The document discusses solar electricity and photovoltaics. It provides an introduction and overview of Arno Smets who works on photovoltaic materials and devices at Delft University of Technology. It outlines some of the key challenges for humanity over the next 50 years including energy problems and climate change. It then discusses the potential role of solar power and photovoltaics in helping address these challenges through electricity generation and the energy transition to renewable sources.
The document discusses different types of fuel cells, including their basic working principles and comparisons. It provides information on proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), alkaline fuel cells (AFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), and others. It compares factors such as efficiency, capital cost, and operating costs between different generation systems like reciprocating engines, gas turbines, photovoltaics, wind turbines, and fuel cells.
The document presents a presentation on fuel cells. It discusses that fuel cells convert hydrogen and oxygen into water and in the process produce electricity and heat. Sir William Grove invented the first fuel cell in 1839. Fuel cells have several advantages over traditional power sources like high efficiency, low emissions, and no moving parts. While the initial costs are high, fuel cells can power vehicles, buildings, and portable electronics. Major organizations are working to further develop fuel cell technology to address the global energy demand.
This document discusses thermophotovoltaics, which convert thermal radiation into electricity using photovoltaic diodes. The key components are a thermal emitter, photovoltaic diode, and spectral control filter. Photons above the diode's band gap are converted to electricity, while lower energy photons are partially recycled or lost as heat. Efficiency is limited by the Carnot efficiency but can reach 83% with optimal temperatures. Practical efficiencies are lower due to non-ideal emitters, filters, and diodes. Common emitter and diode materials, as well as advantages over solar cells, are described. Applications include military, space, and off-grid power generation.
Solar cells convert light energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. When light is absorbed by the solar cell, it causes electrons to break free and move around, generating an electrical current. Solar cells use a pn junction made of doped semiconductor materials like silicon to collect the electrons and produce electricity. The electricity generated can then be used for various applications or stored in batteries. While solar cells have advantages like being clean, renewable and requiring little maintenance, their disadvantages include high initial costs, inability to generate power at night, and dependence on weather conditions.
Solar cells, also called photovoltaic cells, convert solar energy directly into electricity. They are most commonly made from silicon and have no moving parts. While solar cell efficiency and market growth have increased, reducing production costs remains a focus of research and development. Promising next generation technologies that may help lower costs include thin films, hot carrier cells, and cells using nanostructures or bandgap engineering of silicon.
1. The document provides a historical overview of water electrolysis from its discovery in 1789 to modern developments. Nicholson and Carlisle were the first to develop the technique in 1800, and by 1902 there were over 400 industrial units in operation.
2. It explains the theory behind water electrolysis, including the chemical reactions that produce hydrogen and oxygen, factors that determine minimum voltage requirements, and sources of inefficiency.
3. Various methods for producing hydrogen through water electrolysis are briefly described, including alkaline electrolysis, proton exchange membrane electrolysis, and producing hydrogen as a byproduct of chloralkali production. Advanced alkaline systems and high-pressure designs are highlighted.
photovoltaics cell pv cell solar cell Gautam Singh
this ppt tells about the how energy get from solar energy. it also tell about the new element that is graphene. it also tell about how semiconductor works
This ppt shares about latest solar technologies till 2017 in the world.This ppt contain nice images and knowledge about latest solar technologies.You should use this type of latest innovative topic as a seminar topics.No doubt it is one of the best topics for seminar presentation.
The document discusses different types of fuel cells, including their basic working principles and comparisons. It provides information on proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), alkaline fuel cells (AFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), and others. It compares factors such as efficiency, capital cost, and operating costs between different generation systems like reciprocating engines, gas turbines, photovoltaics, wind turbines, and fuel cells.
The document presents a presentation on fuel cells. It discusses that fuel cells convert hydrogen and oxygen into water and in the process produce electricity and heat. Sir William Grove invented the first fuel cell in 1839. Fuel cells have several advantages over traditional power sources like high efficiency, low emissions, and no moving parts. While the initial costs are high, fuel cells can power vehicles, buildings, and portable electronics. Major organizations are working to further develop fuel cell technology to address the global energy demand.
This document discusses thermophotovoltaics, which convert thermal radiation into electricity using photovoltaic diodes. The key components are a thermal emitter, photovoltaic diode, and spectral control filter. Photons above the diode's band gap are converted to electricity, while lower energy photons are partially recycled or lost as heat. Efficiency is limited by the Carnot efficiency but can reach 83% with optimal temperatures. Practical efficiencies are lower due to non-ideal emitters, filters, and diodes. Common emitter and diode materials, as well as advantages over solar cells, are described. Applications include military, space, and off-grid power generation.
Solar cells convert light energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. When light is absorbed by the solar cell, it causes electrons to break free and move around, generating an electrical current. Solar cells use a pn junction made of doped semiconductor materials like silicon to collect the electrons and produce electricity. The electricity generated can then be used for various applications or stored in batteries. While solar cells have advantages like being clean, renewable and requiring little maintenance, their disadvantages include high initial costs, inability to generate power at night, and dependence on weather conditions.
Solar cells, also called photovoltaic cells, convert solar energy directly into electricity. They are most commonly made from silicon and have no moving parts. While solar cell efficiency and market growth have increased, reducing production costs remains a focus of research and development. Promising next generation technologies that may help lower costs include thin films, hot carrier cells, and cells using nanostructures or bandgap engineering of silicon.
1. The document provides a historical overview of water electrolysis from its discovery in 1789 to modern developments. Nicholson and Carlisle were the first to develop the technique in 1800, and by 1902 there were over 400 industrial units in operation.
2. It explains the theory behind water electrolysis, including the chemical reactions that produce hydrogen and oxygen, factors that determine minimum voltage requirements, and sources of inefficiency.
3. Various methods for producing hydrogen through water electrolysis are briefly described, including alkaline electrolysis, proton exchange membrane electrolysis, and producing hydrogen as a byproduct of chloralkali production. Advanced alkaline systems and high-pressure designs are highlighted.
photovoltaics cell pv cell solar cell Gautam Singh
this ppt tells about the how energy get from solar energy. it also tell about the new element that is graphene. it also tell about how semiconductor works
This ppt shares about latest solar technologies till 2017 in the world.This ppt contain nice images and knowledge about latest solar technologies.You should use this type of latest innovative topic as a seminar topics.No doubt it is one of the best topics for seminar presentation.
Q: What is photovoltaics (solar electricity) or "PV"?
A: What do we mean by photovoltaics? The word itself helps to explain how photovoltaic (PV) or solar
electric technologies work. First used in about 1890, the word has two parts: photo, a stem derived from
the Greek phos, which means light, and volt, a measurement unit named for Alessandro Volta
(1745-1827), a pioneer in the study of electricity. So, photovoltaics could literally be translated as
light-electricity. And that's just what photovoltaic materials and devices do; they convert light energy to
electricity, as Edmond Becquerel and others discovered in the 18th Century.
Q: How can we get electricity from the sun?
A: When certain semiconducting materials, such as certain kinds of silicon, are exposed to sunlight, they
release small amounts of electricity. This process is known as the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric
effect refers to the emission, or ejection, of electrons from the surface of a metal in response to light. It
is the basic physical process in which a solar electric or photovoltaic (PV) cell converts sunlight to
electricity.
Sunlight is made up of photons, or particles of solar energy. Photons contain various amounts of energy,
corresponding to the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum. When photons strike a PV cell, they
may be reflected or absorbed, or they may pass right through. Only the absorbed photons generate
electricity. When this happens, the energy of the photon is transferred to an electron in an atom of the
PV cell (which is actually a semiconductor).
With its newfound energy, the electron escapes from its normal position in an atom of the
semiconductor material and becomes part of the current in an electrical circuit. By leaving its position,
the electron causes a hole to form. Special electrical properties of the PV cell—a built-in electric
field—provide the voltage needed to drive the current through an external load (such as a light bulb).
Q: What are the components of a photovoltaic (PV) system?
A: A PV system is made up of different components. These include PV modules (groups of PV cells),
which are commonly called PV panels; one or more batteries; a charge regulator or controller for a
stand-alone system; an inverter for a utility-grid-connected system and when alternating current (ac)
rather than direct current (dc) is required; wiring; and mounting hardware or a framework.
Q: How long do photovoltaic (PV) systems last?
A: A PV system that is designed, installed, and maintained well will operate for more than 20 years. The
basic PV module (interconnected, enclosed panel of PV cells) has no moving parts and can last more than
30 years. The best way to ensure and extend the life and effectiveness of your PV system is by having it
installed and maintained properly. Experience has shown that most problems occur because of poor or
sloppy system installation.
a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent - from MSE-HUST k54
This document summarizes different types of solar thermal power plants. It describes low, medium, and high temperature plants. Low temperature plants use flat plate collectors and operate between 600-1000°C, generating power from fluids like butane. Medium temperature plants use parabolic trough collectors and operate between 250-400°C. High temperature plants include dish collectors and central tower plants using heliostats, operating above 600°C to generate steam power. The document provides details on the systems and processes used in each type of solar thermal power plant.
Solar photovoltaic cells convert light energy from photons into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. When photons hit the solar cell, they excite electrons which are then pulled away before they can relax, generating a current. The efficiency and performance of solar cells depends on factors like material bandgap, cell temperature, and resistance. Different cell types like single crystal, polycrystalline, and amorphous thin films are fabricated through various processes to optimize these factors and harness solar energy on a large scale.
1. Organic photovoltaic (OPV) solar cells aim to provide an abundant and low-cost photovoltaic solution compared to classical silicon solar cells.
2. OPV cells work by absorbing light which creates an exciton, an electron-hole pair, that is separated at the donor-acceptor interface.
3. The three main types of OPV cells are single layer, bilayer, and bulk heterojunction, with bulk heterojunction having the highest efficiencies due to an intermixed donor-acceptor layer.
This document discusses direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) as a form of clean technology. It provides an introduction to clean technology and significance, then discusses DMFCs specifically. DMFCs use methanol as a fuel instead of hydrogen, which offers benefits like higher energy density and easier transportation. The document outlines the electrochemical reactions in a DMFC and describes its components like the proton exchange membrane and fuel cell stack. It also discusses the methanol oxidation mechanism, experimental setup, effects of temperature and concentration on output voltage, and challenges like slow reaction kinetics and methanol crossover. Finally, it analyzes costs and lists potential applications of DMFC technology.
This document provides an overview of solar energy technology presented by Vanita Thakkar. It discusses the limitations of conventional energy sources and why solar energy is an important alternative. It then describes different types of solar energy utilization including direct conversion technologies like photovoltaics and solar thermal conversion systems. Photovoltaics convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar cells while solar thermal systems use collectors to convert sunlight into heat for applications such as water heating. Flat plate collectors and concentrating collectors are also discussed. The document provides details on various solar thermal power plants and technologies.
The document discusses different types of renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It focuses on fuel cell technology, describing how fuel cells work to produce electricity through a chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen without combustion. Specifically, it outlines the basic components and functions of proton exchange membrane fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells. The advantages of PEMFCs include low operating temperatures and short startup times, while SOFCs do not require expensive catalysts. However, both have challenges such as materials durability at high temperatures for SOFCs and heat and water management for PEMFCs.
A dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) functions by using light absorbing dye molecules to convert sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic processes. When light is absorbed by the dye, electrons are injected into the conduction band of a nanostructured titanium dioxide layer. The electrons then travel through an external circuit, generating electricity, and are collected by a counter electrode. The oxidized dye is regenerated by electron donation from an electrolyte, allowing the process to repeat continuously. DSSCs have the advantages of being relatively inexpensive, flexible in design, and using natural dyes, making them a promising solar technology.
An Overview of Photovoltaic Systems or PV Systems. This PPT outlines what a solar systems is and what it is consisted of. From solar panels to charge controller to deep cycle batteries to the inverter.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of solar PV systems. It discusses solar energy basics and the solar spectrum. It describes the construction and working principle of photovoltaic cells made of semiconductors like silicon. The document outlines different types of solar PV technologies like monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin film solar cells. It also discusses designing of solar PV systems including components like blocking diodes and bypass diodes. The advantages and disadvantages of solar energy systems are highlighted.
Solar cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through a process where photons knock electrons loose from semiconductor materials like silicon. The electrons then flow as a current that can be drawn off the top and bottom contacts of the solar cell to be used as power. Solar cells provide renewable and sustainable power for applications from small electronics to large solar panel arrays. They are particularly useful for powering remote devices without access to electricity grids. The most efficient solar cells are made from single crystalline silicon, with efficiencies up to 25%, while thin film technologies continue advancing toward flexible solar cells and improved efficiency.
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are a type of solar cell that uses dye molecules to absorb sunlight and convert it to electrical energy. They were invented in 1991 by Brian O'Regan and Michael Grätzel. DSSCs consist of a photo-sensitized anode, an electrolyte containing a redox couple, and a cathode. When light is absorbed by the dye, electrons are injected into the conduction band of the semiconductor and transported through the external circuit to be collected at the cathode, while the dye is regenerated through the redox shuttle. DSSCs offer advantages such as low cost, flexibility in design, and the ability to work in low light conditions. Recent research aims to
This document summarizes a seminar on basic design principles and components of solar photovoltaic systems. It discusses:
1) How solar photovoltaic systems work by converting sunlight directly into electricity using the photovoltaic effect in solar cells.
2) The basic components of solar photovoltaic systems including solar modules made of connected solar cells, inverters, batteries for storage, and electrical loads.
3) Applications of solar photovoltaic technology including water pumping, commercial and residential power, consumer electronics, and telecommunications.
4) The current state and future potential of solar photovoltaic installations in India, which has significant solar resources and a growing domestic manufacturing industry.
A phosphoric acid fuel cell has two porous electrodes that collect charge - a negative electrode of hydrogen gas and a positive electrode of oxygen or air. Phosphoric acid acts as the electrolyte, and platinum catalysts on both electrodes accelerate the electrochemical reactions. Hydrogen ions migrate through the electrolyte to the positive electrode, where they interact with oxygen to produce water, while electrons flow through an external load to provide electricity. The fuel cell operates between 150-200 degrees Celsius and has an actual voltage of 0.7-0.8 volts, lower than its theoretical potential of 1.23 volts.
The document discusses solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes the I-V characteristics of solar cells and equivalent circuit. Variations in isolation and temperature affect the PV characteristics. Losses limit conversion efficiency. Maximizing open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and fill factor leads to high performance. Solar cells are classified based on material thickness, junction structure, and active material. PV modules, panels, and arrays are also discussed. Maximum power point tracking using a buck-boost converter can optimize solar PV output. Systems can be centralized, distributed, or hybrid to serve various applications including power generation, water pumping, and lighting.
7 solar photovoltaic systems and their applicationMd Irfan Ansari
This document summarizes the process of converting solar energy into electricity using photovoltaic cells. It discusses key concepts like the photoelectric effect, photovoltaic effect, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, n-type and p-type doping, and the construction and working of solar cells. It also provides details on the performance parameters of solar cells including efficiency, fill factor and their calculation. Finally, it discusses some common applications of solar photovoltaic technology like solar lanterns, street lights, fencing systems, and water pumping systems.
This document provides an overview of organic solar cells. It discusses that organic solar cells are more economical and flexible than traditional silicon solar cells. The structure of organic solar cells is described, including the light-absorbing donor polymer layer, the electron-acceptor fullerene layer, and electrodes. Applications mentioned include phone chargers, small electronics, and building-integrated photovoltaics. Manufacturing of organic solar cells has lower costs than silicon cells due to using thinner films of molecules. While organic solar cells have disadvantages like lower efficiency and shorter lifetimes than silicon, they provide benefits such as flexibility, low weight, and reduced environmental impact.
This document discusses the transition to sustainable energy and clean mobility. It argues that energy supply must fundamentally change for three reasons: finite fossil fuel resources will be depleted within decades, and their combustion causes health hazards and global warming. Renewable energy sources could provide more than enough energy to meet growing demand if developed properly. A smart grid could interconnect decentralized clean energy sources with electric vehicles and batteries. Sustainable transportation requires rapid mass transit, electric trains and trucks, cleaner planes, and efficient electric vehicles charged via renewable energy on the smart grid.
The document discusses the global energy problem and potential solutions like solar energy. It notes that global temperatures have risen sharply since the 1880s according to NASA data. It also outlines different types of energy conversion methods currently in use from chemical to mechanical to electrical, and charts showing the breakdown of electricity generation sources in 2007 globally and for specific countries like the Netherlands and Brazil. The document concludes with a thank you.
Q: What is photovoltaics (solar electricity) or "PV"?
A: What do we mean by photovoltaics? The word itself helps to explain how photovoltaic (PV) or solar
electric technologies work. First used in about 1890, the word has two parts: photo, a stem derived from
the Greek phos, which means light, and volt, a measurement unit named for Alessandro Volta
(1745-1827), a pioneer in the study of electricity. So, photovoltaics could literally be translated as
light-electricity. And that's just what photovoltaic materials and devices do; they convert light energy to
electricity, as Edmond Becquerel and others discovered in the 18th Century.
Q: How can we get electricity from the sun?
A: When certain semiconducting materials, such as certain kinds of silicon, are exposed to sunlight, they
release small amounts of electricity. This process is known as the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric
effect refers to the emission, or ejection, of electrons from the surface of a metal in response to light. It
is the basic physical process in which a solar electric or photovoltaic (PV) cell converts sunlight to
electricity.
Sunlight is made up of photons, or particles of solar energy. Photons contain various amounts of energy,
corresponding to the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum. When photons strike a PV cell, they
may be reflected or absorbed, or they may pass right through. Only the absorbed photons generate
electricity. When this happens, the energy of the photon is transferred to an electron in an atom of the
PV cell (which is actually a semiconductor).
With its newfound energy, the electron escapes from its normal position in an atom of the
semiconductor material and becomes part of the current in an electrical circuit. By leaving its position,
the electron causes a hole to form. Special electrical properties of the PV cell—a built-in electric
field—provide the voltage needed to drive the current through an external load (such as a light bulb).
Q: What are the components of a photovoltaic (PV) system?
A: A PV system is made up of different components. These include PV modules (groups of PV cells),
which are commonly called PV panels; one or more batteries; a charge regulator or controller for a
stand-alone system; an inverter for a utility-grid-connected system and when alternating current (ac)
rather than direct current (dc) is required; wiring; and mounting hardware or a framework.
Q: How long do photovoltaic (PV) systems last?
A: A PV system that is designed, installed, and maintained well will operate for more than 20 years. The
basic PV module (interconnected, enclosed panel of PV cells) has no moving parts and can last more than
30 years. The best way to ensure and extend the life and effectiveness of your PV system is by having it
installed and maintained properly. Experience has shown that most problems occur because of poor or
sloppy system installation.
a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent - from MSE-HUST k54
This document summarizes different types of solar thermal power plants. It describes low, medium, and high temperature plants. Low temperature plants use flat plate collectors and operate between 600-1000°C, generating power from fluids like butane. Medium temperature plants use parabolic trough collectors and operate between 250-400°C. High temperature plants include dish collectors and central tower plants using heliostats, operating above 600°C to generate steam power. The document provides details on the systems and processes used in each type of solar thermal power plant.
Solar photovoltaic cells convert light energy from photons into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. When photons hit the solar cell, they excite electrons which are then pulled away before they can relax, generating a current. The efficiency and performance of solar cells depends on factors like material bandgap, cell temperature, and resistance. Different cell types like single crystal, polycrystalline, and amorphous thin films are fabricated through various processes to optimize these factors and harness solar energy on a large scale.
1. Organic photovoltaic (OPV) solar cells aim to provide an abundant and low-cost photovoltaic solution compared to classical silicon solar cells.
2. OPV cells work by absorbing light which creates an exciton, an electron-hole pair, that is separated at the donor-acceptor interface.
3. The three main types of OPV cells are single layer, bilayer, and bulk heterojunction, with bulk heterojunction having the highest efficiencies due to an intermixed donor-acceptor layer.
This document discusses direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) as a form of clean technology. It provides an introduction to clean technology and significance, then discusses DMFCs specifically. DMFCs use methanol as a fuel instead of hydrogen, which offers benefits like higher energy density and easier transportation. The document outlines the electrochemical reactions in a DMFC and describes its components like the proton exchange membrane and fuel cell stack. It also discusses the methanol oxidation mechanism, experimental setup, effects of temperature and concentration on output voltage, and challenges like slow reaction kinetics and methanol crossover. Finally, it analyzes costs and lists potential applications of DMFC technology.
This document provides an overview of solar energy technology presented by Vanita Thakkar. It discusses the limitations of conventional energy sources and why solar energy is an important alternative. It then describes different types of solar energy utilization including direct conversion technologies like photovoltaics and solar thermal conversion systems. Photovoltaics convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar cells while solar thermal systems use collectors to convert sunlight into heat for applications such as water heating. Flat plate collectors and concentrating collectors are also discussed. The document provides details on various solar thermal power plants and technologies.
The document discusses different types of renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It focuses on fuel cell technology, describing how fuel cells work to produce electricity through a chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen without combustion. Specifically, it outlines the basic components and functions of proton exchange membrane fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells. The advantages of PEMFCs include low operating temperatures and short startup times, while SOFCs do not require expensive catalysts. However, both have challenges such as materials durability at high temperatures for SOFCs and heat and water management for PEMFCs.
A dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) functions by using light absorbing dye molecules to convert sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic processes. When light is absorbed by the dye, electrons are injected into the conduction band of a nanostructured titanium dioxide layer. The electrons then travel through an external circuit, generating electricity, and are collected by a counter electrode. The oxidized dye is regenerated by electron donation from an electrolyte, allowing the process to repeat continuously. DSSCs have the advantages of being relatively inexpensive, flexible in design, and using natural dyes, making them a promising solar technology.
An Overview of Photovoltaic Systems or PV Systems. This PPT outlines what a solar systems is and what it is consisted of. From solar panels to charge controller to deep cycle batteries to the inverter.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of solar PV systems. It discusses solar energy basics and the solar spectrum. It describes the construction and working principle of photovoltaic cells made of semiconductors like silicon. The document outlines different types of solar PV technologies like monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin film solar cells. It also discusses designing of solar PV systems including components like blocking diodes and bypass diodes. The advantages and disadvantages of solar energy systems are highlighted.
Solar cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through a process where photons knock electrons loose from semiconductor materials like silicon. The electrons then flow as a current that can be drawn off the top and bottom contacts of the solar cell to be used as power. Solar cells provide renewable and sustainable power for applications from small electronics to large solar panel arrays. They are particularly useful for powering remote devices without access to electricity grids. The most efficient solar cells are made from single crystalline silicon, with efficiencies up to 25%, while thin film technologies continue advancing toward flexible solar cells and improved efficiency.
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are a type of solar cell that uses dye molecules to absorb sunlight and convert it to electrical energy. They were invented in 1991 by Brian O'Regan and Michael Grätzel. DSSCs consist of a photo-sensitized anode, an electrolyte containing a redox couple, and a cathode. When light is absorbed by the dye, electrons are injected into the conduction band of the semiconductor and transported through the external circuit to be collected at the cathode, while the dye is regenerated through the redox shuttle. DSSCs offer advantages such as low cost, flexibility in design, and the ability to work in low light conditions. Recent research aims to
This document summarizes a seminar on basic design principles and components of solar photovoltaic systems. It discusses:
1) How solar photovoltaic systems work by converting sunlight directly into electricity using the photovoltaic effect in solar cells.
2) The basic components of solar photovoltaic systems including solar modules made of connected solar cells, inverters, batteries for storage, and electrical loads.
3) Applications of solar photovoltaic technology including water pumping, commercial and residential power, consumer electronics, and telecommunications.
4) The current state and future potential of solar photovoltaic installations in India, which has significant solar resources and a growing domestic manufacturing industry.
A phosphoric acid fuel cell has two porous electrodes that collect charge - a negative electrode of hydrogen gas and a positive electrode of oxygen or air. Phosphoric acid acts as the electrolyte, and platinum catalysts on both electrodes accelerate the electrochemical reactions. Hydrogen ions migrate through the electrolyte to the positive electrode, where they interact with oxygen to produce water, while electrons flow through an external load to provide electricity. The fuel cell operates between 150-200 degrees Celsius and has an actual voltage of 0.7-0.8 volts, lower than its theoretical potential of 1.23 volts.
The document discusses solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes the I-V characteristics of solar cells and equivalent circuit. Variations in isolation and temperature affect the PV characteristics. Losses limit conversion efficiency. Maximizing open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and fill factor leads to high performance. Solar cells are classified based on material thickness, junction structure, and active material. PV modules, panels, and arrays are also discussed. Maximum power point tracking using a buck-boost converter can optimize solar PV output. Systems can be centralized, distributed, or hybrid to serve various applications including power generation, water pumping, and lighting.
7 solar photovoltaic systems and their applicationMd Irfan Ansari
This document summarizes the process of converting solar energy into electricity using photovoltaic cells. It discusses key concepts like the photoelectric effect, photovoltaic effect, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, n-type and p-type doping, and the construction and working of solar cells. It also provides details on the performance parameters of solar cells including efficiency, fill factor and their calculation. Finally, it discusses some common applications of solar photovoltaic technology like solar lanterns, street lights, fencing systems, and water pumping systems.
This document provides an overview of organic solar cells. It discusses that organic solar cells are more economical and flexible than traditional silicon solar cells. The structure of organic solar cells is described, including the light-absorbing donor polymer layer, the electron-acceptor fullerene layer, and electrodes. Applications mentioned include phone chargers, small electronics, and building-integrated photovoltaics. Manufacturing of organic solar cells has lower costs than silicon cells due to using thinner films of molecules. While organic solar cells have disadvantages like lower efficiency and shorter lifetimes than silicon, they provide benefits such as flexibility, low weight, and reduced environmental impact.
This document discusses the transition to sustainable energy and clean mobility. It argues that energy supply must fundamentally change for three reasons: finite fossil fuel resources will be depleted within decades, and their combustion causes health hazards and global warming. Renewable energy sources could provide more than enough energy to meet growing demand if developed properly. A smart grid could interconnect decentralized clean energy sources with electric vehicles and batteries. Sustainable transportation requires rapid mass transit, electric trains and trucks, cleaner planes, and efficient electric vehicles charged via renewable energy on the smart grid.
The document discusses the global energy problem and potential solutions like solar energy. It notes that global temperatures have risen sharply since the 1880s according to NASA data. It also outlines different types of energy conversion methods currently in use from chemical to mechanical to electrical, and charts showing the breakdown of electricity generation sources in 2007 globally and for specific countries like the Netherlands and Brazil. The document concludes with a thank you.
What Energy Sources are available & how do they work?
Civilizations are based on the fuels they use to power themselves. The fuel determines the technologies used, and the technologies determine the lifestyles, economies, and eventually the entire culture. So the transition to sustainable fuels is critical if we wish to design sustainable cultures.
This class explores which fuels can be considered 'renewable' & under which circumstances.
Also we look into the various transformer technologies which are needed to make this energy available to us, how they are most effectively used and we explore what a truly 'solar-powered civilization' might look like.
Professor Prashant Kamat presents how solar energy can meet our future energy demand in his ND Thinks Big talk.
Sponsored by The Hub and CUSE, ND Thinks Big features 10 of Notre Dame’s most exciting and engaging professors sharing the impact of their work in action-packed, accessible 10 minute talks.
Visit our website, KamatLab.com, for the latest news, publications, and research from our group.
The document provides an overview of major renewable energy sources including solar, wind, biomass, waste to energy, geothermal, and hydroelectric power. It discusses the technology behind each energy source, growth trends in India, advantages and disadvantages, and leading companies. The future of renewable energy in India is promising with a goal of adding over 135 gigawatts of power generation capacity before 2017 through various renewable sources to meet increasing energy demands in a sustainable manner.
This document describes an elective on energy harvesting that will discuss harnessing renewable energy from the environment, including an overview of energy harvesting, applications, and a hands-on activity where students will characterize solar panels and use the energy to power loads like LEDs, motors, and buzzers. Students will also design a scenario to power a 3 room apartment using solar energy under constraints set by the owner.
Solar technologies- Introduction and BasicsSumiit Mathur
This is an introductory presentation used for training and building awareness towards Solar energy technologies , their uses, comparisons and day to day applications. This presentation is accompanied with a large no. of interactive video tutorials (not included here due to size constraints) to complete the understanding and to make the sessions lively. Contact me on sumitmathur80@gmail.com to know more.
This document provides an introduction to mechanical engineering concepts related to energy. It discusses different forms of energy including kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, electrical, electromagnetic, electro-chemical, sound, and nuclear energy. Primary energy sources include nuclear, fossil fuels, and renewable sources. Energy can be transferred and converted between different forms while being conserved. Ways to conserve energy include designing efficient devices, using alternative energy sources, and implementing renewable technologies like wind, hydroelectric, wave, tidal, and geothermal energy. Air pollution adversely impacts the environment and health, and is caused by various natural and man-made sources including vehicle emissions, industry, and fossil fuel usage. Energy efficiency aims to use less energy for the same output
Power plants generate electricity by using various energy sources to spin a turbine generator. The spinning turbine inside the generator creates a flow of electrons called an electric current. Wind turbines, hydroelectric plants, and fossil fuel plants all use the momentum of moving air, water, or steam to spin the turbine. Nuclear plants use heat from radioactive isotopes to boil water into steam to power the turbine. Solar concentrators focus sunlight to heat water and create steam to spin the generator's turbine. Different energy sources have advantages like being renewable but also disadvantages such as intermittent availability or producing pollution.
The document discusses the energy dilemma facing humanity. It notes that humans uniquely have the ability to control fire, which allowed our ancestors to dominate other species. However, our present patterns of energy use from fossil fuels are unsustainable and have unintended consequences like pollution, climate change, and health impacts. The document advocates for more distributed, renewable energy systems that are owned and controlled locally using technologies scaled to communities' needs. This would help reduce energy waste and pollution while empowering people over their energy choices.
This document discusses alternative energy sources at Sultan Qaboos University, focusing on hydroelectric and solar energy. It provides background information and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each. For hydroelectric power, it explains how the systems work. For solar energy, it discusses different technologies including molten salt tanks to store energy. The document also includes statistics on global energy usage and the top countries employing various renewable resources. It aims to introduce these alternative energy options and their implementation.
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Arno smets tu delft presentation arnhem
1. Solar Electricity
Arno Smets and Miro Zeman
Delft University of Technology
Delft
University of
Picture Source: www.nasa.gov
Technology
Challenge the future
2. About myself
Arno Smets
1974 born in Netherlands
1992-1997 Physics at TU Eindhoven
1998-2002 PhD TU Eindhoven
2002-2004 Post-doctoral Reseacher Helianthos Project
2005-2010 Researcher at AIST, Japan
2010-now Assistant professor at TU Delft
Photovoltaic Materials and Devices
3. Photovoltaic Materials and Devices
People
Scientific Staff
Secretary 4 Post docs 4 Technicians Guests
18 PhD students ~30 MSc students (15 final MSc project, 15 traineeship)
6. Humanity’s ten top problems
for next 50 years
1. ENERGY
2. WATER
3. FOOD
4. ENVIRONMENT
5. POVERTY
6. TERRORISM & WAR
7. DISEASE
8. EDUCATION
9. DEMOCRACY
10. POPULATION
Source: Lecture Prof. R.E. Smalley (Rice University) at 27th Illinois Junior Science & Humanities Symposium, 2005
7. Humanity’s ten top problems
for next 50 years
1. ENERGY
2. WATER
3. FOOD
4. ENVIRONMENT
5. POVERTY
6. TERRORISM & WAR
7. DISEASE
8. EDUCATION
9. DEMOCRACY
10. POPULATION
Source: Lecture Prof. R.E. Smalley (Rice University) at 27th Illinois Junior Science & Humanities Symposium, 2005
8. The Energy Problem Energy Shortage
Growing world
population
Results in pressure
on economy:
Ann. averg. oil price (in 2008 USD)
120
100
80
60
Increasing living standard: 40
20
0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Time
Energy consumption per capita
9. The Energy Problem Climate change
Jeopardizing our habitats:
Somalia Russia
Mexico Pakistan
“The weather makers”, Tim Flannery
10. Energy transition
50 years is a characteristic time scale for change in energy mix
Source: Lecture Prof. Moniz (MIT) at TUD 2010
11. Energy transition scenario
EJ/a
1400
geothermal
other renewables
solar thermal (heat only)
solar power 1000
(photovoltaics (PV) & PV & CSP
solar thermal
generation (CSP)
wind energy
600
biomass (advanced)
biomass (traditional)
hydroelectricity
nuclear power
gas 200
coal
oil
2000 2020 2040 2100
year
Source: German Advisory Council on Global Change, 2003, www.wbgu.de
12. Electricity
About 100 years of practical use
Symbol of modernity and progress
Secondary form of energy
2 billion people without electricity
Source: Google Images
13. Electricity generation
Gravitational
Nuclear Wind
Hydro-tidal
Heat Electric
engines generators
Thermal Mechanical Electrical
η<60% η=90%
η=90%
Fuel
Cells
Chemical
Coal, oil, gas,
biomass, hydrogen
Source: L. Freris, D. Infield, Renewable Energy in Power Systems, Wiley 2008
14. Electricity generation
Gravitational
Nuclear Wind
Hydro-tidal
Heat Electric
engines generators
Thermal Mechanical Electrical
η<60% η=90%
Photovoltaics
η=90%
Fuel Solar
Cells thermal
Chemical
Coal, oil, gas,
Solar
biomass, hydrogen
Source: L. Freris, D. Infield, Renewable Energy in Power Systems, Wiley 2008
15. Electricity generation 2007
ELECTRICITY
GENERATION
geothermal
other renewables conversion
hydro 19%
solar thermal (heat only)
losses
solar power
(photovoltaics (PV) & nuclear 16%
solar thermal
generation (CSP) 2/3
wind energy gas 15%
biomass (advanced) ELECTRICITY
biomass (traditional) CONSUMPTION
hydroelectricity
coal 40% 40% residential
nuclear power 1/3
gas 47% industry
coal
oil 10% 13% transmission
oil
losses
16. Electricity generation 2007
Electricity:
World Netherlands
20 202 TWh 103 TWh 20-25 kWh/d/p
wind 3%
geothermal nuclear 4%
hydro 19% biomass 6%
other renewables
solar thermal (heat only)
Total Energy:
solar power nuclear 16% (gas,oil,etc.)
(photovoltaics (PV) &
solar thermal gas 125 kWh/d/p
generation (CSP) gas 59%
wind energy 87%
biomass (advanced)
biomass (traditional)
65%
hydroelectricity coal
nuclear power
gas coal 26%
coal fossil oil
oil 2%
oil
25 Nuclear power plants
(0.5 GW)
Sorce: Eurostat 2009 edition , BP Statistical Review Full Report (http://www.bp.com/images)
23. Solar Resources
Global demand 2010: 16 TW Solar cell with 10% efficiency:
Global demand 2050: 32 TW 1250 1250 km2
Solar energy: 120 000 TW
http://visibleearth.nasa.gov
25. Photovoltaics (PV)
Solar module
Electricity
Sun Solar
radiation
Source: A. Poruba
26. Solar cell
sunlight
Solar cell
electricity
heat
Maximum electrical power out
Efficiency=
Light power in
27. Photovoltaic industry
Scaling production volume
40000
Global solar cell production 37185
MW
mono c-Si
30000 poly c-Si
27381
ribbon c-Si 36%
TF-Si Thin-
CdTe film
20000 CIS solar
rest cells
12464
118%
10000
7910
56%
4279
1815 2536 85%
750 1257 69%
560 34% 68% 45% 40%
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Source: Photon International, March 2012
28. Photovoltaics
Historical development of cumulative PV power:
70 China
70
APEC
60 60
Cumulative Installed
29.6
PV Capacity (GW)
Rest of World
North America
50 Japan 50
39.53
European Union
40 40
22.90
30 30
20 .66 20 Nederland 2003:
15
9
9.4
8
46 MW (1.6 %)
6.9
0
10 10
5.4
6
4
3.9
6
2.8
9
6
2.2
1.7
Nederland 2010:
1.4
0 0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 97 MW (0.24 %)
Year
EPIA 2009: Global Market Outlook For Photovoltaics Until 2013
29. Trend in installed power technologies
The European Wind Energy Association: Wind in power: 2011 European Statistics, 2012
30. EU power capacity mix
Summary
in MW in MW
Total ~580 GW Total ~896 GW
The European Wind Energy Association: Wind in power: 2011 European Statistics, 2012
46. PV power
Latest news
Wednesday, May 30, 2012
May 30 – Guardian:
Solar power generation world record set in Germany
German solar power plants produced a world record 22 gigawatts of
electricity – equal to 20 nuclear power stations at full capacity – through the
midday hours of Friday and Saturday, the head of a renewable energy think
tank has said.
This met nearly 50% of the nation’s midday electricity needs.
The record-breaking amount of solar power shows one of the world’s
leading industrial nations was able to meet a third of its electricity needs on
a work day, Friday, and nearly half on Saturday when factories and offices
were closed.
The Guardian: May 30, 2012
50. PV system
Two main types:
Stand-alone system Grid-connected system
Grid
dc/ac
Charge Storage invertor
controller
=
~
DC dc/ac = AC
PV loads invertor PV loads
generator ~ generator
AC
loads
51. PV system
Power electronics
The highly varying environmental conditions and nonlinear
nature of the photovoltaic (PV) generator make the utilization of
PV energy a challenging task:
Power electronics converters:
Reliable operating interface between renewable energy
resources and the electrical power grid.
52. PV system
Markets/applications:
Rural stand-alone
and local grid
(10 Wp – 10 kWp)
Grid-connected
(building-)integrated
(1 kWp – 1 MWp)
Power plants
(1 MWp - 1 GWp)
Source: W Sinke, Solar Academy
53. PV systems
Terminology and definitions
Power (of cells, modules and systems) in Watt-peak (Wp)
(Average) ac system efficiency
Performance ratio =
(STC) dc module efficiency
Typically 0.75 – 0.85
Electricity yield in kWh/kWp (usually per year)
Typically 750 – 900 kWh/kWp for c-Si modules in NL
hours ac peak power per year
Capacity factor =
hours per year
Typically 0.09 – 0.11 in NL/DE
54. Grid-connected PV system
Overview biggest PV installations:
Power Location Description Commissioned Picture
100 MWp Ukraine, Perovo I-V PV power plant 2011
Perovo Constructed by: Activ Solar
97 MWp Canada, Sarnia PV power plant 2009-2010
Sarnia
84 MWp Italy, Montalto di Castro PV 2009-2010
Montalto di Castro power plant
Constructed by: SunPower, SunRay
Renewable
82 MWp Germany, Solarpark Senftenberg II,III 2011
http://www.pvresources.com/PVPowerPlants/Top50.aspx
Senftenberg Constructed by: Saferay
55. DESERTEC project
Solar Thermal Power
plants
Photovoltaics
Wind
Hydro
Biomass
Geothermal
Source: DESERTEC foundation
57. Solar irradiation on Earth
The Netherlands:
2.7 sun hours/day/year
2 3 4 5 6
Solar irradiation: solar irradiance integrated over a period of time
58. Grid-connected PV system
Grid-connected home PV system: 3×150 Wp modules
65
386.0 kWh Year 2010
60
55
Generated energy [kWh]
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
M. Zeman, Delft
59. Costs grid-connected PV System
PV system is nowadays good investment!
Cost in 2012:
Costs €1030 Saves per year: €115 That’s €2875 in 25 years
(500 kWh*€0,23/kWh) A payback period of 9 years!
EY=877 kWh/kWp
M. Workum, PVMD, TU Delft
60. Costs grid-connected PV System
PV system is nowadays good investment!
Above € 6000 inverters
become relatively cheap
Average Dutch family
(3500 kWh @ €6800)
Cheapest system
(500 kWh @ €1030)
No installation or second inverter included. One year old data, prices are now even lower (see previous sheet)
M. Workum, PVMD, TU Delft
67. PV technology: 1st vs 2nd generation
First Generation Second Generation (thin film)
Melt processing Plasma processing
Sanyo, Silicon
Hetero-Junction cell NUON Helianthos
Pure material:
high efficiencies Lower quality material:
Expensive processing: lower efficiencies
cost-price energy higher Low costs processing:
cost-price energy lower
Silicon: record lab efficiency 20-27% Thin film: record lab efficiency 13-20%
68. PV technologies
CIGS
c-Si wafer based
CdTe
III-V semiconductor based
TF Si
69. PV technologies
1. Wafer based Si
2. Thin films
3. Cheap + efficient
MC manufacturing costs
SP average selling price
SIII installed cost for a utility scale system
SI installed cost for a residential system
Hillhouse and Beard, Curr. Opin. Colloid. In. 14, 245 (2009).
70. Thin-film silicon solar cells
Si-based solar cells
Al Al
SiO2 n+
electron
hole
p-type
p++ c-Si p++
Al
c-Si (180-250 μm)
71. Solar cell
Incident light
Metal front
electrode
Si atom
electron
hole covalent bond
Semiconductor
Metal back electrode
72. Solar cell
Incident light
Metal front
electrode
Si atom
electron
hole covalent bond
Semiconductor
Metal back electrode
73. Solar cell
Metal front
electrode
Si atom
electron
hole covalent bond
Semiconductor
Metal back electrode
74. Solar cell
Metal front
electrode
Si atom
electron
hole covalent bond
Semiconductor
Metal back electrode
75. Solar cell
Metal front
electrode
Si atom
electron
hole covalent bond
hole
Semiconductor
Metal back electrode
76. Solar cell
Metal front
electrode
Si atom
electron
hole covalent bond
hole
Semiconductor
Metal back electrode
77. Solar cell
Metal front
electrode
Si atom
electron
hole covalent bond
P atom
Semiconductor
Metal back electrode
78. Solar cell
Metal front
electrode
Si atom
electron
hole covalent bond
P atom
Semiconductor
B atom
Metal back electrode
79. Solar cell
Metal front
electrode
Si atom
electron
hole covalent bond
P atom
Semiconductor
B atom
Metal back electrode
hole
80. Solar cell
Metal front
electrode
Si atom
electron
hole covalent bond
P atom
Semiconductor
B atom
Metal back electrode
hole
81. Solar cell
Metal front
electrode
Si atom
electron
covalent bond
P atom
Semiconductor
B atom
Metal back electrode
hole
82. Solar cell
Incident light
Metal front
electrode
Si atom
electron
covalent bond
P atom
Semiconductor
B atom
Metal back electrode
hole
83. Solar cell
Metal front
electrode
Si atom
electron
covalent bond
P atom
Semiconductor
B atom
Metal back electrode
hole
84. Solar cell
Metal front
electrode
Si atom
electron
covalent bond
P atom
Semiconductor
B atom
Metal back electrode
hole
85. Solar cell
Metal front
electrode
Si atom
electron
covalent bond
P atom
Semiconductor
B atom
Metal back electrode
hole
86. Solar cell
Metal front
electrode
Si atom
electron
covalent bond
P atom
Semiconductor
B atom
Metal back electrode
hole
87. Solar cell
Metal front
electrode
Si atom
electron
covalent bond
P atom
Semiconductor
B atom
Metal back electrode
hole
88. Solar cell
Metal front
electrode
Semiconductor
Metal back electrode
89. Solar cell
Incident light
Metal front
electrode
ARC
electron
hole
Semiconductor
Metal back electrode
91. Solar cell
Additional losses
Incident light
Reflection
n1 ≠ n2
Metal front
electrode
ARC
electron
hole
Semiconductor
Metal back electrode
c-Si solar cell structure
Transmission (finite α)
92. Design principle of solar cells
Defect Engineering
Bulk defects
Interface defects
Meta-stable defects
Spectral Matching Light Trapping
Texture interfaces
Choice of Material
Reflectors
Multi-junctions
Plasmonic Approaches
93. Thin-film silicon solar cells
Si-based solar cells
Al Al
SiO2 n+ Thin-film Si (0.2 - 5 μm)
p-type
p++ c-Si p++
Al
c-Si (180-250 μm)
94. Thin-film silicon solar cells
Si-based solar cells
Al Al
Glass plate
SiO2 n+ Thin-film Si (0.2 - 5 μm)
TCO
p-type
Intrinsic
a-Si:H
p-type
p++ c-Si p++ n-type
Al Metal electrode
c-Si (180-250 μm) a-Si (0.2-0.3 μm)
95. The a-Si:H p-i-n junction
Problem 2: mismatch single junction with solar spectrum
96. The a-Si:H p-i-n junction
Problem 2: mismatch single junction with solar spectrum
Absorption
a-Si:H Does not cover entire spectrum!
97. The a-Si:H/μc-Si:H tandem
Problem 2: mismatch with solar spectrum
Absorption Absorption
a-Si:H c-Si:H
103. PV technologies
Wafer based crystalline silicon
½ century of manufacturing history, ~90% of 2007 market
progressing by innovation and volume
reduction of manufacturing costs is major challenge
module efficiencies:
- 12 ~ 20% (now)
- 18 ~ >22% (longer term)
Source: W Sinke
104. PV technologies
Thin-film silicon
low-cost potential and new application possibilities
positive impact of micro- and nanocrystalline silicon
efficiency enhancement is major challenge
stable module efficiencies:
– 6 ~ 11% (now)
– 11 ~ 16% (longer term)
Source: W Sinke
105. PV technologies
Cadmium Telluride
low-cost potential (partly already demonstrated)
positive impact of development of take-back and recycling
systems
efficiency enhancement is major challenge
module efficiencies:
– 7 ~ 11% (now)
– 10 ~ 15% (longer term)
Source: W Sinke
106. PV technologies
Copper-indium/gallium-selenide/sulphide (CIGS)
high performance & possibilities for multi-junction devices
reduction of manufacturing costs is major challenge; work on
low-cost varieties
module efficiencies:
– 9 ~ 12% (now)
–15 ~ 18% (longer term)
Source: W Sinke
108. Cost price elements vs abundancy
Averaged cost-price elements versus abundance in ore (2004-2009)
a-Si:H thin film
technology
M. Green, Progress in PV: Res. Appl. 17, 347 (2009)
111. Composition of the Earth’s crust
2nd generation CdTe: Cd,Te,S,Al,Zn,O
Ratio Te/Si: 10-9
1 m2 cell 2μm CdTe (50% =Te)
1 m2 hole having depth of
(110-6/ 110-9 )~ 103 m = 1 km
117. Thin-film Si PV technology
Glass plates:
Application
Industry hall, Thurnau, Germany
118. Helianthos project
Flexible substrate:
Dutch route: Temporary superstrate solar cell concept
Development of unique low-cost roll-to-roll technology for
fabrication of thin-film Si solar modules (started in 1996)
119. Thin-film Si PV technology
Flexible substrate:
Flexible, lightweight, monolithically series connected a-Si modules
123. PV technology
Summary
Direct conversion of light to electricity
(PV) is an elegant process suitable for
versatile, robust, low-cost technology; the
global potential is practically unlimited
A wide range of technology options is
commercially available, emerging or found in
the lab
The first major economic milestone on the road
to very large-scale use has been reached: grid
parity with retail electricity prices
124. PV status in 2012
Summary
Production:
- dominant c-Si PV technology, 90% market
- large production capacity in China
- difficult time for thin-film PV technologies (TF Si, CIGS, CdTe)
Installation:
- highest contribution to newly installed power capacity in EU
Price:
- <1 €/Wp; c-Si modules: 0.8-0.9 €/Wp expectation 0.5 €/Wp in 2015
- grid parity reached in Germany and Netherlands
Research trends
- increasing module efficiency (c-Si modules >20%)
125. PV technology
Challenges for TW scale implementation
turn-key system price < 1 €/Wp (generation costs < 3-10 c€/kWh)
- low-cost modules at very high efficiency (> 30%)
- add efficiency boosters (spectrum shapers), full spectrum utilization (advanced concepts)
- or: very low-cost modules (<< 0.5 €/Wp) at moderate efficiency (>10%)
- polymer solar cells, nanostructured (quantum dot) hybrid materials
- Low BOS costs
use of non-toxic, abundantly available materials
(preferably use Si, C, Al, O, N, …)
- indium replacement
- non-metallic conductors (Ag C?)
- all-silicon thin-film tandems
stability (20 to 40 years) and realibility
- intrinsic & extrinsic degradation of organics-based solar cells
126. Thank you for your attention!
Delft
University of
Picture Source: www.nasa.gov
Technology
Challenge the future
127. Thin-film Si PV technology
Present status:
+ Promising low-cost solar cell technology
+ Industrial production experience
(Flat panel display industry)
- Relatively low stabilized efficiencies (η ≈ 6-7%)
+ Double-junction micromorph solar cell (η>10%)
ideal combination of materials (a-Si:H/μc-Si:H) for
converting AM1.5 solar spectrum
+ 2008 production of modules 400 MW
production capacity ~ 1000 MW
Google images
128. Thin-film Si PV technology
Current developments:
increase in TF Si module production
complete production lines available
Future developments:
Oerlikon
short term: optimize micromorph tandem cell
long term: optimize triple cell, breakthrough
concepts for high efficiency (η>20%)
Applied Materials