close to the lower end of the ECA.
• Runs vertically upwards and supplies - wall of pharynx, tonsil, medial wall of middle ear and auditory tube.
BRANCHES
• Pharyngeal and prevertebral branches
• Meningeal branches
• Inferior tympanic
• Palatine branches
35. TERMINAL BRANCHESOF ECA
Superficial temporal artery
• Smaller, more direct terminal branch of the ECA
• Runs vertically upward crossing the root of zygoma or preauricular point where its pulsations can be felt
BRANCHES
• Transverse facial artery
• Anterior auricular branch
• Zygomatico-orbital artery
• Middle (deep) temporal artery
• Anterior (frontal) and posterior (parietal) terminal branches
• The anterior branch supplies the muscles and skin of the frontal region
• The posterior branch supplies skin and the auricular muscles
36. • Superficial temporal pulse
Pulsations of superficial temporal artery - felt in front of tragus of the ear
Useful to anesthetists when radial pulse not available during surgery - called anesthetist’s artery
• Course of anterior terminal branch of the superficial temporal artery on the forehead clearly seen when person is
angry - more tortuous with increasing age
37. Maxillary artery
• Larger terminal branch of the ECA
• Supplies - upper and lower jaws, muscles of temporal and infratemporal fossae, nose and paranasal sinuses,
palate and roof of pharynx, external and middle ear, pharyngotympanic tube, and dura mater
COURSE ANDTERMINATION
• Arises behind the neck of the mandible
• Runs horizontally forward to the lower head of LP
• Emerges between two heads of LP - enters pterygopalatine fossa and ends by giving terminal branches
PARTS
Divided into three parts by lower head of LP
• First part (mandibular) Beginning to lower border of LP
• Second part (pterygoid) Lower border to the upper border of the lower head
• Third part (pterygopalatine) Upper border of the lower head to pterygopalatine fossa
39. Mandibular part
Deep auricular artery - runs upwards to enter the ear, courses superficially to tympanic membrane passing between the
cartilage and bone (Supplies external acoustic meatus)
Anterior tympanic artery - courses near the tympanic membrane, passes deep to the membrane through
petrotympanic fissure to middle ear and joins circular anastomosis around tympanic membrane
Middle meningeal artery - passes straight upwards through foramen spinosum, joins the two roots of the
auriculotemporal nerve (Supplies bones of skull, dura mater)
Inferior alveolar artery - runs downwards and forwards to IAN at the mandibular foramen, runs further anteriorly in
mandible (Supplies pulps of the mandibular teeth, body of the mandible)
Mental branch emerges from mental foramen (Supplies nearby lip, skin)
Accessory meningeal artery - source of blood supply to the trigeminal ganglion, passes upwards through foramen ovale
(Supplies dura mater of floor of the middle fossa and trigeminal cave)
40. Pterygoid part
(All branches supply only soft tissues)
Masseteric artery - small and passes laterally through mandibular notch to the deep surface of the masseter muscle
which it supplies
Pterygoid artery - supplies the lateral pterygoid muscle and medial pterygoid muscle
Deep temporal artery - bifurcates into two - anterior and posterior - course between temporalis and pericranium
supplying the muscles and anastomose with middle temporal artery
The anterior division communicates with lacrimal artery by small branches which perforate zygomatic bone and great
wing of the sphenoid
Buccal artery - runs obliquely forward between medial pterygoid and temporalis muscle to outer surface of buccinator
muscle (supplies)
Anastomoses with branches of facial artery and infraorbital artery
From infraorbital area, descends bilaterally in superficial face along lateral margin of the nose, running anti-parallel to
the facial artery across the lateral oral region.
41. Pterygopalatine part
Sphenopalatine artery - supplies the nasal cavity - passes through sphenopalatine foramen into nasal cavity - gives off
posterior lateral nasal branches
Crossing inferior surface of the sphenoid - ends on the nasal septum as the posterior septal branches
Descending palatine artery - divides to form the greater and lesser palatine arteries to supply hard palate and soft palate
Descends through greater palatine canal with greater and lesser palatine branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion
Emerges from greater palatine foramen - runs forward in a groove on the medial side of alveolar border of hard palate to
incisive canal - terminal branch of the artery passes upward through this canal to anastomose with sphenopalatine artery
Infraorbital artery - passes forwards through inferior orbital fissure along the floor of the orbit and infraorbital canal to
emerge with infraorbital nerve on the face
Posterior superior alveolar artery - supplies maxillary teeth - gives branches that accompany the corresponding nerves
through foramina in posterior wall of the maxilla
Middle superior alveolar artery and anterior superior alveolar artery - branches of the infraorbital artery
Pharyngeal artery - supplies pharynx and roof of the nose
Artery of the pterygoid canal - runs into the pterygoid canal - passes backwards along pterygoid canal with its nerve –
supplies upper part of pharynx
Sends small division into tympanic cavity to anastomose with tympanic arteries
42. • Recent years - extracranial to intracranial bypass using the maxillary artery has gained attention - treatment of
skull base tumors and complex cerebral aneurysms
• Zygomatic osteotomy to allow proper exposure of the vessel - new techniques to reach the maxillary artery without
the need for zygomatic osteotomy - reaching the artery through the deep temporal vessels upon reflection of the
temporalis muscle
• Middle meningeal artery - surgical importance - can be injured in head injuries - source of extradural haemorrhage
• Greater palatine artery - accidently severed during procedures in posterior palatine region
• Pterygopalatine part - important during maxillary orthognathic surgery
44. ENDOSCOPIC SPHENOPALATINE ARTERY LIGATION IN POSTERIOR EPISTAXIS
Endoscopic Sphenopalatine Artery Ligation in Posterior Epistaxis: Retrospective Analysis of 30 Patients
Onur İsmi, Yusuf Vayisoğlu, Cengiz Özcan, Kemal Görür, Murat Ünal
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
45. INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
• One of the two terminal branches of the CCA and is more direct
• Upward continuation of the CCA
• Supplies structures inside the skull and orbit
COURSE ANDTERMINATION
• Begins at upper border of the lamina of thyroid cartilage at the level between C3 and C4 vertebrae
• Runs upwards to reach the base of the skull and enters carotid canal
• Enters cranial cavity through foramen lacerum
• In the cranial cavity – enters cavernous sinus and has a tortuous course
• Ends - anterior perforated substance of the brain by dividing into anterior and middle cerebral arteries
46.
47. Infarction and cerebrovascular accidents
Hypoperfusion - decrease in oxygen, nutrient supply to organs - remain hypoperfused for a prolonged period they will
die - a process known as infarction
In the brain - manifests as a stroke – in anterior circulation, middle cerebral artery affected in about 90% of these cases
Atherosclerotic plaques - earlier course of the ICA and terminal branches - surgically accessed for the plaque removal -
this procedure is called carotid endarterectomy
Basal skull fractures - ICA enters the skull through carotid canal - fractures of the base of the skull can tear the ICA
resulting in an AV fistula inside the cavernous sinus
48. REFERENCES
• The Developing Human: ClinicallyOriented Embryology by Keith L Moore
• Snell’s ClinicalAnatomy
• Oral Anatomy by Sicher
• Atlas of Human Anatomy by Netter