This is the ppt of Areca Nut(Areca Catechu). which is also known as Betel Nut. as its common useage in the country is for mastication with betel leaves.
The document summarizes information about the areca nut. It discusses that the areca nut comes from the areca palm tree, which is cultivated in tropical regions like India, Sri Lanka, and South China. The nuts contain various alkaloids and chemicals. They have a hard texture and astringent taste. Areca nuts are used as an anthelmintic and nervine tonic, and as a vermifuge for dogs. Potential substitutes and adulterants are also outlined.
- Isabgol (Plantago ovata) is an annual herb native to Persia and West Asia that is cultivated for its husk and seeds, which have laxative and soothing properties.
- The plant's husk contains mucilage made of xylose, arabinose, and galacturonic acid that absorbs and retains water, making it an effective treatment for diarrhea and intestinal irritation.
- Isabgol is grown as a winter crop in parts of India like Gujarat and Rajasthan, with varieties including Gujrat Isabgol-1 and Jawahar Isabgol-4; it grows best in sandy loam soil and requires cool, dry weather between
Saffron is the dried stigma and styles from Crocus sativus. It is cultivated by planting corms in sunny, well-drained soil. Flowers bloom in October and are harvested by hand, with the red stigmas and yellow styles removed. The stigmas are dried and contain chemicals like crocin, crocetin, and safranal responsible for saffron's color, taste, and aroma. Saffron is used as a coloring and flavoring agent in foods as well as having stimulant and anti-spasmodic properties. Common substitutes include safflower petals which are orange instead of red.
This document provides information on Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), including its botanical classification, traditional medicinal uses, growth requirements, cultivation practices, and yield. It states that Ashwagandha is traditionally used in Ayurveda to treat various symptoms and conditions. The document describes the plant's preferred soil and climate conditions, methods of propagation, planting, fertilization, harvesting, and post-harvest practices. It concludes by stating the typical yield range of 400-1200 kg/ha of dried roots and 200-500 kg/ha of seeds.
Ginger is a flowering plant native to Southeast Asia whose rhizome is used widely as a spice. It is a herbaceous perennial grown for its underground stem. The plant produces erect shoots with narrow leaves and pale yellow flowers. India is a major ginger producer along with China. Ginger is high in nutrients and contains compounds that provide potential health benefits. Micropropagation through tissue culture is used to produce disease-free planting materials as diseases often spread through contaminated rhizomes.
Brahmi is a succulent herb found in wet, damp areas in India up to 1200 meters in elevation. It has flat, obovate leaves that are green with a bitter taste. Brahmi contains alkaloids like bacoside A and B, as well as other chemical constituents. It is used as a nervine tonic to treat conditions like asthma, epilepsy, and insanity, and has laxative, diuretic, and potential anticancer properties. It can be cultivated throughout the year in warm, humid conditions.
Black pepper is native to southern India and is now widely cultivated in tropical regions around the world. Karnataka is India's leading producer, accounting for approximately 50% of national production. Pepper plants are woody vines that produce clusters of small, green berries that turn red and then black or white upon ripening. There are over 100 varieties cultivated in India, with the most important including Tellicherry, Malabar, and Cheriakodi. Black pepper is used widely as a spice and preservative, and also has traditional medicinal uses. It is harvested when berries start to change color, then dried or processed into products like white, green, and powdered pepper. India is a major exporter, contributing over a third of spice
1) Arecanut is primarily cultivated for its kernel which is used as a stimulant when chewed. India is the largest producer and consumer of arecanut, producing over 50% of the world's supply.
2) Arecanut grows well in tropical climates with temperatures between 14-36°C and rainfall between 1000-5000mm annually. Deep, well-drained soils are suitable for cultivation.
3) Leading arecanut producing states in India are Karnataka, Assam, Kerala. New high yielding varieties have been developed with yields up to 17.25 kg per palm annually.
The document summarizes information about the areca nut. It discusses that the areca nut comes from the areca palm tree, which is cultivated in tropical regions like India, Sri Lanka, and South China. The nuts contain various alkaloids and chemicals. They have a hard texture and astringent taste. Areca nuts are used as an anthelmintic and nervine tonic, and as a vermifuge for dogs. Potential substitutes and adulterants are also outlined.
- Isabgol (Plantago ovata) is an annual herb native to Persia and West Asia that is cultivated for its husk and seeds, which have laxative and soothing properties.
- The plant's husk contains mucilage made of xylose, arabinose, and galacturonic acid that absorbs and retains water, making it an effective treatment for diarrhea and intestinal irritation.
- Isabgol is grown as a winter crop in parts of India like Gujarat and Rajasthan, with varieties including Gujrat Isabgol-1 and Jawahar Isabgol-4; it grows best in sandy loam soil and requires cool, dry weather between
Saffron is the dried stigma and styles from Crocus sativus. It is cultivated by planting corms in sunny, well-drained soil. Flowers bloom in October and are harvested by hand, with the red stigmas and yellow styles removed. The stigmas are dried and contain chemicals like crocin, crocetin, and safranal responsible for saffron's color, taste, and aroma. Saffron is used as a coloring and flavoring agent in foods as well as having stimulant and anti-spasmodic properties. Common substitutes include safflower petals which are orange instead of red.
This document provides information on Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), including its botanical classification, traditional medicinal uses, growth requirements, cultivation practices, and yield. It states that Ashwagandha is traditionally used in Ayurveda to treat various symptoms and conditions. The document describes the plant's preferred soil and climate conditions, methods of propagation, planting, fertilization, harvesting, and post-harvest practices. It concludes by stating the typical yield range of 400-1200 kg/ha of dried roots and 200-500 kg/ha of seeds.
Ginger is a flowering plant native to Southeast Asia whose rhizome is used widely as a spice. It is a herbaceous perennial grown for its underground stem. The plant produces erect shoots with narrow leaves and pale yellow flowers. India is a major ginger producer along with China. Ginger is high in nutrients and contains compounds that provide potential health benefits. Micropropagation through tissue culture is used to produce disease-free planting materials as diseases often spread through contaminated rhizomes.
Brahmi is a succulent herb found in wet, damp areas in India up to 1200 meters in elevation. It has flat, obovate leaves that are green with a bitter taste. Brahmi contains alkaloids like bacoside A and B, as well as other chemical constituents. It is used as a nervine tonic to treat conditions like asthma, epilepsy, and insanity, and has laxative, diuretic, and potential anticancer properties. It can be cultivated throughout the year in warm, humid conditions.
Black pepper is native to southern India and is now widely cultivated in tropical regions around the world. Karnataka is India's leading producer, accounting for approximately 50% of national production. Pepper plants are woody vines that produce clusters of small, green berries that turn red and then black or white upon ripening. There are over 100 varieties cultivated in India, with the most important including Tellicherry, Malabar, and Cheriakodi. Black pepper is used widely as a spice and preservative, and also has traditional medicinal uses. It is harvested when berries start to change color, then dried or processed into products like white, green, and powdered pepper. India is a major exporter, contributing over a third of spice
1) Arecanut is primarily cultivated for its kernel which is used as a stimulant when chewed. India is the largest producer and consumer of arecanut, producing over 50% of the world's supply.
2) Arecanut grows well in tropical climates with temperatures between 14-36°C and rainfall between 1000-5000mm annually. Deep, well-drained soils are suitable for cultivation.
3) Leading arecanut producing states in India are Karnataka, Assam, Kerala. New high yielding varieties have been developed with yields up to 17.25 kg per palm annually.
The document provides information about cardamom, including its definition, morphology, history, chemical constituents, common usable parts, traditional uses, extraction process, therapeutic uses, dosage, side effects, and contraindications. Cardamom is the world's third most expensive spice and originated in Guatemala. It grows well in areas with high rainfall and its seeds contain volatile oils including a-terpineol and limonene. Traditional uses of cardamom include use in cooking, baking, and as a breath freshener. Its extraction process involves grinding seeds and steeping them in water. Therapeutic uses include treating indigestion, infections, and inflammation. Proper dosage depends on factors like age, but side effects may
turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric Arvind Yadav
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
This document discusses the medicinal plant Asparagus racemosus, commonly known as Satavari. It is a herbaceous plant found throughout India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In Ayurveda, it is known as the "Queen of Herbs" as it promotes health, love, and devotion. It has many medicinal uses including as a brain tonic, uterine tonic, fertility enhancer, and lactation promoter. The document outlines the plant's taxonomy, distribution, uses in Ayurveda and other traditional medicine, cultivation practices, and concluded that further research is needed to document its traditional uses.
Coriander is an annual herb native to Mediterranean areas that has been cultivated since ancient times by Indians, Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. It produces spherical, ribbed fruits called cremocarps which are used as a spice. Coriander is widely grown around the world including in Russia, India, Morocco and the USA. It grows best in loamy or silt loamy soil and is propagated through seeding. The seeds are sown directly with spacing between plants and irrigation provided weekly. Coriander is harvested between November to March and yields 2-3 tons per acre. The fruits are used for their medicinal properties and stimulating digestion while the leaves are used as a condiment.
This document summarizes information about cinnamon bark, including its biological source from the Cinnamomum zeylanicum tree, propagation methods, harvesting process, chemical constituents like volatile oil and cinnamaldehyde, quality standards, and uses as a spice, flavoring agent, and in preparations like candy and perfumes. It also describes different varieties of cinnamon including Saigon cinnamon and Java cinnamon.
This document provides information on several medicinal and aromatic plants including lemongrass, eucalyptus, basil, and long pepper. It describes their systematic position, species, varieties, uses of essential oils, and important breeding programs. The lemongrass section provides details on four main Cymbopogon species and nine popular varieties cultivated in India. Eucalyptus citriodora and E. globulus are outlined as the most common eucalyptus species grown. Sweet basil and holy basil are highlighted among the Ocimum genus, and eleven of their varieties are listed. Lastly, long pepper is native to South Asia and its spikes and roots contain medicinal alkaloids.
This document summarizes information about the plant Coleus forskohlii. It discusses the traditional uses of the plant in various countries to treat conditions like stomachaches, nausea, and gastritis. It also describes the cultural practices for growing the plant, including soil and climate preferences, propagation methods, fertilizer use, and pest and disease management. The key active compound in Coleus forskohlii is forskolin, and extraction methods and uses of forskolin and Coleus forskohlii products are outlined.
This document provides information on various mint species cultivated in India including Japanese mint, peppermint, spearmint, and bergamot mint. It discusses the botanical characteristics, chemical constituents, varieties, cultivation requirements, production, and market for each species. India is a leading global producer of mint oils, especially Japanese mint oil which contains high levels of menthol. The document outlines opportunities to increase value from mint cultivation through developing additional high-value products from constituents of mint oil.
Kokum is a native tree of Western India that produces an oblong or oval fruit used to make products like syrup and dried rind. It grows well in coastal regions receiving over 250 cm of rainfall annually in lateritic or alluvial soil. Propagation is primarily through seed germination or softwood grafting, with two main varieties released in Maharashtra. Kokum is often intercropped with coconut or arecanut and requires minimal care once established. Mature trees bear hundreds of fruits annually from April to May that are processed into products extending their shelf life.
This document provides information on lavender, including its botanical name, family, origin, uses, important species, chemical composition, distribution, cultivation areas in India, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, varieties, irrigation, maintenance, harvesting, yields, and essential oil extraction. The key points are: lavender is native to the Mediterranean region; the three main cultivated species are L. angustifolia, L. latifolia, and L. hybrida; its main constituent is linalyl acetate, ranging from 30-60%; and about 10 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained per hectare, with an essential oil content of 0.5-1.1%.
The document provides information on the cultivation of papaya. It discusses the varieties of papaya suitable for different purposes, soil and climate requirements, planting methods, irrigation, fertilizer application, pest and disease management, harvesting, and yield. The key steps described are soil preparation, sowing, planting seedlings, pruning, irrigation, fertilizer application, management of pests and diseases, determining maturity, and harvesting. Papaya is considered an important crop due to its nutritional value and industrial uses such as extraction of the digestive enzyme papain.
Ashwagandha is a plant from the Solanaceae family that is used in Ayurvedic medicine. It grows as a short shrub and its long, brown, tuberous roots are used for medicinal purposes. Ashwagandha is cultivated in drier regions of India and can tolerate temperatures from 20 to 38°C. Traditionally, it has been used to treat tumors, tuberculosis, and anxiety and research suggests it may help reduce cholesterol and improve sperm quality. Potential side effects include stomach upset, diarrhea, vomiting, and lowered blood pressure.
Pomegranate is native to Iran and India is the largest producer globally. The document discusses the taxonomy, distribution, varieties, cultivation practices and pest management of pomegranate. It provides details on important varieties like Ganesh, Alandi, Dholka; propagation through cuttings; cultural practices like irrigation, manuring, training; and management of pests like fruit borer and bark eating caterpillar.
This document summarizes information about Coriandrum Sativum L., commonly known as coriander or cilantro. It contains essential oils such as linalool and fatty oils like oleic acid. Coriander has various pharmacological actions including being aromatic, anti-arthritic, stimulating digestive secretions, and being anti-ulcer, anti-lipidemic, anti-spasmodic, and more. The daily dose is 1-3 grams of powdered seeds or a freshly prepared cup of infusion between meals. Overdose may cause liver damage and skin sensitivity. It should be used cautiously during pregnancy and lactation.
Hello. This is my first upload of my presentation regarding about herb plant - Cymbopogon citratus (commonly called it - Lemongrass). It is derived from several resources, mainly from monograph. This is part of my assignment and I would like to share it out. Feel free to comment for any related topic. Hope it helps to your finding. Thank you.
The document discusses the botany and cultivation of turmeric (Curcuma longa), including its botanical name, family, origin in Southeast Asia, major constituents like curcumin, and common names. It provides details on the plant's chromosome number, morphology, flowering biology, genetic resources, wild relatives, cultivar diversity in India, and important varieties. The main active compounds in turmeric like curcuminoids and turmerones are also summarized along with their various medicinal and biological properties.
Cymbopogon flexuosus, commonly known as lemon grass, is a tall perennial grass native to Asia, South America, and Africa. It has tufted stems that arise from short rhizomes and contain a distinct citrus flavor. There are two main varieties - C. flexuosus var. flexuosus, which has reddish stems and high oil content, and C. flexuosus var. albescens, which has white stems and lower oil content. Lemongrass oil is extracted through steam distillation and has various pharmacological properties including antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and insect repellent effects. It is cultivated for its oil, which is used in
Rhubarb is a general term used for the cultivated plants in the genus Rheum in the family Polygonaceae. It is a herbaceous perennial growing from short, thick rhizomes. Historically, different plants have been called "rhubarb" in English.
PLANTATION AND ADAPTATION OF ARECA NUT TREE.pdfdmv99800
The document summarizes information about the areca nut palm tree, including its origin, cultivation, composition, uses, and processing. It notes that the areca nut palm is native to the Malayan archipelago and is an important crop in India. The nut has various medical properties and is commonly used as a chewing nut. It provides details on the botany, composition including polyphenols and fatty acids, pharmacological effects, tender nut processing methods, uses such as in medicines and dyes, and challenges in cultivation like pests and water access.
The document discusses 10 herbs that are commonly used as health foods: alfalfa, chicory, ginger, fenugreek, garlic, honey, amla, ginseng, ashwagandha, and spirulina. For each herb, the document provides information on chemical constituents, traditional uses, and therapeutic properties based on modern research. The introduction notes that plant-based diets contain phytochemicals and nutrients that may help prevent disease.
The document provides information about cardamom, including its definition, morphology, history, chemical constituents, common usable parts, traditional uses, extraction process, therapeutic uses, dosage, side effects, and contraindications. Cardamom is the world's third most expensive spice and originated in Guatemala. It grows well in areas with high rainfall and its seeds contain volatile oils including a-terpineol and limonene. Traditional uses of cardamom include use in cooking, baking, and as a breath freshener. Its extraction process involves grinding seeds and steeping them in water. Therapeutic uses include treating indigestion, infections, and inflammation. Proper dosage depends on factors like age, but side effects may
turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric Arvind Yadav
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
This document discusses the medicinal plant Asparagus racemosus, commonly known as Satavari. It is a herbaceous plant found throughout India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In Ayurveda, it is known as the "Queen of Herbs" as it promotes health, love, and devotion. It has many medicinal uses including as a brain tonic, uterine tonic, fertility enhancer, and lactation promoter. The document outlines the plant's taxonomy, distribution, uses in Ayurveda and other traditional medicine, cultivation practices, and concluded that further research is needed to document its traditional uses.
Coriander is an annual herb native to Mediterranean areas that has been cultivated since ancient times by Indians, Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. It produces spherical, ribbed fruits called cremocarps which are used as a spice. Coriander is widely grown around the world including in Russia, India, Morocco and the USA. It grows best in loamy or silt loamy soil and is propagated through seeding. The seeds are sown directly with spacing between plants and irrigation provided weekly. Coriander is harvested between November to March and yields 2-3 tons per acre. The fruits are used for their medicinal properties and stimulating digestion while the leaves are used as a condiment.
This document summarizes information about cinnamon bark, including its biological source from the Cinnamomum zeylanicum tree, propagation methods, harvesting process, chemical constituents like volatile oil and cinnamaldehyde, quality standards, and uses as a spice, flavoring agent, and in preparations like candy and perfumes. It also describes different varieties of cinnamon including Saigon cinnamon and Java cinnamon.
This document provides information on several medicinal and aromatic plants including lemongrass, eucalyptus, basil, and long pepper. It describes their systematic position, species, varieties, uses of essential oils, and important breeding programs. The lemongrass section provides details on four main Cymbopogon species and nine popular varieties cultivated in India. Eucalyptus citriodora and E. globulus are outlined as the most common eucalyptus species grown. Sweet basil and holy basil are highlighted among the Ocimum genus, and eleven of their varieties are listed. Lastly, long pepper is native to South Asia and its spikes and roots contain medicinal alkaloids.
This document summarizes information about the plant Coleus forskohlii. It discusses the traditional uses of the plant in various countries to treat conditions like stomachaches, nausea, and gastritis. It also describes the cultural practices for growing the plant, including soil and climate preferences, propagation methods, fertilizer use, and pest and disease management. The key active compound in Coleus forskohlii is forskolin, and extraction methods and uses of forskolin and Coleus forskohlii products are outlined.
This document provides information on various mint species cultivated in India including Japanese mint, peppermint, spearmint, and bergamot mint. It discusses the botanical characteristics, chemical constituents, varieties, cultivation requirements, production, and market for each species. India is a leading global producer of mint oils, especially Japanese mint oil which contains high levels of menthol. The document outlines opportunities to increase value from mint cultivation through developing additional high-value products from constituents of mint oil.
Kokum is a native tree of Western India that produces an oblong or oval fruit used to make products like syrup and dried rind. It grows well in coastal regions receiving over 250 cm of rainfall annually in lateritic or alluvial soil. Propagation is primarily through seed germination or softwood grafting, with two main varieties released in Maharashtra. Kokum is often intercropped with coconut or arecanut and requires minimal care once established. Mature trees bear hundreds of fruits annually from April to May that are processed into products extending their shelf life.
This document provides information on lavender, including its botanical name, family, origin, uses, important species, chemical composition, distribution, cultivation areas in India, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, varieties, irrigation, maintenance, harvesting, yields, and essential oil extraction. The key points are: lavender is native to the Mediterranean region; the three main cultivated species are L. angustifolia, L. latifolia, and L. hybrida; its main constituent is linalyl acetate, ranging from 30-60%; and about 10 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained per hectare, with an essential oil content of 0.5-1.1%.
The document provides information on the cultivation of papaya. It discusses the varieties of papaya suitable for different purposes, soil and climate requirements, planting methods, irrigation, fertilizer application, pest and disease management, harvesting, and yield. The key steps described are soil preparation, sowing, planting seedlings, pruning, irrigation, fertilizer application, management of pests and diseases, determining maturity, and harvesting. Papaya is considered an important crop due to its nutritional value and industrial uses such as extraction of the digestive enzyme papain.
Ashwagandha is a plant from the Solanaceae family that is used in Ayurvedic medicine. It grows as a short shrub and its long, brown, tuberous roots are used for medicinal purposes. Ashwagandha is cultivated in drier regions of India and can tolerate temperatures from 20 to 38°C. Traditionally, it has been used to treat tumors, tuberculosis, and anxiety and research suggests it may help reduce cholesterol and improve sperm quality. Potential side effects include stomach upset, diarrhea, vomiting, and lowered blood pressure.
Pomegranate is native to Iran and India is the largest producer globally. The document discusses the taxonomy, distribution, varieties, cultivation practices and pest management of pomegranate. It provides details on important varieties like Ganesh, Alandi, Dholka; propagation through cuttings; cultural practices like irrigation, manuring, training; and management of pests like fruit borer and bark eating caterpillar.
This document summarizes information about Coriandrum Sativum L., commonly known as coriander or cilantro. It contains essential oils such as linalool and fatty oils like oleic acid. Coriander has various pharmacological actions including being aromatic, anti-arthritic, stimulating digestive secretions, and being anti-ulcer, anti-lipidemic, anti-spasmodic, and more. The daily dose is 1-3 grams of powdered seeds or a freshly prepared cup of infusion between meals. Overdose may cause liver damage and skin sensitivity. It should be used cautiously during pregnancy and lactation.
Hello. This is my first upload of my presentation regarding about herb plant - Cymbopogon citratus (commonly called it - Lemongrass). It is derived from several resources, mainly from monograph. This is part of my assignment and I would like to share it out. Feel free to comment for any related topic. Hope it helps to your finding. Thank you.
The document discusses the botany and cultivation of turmeric (Curcuma longa), including its botanical name, family, origin in Southeast Asia, major constituents like curcumin, and common names. It provides details on the plant's chromosome number, morphology, flowering biology, genetic resources, wild relatives, cultivar diversity in India, and important varieties. The main active compounds in turmeric like curcuminoids and turmerones are also summarized along with their various medicinal and biological properties.
Cymbopogon flexuosus, commonly known as lemon grass, is a tall perennial grass native to Asia, South America, and Africa. It has tufted stems that arise from short rhizomes and contain a distinct citrus flavor. There are two main varieties - C. flexuosus var. flexuosus, which has reddish stems and high oil content, and C. flexuosus var. albescens, which has white stems and lower oil content. Lemongrass oil is extracted through steam distillation and has various pharmacological properties including antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and insect repellent effects. It is cultivated for its oil, which is used in
Rhubarb is a general term used for the cultivated plants in the genus Rheum in the family Polygonaceae. It is a herbaceous perennial growing from short, thick rhizomes. Historically, different plants have been called "rhubarb" in English.
PLANTATION AND ADAPTATION OF ARECA NUT TREE.pdfdmv99800
The document summarizes information about the areca nut palm tree, including its origin, cultivation, composition, uses, and processing. It notes that the areca nut palm is native to the Malayan archipelago and is an important crop in India. The nut has various medical properties and is commonly used as a chewing nut. It provides details on the botany, composition including polyphenols and fatty acids, pharmacological effects, tender nut processing methods, uses such as in medicines and dyes, and challenges in cultivation like pests and water access.
The document discusses 10 herbs that are commonly used as health foods: alfalfa, chicory, ginger, fenugreek, garlic, honey, amla, ginseng, ashwagandha, and spirulina. For each herb, the document provides information on chemical constituents, traditional uses, and therapeutic properties based on modern research. The introduction notes that plant-based diets contain phytochemicals and nutrients that may help prevent disease.
This slide contains sources, collection process, constituents and uses of some important plants for making medicine containing anthraquinone glycosides like Senna, Cascara Sagrada, Aloe, Rhubarb, Chrysarobin.
The document summarizes several psychoactive substances, including their botanical names, parts used, and common methods of consumption. Tobacco is prepared from dried tobacco plant leaves and commonly consumed via cigarettes, beedis, cigars, and pipes. Cannabis is consumed as bhang, charas, or ganja made from dried cannabis plant parts containing THC. Paan is a preparation containing betel leaf, areca nut, catechu, and sometimes tobacco. Opium is obtained from unripe opium poppy capsules as a latex containing morphine, and poppy seeds are used as a food item. Coca leaves from the coca plant are chewed or used to make tea due to their
Aloe Vera has been used for thousands of years by ancient civilizations for its healing properties. It contains various chemicals that provide health benefits like healing wounds, reducing blood sugar, and fighting infections. The document discusses the botanical and chemical makeup of Aloe Vera, traditional uses, health benefits, commercial production and value. Aloe Vera gel and juice are commonly used and have few side effects in most people.
Biodiversity and conservation efforts in plantation, spices, and medicinal crops are crucial for preserving ecosystems and sustaining agriculture. These efforts focus on maintaining genetic diversity within plant species, protecting endangered species, and promoting sustainable farming practices.
In plantation agriculture, such as tea, coffee, and rubber, conserving biodiversity involves preserving natural habitats, preventing deforestation, and implementing agroforestry practices that support a variety of plant and animal species. This can help maintain ecological balance and ecosystem services like pollination and pest control.
In the case of spices, which often come from diverse plant species grown in different regions, conservation efforts may include protecting natural habitats where these plants grow, promoting sustainable harvesting practices, and supporting local communities that depend on spice cultivation.
For medicinal crops, biodiversity conservation is essential to safeguarding the genetic diversity of plants used in traditional medicine and modern pharmaceuticals. This involves preserving natural habitats, preventing overharvesting of wild medicinal plants, and promoting cultivation of medicinal crops using sustainable methods.
Overall, biodiversity and conservation efforts in plantation, spices, and medicinal crops are vital for ensuring the long-term sustainability of agriculture, protecting ecosystems, and supporting human well-being.
This document provides an overview of secondary metabolites including alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, lignans, and specific examples such as Vinca, Rauwolfia, Belladonna, tea leaves. It discusses the biological sources, chemical constituents, uses, and important compounds found in these secondary metabolites and examples.
This document discusses several medicinal plants including Dill, Ashwagandha, and Kacholam. It provides details on their botanical names, parts used, cultivation practices, chemical constituents, commercial and medicinal uses. Dill is used as a carminative to reduce flatulence and aid digestion. Ashwagandha is an adaptogen that helps reduce stress and strengthen immunity. It contains steroidal lactones and alkaloids. Kacholam is a rhizomatous plant cultivated for its aromatic and medicinal rhizomes used in Ayurveda and folk medicine to treat various ailments.
1. COURSE TITLE :- FIELD CROPS - II ( KHARIEF ) COURSE NO. :- AGR 302 CREDIT LOAD :- 2+1 PRESENTED BY :- ( NITHYA)
2. TOPIC :- MUSTARD & RAPESEED Botanical Name : Brassica spp. Family : Brassicaceae ( Cruciferae )
3. INTRODUCTION Rapeseed & mustard are the 3rd most important edible oilseed crops of the world after soybean and oil palm. Mustard is Brassica juncea, whereas Rapeseed is Brassica campestris. This crop accounts for nearly one-third of the oil produced in India, making it the country’s key edible oilseed crop. Seeds are known by different names in different places ; Sarson , Toria or Lahi are generally termed as Rapeseeds while Rai or Raya or Laha is termed as Mustard. Oil content varies from 37 to 49%.
4. USES 1. Its oil & seeds are used in: ~ the preparation of pickles and for flavoring curries and vegetables. ~ human consumption ,. ~ preparation of hair oil and ,medicines ,soaps. ~ in mixture with mineral oils for lubrication. ~ Rapeseed oil is used in the manufacture of greases. 2. The oil cake is used as a cattle feed, its green stems and leaves are good source of green fodder for cattle. 3. The leaves of young plants are used as green vegetables. 4. In tanning industry, mustard oil is used for softening leather.
5. RAPESEED OIL MUSTARD OIL CANOLA OIL
6. ORIGIN& HISTORY The place of origin is not definitely known. It’s cultivation has been traced to 2000-1500 B.C in India, China and Japan. According to Prain (1898), Bailey (1922) and others: Rai (B.juncea) originated in China and from there it was introduced in India. According to Vavilov (1926)the place of origin of Rapeseed (B. campestris) is eastern Afghanistan and adjoining parts of India & Pakistan. Singh(1958) considered the B. campestris var. yellow sarson to the oldest of the various rapes & Mustard grown in India.
7. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION Rapeseed and mustard are grown in 53 countries of the world. WORLD :- Area - 35.44 Million ha ( 2017-18 ) Production - 40.60 Million metric tons ( 2017-18 ) Productivity - 2.09 Metric tons per ha ( 2017-18 ) Major growing countries :- : India, Canada, China, Pakistan, Poland, Bangladesh & . Sweden , etc. INDIA :- Area - 5.70 Million ha ( 2017-18 ) Production - 6.50 Million metric tons ( 2017-18 ) Productivity - 1 metric tons per ha ( 2017- 18 ) Major growing states of India :- U.P, Rajasthan, M.P, Haryana, Punjab, Assam, Bihar, . . Gujarat & West Bengal. U.P alone produces about 20 % of total rapeseed & mustard production in India. Total oilseed in J&K ( 2014-15 ) Area (000) Ha – 65.95 Production (000 Qtls ) – 583.8 yield ( Qt /ha ) – 8.85
8. Classification ( SINGH ,1958 ) B. campestris var. yellow sarson. B. campestris var. brown sarson B. campestris var. yellow toria B. campestris var. black toria. B. Juncea B. juncea var. rugose B. nigra SPECIES
9. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION • Family : Cruciferae • Genus : Brassica • Plant is self-pollinated but cross pollination also takes place to some extent.
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Common Name :- Parwal, Parmal
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Chromosome No :- 2n=22
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3. Introduction:
• Areca nut production in India is dominant in the coastal
region within 400 kilometres (250 mi) from the coast
line, and also in some other non-coastal states of India.
• Areca nut (Areca catechu), a tropical crop, is popularly
known as betel nut, as its common usage in the country
is for mastication with betel leaves. It is a palm tree
species under the family of Arecaceae. It has commercial
and economic importance not only in India but also in
China and Southeast Asia.
• Areca nut is derived from the alkaloid Pyridine-
piperidine.
3
4. Pyridine:
• Aromatic six-membered ring containing one nitrogen
atom as a part of heterocyclic ring Structure. Nitrogen
containing Nucleus is unsaturated.
4
5. Piperidine:
• Piperidine is also an aromatic six-membered ring
containing one nitrogen atom as a part of heterocyclic
ring structure. Nitrogen containing nucleus is saturated.
• Hydrogenation of pyridine produces piperidine
5
6. History:
• Areca nut is not a native crop of India. Areca is a Malayan
language word which means "cluster of nuts". It is generally
believed to be native to Malaysia or Philippines where it is
grown in many varieties. It is a tropical crop which grows
from West Indies to the East Coast of Africa, and in
Bangladesh, China, Sri Lanka and Malaya.
• The practice of chewing the areca nuts is attributed to
Vietnam and Malaysia. It was from Southeast Asia that the
crop spread to Asia and India where it is cultivated as a cash
crop. It is conjectured that ancient Indian literature provide
information on betel nut and its mastication. The
Indian Ayurveda texts also refer to the areca nuts as a
traditional medicine.
6
7. Continue:
• Its use in India is also noted from the pre-vedic period
and was described by the word tambula in ancient Indian
civilization. It is extensively used in Hindu religious rites
of birth, marriage, nuptial and is also offered to guests as
a mark of hospitality. It is offered to gods in veneration
in the form of tambula, which consists of one areca nut
placed over two betel leaves.
7
9. Biological Source
• The areca nuts are obtained from the seeds of the
plant which is called as Areca Catehcu linn.
• Belonging to Family: Palmaceae
9
10. Geographical Source
• The tree of the Areca is cultivated in
tropical India, Sri lanka, Malay states,
South China.
• In India the areca tree is cultivated in the
coastal regions of southern Mumbai and
Chennai, Bengal and Assam.
10
11. Cultivation collection and processing:
• Generally the areca palm is propagated by the use of its
seed.
• The areca palm requires a moist tropical climate for
proper growth. The common problem of the areca palm
is that it is very sensitive towards the drought and hence
it grow properly in the areas receiving heavy rainfall and
having a temperature of about 15 to 38°C.
• The areca palm can be cultivated in plains, hills-slopes
and also in the low lying valleys.
11
14. Continue:
• The areca palm is propagated from areca seeds, and
these seeds are generally taken out from those tree
which are of about 20 to 25 years old.
• Each areca tree gives about 100 fruits per year and
these fruits are detached by the help of bamboo
poles. And from these fruits the seeds are
withdrawn.
• Peeling of Areca nut is very difficult by hand.
However it is being done manually by using sharp
knife with a production rate of 3kg/hr.
14
15. Macroscopic Characters:
1) Colour: Yellowish to light brown
2) Odour: Odourless
3) Size: Areca nuts are about 2.5cm in length and 2-3 cm
wide at the base.
4) Shape: Blunty rounded, conical in shape
15
17. Microscopic characters:
• The length of the areca is about of 2.5 cm while the
width of the nut is 2-3 cm at the base and the shape of
the areca nut is conical.
• Testa :- The testa of the areca nut is brown in colour and
contain a network of (so many) small depressed lines
• (the color of Testa is brown because of the presence of
tannins).
• The seed of the areca or the areca nut is very hard and
have an astringent and acrid taste while the odour of
areca nut is faint cheese.
17
18. Chemical constituents:
• The areca nut contain a large number of alkaloid that
belongs to piperidine series such as Arecoline (0.1-
0.5%), Arecaine, Guvacine, Arecaidine, Guvacoline,
Arecolidine & choline.
• The areca nut also contain fat (14%) and amorphous red
tannins (also called as areca red of phlobaphene nature)
(15%).
Arecoline
18
19. Continue:
• The fats mainly consits of :-
• Glycerides of lauric acid.
• Glycerides of myristic acid
• And glycerides of oleic acids.
19
20. Uses of areca nut:
1. It is used as anthelminitic.
2. As nervine tonic
3. As vermifuge for dogs
20
21. Disadvantage of Areca Nut:
• Toxicities
Areca nut and the betel leaf have caused DNA damage and
cancer in cells and in animal experiments. There is a dose-
and duration-dependent association of betel quid chewing
with precancerous changes in the mouth as well as mouth,
throat, laryngeal, and esophageal cancer.
• oral submucous fibrosis
• oral cancer
• addiction
• reproductive issues, including low birth weight in newborns
21
22. Acute toxicity:
• Reports are available that areca nut can cause acute toxic
symptoms if taken in increased quantites, leading to
dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, palpitations,
hypotension, chest tightness, nausea, vomiting, dizziness,
abdominal colic and even myocardial infarction and
coma, but, in the majority of the cases, the effects are
transient and the patients have timely recovery.
22
23. Substituents and adulterants.
• The nuts from the other plants such as Areca Caliso,
Areca Ipot, Areca laxa etc., are used as substituents for
areca nuts.
• While the potato slices, sago palm nuts are the
adulterants by which the slices of areca nuts are
adulterated.
(adulteration of areca nut increase the fiber content up
to 10% by which it is identified that the sample is
adulterated)
23
25. Conclusion:
• Areca nut is an addictive substance consumed in many
parts of the world by people of all the age groups. Apart
from being carcinogenic to the oral cavity, pharynx,
esophagus, liver and uterus, it has many diverse effects
on the human body affecting almost all the organs.
• The systemic effects of areca nut are mainly due to the
principle alkaloid arecoline.
• Areca nut causes euphoria, increase in heart rate,
increased blood pressure, GABA inhibition and damage
to neurons, but has no effect on concentration and
memory.
25
27. Continue..
• Areca nut causes :
• hyperlipidemia,
• vasospasm
• and cardiac arrhythmias leading to an increased risk of
myocardial ischemia.
• Areca nut interferes with the immune system by interfering
with the activation of T-cells and production of cytokines.
• Areca nut chewers are predisposed to asthma as it causes
bronchoconstriction and decreased FEV1.
27
28. Continue..
• Women who consume areca nut regularly have more
incidences of low birth weight and preterm deliveries.
• Thus, it is evident that areca nut is a harmful and
addictive substance that affects the whole human body,
and its use must be tightly regulated for the welfare of
the society.
28