PPT ON ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

1. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, DURGAPUR
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
(ESP)
PRESENTED BY:
FATEH RANA
13/ME/22
DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2. INTRODUCTION
An electrostatic
precipitator is a large,
industrial emission- control
unit. It is designed to trap
and remove dust particles
from the exhaust gas
stream (flue gases) of an
industrial plant.
ESPs are used in Chemical,
Paper, Power sector units,
etc But most exclusively it is used
in coal based thermal power
plants.

3. Purpose of using ESP:
 Removal of objectionable matter in the
dust/flue gas , SO2 and NOx and
PM2.5 .
 NOx causes depletion of ground layer
ozone and SO2 causes acid rain
 Recovery of material for economic
reason.
 Removal of abrasive material in the
dust to reduce wear and tear of the
fan components.

4. Construction:
(i) Discharge
Electrodes:Electrode wires which
carries negatively charged
high voltage DC (between
20 to 80 KV) act as
discharge or emitting
electrodes.
The cross section of the
wire may be round ,
square, or further
complicated to increase
the local electrical field
and thus the corona

5. (ii) Collector Electrode
 Electrode plates which
carries positively charged
high voltage DC act as
collector plate.
 Collector plates are
earthed , so they have
zero potential.
 The collector plates are
separated by a distance
of 1cm to 18 cm
depending upon the
working condition.

6. .
(iii) Casing :
The side walls are made of horizontal panels ,it
is a leak proof arrangement with roof beams of
longitudinal & transverse to support the
internals of collecting and emitting electrodes.
Casings are generally made of Reinforced
cement concrete, to withstand corrosion due
to the presence of moisture and sulphur
Compounds.
Pyramidal and flat bottom hoppers are provided
under the casing to collect the ashes.It should
not be treated as storage bunker.
(iv ) Hopper :

7. Working Principle:
The precipitation process
involves 4 main functions:
(i) Corona generation
(ii) Particle charging
(iii) Particle collection
(iv) Removal of particles

8. Corona generation
When high voltage is applied in the charging electrodes ,a
blue luminous glow called “Corona “ is generated around
the electrode.
And it causes ionisation of gas molecules , due to which
+ve ions, -ve ions , and free electrons are generated.
Particle charging:
When –ve ions travel towards +ve electrodes (Collecting Plate)
,the –ve charges get attached to the dust particles, and thus the
dust particles are electrically charged.

9. Particle collection:
The –vely charged particles get attracted towards the +vely
charged collecting electrodes and form a layer on the surface of
the electrode.
Similarly the +vely charged particles are deposited on the
discharging electrode.
But this is merely 10% of the total deposited material.Removal of particles:
The deposited particles forms a layer on the electrodes, and after
certain time interval they are removed from the electrodes by
mechanisms depending upon the type of ESP.
Ash particles are collected in the hopper , and from there they are
transported to somewhere else.

10. Types of ESP
(i) Dry-type ESP
 A collecting plate rapping device is used to
remove the dust collected on the plate ,
when the dust has accumulated up to a
certain thickness. Due to rapping re-entrainment of particles
takes place which reduces efficiency. In
addition to this , dry ESPs are not suitable to
collect particles that are sticky, corossive,or
have high dust cake resistivity.
 Dry ESPs exhibits reduced collection efficiency for fine
particles in the 0.1-1 micrometer range.

11. (ii) Wet-type ESP
 Wet ESPs are designed and developed to
eliminate the problems of Dry ESPs ,by
using periodic or continuous scrubbing
water to remove deposited particles on
the collection electrodes.
 Wet ESPs exhibits good control
on fine particles in industrial
applications.

12. Performance of ESP
The basic formula describing ESP performance is
Deutsch-Anderson equation , giving the outlet dust
concentration (Cout), as function of inlet
concentration(Cin) , gas flow volumetric rate (Q),and
precipitator collecting area (A)
Cout =Cin.exp(-wA/Q)
Where, w=effective migration velocity of particle.
It’s a function of several variables ,including particle size
distribution ,ash composition,flue gas temperature etc
In practicle it is an over-simplified equation.

13. ………continued.
ESP has very high mass based collection efficiency
which exceeds 99%
Efficiency=(mass of all particles retained by collector
)/(mass of all particles entering collector)
 This high collecting effiency of ESP is of great importance ,
because flue gases contain N2 , CO2, NOx ,SO2, H2O etc.
 SO2 and NOx are the major pre-cursor of acid rains which
has acidified soils, lakes, accelerated corrosion of buildings
and reduced visibility. The dust particles present in flue gas creates
respiratory and cardio-vascular illness.

14. Advantages of ESP:
(i) This is more effective to remove small particles
like smoke ,mist, fly ash. Unlike Cyclone separator
which is not efficient in removal of fine particles
(particles smaller than 5 micron).It’s range of dust
removal is sufficiently large (0.01 micron to 1.0
micron).(ii) ESPs are durable, cost effective and easy to operate.
(iii) ESPs have very high efficiency i.e more than 99%
(iv) Generally ESPs operate at a temperature range of 363K-
573K. But in case of ultra-fine particles it can be operated at a
higher temperature range of 623K-673K or higher.

15. Disadvantages of ESP:
(i) DC is not available with modern plants , therefore considerable
electrical equipment is necessary to convert low voltage (400V) AC
to high voltage (60KV) DC ,this increases the capital required for the
set-up.(ii) The running charges are also high as the amount of power
required for charging is considerably large.
(iii) The equipment is complex, requires equipment transport and
maintenance of high level is required.
(iv) Because of closeness of the charged plates and
high potential used ,it is necessary to protect the
entire collector from sparking by providing a fine
mesh before the ionising chamber.

16. Conclusion:
As one of the principle source of energy ,Coal is important because
of its stability of supply and relatively low cost .
However, any greenhouse gases emitted during the combustion of
coal must be reduced in order that coal can continue to be used in
CO2 constrained future.
The problem of air pollution from particulate emission has recently
shifted from micro meter to nano meter range .As particle size
decreases the potential for chemical and catalytic effects on human
health dramatically increases.
 So , despite of its high capital investment ESP is the necessity of
present and the hope for the future.

17. THANKING YOU