The document summarizes Argentina's foreign policy goals, geography, population, natural resources, and historical background. It discusses Argentina's alignment with Europe after independence and neutrality in World Wars I and II. It covers Juan Peron's presidency and influence on domestic politics. Later sections address the Cold War period, 1976-1983 military dictatorship, Falklands War, and return to democracy under presidents including Alfonsin, Menem, de la Rua, and the Kirchners. Argentina's foreign policy has emphasized relations with neighbors, non-intervention, economic independence, and recovering the Falkland Islands.
The document discusses how globalization has impacted the music industry. It provides pros and cons of globalization for businesses and consumers. New technologies like streaming apps and devices have allowed music to be shared globally, helping artists find success in countries they previously may not have reached. This has benefited both the music industry and consumers by exposing people to new artists from around the world.
The economy of the United Kingdom is the sixth largest in the world. It has a GDP of $3 trillion and GDP per capita of $46,510. The UK has a developed economy focused on services, which account for 71% of GDP. Manufacturing makes up 17% of GDP and agriculture only 0.68%. The UK imports mineral fuels, mechanical appliances, and electronics and exports cars, crude petroleum, and packaged medications, mainly to EU countries. Despite recent challenges, the UK economy is expected to avoid a recession with modest GDP growth of 0.3% in 2023 and 1% in 2025 due to strengths in services, education, and FDI, though threats include competition and potential worker relocation.
The European Union provides support to Syria through various cooperation frameworks aimed at consolidating Syria's political, social and economic reforms. The EU allocates funds through its Country Strategy Paper and National Indicative Programme to support Syria in areas like administrative modernization, decentralization, economic transition, and human resources development. The EU is also Syria's main trade partner, with trade totaling over €7 billion in 2008, though Syria's exports to the EU are dominated by oil and petroleum products. Overall, EU-Syria cooperation seeks to guide Syria's own reform agenda through sharing objectives and joint projects.
The document provides information on the European Union (EU) including its formation, governance, economy, trade, funding, policies, and challenges. It was formed in 1993 and currently has 28 member states. Key points include that the EU has a single market across members and seven governing institutions. It also discusses the Eurozone, which has the euro as a common currency for 17 members, and the ongoing Eurozone crisis involving government debt.
This document discusses the history and concepts of economic globalization. It defines economic globalization as the increasing interdependence of world economies through cross-border trade, capital flows, and spread of technologies. Key points include:
- International organizations like the IMF and World Bank help facilitate global economic cooperation and stability.
- International trade routes like the Silk Road date back millennia, though globalization accelerated in the late 20th century.
- The Bretton Woods system established rules for international monetary management in the postwar era. This system tied currencies to gold and aimed to reduce economic nationalism.
- Neoliberalism advocates free movement of goods, capital and services across borders, while limiting state intervention in markets
The expansion of capitalism colonialism and imperialismFJWU, PMAS-AAUR
This document discusses the expansion of capitalism through colonialism and imperialism. It defines capitalism and its various types, and explains Marx's view that capitalism led European nations to engage in colonialism and primitive accumulation in other nations. As capitalist development accelerated in Europe in the late 19th century, European powers sought new territories for raw materials, markets, and investment to fuel further growth. This wave of colonialism had both negative economic exploitation of colonies and positive impacts like infrastructure development. The document then defines imperialism and lists its main economic and political causes, like the need for resources and national prestige. It concludes that while some traditional imperialism has been reduced, new forms of domination still exist internationally.
Globalization_- Definition, Processes and Concepts.pdfDhruvita1
Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place. Globalization also captures in its scope the economic and social changes that have come about as a result.
Globalization has occurred in various forms throughout history, from ancient civilizations trading goods along routes like the Silk Road, to the modern era of reduced trade barriers and global corporations. While some point to the modern age as the start of globalization, others argue it began as early as the Sumerian and Indus Valley Civilizations exchanging trade links. Key developments that expanded globalization included the Islamic period promoting trade, European colonialism in the 15th-16th centuries, the Industrial Revolution increasing production and exports, and the 20th century establishment of international organizations like the UN and WTO.
The document discusses how globalization has impacted the music industry. It provides pros and cons of globalization for businesses and consumers. New technologies like streaming apps and devices have allowed music to be shared globally, helping artists find success in countries they previously may not have reached. This has benefited both the music industry and consumers by exposing people to new artists from around the world.
The economy of the United Kingdom is the sixth largest in the world. It has a GDP of $3 trillion and GDP per capita of $46,510. The UK has a developed economy focused on services, which account for 71% of GDP. Manufacturing makes up 17% of GDP and agriculture only 0.68%. The UK imports mineral fuels, mechanical appliances, and electronics and exports cars, crude petroleum, and packaged medications, mainly to EU countries. Despite recent challenges, the UK economy is expected to avoid a recession with modest GDP growth of 0.3% in 2023 and 1% in 2025 due to strengths in services, education, and FDI, though threats include competition and potential worker relocation.
The European Union provides support to Syria through various cooperation frameworks aimed at consolidating Syria's political, social and economic reforms. The EU allocates funds through its Country Strategy Paper and National Indicative Programme to support Syria in areas like administrative modernization, decentralization, economic transition, and human resources development. The EU is also Syria's main trade partner, with trade totaling over €7 billion in 2008, though Syria's exports to the EU are dominated by oil and petroleum products. Overall, EU-Syria cooperation seeks to guide Syria's own reform agenda through sharing objectives and joint projects.
The document provides information on the European Union (EU) including its formation, governance, economy, trade, funding, policies, and challenges. It was formed in 1993 and currently has 28 member states. Key points include that the EU has a single market across members and seven governing institutions. It also discusses the Eurozone, which has the euro as a common currency for 17 members, and the ongoing Eurozone crisis involving government debt.
This document discusses the history and concepts of economic globalization. It defines economic globalization as the increasing interdependence of world economies through cross-border trade, capital flows, and spread of technologies. Key points include:
- International organizations like the IMF and World Bank help facilitate global economic cooperation and stability.
- International trade routes like the Silk Road date back millennia, though globalization accelerated in the late 20th century.
- The Bretton Woods system established rules for international monetary management in the postwar era. This system tied currencies to gold and aimed to reduce economic nationalism.
- Neoliberalism advocates free movement of goods, capital and services across borders, while limiting state intervention in markets
The expansion of capitalism colonialism and imperialismFJWU, PMAS-AAUR
This document discusses the expansion of capitalism through colonialism and imperialism. It defines capitalism and its various types, and explains Marx's view that capitalism led European nations to engage in colonialism and primitive accumulation in other nations. As capitalist development accelerated in Europe in the late 19th century, European powers sought new territories for raw materials, markets, and investment to fuel further growth. This wave of colonialism had both negative economic exploitation of colonies and positive impacts like infrastructure development. The document then defines imperialism and lists its main economic and political causes, like the need for resources and national prestige. It concludes that while some traditional imperialism has been reduced, new forms of domination still exist internationally.
Globalization_- Definition, Processes and Concepts.pdfDhruvita1
Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place. Globalization also captures in its scope the economic and social changes that have come about as a result.
Globalization has occurred in various forms throughout history, from ancient civilizations trading goods along routes like the Silk Road, to the modern era of reduced trade barriers and global corporations. While some point to the modern age as the start of globalization, others argue it began as early as the Sumerian and Indus Valley Civilizations exchanging trade links. Key developments that expanded globalization included the Islamic period promoting trade, European colonialism in the 15th-16th centuries, the Industrial Revolution increasing production and exports, and the 20th century establishment of international organizations like the UN and WTO.
The political dimensions of globalizationMandeep Raj
The document provides an overview of the political dimensions of globalization. It discusses several topics:
1) It defines globalization and outlines several phases of increasing global connection and integration throughout history.
2) It identifies several types and effects of globalization, including technological, economic, financial, cultural, political, military, environmental, health, and resource-related globalization.
3) It examines the political dimension of globalization in more depth, identifying both threats such as fragile states, terrorism, authoritarianism, and organized crime, as well as benefits such as expanded diplomacy, international law, democracy, and development.
The document summarizes the US-China trade war and its impact on the Indian economy. It discusses how protectionism led to the trade war as the US accused China of intellectual property theft, currency manipulation, and large trade deficits. The timeline of tariffs imposed by the US and China in retaliation is provided. The global economic impact included reduced GDP, exports, and foreign investment. Specifically, the US faced higher prices and economic uncertainty while China saw export losses and company bankruptcies. India benefited to a small extent through some trade diversions but could have captured more opportunities. The trade war negatively impacted global agriculture and was temporarily eased by a US-China trade deal.
Regional organizations have become influential in global politics. They vary in their scope, membership, and level of institutionalization. Regional integration involves states cooperating within a geographical area and can range from functional cooperation to full political and economic integration, as seen in the European Union. Motivations for regionalism include both political factors like security concerns and economic drivers like expanding trade opportunities. Major regional bodies include the EU, ASEAN, and the African Union.
This document provides an overview of China, including its flag, national anthem, president, premier, history, opportunities, threats, economic indicators, imports, exports, industries, and trade policies. It discusses key facts about China's government leaders, economic growth over the past decade, major trading partners, imported and exported goods, and largest industries such as automobiles, steel, textiles, electronics, and petrochemicals. The document aims to give a broad introduction to China's political and economic landscape.
China pursues an independent foreign policy focused on preserving independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. It aims to create a favorable environment for economic reform and modernization. China follows the principles of peaceful coexistence, non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, and equality and mutual benefit in developing relations. Recent foreign policy emphasizes closer ties with neighbors and reducing tensions, while disputes over territories continue with some Asian countries.
The Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) is the Philippines' executive department responsible for foreign policy. It was established on June 22, 1906 and is headquartered in Pasay City. The DFA has an annual budget of P10.954 billion and is led by Secretary Albert del Rosario. Its mission is to advance Philippine interests in the international community through bilateral, regional, and multilateral relations.
This document provides an overview of China's emergence as a global power. It discusses China's long history and past struggles, as well as its recent rapid economic and military rise beginning in the late 20th century. Major factors in China's rise include the Chinese revolution, economic reforms, foreign investment, and diplomatic policies. The document examines implications of China's growing power for Asia, the West, and neighboring countries like India and Nepal. It recommends that China continue engaging neighbors through soft power and reassessing aggressive regional positions.
Economic diplomacy involves a country using economic resources and policy issues to pursue foreign policy objectives. It includes a country's representation at organizations like the WTO to influence economic policies of other nations. Economic diplomats advise their government on how to shape other countries' economic policies through incentives or sanctions. Effective economic diplomacy requires technical expertise to analyze how other countries' economic situations impact politics and trade interests. It also involves collaboration between governments and businesses on issues like technology, environment and health.
2) Political Globalization p.58 & Task 3Missws Choi
International intergovernmental organizations play an important role in addressing global political issues and preventing the spread of infectious diseases across borders. As political and economic ties between countries increase, more international organizations have formed to provide a platform for global policymaking through discussion and negotiation. These organizations contribute to issues like avian influenza by distributing disease information, establishing research networks, and formulating cooperative policies between countries. They have made efforts such as subsidizing poor nations' response efforts, demanding disease reporting, planning early warning systems, stockpiling antiviral drugs, and raising funds for prevention activities.
There were three main phases of globalization in history:
1) From 1492 to around 1800, which saw exploration and the establishment of colonies as European powers sought to expand their influence and gain resources.
2) From 1800 to 1940, characterized by the expansion of international trade and the growth of multinational companies, though this period ended with the outbreak of World War 1 and 2.
3) From 1950 onwards, led by the establishment of institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and GATT/WTO to promote free trade and economic cooperation in the postwar period and reduce barriers to international commerce.
A global city is an urban center that serves as an important hub in the global economic system. Global cities have characteristics like international influence, major airports and transportation systems, diverse cultures and communities, influential financial and media institutions, advanced communications infrastructure, vibrant culture and entertainment scenes, and world-renowned universities and cultural institutions. Examples of top global cities according to recent reports include New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Los Angeles, Singapore, Chicago, Beijing, and Brussels based on current performance, and San Francisco, New York, London, Paris, Singapore, Amsterdam, Munich, Boston, Houston, and Melbourne based on future potential.
The issue of world order is central to an understanding of international politics. The shape of world order affects both the level of stability within the global system and the balance within it between conflict and cooperation. However, since the end of the Cold War, the nature of world order has been the subject of significant debate and disagreement. Early proclamations of the establishment of a 'new world order', characterized by peace and international cooperation, were soon replaced by talk of unipolar world order, with the USA taking centre stage as the world's sole superpower. This 'unipolar moment' may nevertheless have been brief. Not only did the USA's involvement in difficult and protracted counter-insurgency wars following September 11 strengthen the impression of US decline, but emerging powers, notably China, started to exert greater influence on the world stage. The notion that unipolarity is giving way to multipolarity has, moreover, been supported by evidence of the increasing importance of international organizations, a trend that is sometimes interpreted as emerging 'global governance'. Of particular importance in this respect have been the major institutions of global economic governance – the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization – and the centrepiece of the global governance system, the United Nations. Although some argue that the trend in favour of global governance reflects the fact that, in an interdependent world, states must act together to address the challenges that confront them, others dismiss global governance as a myth and raise serious questions about the effectiveness of international organizations.
Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International RelationsRommel Regala
George W. Bush's foreign policy argued that old methods of dealing with challenges were obsolete. It changed sharply after 9/11 to emphasize unilateralism. This led to the controversial war in Iraq, whose reasons and effects are still highly debated. The end of the Cold War led to American primacy, but also new issues like inequality, the rise of China, and challenges to European integration and Russian authoritarianism. Globalization became a major topic of discussion around increasing interconnectedness and its contested impacts.
Neoliberalism refers to economic policies that emphasize free market capitalism, deregulation, and reduction in government spending. The document discusses how neoliberal policies have been implemented globally since the 1970s, often at the behest of international financial institutions. It argues that neoliberalization has led to increasing inequality and poverty while benefiting wealthy elites. In the Philippines specifically, trade liberalization under the WTO/IMF has devastated the agricultural and industrial sectors and made social services less accessible by increasing costs and privatizing public services.
This document provides an overview and comparison of old and new perspectives on economic development, as presented by Justin Lin in his "New Structural Economics". The old perspectives, including laissez-faire, structuralism, and trade theories, focused on government intervention and import substitution. The new perspective emphasizes the role of comparative advantage, facilitating industrial upgrading based on a country's factor endowments, and allowing the market to allocate resources. This new perspective provides a more continuous view of development and a greater role for the private sector compared to the old perspectives.
Globalization has led to significant economic and cultural changes in India over the past few decades. Economically, India has seen growth in sectors like IT and BPO outsourcing, as well as increased foreign direct investment and trade. Culturally, exposure to foreign media and goods has changed lifestyles and perceptions, especially among youth, though it has also been accompanied by some social issues like deterioration of values. Overall, globalization has presented both opportunities and challenges for India's economy and society.
Globalization is a complex process involving the increasing integration and interdependence of economies, technologies, and cultures around the world. It can be defined narrowly in terms of economics or broadly to include various social and political ties between countries. There are debates around globalization regarding its impacts. While it allows faster communication and flow of ideas, it also contributes to issues like growing inequality, environmental problems, and loss of local culture and jobs. Both advantages and disadvantages exist, so governments aim to manage its effects.
Foreign policy involves the US working with other countries on economics and ideas. The president can make foreign policy by responding to foreign events or making policy statements. Congress can influence foreign policy through informal advice or legislative pressure. The Truman Doctrine pleaded with Congress to assist Greece and Turkey during a time of need, encouraging Americans to help other countries. NATO protects peace between the US and other nations, working in Afghanistan for many years. The UN and World Hunger Organization work to better conditions globally and assist in missions like those in Afghanistan. Foreign policy affects American citizens personally when soldiers fight abroad, worrying their families.
Globalization: Definition, Perspectives and TheoriesAntonio Delgado
This document defines globalization and outlines some of its key dynamics and theories. It begins by providing several definitions of globalization, emphasizing the compression of time and space and the increasing integration of economies and social relations worldwide. Some key dynamics of globalization discussed include time-space compression enabled by new technologies, flexible accumulation allowing companies to move production globally, and increasing migration patterns across borders. The document then examines several theories of globalization, such as modernization theory, dependency theory, and world systems theory. It also discusses perspectives on globalization like hyperglobalism and skepticism. The document differentiates westernization and Americanization from the concept of glocalization.
1. Foreign policy refers to the principles and objectives a country uses to interact with other countries to promote its interests. It can change based on international conditions.
2. India's foreign policy is shaped by factors like its history, culture, geography, and economy. It establishes relationships with other countries through political, economic, and military methods to meet its interests and ensure security and sovereignty.
3. Key objectives of India's foreign policy include preserving national interests, achieving world peace through peaceful means, fostering relations with other countries, and supporting equality and independence.
The political dimensions of globalizationMandeep Raj
The document provides an overview of the political dimensions of globalization. It discusses several topics:
1) It defines globalization and outlines several phases of increasing global connection and integration throughout history.
2) It identifies several types and effects of globalization, including technological, economic, financial, cultural, political, military, environmental, health, and resource-related globalization.
3) It examines the political dimension of globalization in more depth, identifying both threats such as fragile states, terrorism, authoritarianism, and organized crime, as well as benefits such as expanded diplomacy, international law, democracy, and development.
The document summarizes the US-China trade war and its impact on the Indian economy. It discusses how protectionism led to the trade war as the US accused China of intellectual property theft, currency manipulation, and large trade deficits. The timeline of tariffs imposed by the US and China in retaliation is provided. The global economic impact included reduced GDP, exports, and foreign investment. Specifically, the US faced higher prices and economic uncertainty while China saw export losses and company bankruptcies. India benefited to a small extent through some trade diversions but could have captured more opportunities. The trade war negatively impacted global agriculture and was temporarily eased by a US-China trade deal.
Regional organizations have become influential in global politics. They vary in their scope, membership, and level of institutionalization. Regional integration involves states cooperating within a geographical area and can range from functional cooperation to full political and economic integration, as seen in the European Union. Motivations for regionalism include both political factors like security concerns and economic drivers like expanding trade opportunities. Major regional bodies include the EU, ASEAN, and the African Union.
This document provides an overview of China, including its flag, national anthem, president, premier, history, opportunities, threats, economic indicators, imports, exports, industries, and trade policies. It discusses key facts about China's government leaders, economic growth over the past decade, major trading partners, imported and exported goods, and largest industries such as automobiles, steel, textiles, electronics, and petrochemicals. The document aims to give a broad introduction to China's political and economic landscape.
China pursues an independent foreign policy focused on preserving independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. It aims to create a favorable environment for economic reform and modernization. China follows the principles of peaceful coexistence, non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, and equality and mutual benefit in developing relations. Recent foreign policy emphasizes closer ties with neighbors and reducing tensions, while disputes over territories continue with some Asian countries.
The Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) is the Philippines' executive department responsible for foreign policy. It was established on June 22, 1906 and is headquartered in Pasay City. The DFA has an annual budget of P10.954 billion and is led by Secretary Albert del Rosario. Its mission is to advance Philippine interests in the international community through bilateral, regional, and multilateral relations.
This document provides an overview of China's emergence as a global power. It discusses China's long history and past struggles, as well as its recent rapid economic and military rise beginning in the late 20th century. Major factors in China's rise include the Chinese revolution, economic reforms, foreign investment, and diplomatic policies. The document examines implications of China's growing power for Asia, the West, and neighboring countries like India and Nepal. It recommends that China continue engaging neighbors through soft power and reassessing aggressive regional positions.
Economic diplomacy involves a country using economic resources and policy issues to pursue foreign policy objectives. It includes a country's representation at organizations like the WTO to influence economic policies of other nations. Economic diplomats advise their government on how to shape other countries' economic policies through incentives or sanctions. Effective economic diplomacy requires technical expertise to analyze how other countries' economic situations impact politics and trade interests. It also involves collaboration between governments and businesses on issues like technology, environment and health.
2) Political Globalization p.58 & Task 3Missws Choi
International intergovernmental organizations play an important role in addressing global political issues and preventing the spread of infectious diseases across borders. As political and economic ties between countries increase, more international organizations have formed to provide a platform for global policymaking through discussion and negotiation. These organizations contribute to issues like avian influenza by distributing disease information, establishing research networks, and formulating cooperative policies between countries. They have made efforts such as subsidizing poor nations' response efforts, demanding disease reporting, planning early warning systems, stockpiling antiviral drugs, and raising funds for prevention activities.
There were three main phases of globalization in history:
1) From 1492 to around 1800, which saw exploration and the establishment of colonies as European powers sought to expand their influence and gain resources.
2) From 1800 to 1940, characterized by the expansion of international trade and the growth of multinational companies, though this period ended with the outbreak of World War 1 and 2.
3) From 1950 onwards, led by the establishment of institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and GATT/WTO to promote free trade and economic cooperation in the postwar period and reduce barriers to international commerce.
A global city is an urban center that serves as an important hub in the global economic system. Global cities have characteristics like international influence, major airports and transportation systems, diverse cultures and communities, influential financial and media institutions, advanced communications infrastructure, vibrant culture and entertainment scenes, and world-renowned universities and cultural institutions. Examples of top global cities according to recent reports include New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Los Angeles, Singapore, Chicago, Beijing, and Brussels based on current performance, and San Francisco, New York, London, Paris, Singapore, Amsterdam, Munich, Boston, Houston, and Melbourne based on future potential.
The issue of world order is central to an understanding of international politics. The shape of world order affects both the level of stability within the global system and the balance within it between conflict and cooperation. However, since the end of the Cold War, the nature of world order has been the subject of significant debate and disagreement. Early proclamations of the establishment of a 'new world order', characterized by peace and international cooperation, were soon replaced by talk of unipolar world order, with the USA taking centre stage as the world's sole superpower. This 'unipolar moment' may nevertheless have been brief. Not only did the USA's involvement in difficult and protracted counter-insurgency wars following September 11 strengthen the impression of US decline, but emerging powers, notably China, started to exert greater influence on the world stage. The notion that unipolarity is giving way to multipolarity has, moreover, been supported by evidence of the increasing importance of international organizations, a trend that is sometimes interpreted as emerging 'global governance'. Of particular importance in this respect have been the major institutions of global economic governance – the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization – and the centrepiece of the global governance system, the United Nations. Although some argue that the trend in favour of global governance reflects the fact that, in an interdependent world, states must act together to address the challenges that confront them, others dismiss global governance as a myth and raise serious questions about the effectiveness of international organizations.
Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International RelationsRommel Regala
George W. Bush's foreign policy argued that old methods of dealing with challenges were obsolete. It changed sharply after 9/11 to emphasize unilateralism. This led to the controversial war in Iraq, whose reasons and effects are still highly debated. The end of the Cold War led to American primacy, but also new issues like inequality, the rise of China, and challenges to European integration and Russian authoritarianism. Globalization became a major topic of discussion around increasing interconnectedness and its contested impacts.
Neoliberalism refers to economic policies that emphasize free market capitalism, deregulation, and reduction in government spending. The document discusses how neoliberal policies have been implemented globally since the 1970s, often at the behest of international financial institutions. It argues that neoliberalization has led to increasing inequality and poverty while benefiting wealthy elites. In the Philippines specifically, trade liberalization under the WTO/IMF has devastated the agricultural and industrial sectors and made social services less accessible by increasing costs and privatizing public services.
This document provides an overview and comparison of old and new perspectives on economic development, as presented by Justin Lin in his "New Structural Economics". The old perspectives, including laissez-faire, structuralism, and trade theories, focused on government intervention and import substitution. The new perspective emphasizes the role of comparative advantage, facilitating industrial upgrading based on a country's factor endowments, and allowing the market to allocate resources. This new perspective provides a more continuous view of development and a greater role for the private sector compared to the old perspectives.
Globalization has led to significant economic and cultural changes in India over the past few decades. Economically, India has seen growth in sectors like IT and BPO outsourcing, as well as increased foreign direct investment and trade. Culturally, exposure to foreign media and goods has changed lifestyles and perceptions, especially among youth, though it has also been accompanied by some social issues like deterioration of values. Overall, globalization has presented both opportunities and challenges for India's economy and society.
Globalization is a complex process involving the increasing integration and interdependence of economies, technologies, and cultures around the world. It can be defined narrowly in terms of economics or broadly to include various social and political ties between countries. There are debates around globalization regarding its impacts. While it allows faster communication and flow of ideas, it also contributes to issues like growing inequality, environmental problems, and loss of local culture and jobs. Both advantages and disadvantages exist, so governments aim to manage its effects.
Foreign policy involves the US working with other countries on economics and ideas. The president can make foreign policy by responding to foreign events or making policy statements. Congress can influence foreign policy through informal advice or legislative pressure. The Truman Doctrine pleaded with Congress to assist Greece and Turkey during a time of need, encouraging Americans to help other countries. NATO protects peace between the US and other nations, working in Afghanistan for many years. The UN and World Hunger Organization work to better conditions globally and assist in missions like those in Afghanistan. Foreign policy affects American citizens personally when soldiers fight abroad, worrying their families.
Globalization: Definition, Perspectives and TheoriesAntonio Delgado
This document defines globalization and outlines some of its key dynamics and theories. It begins by providing several definitions of globalization, emphasizing the compression of time and space and the increasing integration of economies and social relations worldwide. Some key dynamics of globalization discussed include time-space compression enabled by new technologies, flexible accumulation allowing companies to move production globally, and increasing migration patterns across borders. The document then examines several theories of globalization, such as modernization theory, dependency theory, and world systems theory. It also discusses perspectives on globalization like hyperglobalism and skepticism. The document differentiates westernization and Americanization from the concept of glocalization.
1. Foreign policy refers to the principles and objectives a country uses to interact with other countries to promote its interests. It can change based on international conditions.
2. India's foreign policy is shaped by factors like its history, culture, geography, and economy. It establishes relationships with other countries through political, economic, and military methods to meet its interests and ensure security and sovereignty.
3. Key objectives of India's foreign policy include preserving national interests, achieving world peace through peaceful means, fostering relations with other countries, and supporting equality and independence.
This document provides an overview of foreign policy and diplomacy concepts through examples of hypothetical international crises and discussions of appropriate diplomatic responses. It introduces key terms like foreign policy, diplomacy, and humanitarian crisis. Students are prompted to consider different diplomatic strategies the US could take in response to situations in countries like Isolatia, which is experiencing famine, and Smalland, which faces threats from its neighbor Greedia.
This document outlines a presentation on US foreign policy. It discusses key policies and interventions, including the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Eisenhower Doctrine and containment during the Cold War. It also examines more recent policies towards Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria and debates around intervention. The presentation covers the goals of US foreign policy and analyzes specific case studies to understand America's approach to global engagements over time.
The document provides an overview of American foreign policy, outlining its basic purposes of protecting national security and promoting democracy. It discusses the country's shift from isolationism to interventionism over time. Key aspects covered include the State Department, tools of foreign policy like diplomacy and military force, historic policies and events, and goals like world peace and human rights.
Foreign policy involves a state using political influence to induce other states to exercise their lawmaking power in a way that benefits the influencing state. It aims to protect territorial integrity and citizen interests both within and outside the state. Additionally, foreign policy seeks to maintain international links through policies of conflict or cooperation to promote national interests like security, self-preservation, and economic and political goals. A country's foreign policy is determined by internal factors like geography, culture, economic strength, and political structures as well as external factors like the international power structure, organizations, alliances, and world public opinion.
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable advising which tools are best for cutting trees or shaving without proper context and safety considerations.
Diplomacy has been practiced since the formation of early city-states and is a defining element of statehood. Originally, diplomats were only sent for specific negotiations and were of high rank. Modern diplomacy originated in the city-states of northern Italy in the early Renaissance. There are four main functions of diplomacy: representing state interests, gathering information, expanding political/economic/cultural ties, and facilitating international law. Diplomacy is essential for conducting negotiations between nations and maintaining peaceful international relations.
The document provides information about Argentina. It discusses that Argentina is the second largest country in South America, has a population of around 39.5 million people, and its largest export partners are Brazil, the US, Spain, China, and Germany. It also profiles Eva Peron and her rise to power as the wife of Argentine president Juan Peron in the 1940s-1950s, during which time she advocated for women's rights. Finally, it briefly outlines the history and cultural significance of the tango dance in Argentina.
The document summarizes key events in European history from World War I through the Cold War era. It describes the two sides in World Wars I and II, how the US and USSR emerged as superpowers after WWII and the tensions of the Cold War without direct military conflict. It also provides an overview of the political developments in Spain from the early 20th century through the dictatorship of Franco and transition to democracy.
Argentina is the second largest country in South America located between the Andes mountains and the Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of 41 million people who are mostly of European descent. Spanish is the official language and Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion. Argentina has a diverse geography and culture influenced by European immigration. It has a long history, gaining independence from Spain in the early 19th century and experiencing periods of military rule and economic decline in the late 20th century.
Britain's interest in Latin America grew in the early 1800s as Spain lost control over its colonies. Britain invested in Latin American governments and mining ventures. However, Britain's investments and interests declined in the 1920s due to lack of foreign investment from the US and financial crises caused by World War 2. Internal civil wars and conflicts with Spain and the US also caused friction and debt in Latin America.
Britain's interests in Latin America grew in the early 1800s as Spain lost control over its colonies. Britain invested in Latin American governments and mining ventures. However, Britain's interests and investments declined in the 1920s due to lack of foreign investment from the US and financial crises caused by World War 2. Internal civil wars and conflicts with Spain and the US also increased political instability and debt in Latin America.
Britain's interests in Latin America grew in the early 1800s as Spain lost control over its colonies. Britain invested in Latin American governments and mining ventures. However, Britain's interests and investments declined in the 1920s due to lack of foreign investment from the US and financial crises caused by World War 2. Internal civil wars and conflicts with Spain and the US also increased political instability and debt in Latin America.
Latin American nations gained independence from Spain in the early 1800s through revolutionary movements led by influential figures like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín. Discontent with colonial rule had been growing due to resentment of social hierarchies and the influence of Enlightenment ideas. The first successful revolution was in Haiti, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, who established the first independent black republic. Mexico gained independence after leaders like Miguel Hidalgo and Agustín de Iturbide led revolts against Spanish rule. South American nations established independence under leaders who fought to liberate their nations from Spain and unite them, though unification efforts like Gran Colombia ultimately failed. New nations faced ongoing challenges in building stable
This document provides an overview of Argentina in 3 sentences:
The document discusses the history of Argentina from pre-Columbian civilizations to its independence from Spain in 1816 and the emergence of modern Argentina in the late 19th century as a prosperous agricultural exporter. It also summarizes Argentina's transition to democracy in 1983 after periods of military rule and discusses the current presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. The document covers topics ranging from Argentine culture and music to sports and provides brief summaries of economic and social issues facing Argentina.
The document summarizes key political and economic developments in Argentina between 1916-1943, a period that included the Great Depression. It notes that Argentina transitioned to democracy in 1916 with the election of Hipolito Yrigoyen and his Radical Party, until a 1930 military coup began a decade-long dictatorship. The coup was influenced by economic struggles during the Great Depression, as Argentina's agricultural export-based economy suffered from falling global demand. The dictatorship pursued import substitution industrialization policies to reduce foreign dependence and stimulate domestic industry, though this further hurt agriculture. Subsequent leaders after the 1943 coup attempted reforms toward greater democracy and economic stability.
The Spanish Civil War was a conflict between 1936 and 1939 in Spain between the Republicans, who supported the democratically elected Spanish Republic, and the Nationalists, led by General Francisco Franco. The Nationalists sought to rule Spain and create an authoritarian dictatorship under Franco, while the Republicans fought for democracy, liberty, and justice. The war resulted in the victory of the Nationalists and Franco's authoritarian rule over Spain until his death in 1975.
The document discusses several causes of wars in 19th century Latin America, including race wars stemming from the Haitian Revolution, ideology of independence influenced by the American and French Revolutions, debates over separation versus union of newly independent nations, boundary disputes due to poorly defined colonial borders, and wars of territorial conquest against indigenous groups. It also provides background on NAFTA, the Zapatista uprising in Mexico, and former Mexico City mayor Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador.
The document discusses the emergence of independent countries and nation-states in the 19th century. It defines key terms like state, nation, and nation-state. It also outlines some of the common characteristics of independent countries like having defined territory, population, economy, government and sovereignty. The document then discusses the rise of nationalism and population growth in Europe in the late 18th century. It also summarizes some of the major revolutionary movements and events that helped shape nation-states like the French Revolution, Congress of Vienna, revolutions of the 1820s-1830s, 1848, Italian and German unification in the late 19th century.
The Cold War and DecolonizationCuba and the United State.docxcherry686017
The Cold War and Decolonization
Cuba and the United States
Cuba was ceded to the USA in 1901 at the conclusion of the Spanish-American war.
The US made Cuba an independent state, but retained the “right of intervention” in order to insure a pro-American government.
The ensuing political instability led to years of corruption and questionable elections.
The United States continued to dominate Cuban politics and US companies control the majority of Cuba’s resources (sugar).
Cuba and the Cold War
Political instability and corruption led to a Communist insurgency in the 1950s led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara.
Castro succeeded in ousting the government of Fulgencio Batista in 1959.
Castro initially looked to the United States for support, but his policies of seizing the property of American companies angered the Eisenhower administration.
The Cuban Missile Crisis: Cold War meets Decolonization
US unhappiness with Cuba turned to hostility in 1961, when the CIA sponsored the “Bay of Pigs” invasion.
Castro immediately turned to the USSR for assistance.
The USSR, under Khrushchev, offered assistance in return for military cooperation.
Castro agreed, and the Soviets placed
medium range nuclear weapons in
Cuba, 90 miles from the USA.
The USA responded with a 13-day
naval blockade and the threat of
general war. Khrushchev agreed
to remove the missiles.
Decolonization in India
Gandhi
The basis of Gandhi’s efforts were non-violence and non-cooperation.
Swadeshi
The “Quit India” movement was started in 1939 because Gandhi believed India could not support a war to defend democracy when India was denied democratic self-rule.
In 1947, his movement forced Britain to accept Indian independence.
Nehru, Gandhi’s partner in the independence movement, worked hard to keep India unaligned with either the USA or the USSR.
The Soviet Union on Western Imperialism
“If it were necessary to give the briefest possible definition of imperialism we should have to say that imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism.”
--Lenin, 1916
The official policy of the USSR was
to aid anti-imperial efforts, primarily
by supporting communist insurgencies
and uprisings, in places like Africa and
Latin America.
Bandung Conference
Nehru of India and Sukarno of Indonesia organized the Bandung conference in 1955 for newly independent former colonies.
The goal of the conference was to offer support to one another, and to avoid having to become involved in the Cold War.
The countries which tried to remain outside the East versus West struggle became popularly known as the “Third World”
French Indochina
Ho Chi Minh was a civil rights worker in French Indochina.
Versailles Conference, 1919
Communism, 1920s.
Viet Minh, his resistance movement against Japan, 1941-1945
Provisional government and declaration of independence, 1945
He immediately turned to the United States for aid and recognition, citing his cooperation in fighting the Japanese.
Why ...
The chapter discusses the westward expansion of Americans into Native American lands in the late 1800s, forcing over 100,000 eastern Indians onto western lands. It also describes how Europeans sought to expand into indigenous areas in Argentina and Canada at this time. Migration patterns during 1870-1920 transformed the US into a more urban society, with immigrants comprising most new residents in the US, Argentina, and Canada. The chapter then examines the concept of American imperialism in the late 1800s and early 1900s, comparing it to European imperialism of the time.
The document provides an overview of several topics related to Latin America in the 19th century including:
1) Racial differences played a role in many wars, such as the Haitian War of Independence which ended with a black uprising against French colonists.
2) Following independence from Spain, new Latin American nations struggled with forming a unified national identity across diverse territories and populations, leading to civil wars and instability.
3) Territorial conquest was a cause of some wars between Latin American nations, such as the War of the Triple Alliance in which Paraguay lost territory and population.
4) European powers like the U.S. and Britain intervened in Latin America for economic and political reasons following
Struggling for Social Democracy_ Latin American Visions and Cold War U.S. Res...MarkJosephAstillo1
The document discusses challenges to democracy in Latin America through an interview with historian Greg Grandin. Grandin argues that North Americans often misunderstand Latin America as chronically violent, but it has been remarkably peaceful. He notes Latin America's contributions to social democracy through revolutionary figures. Grandin agrees the region continues modeling a more egalitarian alternative and discusses why achieving democracy is still a challenge, relating to political and religious culture. Examples of challenges to democracy in Latin America included dictatorships in Cuba and military rule in Mexico, civil wars in Guatemala and El Salvador, and economic crises like the Great Depression in Argentina.
Country profile of Latin American countries.Hareem_syed
Argentina (the highest ranked HDI county) and Haiti (the lowest ranked HDI country) is selected to discuss its political, cultural, economic and historical traits. Furthermore the development pattern of these country are explained in the context of dependency and modernization theory.
This document provides an overview of nation-building and economic transformation in the Americas between 1800-1890. It summarizes the independence movements in Latin America beginning in the early 1800s, led by figures like Simon Bolivar. It also discusses the establishment of new political systems in these countries and the challenges of regionalism. It outlines the abolition of slavery in different nations and the impacts of immigration. It analyzes social changes including the development of women's rights movements and struggles for racial justice.
The document discusses several topics related to Latin America in the 19th century:
1) The wars of independence fought between 1791-1824 resulted in many Latin American countries gaining independence from European monarchies like Spain and Portugal.
2) Post-independence, Latin American countries struggled with civil wars, territorial disputes, and interventions from powerful countries like the United States and Britain seeking to expand their influence or commercial interests in the region.
3) Caudillos, or strongman leaders, emerged in the unstable political environment and often plunged countries into further conflict through their pursuit of power.
The document discusses several topics related to Latin American history and politics:
1) The Haitian War for Independence from 1791-1803 began as a conflict between white planters and mixed-race affranchis but became a race war as black slaves joined and came to dominate. Some planters fled to Cuba, spreading racial tensions.
2) Latin American wars for independence in the 1800s stemmed from political, economic, and social grievances under colonial rule, which privileged Europeans and peninsulares over criollos and other classes.
3) Newly independent nations faced the challenge of whether to unite or separate as geographical barriers and sparse populations had kept colonial territories isolated under royal authority. This
Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
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ग्रेटर मुंबई के नगर आयुक्त को एक खुले पत्र में याचिका दायर कर 540 से अधिक मुंबईकरों ने सभी अवैध और अस्थिर होर्डिंग्स, साइनबोर्ड और इलेक्ट्रिक साइनेज को तत्काल हटाने और 13 मई, 2024 की शाम को घाटकोपर में अवैध होर्डिंग के गिरने की विनाशकारी घटना के बाद अपराधियों के खिलाफ सख्त कार्रवाई की मांग की है, जिसमें 17 लोगों की जान चली गई और कई निर्दोष लोग गंभीर रूप से घायल हो गए।
Slide deck with charts from our Digital News Report 2024, the most comprehensive exploration of news consumption habits around the world, based on survey data from more than 95,000 respondents across 47 countries.
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
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केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
2. Goals of Argentina’s Foreign Policy
Safeguard relations with neighbors.
Policy of non-involvement in other countries national
politics.
Increase economic independence
Be a medium power in Latin America.
Support for democratic governments in Latin America.
Recover the Falklands/Malvinas island the through
diplomatic means.
3. Geographic Location
Bordered by the Andes in the west and the South Atlantic
Ocean to the east, Chile to the west, Bolivia and Paraguay
to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast.
Argentina’s climate varies because of her territory’s length.
Largest among Spanish speaking countries
2nd largest country of South America after Brazil & 8th
largest country in the world. Total area : approx. 2.7 million
km².
23 provinces plus the autonomous city of Buenos Aires
Argentina claims a section of Antarctica but has agreed to
suspend sovereignty disputes in the region as a signatory to
the Antarctic Treaty.
Argentina also asserts claims to several South Atlantic
islands administered by the UK.
4.
5. Argentina’s population
Argentina became a magnet for European migration
beginning in 1850, while at the same time sustaining
population movements to and from neighboring countries,
mainly Italy and Spain
At the end of 2012 Argentina’s population was at
41,086,927people.
Argentina’s Capital City is
the “Autonomous City of
Buenos Aires”, also known
as “Capital Federal”
6. Argentina’s Natural Resources
Argentina is one of the world's major agricultural
producers and exporters of beef, citrus fruit, grapes, honey,
cereals (maize, sorghum, and wheat), soy and its
byproducts, mainly animal feed and vegetable oils,
soybeans, squash, sunflower seeds, oilseeds, wheat, yerba
mate, fine wine.
On a lower scale, Argentina also produces leather,
biodiesel, strawberries, cotton, tobacco, olives, garlic,
tomatoes, peaches, round wood, eucalyptus, pine, elm,
organic farming, fine wine, and Argentine hake.
Argentina’s mining includes the extraction of minerals
such as borate, copper, lead, magnesium, sulfur, tungsten,
uranium, zinc, silver, and gold. Argentina also extracts coal,
petroleum and gas.
7. Domestic factors of foreign policy
Dirty War (1976-1983’s dictatorship)
The disappearance of 30,000 people made Argentina
embrace human rights.
Leadership
Juan Domingo Peron: He influenced the Justicialista
party, which is one of the two main political parties within
the country. His influence made Argentina reaffirm her
position as a neutral country in the international arena.
Interest groups
The Justicialista party: Applies ideals of Peronism, such
as favoring the working class, and embracing Democracy.
UCR (Union Civica Radical) party: Initially perceived as
a conservative party, but later the party prioritized other
ideals such as Nationalism, and embracing Democracy.
Abandoning the conservative ideals has recently brought
this party closer to the Justicialista party.
8. External Factors of Foreign Policy
Spanish Italian descendants: Initially, this caused
Argentina’s political alignment with Europe
Economic Growth: It has encouraged the country’s
international neutrality in order to be able to sell national
products to an open market.
Alliances: Especially with other South American
countries. It has helped the country to be less dependent
on the powerful states.
Type of government: During dictatorships, Argentina
shifted from a neutral position to a more aggressive one.
(e.g. Falkland’s War).
Falkland/Malvinas dispute: It has become the main
agenda in Argentina’s Foreign Policy.
9. Historical background
Spanish colony: The Spanish arrived in the region in 1502
for the first time. They later established the Viceroyalty of
the Río de la Plata in 1776.
The May Revolution (Revolucion de Mayo): In 1810 the
May revolution established the First Junta, a new
government in Buenos Aires composed by locals, and one
that gave self-governance to the locals. The region was
named the UPRP “United Provinces of the Río de la Plata”
(Argentina & Uruguay).
Independencia: The UPRP went to war with Spain in 1816,
and achieved independence on 09/7/1816.
The civil war: It was a war between the Centralists, who
controlled the country and wanted most of the national
income to go to Buenos Aires, and the Federals who wanted
the national income to be equally distributed among all
provinces.
10. Cont’
During 1820s’, Brazil declared war to the UPRP over its
province, Uruguay.
In 1828, a treaty was signed (treaty of Montevideo),
whereby Brazil and the UPRP recognized Uruguay as an
independent state. This dissolved the UPRP, and gave birth
to what is known today as Argentina.
In 1829, Federals won, and they established the
Argentinean confederation with a central power.
In 1853 the Constitution of Argentina was sanctioned, and
the country’s form of government was finally consolidated
as a confederation of semi-autonomous provinces and a
national government.
11. From Independence to 1916
Political Alignment with Europe:
At independence, the country’s population was
predominantly Spanish/ Italian therefore they
continued to have good relations with the “mother
country” and Italy.
Commercial activity: The country’s exports to
Europe included meat, meat products (cow hide,
beef jerky), and grain.
12. Argentina felt that the reasons for the war were not
clear and they were trying to rebuild after the civil war
so the leaders decided not to get involved in WWI.
The development of the agricultural industry in the
country also informed the decision to stay out of the
war because Argentina wanted to sell her products to
an unlimited market.
Argentina maintained neutrality, though this did not
affect her relations with Europe.
After WWI, Argentina joined the League of Nations.
Non-involvement in WWI
13. From end of WWI to WWII
Argentina wanted to establish herself as a Medium Regional
Power after WWI so they resisted US and Brazilian influence.
Argentina took advantage of the depression in the US
economy and increased her power in South America.
WWII
Alignment with Europe remained but ties with Italy became
strained because of Musolini’s alliance with Adolf Hitler.
With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the idea that
Argentina needed to gain economic independence was
strengthened.
Argentina maintained the policy of neutrality though this
time it was a miscalculation because of the human rights
abuses involved and there was a free world to defend.
14. The US offered an “American alliance” against the Axis, but
Argentina refused to join.
After the war, there was a large immigration of Germans and
Italians who escaped from the war.
Juan Domingo Peron-1946-1952
At the end of WWII, Juan Peron was elected president of
Argentina.
Juan Perón is best known as the first political figure to address
effectively the many problems of the working class.
In 1939, Perón leaves Argentina for Europe on a military mission.
Outbreak of World War II (1939–45). Argentina becomes
neutral.
In 1944, Argentina breaks off her strained diplomatic relations
with Japan and Germany. Perón is appointed Minister of War
and Vice-President.
In 1945, Perón is pushed out of office and imprisoned in the island
of Martín García. Five days later, hundreds of thousands of
workers march to Casa Rosada to demand Perón’s release.
15. In 1946, Perón wins elections for the presidency.
In 1947, women are granted the right to vote.
In 1949, a new constitution gives more power to the President,
allows for his re-election and incorporates social rights.
In 1951, Perón is re-elected President with a huge majority.
In 1952, Eva Perón dies. Women vote for the 1st time in Argentina.
In 1955, a coup by all three branches of the armed forces leads to
the ‘Liberating Revolution’. Perón resigns and goes into exile.
In 1972, Perón makes a brief visit to Argentina.
In March 1973, the Perónist Party wins elections. Hector Cámpora
becomes President. Perón returns to Buenos Aires in June.
Cámpora resigns and Perón is elected President in September.
In 1974, Perón dies in July. His third wife, Isabel de Peron, succeeds
him. Terrorism from right and left escalates, leaving hundreds
dead. There are strikes, demonstrations and high inflation.
16. PERÓNISM
a populist ideology which in Argentinian politics is viewed
as the 3rd position(“no Yanks no Marxists”), an alternative
to communism and capitalism.
Descamisados (suitless)-term referring to the working class
Under Perón’s rule the political influence of the large
landowners was diminished in favor of the lower-middle
and working classes.
Evita, became the idol of the descamisados because of her
own poor origins and her reputation for using her great
influence to benefit the poor. Therefore, she hated by the
upper-middle, and high class.
17. When running for
the 1951 presidential
elections, the
working class
wanted Peron for
President, and Eva
for Vice-President.
Before the
announcement of
the official
candidates, Peron is
told that Eva has
Cancer. Eva could
not run for Vice-
President. The anti-
Peronist wrote “Viva
el cancer” (Long live
cancer) on the walls
of the hospital in
which she was
receiving treatment.
18. From WWII to the Falklands War (Islas Malvinas) 1982
The cold war
The USSR objected to Argentina's joining the UN, they
(Stalin) believed they would not be together with
Argentina for their non involvement in the war.
The US negotiated with the USSR to allow Argentina into
the UN.
They made some concessions allowing Ukraine to join the
UN as a state party.
Argentina could not continue to hold their alignment to
Europe, and Europe also let go of their soft power on Latin
America as the US continued to gain power.
The US needed the support of Latin America during the
cold war (contention) so they poured money into Latin
America.
Chile, Brazil, and Argentina were not so easy to buy as the
rest of central America.
19. Military coup 1976-1983
After Peron’s death, Isabel’s
government was weak.
This led to the overthrowing
of her government by the
military.
It was a Right-Wing
government completely
aligned with the US.
At that time, the US
sponsored military
governments all through
Latin America. Jorge Rafael Videla
20. Internal Issues
Montoneros
It was considered an extremely radical group by the
military government.They were the extreme left wing of the
Peronist party, and wanted to take the armed revolution.
The “Montoneros” committed crimes against the state.
This led to extreme use of force by the military
government, which included curfews, persecution, torture,
and forced disappearances where even innocent people
were taken to clandestine detention centers.
Today there is an estimate of 30,000 people who are still
missing.
The atrocities of the military government were covered up
by the Football World Cup 1978 (in Argentina, with
Argentina as the Champion).
22. Falklands War (Islas Malvinas) 1982
Legally within the Spanish dominion, it was occupied by
the French in 1764 until the British took the ruling of the
island in 1766.
Spain forced the British to leave in 1811.
With the independence of the “United Provinces of the
Rio de la Plata”, the island remained under the United
Provinces, until the British came back in 1832 and
occupied them.
Up to 1833, the Falklands was not on top of the national
agenda as a result of the ongoing civil war.
After national reorganization, Argentina claimed
sovereignty over the island
This changed when the country was reorganized.
23. Argentina diplomatically claimed for the island until
1976’s military government.
The country suffered a socio-economical crisis, and
Galtieri decided to capture the island for popular support.
Argentina deployed her troops to the island and the
British surrendered immediately.
The UK had internal issues as well, and they could not
lose the islands.
Thatcher declared war on Argentina.
In order to gain public support, the Argentineananan
military misreported their winnings in the war.
25. From Falklands War to today
The war ended with the defeat of the Argentina in June
1982, and triggered the end of the military government.
Galtieri had to resign by public demand and call for
elections in which Raul Alfonsin, a civilian won
democratically.
The claim for the island became a major factor which has
shaped the country’s Foreign Policy up to today.
After the war, there has been a general mistrust of the US
and Britain, although they continued to do business (Real
Politik).
Foreign policy moves from completely Western stand to
completely non-aligned position (in the 70’s parlance)
No relation with the USSR.
Friendly towards leftist governments.
26. Back to Democracy
Raul Alfonsin (1927-2009): UCR Party
First democratic President after the 1976-1983 Coup d'état. He ruled
the country from 1983 to 1989.
He created the “National Commission on the Disappearance of
Persons” (CONADEP) and the “Due Obedience” and “Full Stop” laws.
His government was threatened by attempted coups d’ état.
He suffered inflation, which led to his resignation in 1989.
Carlos Saul Menem (1989-1995); (1995-1999): Justicialista Party
He fixed the Argentinean Peso value 1 on 1 with the Dollar at the
expense of national industries privatization in order to control the
inflation.
Reformed the Argentinean constitution in 1994.
Israeli embassy bombing (1992). 29 people died.
AMIA Bombing in 1994 (Jewish community centre). 85 people died
(he was later suspected of covering up evidence against Hezbollah &
Jihad’s involvement).
Good terms with Britain: Bilateral trade and investment.
Allegations of illegal sale of weapons to Ecuador deteriorated
relations with Peru.
27. Fernando de la Rua (1999-2001): UCR Party
Great Depression: Argentina suffered the
consequences of previous debts to the IMF,
inflation, and the Dollar went up to 3 Pesos.
Corralito: A measure taken by the
government to forbid the withdrawal of the
Dollar currency.
Riots took place in all over the country in
December 2001. Police repression ended up
with the death of 23 people, leading to his
resignation.
He fled from “Casa Rosada” on a helicopter.
This was followed by 5 presidents in less than
a week.
Eduardo Dualde (Justicialista Party)
Assumed in 2002 and continued until 2003.
Menem (left) handing over
the presidential power to
De la Rua (right).
28. Nestor Kirchner (2003-2007); Justicialista Party
Argentina paid the IMF debts. He re-established the economic situation.
Invalidated Due Obedience & Full Stop laws. Reopened trials against officers.
He was not aligned with the US. However, he was not anti-american either.
In the UN he said he opposed both, terrorism and the War on Terror.
He promoted integration in Latin America.
Allegations of embezzlement.
He died in 2010 after a heart attack.
Cristina Fernandez (2007-2011); (2011-today); Justicialista
First democratically elected female president of the country.
Widow of the late Nestor Kirchner.
In her 1st year in office, the relations with the US were not good because of
allegations of illegal campaign contributions from Venezuela to Argentina.
She reestablished good relations with Peru.
Argentina was elected President of the G-77.
She is not in good terms with the local media.
Nationalization of former national industries.
She continues with the demand to recover the Falkland.
30. Relations with Major Powers
UK and Argentina:
During the 1st British Invasion (in 1807) Britain successfully
invaded Buenos Aires, but failed to conquer Uruguay. During
the 2nd invasion (1809), the British succeeded to conquer
Uruguay, but they were defeated in Buenos Aires by civilian
resistance.
The 2 countries continued having good relations until 1832.
Falkland Island:
However, they maintained “good diplomatic relations” because
of trading interests.
This changed with the war over the island in 1982, and the 2
countries did not establish relations until the return of
democracy in Argentina.
Ever since the end of the war, Argentina has continued to
diplomatically claim the island to the international community.
31. From Independence, Argentineans had a perception of
Americans as very primitive people.
On top of that, there was competition between the 2
countries (especially agriculturally).
Argentina had proposed an alliance to enter WWII, and
the US refused to get involved (1940)
This time round, Argentina opposed the American
proposal to form an alliance after Pearl Harbour in the Rio
Conference (1942).
After WWII, Argentinean politics were compelled to be
pro-western.
During the Falklands war, the Argentinean military
mistakenly assumed that the US would support them.
After Falklands, Argentina is cautious in her relations with
the US.
US and Argentina
32. US allegations of illegal
campaign contributions were
dismissed by Cristina
Fernandez as an attempt to
divide Latin American
countries.
As a result, she limited the US
Ambassador’s meetings with
Foreign Ministry Officials.
The US ambassador said the
accusations did not come
from the US government.
That improved relations
between the 2 countries.
US and Argentina
Obama and Cristina Fernandez
33. Spain: (Good relations)
From independence there has been very good relations between
the 2 countries.
Argentina was very supportive of Spain after WWII, even sending
free grain to prevent famine.
Italy: (Good relations)
Population is of Italian descent. Peron was an admirer of
Mussolini.
Argentina is an electoral district and there are MPs who are elected
by Argentinean voters who have dual citizenship.
Former USSR:
Cold but friendly relations because Argentina is in the sphere of
influence of the US.
Russia:
Same as USSR.
China:
Argentina is trying to develop economically without he help of
Western powers, China is logical but relations are tough to
balance.
There is a huge amount of commercial exchange.
34. Israel and Argentina
Argentina’s relations with Israel are contradictory.
Argentina has the largest Jewish community in Latin America so they
have friendly ties with Israel.
However there is a radical right wing portion of the population that
expresses strong anti-Semitic sentiments.
so there are a lot of expressions of support of anti-Israeli position by
individual in government.
The very strong tie between the US and Israel makes Argentineananan
government cautious about Israel.
Menem’s administration was accused of covering up evidence about the
Israel Embassy and AMIA bombings.
Alfonsin passed the Antidiscrimination Law of 1987, which favored the
Jewish and Gypsy communities.
Germany and Argentina
Argentina had always good ties with Germany.
Argentina showed neutrality in WWI & WWII.
Many Germans immigrated to the country after the wars.
35. Relations with Latin American Countries
Paraguay: Paraguay was part of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata. They got
independent on their own, and segregated from Argentina.
War of Paraguay (1864-1870): Paraguay supported a revolution in Uruguay,
causing a war against Argentina and Brazil, which support of the Uruguayan
government.
The war caused a huge destruction in Paraguay, and there was a mild mistrust
ever since.
Chile: Though a small country, Chile has always been a militaristic and
economically advanced country.
She resented the Brazilian and Argentineananan influence in Latin America.
It has many border disputes with Argentina. Which at times escalated to near
war.
During the Falklands war, the Chilean military government allegedly gave logistic
and intelligence support to the British.
Uruguay: There has always been close ties between the 2 peoples. However, there is
a subtle mistrust from the Uruguay government.
Cuba: There has always been a good relation based on the admiration for the
Cuban revolution, & rejection of the American embargo.
Venezuela: Recent close relations due to the ideological ties between the present
governments.
Brazil: Argentina resents Brazil’s leadership in the region. However, both
economies are interconnected. Brazil is Argentina’s 1st commercial partner in
Latin America.
36. Membership in the UN and other
International Organizations
Argentina is a non-permanent member of the UN Security
Council since 2013 and abides by the UN Charter,
maintaining friendly relations with the different member
States.
She respects the decisions emanated from the General
Assembly and the Security Council participating in UN
peacekeeping activities.
In 1998, Argentina marked the 50th anniversary of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and of the adoption
of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide.
The same year she marked 40 years of participation in
peacekeeping operations.
37. Argentina also puts a lot of emphasis on economic relations with
other countries especially Latin America and the Caribbean
countries.
Together with Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay, Argentina formed
Mercado Común del Sur, the Common Market of the South,
(MERCOSUR) as a model of economic integration based on
freedom and democracy.
Through the negotiation of a free trade agreement with the four
original members, Bolivia and Chile also joined MERCOSUR.
As a demonstration of the excellent relations with neighbouring
countries in the area of security and defence, Argentina
proposed the adoption of the political declaration of
MERCOSUR, Bolivia and Chile as a zone of peace, which was
signed at the MERCOSUR summit held in Argentina on July 24th
1998.
38. Other International Organizations in which Argentina is a
member include:
UNASUR-Unión of South American Nations
Organization of American States
International Atomic Energy Agency,
World Trade Organization.
Union Latina (observer)
Paris Club (associate)
G-15, G-20, G-24, G-77
ICC (national committees)
TIAR (Tratado Interamericano de Asistencia Recíproca)- Inter-
American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (commonly known as
the Rio Treaty, the Rio Pact).
39. Culture
Argentina has culturally influenced
neighboring countries.
However, certain aspects of its
culture are known beyond Latin
America.
Tango
Football
Foods and Wine