It explaines DNA repair mechanisms with perfect GIF Videos
DNA Damage and DNA repair mechanism in Space
DNA repair systems in Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
The use of Fenton chemistry to identify oxidative damage sites in RNASherrellHaney
In organisms, cells are constantly undergoing oxidative damage. Much research is being done to understand the effects of oxidative damage to nucleic acids. Determining if specific nucleic acids are more susceptible to oxidative damage may lead to a better understanding of its downstream effects. In order to simulate oxidative damage in vivo, we are using an in vitro system that applies Fenton chemistry to generate oxygen radicals. Our goal is to generate the radicals and use structural changes of DNA as an indicator of oxidative damage. By using agarose gel electrophoresis, we can study the DNA structure and identify whether it is supercoiled, nicked, or linear. This observation serves as an indicator for oxidative damage of the nucleotide. By using tRNA as a competitor, we can determine the relative reactivity of RNA versus DNA. Furthermore, we are analyzing modified RNAs using computational approaches to determine sites most likely to be damaged by hydroxyl radicals generated in the Fenton reaction. The main tool being used is the PyMOL program.
Impact of heavy metals pollution on molecular genetics of some medicinal plantsIOSRJAVS
Heavy metals are natural constituents of the environment, but indiscriminate use for human purposes has altered their biochemical and molecular genetic balance. Prolonged exposure and higher accumulation of such heavy metals can have deleterious health effects on human life. Impact of heavy metals pollution may be effect on plant in the DNA molecular genetics level. In the present investigation we focus to evaluate the pollution of heavy metals among three plant species from two sites of polluted and non polluted regions based on analysis of molecular genetics level of ISSR, AFLP. Five out of the 10 ISSR primers were HB9, HB10, HB11, HB12 and HB14 which were succeed to amplify 172 reproducible and polymorphic bands on the other hand AFLP analysis also was used depend on pairs of primers EcoR I- ACA and MseI – CTC which provided a total of 116 bands ranging from 1550 to 154 bp. Molecular genetics ISSR and AFLP markers appeared more significant differences between polluted and non polluted plants which will provide a new insight for better understanding of the molecular basis of nutritional stress responses of wild medicinal plants to pollution which reflect the genetic defense action and reaction against genetically through appearance some bands product on the transcription and translation level.
Millions of individuals worldwide are chronically exposed to arsenic through their drinking water. Our primary statistical analysis involved identifying differentially expressed genes between participants with and without arsenical skin lesions.In this study, genome-wide gene expression patterns was evaluated using RNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes of individuals. Our findings show that microarray-based gene expression analysis is a powerful method to characterize the molecular profile of arsenic exposure and arsenic-induced diseases.
It explaines DNA repair mechanisms with perfect GIF Videos
DNA Damage and DNA repair mechanism in Space
DNA repair systems in Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
The use of Fenton chemistry to identify oxidative damage sites in RNASherrellHaney
In organisms, cells are constantly undergoing oxidative damage. Much research is being done to understand the effects of oxidative damage to nucleic acids. Determining if specific nucleic acids are more susceptible to oxidative damage may lead to a better understanding of its downstream effects. In order to simulate oxidative damage in vivo, we are using an in vitro system that applies Fenton chemistry to generate oxygen radicals. Our goal is to generate the radicals and use structural changes of DNA as an indicator of oxidative damage. By using agarose gel electrophoresis, we can study the DNA structure and identify whether it is supercoiled, nicked, or linear. This observation serves as an indicator for oxidative damage of the nucleotide. By using tRNA as a competitor, we can determine the relative reactivity of RNA versus DNA. Furthermore, we are analyzing modified RNAs using computational approaches to determine sites most likely to be damaged by hydroxyl radicals generated in the Fenton reaction. The main tool being used is the PyMOL program.
Impact of heavy metals pollution on molecular genetics of some medicinal plantsIOSRJAVS
Heavy metals are natural constituents of the environment, but indiscriminate use for human purposes has altered their biochemical and molecular genetic balance. Prolonged exposure and higher accumulation of such heavy metals can have deleterious health effects on human life. Impact of heavy metals pollution may be effect on plant in the DNA molecular genetics level. In the present investigation we focus to evaluate the pollution of heavy metals among three plant species from two sites of polluted and non polluted regions based on analysis of molecular genetics level of ISSR, AFLP. Five out of the 10 ISSR primers were HB9, HB10, HB11, HB12 and HB14 which were succeed to amplify 172 reproducible and polymorphic bands on the other hand AFLP analysis also was used depend on pairs of primers EcoR I- ACA and MseI – CTC which provided a total of 116 bands ranging from 1550 to 154 bp. Molecular genetics ISSR and AFLP markers appeared more significant differences between polluted and non polluted plants which will provide a new insight for better understanding of the molecular basis of nutritional stress responses of wild medicinal plants to pollution which reflect the genetic defense action and reaction against genetically through appearance some bands product on the transcription and translation level.
Millions of individuals worldwide are chronically exposed to arsenic through their drinking water. Our primary statistical analysis involved identifying differentially expressed genes between participants with and without arsenical skin lesions.In this study, genome-wide gene expression patterns was evaluated using RNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes of individuals. Our findings show that microarray-based gene expression analysis is a powerful method to characterize the molecular profile of arsenic exposure and arsenic-induced diseases.
Radiation and Radiation toxins are responsible for causing severe pathology and toxicity following moderate and high doses of radiation including cytotoxicity - necrosis, apoptosis, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, profuse hemorrhage, and disruption of blood homeostasis.
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This is a presentation slide about cellular RNA interference process and RNA interference technology. Contains basic information about biology of cellular RNA interference processes and its discovery, and RNA interference technology. Also gives you the history and development of in-vitro and in-vivo technologies for applicability of RNA interference technology.
siRNA synthesis, siRNA libraries, siRNA delivering techniques, Electroporation, viral transfection methods, Advantages and disadvantages of RNA interference technology.
details about the preliminary and pre-clinical experiments of RNA interference as well as clinical trials of RNA interference.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
1. Molecular Insight on Arsenic Induced
Carcinogenesis: Metabolism, Oxidative
Stress, Genotoxicity, Signal Transduction
2. ARSENIC
Arsenic (As) is a metalloid with atomic number
33, found in air, water, food and soil from natural
and anthropogenic sources.
Exists in both organic and inorganic forms with -
3, 0, +3 and +5 oxidation state.
Arsenic is highly toxic in its inorganic form.
As(III) is more hazardous and carcinogenic than
As(V).
Food contains both organic (mainly in sea foods)
and inorganic arsenical, whereas drinking water
contains mainly inorganic arsenic.
Why Arsenic?
Recognized as Group 1 human carcinogen by the
International Agency for Research on Cancer
(IARC).
About140 million people around the world are
exposed to carcinogenic level of arsenic through
drinking water, having concentration higher than
10µg/L (WHO provisional guideline value).
Figure: World Map showing risk of Arsenic contaminated
drinking water (Source: Schwarzenbach et al., 2010)
3. Molecular Mechanisms for Arsenic induced Carcinogenesis
• Arsenic is non-mutagenic human carcinogen that induces tumor through unknown
mechanism.
• The toxicity of arsenic is a function of its oxidation state and level of methylation
during metabolism.
6. OXIDATIVE STRESS
Oxidative Stress is the most studied mechanism and believed to be responsible for inducing or
accelerating several mechanisms to initiate, promote and progress tumor formation.
Arsenic induce over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species
(RNS), responsible for oxidative stress in mammalian cells.
Induces formation of superoxide anion (O2
-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (OH·),
singlet oxygen (1O2), nitric oxide (NO) and peroxyl radical (ROO·).
Exact mechanism for Arsenic induced ROS production is not known. However, several mechanisms
are proposed.
Figure. Mechanisms for generation of Arsenic induced ROS (Source: Hu et al., 2020).
7. As3+
Overproduction of ROS and RNS
OXIDATIVE STRESS
Oxidative
DNA damage
Inactivation of
DNA repair
enzymes
Disruption of
Signal
Transduction
Genotoxicity
Impaired DNA Repair mechanism
DNAAdducts
Chromosomal aberrations; SCE; MN
Compromised DNA Damage Response
Signaling
Crosslink formation between DNA and
Protein
Uncontrolled Cell
Proliferation
Abrogated DNA Repair
Checkpoints
Inflammation
Apoptosis
CARCINOGENESIS
Figure: Role of Arsenic induced Oxidative stress in Carcinogenesis
8. GENOTOXICITY
Is produced either by direct interaction of substances with DNA (DNA
reactive) or by indirect actions of substances that introduce errors in DNA.
Major effects: chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchange
(SCE), micronuclei formation (MN), DNA strand break, deletion,
aneuploidy. Other effects: genomic instability, gene amplification.
Mechanism: induction of oxidative stress or altered DNA repair machinery.
Generation of ROS is considered to be main threat as it induces several DNA
damages (Figure).
Consequences of Arsenic Toxicity:
Clastogenic (structural abnormalities) effect is observed at all doses of iAs
while aneuploidogenic (numerical abnormalities) effects are noted mainly at
higher doses of iAs.
At high dose As also induces chromosomal erosion and pulverization.
Arsenic binds with tubulin and inhibits microtubule assembly leading to
disruption of spindle formation.
Most in vivo studies have shown positive genotoxic effect on humans. An
increasing incidence of bladder and lung cancer are observed in population
exposed to iAs. Increased incidences of CA, SCE and MN is also reported
from the human exposed to Arsenic through drinking water.
Figure. Schematic representation of arsenic
genotoxicity (Source: Faita et al., 2013).
9. INHIBITION OF DNA REPAIR MECHANISM
Inorganic Arsenic and its trivalent methylated metabolites can
inhibit base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair
(NER) and DNA Double-strand breaks (DSB) repair pathways.
Inhibits DNA repair either down-regulating gene expression or
reducing the catalytic activities of DNA repair proteins or enzymes.
DNA repair enzymes or proteins such as OGG1, DNA polymerase
β, APE1, DNA ligase I, XPB, XPC, XPD, XPF, ERCC1,
RFC,TP53, PCNA, are affected by As exposure.
Alters DNA repair proteins function by binding directly and
strongly to 3 or more cysteine residues, replacing Zn2+ in the zinc
finger (ZnF) proteins like Xeroderma pigmentosum group A protein
(XPA) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1).
As induced ROS and RNS, impair enzymatic activity of ZnF via
oxidizing cysteines to form oxidization products, such as –SOH, –
SNO and −S−S− (Figure).
As is found to induce DSBs and also inhibit DNA DSB repair by
either favoring error-prone NHEJ repair while inhibiting the error-
free HR pathway, ultimately contributing to genome instability.
Figure. Mode of action of Inorganic Arsenic to
inhibit enzymatic activity of DNA repair protein
(Source: Tam et al., 2020)
10. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY
Signal transduction is a process through which extracellular signals
is transmitted inside cell via intracellular series of signaling
molecules, to stimulate a cellular response.
Arsenic alter signal transduction, via activating or inhibiting
regulatory proteins, transcription factors, which bind to DNA and
regulates gene transcription.
As activates all three class of mitogen-activated protein kinases
(MAPKs)- p38 kinases, extracellular-regulated kinases (ERKs) and
the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs).
As activates phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor
(EGFR) by stimulating c-Src, and also stimulate its downstream
components like Ras, Raf, MEK, ERK, thereby resulting in cell
proliferation.
As induced ROS activates p38 and JNK, which in turn activates
the transcription factor- activator protein-1 (AP-1), a heterodimer
protein belonging to family of proto-oncogenes, c-jun and c-fos,
thereby promoting tumor formation.
As activated MAPKs pathway also affect Nuclear factor-κβ (NF-
κβ) activation, a dimeric transcription factors responsible for
regulating apoptosis, proliferation.
As(III) decreases nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)
level, and its downstream proteins, resulting in malignant
proliferation.
Source: Jomova et al., 2011
11. Figure. Arsenic trigger carcinogenesis via altering signaling pathways (Source: Flora, 2011).
• Arsenic induced ROS causes apoptosis directly or via the activation of p53 pathway. As exposure results in over expression of p53 protein, leading to DNA
damage & resulting in apoptosis. Additionally, ROS activates Iκβ complex (inactive NF-κβ) by phosphorylating by Iκβ kinase (modify thiol group in kinase).
This phosphorylation leads to the disassociation and degradation of Iκβ from active NF-κβ (p65 and p50), which activate various genes. Other molecules such
as p38, JNK, and ERK also activate NF-κβ. These factors along with others activate pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines that could play important roles in
carcinogenesis.
• Effects of Arsenic on NF-κβ is cell-specific and dose-dependent. Low concentration (<5 µM) induce NF-κβ activation while high concentrations (>10 µM)
inhibits activation. As induced ROS is considered the main cause of NF-κβ activation at low dose.
12. CONCLUSION
Arsenic is genotoxic non-mutagenic human carcinogen that induces tumor through unknown mechanism.
Main molecular mechanism by which Arsenic induces tumor are oxidative stress, inhibition of DNA repair and
epigenetic modifications.
Metabolism of arsenic involve both detoxification and bioactivation process, playing a crucial role in As
carcinogenesis both at genetic and epigenetic level. Biomethylation results in generation of ROS which plays a
crucial role to commence tumorigenesis.
From genotoxicity studies, it can be believed that Arsenic facilitates the speedy transition of benign tumor to
malignant.
A few follow up for arsenic research in future are:
• To find a suitable animal model for investigating arsenic-induced carcinogenesis mechanism in human
beings. Further, knowledge of mechanism would be helpful in understanding the carcinogenesis and to
investigate on its potential therapeutic side.
• To investigate more whether Arsenic effect DNA directly or indirectly.
• Differences in individual human susceptibility to arsenic should be further investigated to put more light on
arsenic induced carcinogenesis in human.
• To conduct risk assessment studies in populations exposed to low levels of arsenic so as to establish a
permissible limits of arsenic in drinking water.
13. REFERENCE
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Flora, S.J.S. (2011). Arsenic-induced oxidative stress and its reversibility. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 51(2), 257-281.
Henke, K.R. (2009). Arsenic: Environmental Chemistry, Health Threats and Waste Treatment. Kevin Henke. John Wiley, Chichester, UK,
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