This document discusses enhancement of electrostatic precipitator (ESP) performance using a microcontroller called ARECA. It presents the basic technological concepts of ESPs and describes performance enhancement programs. The key components of an ESP system enhanced with ARECA include a power supply module, electronic controller, high voltage rectifier transformer, ESP unit, rapping mechanism for removing collected particles, and an Intellirap controller. ARECA allows for improved features like intermittent charging, charge ratio optimization, and upgraded firmware, helping to improve ESP performance and efficiency of particle collection.
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP) Analysis Using CFDiMentor Education
The initial design of the ESP was studied with the help of commercial CFD tool “ANSYS Fluent” and after understanding its ineffectiveness, the design was modified by the addition of a filter. The insertion of filter at the inlet helped delay the flow separation at the inlet evase and improved the distribution of velocity in a more uniform pattern around all the electrode plates thus improving the efficiency of the ESP from 25 \% to 95 \%. Hence, CFD has proven as a very cost effective and useful tool in designing the Electrostatic precipitator.
For my blogs kindly refer: https://www.learncax.com/knowledge-base/blog/by-author/ganesh-visavale
Presentation on thermionic converter for direct energy conversionRAJBALA PURNIMA PRIYA
Thermionic conversion is also recently revisited for concentrated solar power applications.
Formulation of new concepts such as thermionic–photovoltaic and thermionic–thermoelectric combined hybrid devices are recent applications.
Nuclear thermionic power system are used for space applications.
Thermionic converters are also used for cooling of electronics devices.
An example of a technical presentation given by Finnish engineering students. The students were taught slide design as part of their English Language course.
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP) Analysis Using CFDiMentor Education
The initial design of the ESP was studied with the help of commercial CFD tool “ANSYS Fluent” and after understanding its ineffectiveness, the design was modified by the addition of a filter. The insertion of filter at the inlet helped delay the flow separation at the inlet evase and improved the distribution of velocity in a more uniform pattern around all the electrode plates thus improving the efficiency of the ESP from 25 \% to 95 \%. Hence, CFD has proven as a very cost effective and useful tool in designing the Electrostatic precipitator.
For my blogs kindly refer: https://www.learncax.com/knowledge-base/blog/by-author/ganesh-visavale
Presentation on thermionic converter for direct energy conversionRAJBALA PURNIMA PRIYA
Thermionic conversion is also recently revisited for concentrated solar power applications.
Formulation of new concepts such as thermionic–photovoltaic and thermionic–thermoelectric combined hybrid devices are recent applications.
Nuclear thermionic power system are used for space applications.
Thermionic converters are also used for cooling of electronics devices.
An example of a technical presentation given by Finnish engineering students. The students were taught slide design as part of their English Language course.
THIS REPORT IS BASED ON THE POWER FACTOR CORRECTION ON THE POWERPLANT AND IN THIS REPORT IS PREPARED BASED ON THE REPORT MAKING AND THIS REPORT IS USEFUL TO SUBMIT THE REPORTS IN THIS FORMAT AND THIS FORMAT IS ALSO GOOD
Generator and Transformer Protection (PART 1)Dr. Rohit Babu
Part 1. Generator Protection
Protection of generators against stator faults
Rotor faults and abnormal conditions
Restricted earth fault and inter-turn fault protection
Numerical examples
Automatic Power Factor Improvement by Using PLC & SCADAferozpatowary
Power factor correction (PFC) is a process of negotiating the unwanted effects of electric loads that
create a power factor less than one. Power factor correction may be applied either by an electrical power transmission utility to enhance the efficiency of transmission network. In this paper three transformers of different ratings have been used which acts as inductive load each of which produce different power factor variation. The power factor of the supply line is directly monitored by the Power Meter which is connected in parallel to the supply line. The value of the capacitance (capacitor bank) required for correcting the power factor variation due to each transformer and their
combination is found out separately. Capacitor bank for the respective load is triggered by using PLC, which connects the capacitor bank parallel to the load and thereby bringing the power factor near to unity. This paper represents the most effective automatic power factor improvement and monitoring by using static capacitors which will be controlled by a PLC with very low cost although many existing systems are present which are expensive and difficult to manufacture. In this study, many small rating capacitors are connected in parallel and a reference power factor is set as standard value into the PLC. Suitable number of static capacitors is automatically connected according to the instruction of the PLC to improve the power factor close to unity. Some tricks such as using resistors instead of potential transformer and using one of the most low cost PLC SIEMENS S7-200 CPU215 DC/DC/DC which also reduce programming complexity that make it most economical system than any other controlling system.
THIS REPORT IS BASED ON THE POWER FACTOR CORRECTION ON THE POWERPLANT AND IN THIS REPORT IS PREPARED BASED ON THE REPORT MAKING AND THIS REPORT IS USEFUL TO SUBMIT THE REPORTS IN THIS FORMAT AND THIS FORMAT IS ALSO GOOD
Generator and Transformer Protection (PART 1)Dr. Rohit Babu
Part 1. Generator Protection
Protection of generators against stator faults
Rotor faults and abnormal conditions
Restricted earth fault and inter-turn fault protection
Numerical examples
Automatic Power Factor Improvement by Using PLC & SCADAferozpatowary
Power factor correction (PFC) is a process of negotiating the unwanted effects of electric loads that
create a power factor less than one. Power factor correction may be applied either by an electrical power transmission utility to enhance the efficiency of transmission network. In this paper three transformers of different ratings have been used which acts as inductive load each of which produce different power factor variation. The power factor of the supply line is directly monitored by the Power Meter which is connected in parallel to the supply line. The value of the capacitance (capacitor bank) required for correcting the power factor variation due to each transformer and their
combination is found out separately. Capacitor bank for the respective load is triggered by using PLC, which connects the capacitor bank parallel to the load and thereby bringing the power factor near to unity. This paper represents the most effective automatic power factor improvement and monitoring by using static capacitors which will be controlled by a PLC with very low cost although many existing systems are present which are expensive and difficult to manufacture. In this study, many small rating capacitors are connected in parallel and a reference power factor is set as standard value into the PLC. Suitable number of static capacitors is automatically connected according to the instruction of the PLC to improve the power factor close to unity. Some tricks such as using resistors instead of potential transformer and using one of the most low cost PLC SIEMENS S7-200 CPU215 DC/DC/DC which also reduce programming complexity that make it most economical system than any other controlling system.
The feasibility of a dimmer and neon transformer to provide power control to the atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) is presented in this paper. The standard neon transformer was previously shown applicable to power up a plasma torch to generate plasma irradiation of an APPJ at 8.64kv and 35kHz. However, the plasma emission is not controllable. In this study, a lamp dimmer was proposed to function as a power controller to the neon transformer which drives the generation of plasma and discharged with argon gas. With the dimmer output voltage adjustable from 60 - 220V, the power and current of the dimmer were variable from 8.4 to 83.6 W and 0.08 and 0.38 A, respectively. The temperature measured at the quartz tube and sample exposure site were less than 50oC suggested that the APPJ produced were non-thermal. A simple test by exposing plasma plume to a leaf sample showed that the plasma produced were non-damaging to the leaf. This portable system can provide control to the APPJ and applicable for bioengineering studies.
Electric Power Converter with a Wide Input Voltage RangeIAES-IJPEDS
The electric power converter for downhole telemetry systems of oil-well
pumps include a downhole block connected to the pump that contains
electronic circuits required for the operation of the motor pump sensors
and transmission of data about their condition to the surface are described.
A few methods of electric power conversion for this purpose are considered.
The circuit contained two steps of voltage converting are proposed.
The electrical scheme of this method is considered in the article. Proposed
decisions are simulated and verified experimentally. The input high supply
voltage range (200-4200 V) without loss of efficiency (even temporary) was
obtained. The results of simulation and experimental studies have shown
very close results.
Conducted electromagnetic interference mitigation in super-lift Luo-converte...IJECEIAES
In this article, a digital chaotic pulse width modulation (DCPWM)-dependent electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise attenuating procedure has been implemented. With the aid of a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a randomized carrier frequency modulation with a fixed duty cycle has been generated through chaotic carrier frequency, and this process is called DCPWM. Conducted EMI suppression is achieved in a 200 kHz, 40 W elementary positive output super lift Luo (EPOSLL) converter using the DCPWM technique. The results are compared and validated with periodic PWM over DCPWM in simulation and hardware with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards. Besides, 9 dBV (2.81 V) of conducted EMI noise has been minimized in the DCPWM approach against periodic pulse width modulation method for the EPOSLL converter in electric vehicles applications.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Development of Class D Inverter for Acoustics Energy Transfer Implantable Dev...IJPEDS-IAES
The working principle of half-bridge Class D Parallel-Resonant Inverter
(PRI) as power amplifier is presented in this paper. Simulation of the model
is carried out using Proteus. In order to verify the simulation results, an
experimental verification is done. This inverter used to excite PZT
transducers at suggested resonant frequency of 416 kHz with power level
transferred through Acoustics Energy Transfer (AET) concept at about 80
mW. As experimental outcome result, the system managed to transfer energyof 66 mW to the receiver side.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Areca
1. Enhancement of ESP Performance using
‘ARECA’ Microcontroller
Savita Naik
M.Tech Student , Dept of E&E,
PDA College of Engineering
Gulbarga, Karnataka
M. S. Aspalli,
Professor, Dept of E&E,
PDA College of Engg.
Gulbarga,Karnataka
Abstract: Thermal Power plants emit fly ash as well as other
gases like Carbon dioxide (CO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO),
Nitric Oxides (NOx) , Sulpher oxides (SOx ) ,etc. to the
atmosphere and in turn, the atmosphere gets polluted. The
pollution to this effect is dangerous to our living society as
well as to the plant life. The reason is the use of fossil fuel like
coal to run the thermal power plants. Air pollution control
equipment for today’s need are Electrostatic Precipitator
(ESP), Fabric Filter (FF) etc. are in greater use. But,
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP) are widely used all over the
world for better performance and better dust collection
efficiency. It is a reliable and proven technology which can
effectively handle large quantities of abrasive type fly ash
without any operating problems. Energy saving aspect on this
controlling measure is really challenging. For enhancement of
ESP performance, promotion of new technology and
development of electronics & materials are in continuous
process of improvement. This paper presents the basic
technological and operational concept of ESP and
performance enhancement programs/activities being taken in
Thermal power generation plants, which are in accordance
with the Environmental Regulations of today’s world.
Keytwords: Low Tension Main Switch Board (LTMSB),
microcontroller based ARECA, high voltage rectifier
transformer, electrostatic precipitator.
I. INTRODUCTION
An Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) is a technique
used to decrease the pollution content in the flue gasses. It
is generally used in Thermal power plants to control the
pollution caused by flue gasses. Coal-Fired boilers in
thermal power plants (TPP’s) cause substantial air
pollution through emission of fly-ash particles. Similarly,
process plants, such as cement mills and steel plants, also
cause air pollution through their exhaust gases.
Electrostatic precipitators (ESP’s) are widely used in many
industries for particle collection from flue gases. In a
Thermal Power Plant, they serve to limit fly-ash pollution
of the atmosphere, high collection efficiency, a low
pressure drop, reliability and suitability for high
temperature fluctuations in flue gases. A fly-ash
concentration of about 30–60 g/nm in the flue gas is
brought down, often to below 15 g/nm by using ESP’s.
The increased awareness on the harmful effects of
particulate emission from power plant and other industries
has resulted in demand on suitable measure to reduce the
emission equipment/controls. The ESP are widely used for
removal of solid and liquid particles from industrial gases
with collection efficiencies exceeding 99 percent for wide
range of particle size (1-100)/an. They can handle large
volume of gases (25-1000)/m3/s, have low pressure drop
and can operate continuously with little maintenance. The
performance of ESP is found to be affected with the
passage of time in power plant due to (1) change in the
characteristics of coal feed and hence that of fly ash.(2)
The quality and quantity of the gases coming out from the
boiler. (3)The charging of fly ash which depends on current
suppliedby microprocessor controlled
Transformer/Rectifier sets, electrical field developed on the
collection electrodes, electrode spacing, configuration etc.
(4) The collection and dust removal, the particles are
collected at anode which are grounded, dust is removed
through rapping and is collected in hoppers stationed below
in electrodes in ESP.
A precipitator is a relatively simple device which
separates particles from a gas stream by passing the carrier
gas between pairs of electrodes across which a
unidirectional, high voltage potential is placed. A high-
voltage direct current is applied to a discharge wire
negatively charging it, Voltage to the wire is increased until
a corona (a visible electric discharge) is produced around
the wire. As the particle- laden flue gas passes through
corona, the particles contained in the flue gas become
negatively charged. Because the discharge electrodes are
negatively charged and the collection electrodes are
positively charged, a strong electrical field is created
between them. This electrical field propels the negatively
charged particles toward the positively charged collection
electrodes, where the particles attach themselves. The
particles would quickly collect on the plate, creating a dust
layer. The dust layer would accumulate until we removed
it, which we could do by rapping the plate. Charging,
collecting, and removing that's the basic idea of an ESP
.
II. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
The Block diagram of proposed electrostatic
precipitator consists of power supply module, electronic
controller with microcontroller based ARECA, high
voltage rectifier transformer, electrostatic precipitator,
rapping mechanism, switch fuse unit and intellirap
controller as shown in figure 1.
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
www.ijert.orgIJERTV4IS080575
(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
Vol. 4 Issue 08, August-2015
495
2. The power supply is fed from LTMSB, 3-phase,
415V, 50Hz to the Electronic controller (ARECA). The
regulated AC (R-Y) phase power from Electronic
controller applied to the primary of the high voltage
rectifier transformer which is stepped up 415V AC into
95KV DC
Fig 1: Block Diagram of proposed Electrostatic Precipitator
(ESP).
The output DC supply is fed to electrostatic
precipitator which consist of +VE and –VE terminals .The
+VE terminal is connected to the ESP of collecting plate
system and grounded. The –VE terminal is connected to the
emitting electrodes system. The flue gases pass between
electrodes and are subjected to an intense electric field.
where the particles attach themselves. The particles would
quickly collect on the plate, creating a dust layer. The dust
layer would accumulate until we removed it, which we
could do by rapping system.
The Switch Fuse Unit is fed 3-phase power from
the same source and which is controlled by
INTERLLIRAP controlle ,which consist of timer
,frequency operation of motor which is initial programmed
accordingly rapping motor will operate and dislodge the
ash into the Hopper system. The collected ash from the
hopper can be evacuated through slurry (wet mode) or
sillo(dry mode).
3-phase, 415V, 50HZ power supply from Low
Tension Main Switch Board (LTMSB) which fed by
1600KVA, 11KV/415V Station Auxiliary Transformer,
AN Dyn11, Z=8% OFF Ckt, Tap Changer ±5 in step of
2.5%.
All blocks are explained briefly.
ELECTRONICS CONTROLLER (EC)
The Electronic controller (EC) contains the
antiparallel connected Thyristor pair for controlling the
input voltage to the rectifier unit along with a
microcontroller based control module ARECA ( The name
‘ARECA’ is derived from the Areca palm tree - NASA’s
top ten ranked air purifying plant). The basic function of
Electronic Controller (EC) is to feed the precipitator with
maximum power input under constant current regulation.
Should there be any flash over between collecting and
emitting electrodes. EC will sense the flashover and
quickly react by bringing the input voltage to zero and
blocking it for a specified period. After the ionized gases
are cleared and the dielectric strength restored, the control
will quickly bring back the power to preset valve and raise
it to the original non sparking level. Thus the EC ensures
adequate power input to the precipitator while reckoning
the electrical disturbances within the precipitator.
Regulated AC power from EC is applied to the primary of
the transformer which is stepped up and rectified to give
full wave power output.
ARECA is a new 16-bit microcontroller based HVR
controller with new and enhanced features in a compact
package. It permits all analog parameter settings through
digital keypad entries. A 4x20 character LCD display is
used to incorporate more data and command menus per
page, and more user friendly. ARECA has a true spark
sensing algorithm, which does away with the need for
manual tuning and hence provides a maintenance free
method for spark sensing.
Improved Features of ARECA
Intermittent charging : Facility to skip half cycles thus
charging fields intermittently, in-order to avoid back
corona. Charge Ratios upto 1:255 can be set using the
ARECA controller.
Charge Ratio Optimisation Mode: Arrives at the optimum
charge ratio for maximum collection without building up
back-corona.
_ Based on strength of back-corona
_ Fast optimization cycle
_ Practically no degradation of performance during
optimization
Base Charging: To maintain the ESP voltage close to
corona onset voltages between the intermittent charging
pulses. Base charging in ARECA is based on closed loop
control.
Peak and Valley KV measurement: Absolute peak and
valley KV detection algorithm for improved diagnosis and
trouble shooting of respective ESP fields.
Upgradable Firmware: The firmware residing in the
ARECA controller can be upgraded in-situ, even without
removing the controller from the panel.
Tr OCSC test with a single key operation:
The transformer OC and SC test can be performed by a
simple key press. If any abnormality is sensed during
testing, the controller trips the power and indicates the
power at which the abnormality occurred.
‘True Spark’ Sensing algorithm: No Manual tuning for
spark sense level required. Spurious sparks are ignored.
Communication Channels: Supports RS-485, CAN, RS232
– Current Loop, wireless.
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
www.ijert.orgIJERTV4IS080575
(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
Vol. 4 Issue 08, August-2015
496
3. HIGH VOLTAGE RECTIFIER TRANSFORMER
(HVRT)
The High Voltage Rectifier Transformer Unit
(HVRT) consists of an oil immersed step up transformer,
ac reactor high voltage rectifier, high frequency choke,
measuring and protection components. Transformer-
Rectifier sets supply specified DC voltage and current to
ESPs. The Transformer-Rectifier high-voltage supply
consists of a transformer, an optional current-limiting
reactor, rectifiers and switches all kept in an oil-filled tank
that is completely sealed and suitably painted for outdoor
use. Semi-outdoor bushings are provided on these units and
are suitable for outdoor use when enclosed in a bus duct to
protect them from the elements. The Transformer Rectifier
415V/95KV, 1200mA DC supplies the power for
particulate charging and collection.The transformer-
rectifier is mounted on roof of the precipitator.
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR (ESP)
Most of the plants in India use coal fuel for
generating steam. The exhaust gases contain large amount
of smoke and dust which are being emitted into the
atmosphere. This posed a real threat to the mankind as a
devasting health hazard. Hence it has become necessary to
free the exhaust gases from smoke and dust.
There are various ways of extracting dust. The
electrostatic precipitators (ESP) are extensively used in the
thermal power plant or steam power plant for removal of
fly ash from the electric utility boiler emissions. The use of
electrostatic precipitators is growing rapidly because of the
new strict air code and environmental laws.
An electrostatic precipitator is equipment which
utilizes an intense electric force to separate suspended
particle from the gases. The process involves:
Electrical charging of suspended particle.
Collection of charging particle on collecting
electrode.
Removal of particle from collecting electrode.
The flue gases pass between electrodes and are
subjected to an intense electric field. The emission
electrodes are connected to the negative polarity of HV
power supply while collecting electrodes are connected to
positive polarity and grounded.
THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORS (ESP)
The electrostatic Precipitator utilizes electrostatic
forces to separate dust particles from the gas to be cleaned.
The gas is conducted to a chamber containing “positive” of
vertical steel plates. These plates divide the chamber into a
number of paralleled gas passages. A frame with secured
wires is located within each passage. All the frames are
linked to each other to form a rigid framework. The entire
framework is held in place by four support insulators.
Which insulate it electrically from all parts, which are
grounded.
C= COLLECTING ELECTRODES
E= EMITTING ELECTRODES
S= HV SUPPORT INSULATORS
B= TRANSFORMER OUTPUT BUSHING
A high voltage direct current is connected
between the framework and the ground thereby creating a
strong electrical field between the wires in the framework
and the positive steel plates. The electrical field becomes
strongest near the surface of the wires. So strong that an
electrical discharge “the corona discharges” develops along
the wires. The gas is ionized due to the corona discharge
and large quantities of positive and negative ions are
formed. The Positive ions are immediately attracted
towards the negative wires by the strength of the field. The
negative ions, however, have to traverse the space between
the electrodes to reach the positive plates.
Fig 2: Working Principle of Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP)
.
En route towards the steel plates, the ions collide
with and adhere to the dust particles in the gas. The
particles thereby become electrically charged and also
begin to migrate in the same direction as the ions towards
the steel plate and stick on to them. These steel plates are
rapped periodically to dislodge the deposited dust, which is
collected in the hoppers.
INTELLIRAP CONTROLLER FOR ESP
RAPPING SYSTEM
IntelliRap is microcontroller based unit that
controls and surveys the operation of rapping motors in
Electrostatic Precipitators. One IntelliRap unit can control
up to 24 motors. IntelliRap starts and stops motors as
programmed and will give alarm indication if a rapping
motor fails.
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
www.ijert.orgIJERTV4IS080575
(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
Vol. 4 Issue 08, August-2015
497
4. Figure3: IntelliRap Controller for ESP Rapping
System
Figure 4: Installation of IntelliRap Controller, IntelliRelay
and IntelliBuffercards
The IntelliRelay and IntelliBuffer cards are DIN rail
mountable and should be located at the Auxiliary control
Panel. They are connected to the IntelliRap controller
located in the EC Panel room by 2 wire RS485
communication as indicated in figure.
Features of IntelliRap
The IntelliRap is preprogrammed with number of
Rapping sequences, any of which can be selected
depending on the field failure condition of the Electrostatic
Precipitator. The rapping frequency of the motors can also
be manually reconfigured from the IntelliRap. This
sequence will be stored in the flash memory ensuring
availability of this data on power failure. The IntelliRap
controller gives an alarm indication if
1) Communication from the IntelliRelay card is broken.
2) Communication from IntelliBuffer card is broken.
3) A motor is switched on, but the ON feedback
from the motor is not available.
Rapping motors can be switched ON and OFF
manually without affecting the operation of other
motors.
The IntelliRelay card is capable of sensing a
controller failure / break in the communication
channel from IntelliRap. If such a situation arises,
it is capable of controlling the rapping motor
operation by itself. The program set number and
the real time references will continue to be valid
even when the IntelliRelay card takes over
control. Thus rapping operation is ensured to take
place till the failed controller is replaced /
communication restored.
IntelliRap has an LCD Display (4line X 20
Characters) for motor running and error status
indication. It provides better user interaction
through only six comprehensive menu screens.
IntelliRap eliminates ribbon cables with more than
100 cores wired between controller and relay &
buffer card, hence simplified commissioning and
maintenance.
The IntelliRap controller can be connected to the
Integrated Operating system (IOS) for monitoring
and control from remote.
RAPPING MECHANISM
Dust that has accumulated on collection and
discharge electrodes is removed by rapping. Dust deposits
are generally dislodged by mechanical impulses, or
vibrations, imparted to the electrodes. A rapping system is
designed so that rapping intensity and frequency can be
adjusted for varying operational conditions. Once the
operating conditions are set, the system must be capable of
maintaining uniform rapping for a long time. Collection
electrodes are rapped by hammer/anvil or magnetic
impulse systems. Rigid frame discharge electrodes are
rapped by tumbling hammers and wires are rapped by
vibrators.
Rapping motor with gear system
Electric motors incorporated with Power Build
Limited (PBL) geared motors are Totally Enclosed Fan
Cooled (TEFC) with class-B insulator and protection class
IP55. The motor is having a special oil-tight shaft. All
electric motors are provided with cooling fans and are
suitable for bi-direction rotation. Direction of rotation can
be changed by inter changing any two phase in the
Terminal Box connection.
a) Collecting Electrodes Rapping motor : Geared motor
,3-phase 0.5HP,0.37KW, 1.1 RPM,415V, 50HZ
b) Emitting Electrodes Rapping motor : Geared motor
,3-phase 0.5HP,0.37KW, 2.5 RPM,415V, 50HZ
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
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498
5. 3-PHASE SWITCH FUSE UNIT (SFU)
3-phase, 63A, SFU supply power to the Rapping
motors and it consists of Fuses, Power Contactor,
Auxiliary Contactor, Over Load contactor, Timer,
ON/OFF/Trip Indications and receives signals from
IntlliRap Controller.
III. CONCLUSION
An electronics precipitator is electrical equipment where a
DC voltage is imparted through emitting electrode creating
an electrical field around it. Dust particles carried by the
gas, while passing through the field is charged to saturation
and migrate towards the collecting electrode, usually in the
form of plate curtain, where they are deposited in layers.
By suitable rapping mechanism dust is dislodged into the
hopper. At Yarmars Thermal power plant Raichur, India .
ESP unit is proposed by electronic controllers with
Microcontroller based ARECA.
ARECA is a new 16-bit microcontroller based HVR
controller with new and enhanced features in a compact
package. It permits all analog parameter settings through
digital keypad entries. A 4x20 character LCD display is
used to incorporate more data and command menus per
page, and more user friendly. ARECA has a true spark
sensing algorithm, which does away with the need for
manual tuning and hence provides a maintenance free
method for spark sensing.
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rga Prasad,T. Lakshminarayana,
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
www.ijert.orgIJERTV4IS080575
(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
Vol. 4 Issue 08, August-2015
499