This document discusses a computer software program called CALAC-2004 that was developed to estimate cooling loads for air conditioning systems. Traditionally, load estimating was done manually through calculations or based on experience, but the computer program automates the process. The program was developed using the BASIC programming language. It was tested on the FUTA Library, where it estimated a total cooling load of 806.26kW, indicating a central air conditioning unit would be preferable over a window or split unit. The document provides background on the traditional manual process of load estimating and the factors considered, like building orientation, materials, and internal and external heat loads.
IRJET- Experimental Model Design and Simulation of Air Conditioning System fo...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on modeling and simulating an air conditioning system to reduce energy consumption. The study designed and tested an air conditioning model using MATLAB simulation. Parameters like room dimensions, material properties, and temperature were used to model heat transfer. Experimental tests were conducted in a room to validate the simulation results. Temperature and energy consumption were monitored and found to match closely between the model and experiment. The study concluded the simulated model results are consistent with experimental measuring device results.
IRJET- Development of Generalize Software to Estimate Cooling Load for Air Co...IRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a generalized software in C++ to estimate cooling loads for air conditioning in multi-story buildings. The software calculates cooling loads accurately and efficiently, requiring less time than manual calculations. It determines loads based on factors like heat gain, indoor/outdoor temperatures, and human comfort. The software will help size HVAC equipment appropriately for multi-story buildings.
This document outlines the task and baseline design for an energy model of a 250,000 square foot hospital with 3 above-ground floors and 1 basement floor located in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The objective is to modify and analyze the simulated results of the baseline design, which considers an 'H' shape and 'U' shape floor plan without daylight control or renewable energy. Baseline zones, areas, construction materials, and seasons are defined. Preliminary electric and gas consumption results for the 'H' and 'U' shapes are also provided for comparison.
Comparisons of building energy simulation softwaresZheng Yang
This document summarizes and compares several building energy simulation programs in terms of their capabilities to couple occupancy information with HVAC energy simulation. It finds that while many programs can perform energy simulation, few systematically analyze the relationship between occupancy and HVAC energy use. It identifies gaps in research and calls for studies that incorporate occupancy data into simulation and evaluate its effects on HVAC energy consumption and the response of HVAC systems to occupancy-based controls. The document also reviews commonly used simulation programs and finds that they use different approaches to model heat transfer, load calculation, occupancy-HVAC connection, HVAC modeling, and simulation, with varying degrees of accuracy, flexibility, and user friendliness.
Modelling Natural Ventilation in IES-VE: Case studies & Research OutlookDaniel Coakley
Presented at Technical Seminar: Ventilative Cooling & Overheating Risk - Cork Institute of Technology, 20th April 2016
This half day seminar for researchers, designers, engineers & architects, is organised in collaboration with IEA-EBC Annex 62 and will present state of the art in utilising ventilation for reducing cooling energy demand and addressing the risk of overheating in low energy buildings.
The presentation focuses on natural ventilation modelling features in the IES-VE Virtual Environment and case study of the application of some of these features as part of the ASHRAE LowDown ShowDown Competition 2015.
SimScale teams up with Greenlite, a provider of regulatory and building analysis services, to explore how cloud-based CFD software can be used by engineers and architects to quickly and accurately calculate wind pressure coefficients for projects in the built environment. Importing simulation files into IES and thermal modeling tools gives designers an extra advantage to evaluate ventilation and possible overheating.
Analysis of Air Conditioning Arrangement for Two Floor Shopping Complex by us...ijtsrd
This document analyzes the air conditioning arrangement for a two-floor shopping complex using Revit MEP software. The document first discusses HVAC systems and factors that influence HVAC system selection. It then describes the methodology used, which involves creating floor layouts in Revit, designing duct arrangements, and calculating individual cooling and heating loads. Floor layouts, duct layouts, spacing/zoning arrangements, and load calculation results for the first and second floors are presented. The second floor requires more cooling and heating load than the first floor. The conclusion compares the load requirements and air flows between the two floors.
Strategy Guideline: Accurate Heating and Cooling CalculationsDads Work
This document provides an overview of the importance of accurate heating and cooling load calculations for properly sizing HVAC systems. It discusses how common "safety factors" that manipulate inputs can significantly inflate load calculations, leading to oversized systems. Two example houses are modeled under various manipulated conditions to demonstrate potential load increases. Combining multiple adjustments can increase loads by over 150%, risking a system 3 tons too large. Oversizing causes higher costs, reduced efficiency, comfort issues, and potential durability problems from short-cycling of equipment. Accurate load calculations considering all building characteristics are necessary for right-sizing HVAC systems.
IRJET- Experimental Model Design and Simulation of Air Conditioning System fo...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on modeling and simulating an air conditioning system to reduce energy consumption. The study designed and tested an air conditioning model using MATLAB simulation. Parameters like room dimensions, material properties, and temperature were used to model heat transfer. Experimental tests were conducted in a room to validate the simulation results. Temperature and energy consumption were monitored and found to match closely between the model and experiment. The study concluded the simulated model results are consistent with experimental measuring device results.
IRJET- Development of Generalize Software to Estimate Cooling Load for Air Co...IRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a generalized software in C++ to estimate cooling loads for air conditioning in multi-story buildings. The software calculates cooling loads accurately and efficiently, requiring less time than manual calculations. It determines loads based on factors like heat gain, indoor/outdoor temperatures, and human comfort. The software will help size HVAC equipment appropriately for multi-story buildings.
This document outlines the task and baseline design for an energy model of a 250,000 square foot hospital with 3 above-ground floors and 1 basement floor located in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The objective is to modify and analyze the simulated results of the baseline design, which considers an 'H' shape and 'U' shape floor plan without daylight control or renewable energy. Baseline zones, areas, construction materials, and seasons are defined. Preliminary electric and gas consumption results for the 'H' and 'U' shapes are also provided for comparison.
Comparisons of building energy simulation softwaresZheng Yang
This document summarizes and compares several building energy simulation programs in terms of their capabilities to couple occupancy information with HVAC energy simulation. It finds that while many programs can perform energy simulation, few systematically analyze the relationship between occupancy and HVAC energy use. It identifies gaps in research and calls for studies that incorporate occupancy data into simulation and evaluate its effects on HVAC energy consumption and the response of HVAC systems to occupancy-based controls. The document also reviews commonly used simulation programs and finds that they use different approaches to model heat transfer, load calculation, occupancy-HVAC connection, HVAC modeling, and simulation, with varying degrees of accuracy, flexibility, and user friendliness.
Modelling Natural Ventilation in IES-VE: Case studies & Research OutlookDaniel Coakley
Presented at Technical Seminar: Ventilative Cooling & Overheating Risk - Cork Institute of Technology, 20th April 2016
This half day seminar for researchers, designers, engineers & architects, is organised in collaboration with IEA-EBC Annex 62 and will present state of the art in utilising ventilation for reducing cooling energy demand and addressing the risk of overheating in low energy buildings.
The presentation focuses on natural ventilation modelling features in the IES-VE Virtual Environment and case study of the application of some of these features as part of the ASHRAE LowDown ShowDown Competition 2015.
SimScale teams up with Greenlite, a provider of regulatory and building analysis services, to explore how cloud-based CFD software can be used by engineers and architects to quickly and accurately calculate wind pressure coefficients for projects in the built environment. Importing simulation files into IES and thermal modeling tools gives designers an extra advantage to evaluate ventilation and possible overheating.
Analysis of Air Conditioning Arrangement for Two Floor Shopping Complex by us...ijtsrd
This document analyzes the air conditioning arrangement for a two-floor shopping complex using Revit MEP software. The document first discusses HVAC systems and factors that influence HVAC system selection. It then describes the methodology used, which involves creating floor layouts in Revit, designing duct arrangements, and calculating individual cooling and heating loads. Floor layouts, duct layouts, spacing/zoning arrangements, and load calculation results for the first and second floors are presented. The second floor requires more cooling and heating load than the first floor. The conclusion compares the load requirements and air flows between the two floors.
Strategy Guideline: Accurate Heating and Cooling CalculationsDads Work
This document provides an overview of the importance of accurate heating and cooling load calculations for properly sizing HVAC systems. It discusses how common "safety factors" that manipulate inputs can significantly inflate load calculations, leading to oversized systems. Two example houses are modeled under various manipulated conditions to demonstrate potential load increases. Combining multiple adjustments can increase loads by over 150%, risking a system 3 tons too large. Oversizing causes higher costs, reduced efficiency, comfort issues, and potential durability problems from short-cycling of equipment. Accurate load calculations considering all building characteristics are necessary for right-sizing HVAC systems.
This document summarizes how simplified load calculation spreadsheets can provide quick answers for early conceptual design without relying on traditional rules of thumb. It describes how the ASHRAE radiant time series method spreadsheets allow engineers to easily calculate block loads for different building designs, locations, and orientations in less than an hour. The document also examines how standards have impacted typical rules of thumb over time by recalculating loads for a common office building using past code requirements.
This document discusses the design of an HVAC system for an AC room. It begins by outlining the importance of properly sizing the HVAC system to meet heating and cooling loads while minimizing energy costs. The document then describes the process for HVAC system design, which includes calculating heating and cooling loads, selecting appropriate equipment based on the loads, and evaluating design options. The objectives are to provide an energy efficient and comfortable indoor environment. Key steps in the design process are determining factors that influence loads, selecting a system, calculating loads using software, linking the system file to architectural plans, specifying zones, and evaluating efficiency.
This document outlines the design of a HVAC system for a new building in New Orleans. It discusses zoning the building into 13 zones and performing thermodynamic calculations for each zone. Psychrometric analyses are presented for each zone showing the air conditions. The building is also analyzed as a single zone to determine overall air conditions entering and leaving the building. Duct design and component sizing will be covered in subsequent sections.
Example of natural air ventilation using CFD modellingStephane Meteodyn
Urbawind is a CFD software dedicated to quantify the natural air ventilation of buildings.
Such tool is useful to design green buildings where wind is used to improve the indoor thermal comfort with cross ventilation.
Objective is to determine project improvements from indoor thermal comfort and energy saving points of view.
For example, for a site study of natural air ventilation induced by wind in urban places, you can obtain:
– Mapping of wind speed and pressure
– Assess the natural air ventilation thanks to the computation of the air exchange rate
– Optimise the positions of openings according to the micro climatology
go to : http://meteodyn.com/en/logiciels/cfd-wind-pedestrian-comfort-safety-urbawind-software/#modules-tab
Using the software e-QUEST, compute:
1. Plant Energy Utilization Summary
2. Monthly peak and total energy use
3. Monthly energy by end use
4. Energy peak breakdown by end use
For a modern two-story office building that is located in a city of your choice has a
building area 20000 sq.ft.
Design of an Air Distribution System for a Multi Storey Office Buildingijtsrd
Earlier the use of air conditioning for comfort purpose was considered to be expensive, but now a day, it has been a necessity for all human beings. Window air conditioners, split air conditioners are used in small buildings, offices etc. But, when the cooling load required is very high such as big buildings, multiplex, multi story buildings, hospitals etc. centralized unit central air conditioners used. The central ACs systems are installed away from building called central plant where water or air is to be cooled. This cooled air not directly supplied to the building rooms. When the cooled air cannot be supplied directly from the air conditioning equipment to the space to be cooled, then the ducts are provided. The duct systems carry the cooled air from the air conditioning equipment for the proper distribution to rooms and also carry the return air from the room back to the air conditioning equipment for recirculation. When ducts are not properly designed, then it will lead to problem such as frictional loss, higher installation cost, increased noise and power consumption, uneven cooling in the cooling space. For minimizing this problem, a proper design of duct is needed. Equal friction method is used to design the duct, which is simple method as compared with the other design methods. These work gives the combination of theoretical and software tool to provide a comparative analysis of the duct size. It also gives the comparison between rectangular duct and circular duct. M. Pruthvi Raj | K. Prashanth Reddy | Mussan Shankar Reddy | B. Kranthi Kumar ""Design of an Air Distribution System for a Multi Storey Office Building"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23319.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23319/design-of-an-air-distribution-system-for-a-multi-storey-office-building/m-pruthvi-raj
Este é um documento disponibilzado pela Ashrae na internet para consultas sobre TC 9.9 para operação em Data Centers no mundo todo, esse guia fala sobre as classes e os seus limites operacionais mínimos e máximos
How You Can Save Energy & Money with Building Performance AnalysisStatybos Akademija
This document discusses how building performance analysis software like IES Virtual Environment can be used to analyze energy usage and optimize building design. It provides background on IES, describing typical users like architects, engineers and green consultants. It then highlights some of IES' modeling capabilities like thermal, lighting, CFD and cost analysis. Case studies are presented showing how IES was used for projects like airports, hospitals and commercial buildings to reduce energy usage and improve sustainability. The benefits of green building are outlined from factors like construction costs, operating costs, asset values and occupant health. Finally, the document discusses using actual building performance data in IES-SCAN to continuously optimize building performance after occupancy.
This presentation discusses data center cooling technologies. It provides a brief history of data centers and outlines ASHRAE thermal guidelines for operating envelopes and temperature change requirements. The presentation then reviews common cooling system types including computer room air conditioners, computer room air handlers, and water-side economizers. It also examines heat rejection options and trends toward higher supply air/water temperatures to improve efficiency.
This document discusses using a building's thermal mass and internal loads to improve the office climate, reduce energy costs and CO2 emissions. It notes that thermal mass exists in all structures and these internal loads from occupancy and equipment can be utilized. Implementing these strategies can potentially reduce complaints and identify savings, though there may be additional costs to fully realize the benefits. It then compares different control and energy efficiency systems like building management systems, optimizing software, and EcoPilot in terms of their functions, payback periods, and reporting abilities.
Pressure Coefficients on Building Facades for Building SimulationSimScale
While accurate wind pressure coefficients are critical to evaluating building design, most engineering software for energy and thermal analysis oversimplifies treatment of wind pressure, which can adversely impact cooling, ventilation, overheating, and fresh air rates assessments. This presentation shows how SimScale provides accurate calculations of wind pressures, quickly and cost-efficiently, to deliver a more comprehensive evaluation of building performance.
Watch the webinar recording here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VU4-PN9PYDM
Modelling Natural Ventilation in IES-VE: Case studies & Research OutlookIES VE
Daniel Coakley of IES spoke on the topic of “Modelling Natural ventilation in the IESVE: Case studies & Research Outlook” at a half day seminar on 20th April 2016, organised by Cork Institute of Technology (CIT), for researchers, designers, engineers & architects.
This document provides guidance on how to conduct an energy audit. It discusses selecting the type of energy audit based on factors like the industry and desired depth. The purpose of an energy audit is then outlined, including monitoring consumption, identifying opportunities for efficiency and bill reduction. The scope and methodology of an energy audit is described, along with the necessary instruments. Typical scope areas that would be analyzed are listed, along with benchmark comparators and potential conservation areas.
Simulating the Performance of the Unique MicroLouvre™ for Low Energy Building...SimScale
SimScale teams up with Smartlouvre Technology Ltd. to demonstrate how simulation technology can be used to evaluate the performance of MicroLouvre, a woven mesh of paper-thin bronze louvres. This product is used externally on windows and building facades to block and absorb heat, and control glare. As the only one of its kind on the market, MicroLouvre provides an option for low energy building designers that improves the performance of glazing while still allowing for daylight and natural ventilation.
SimScale evaluated the performance of Microlouvre testing its structural properties against airflow, solar, and thermal data.
Hybrid Ventilation using CFD Simulation in the CloudSimScale
Monodraught and SimScale demonstrate how computational fluid dynamics is used to design low-energy hybrid ventilation and cooling systems. Monodraughts products integrate intelligent control strategies that reduce energy demand by 90%. Learn how they leverage SimScale's platform in product design and use engineering simulation in the cloud to design some of the lowest energy, low carbon HVAC solutions on the market.
Development of Calibrated Operational Models for Real-Time Decision Support a...Daniel Coakley
Presented at CIBSE Technical Symposium 2016, April 14-15, Heriot Watt Uni, Edinburgh
Full paper available here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301621663_Development_of_Calibrated_Operational_Models_of_Existing_Buildings_for_Real-Time_Decision_Support_and_Performance_Optimisation
Building simulation tools are commonly used in design for performance appraisal and optimisation. However, numerous studies have found that actual building performance often deviates significantly from simulation predictions. This paper proposes a detailed framework to produce calibrated operational models, which can support operational decision-making, and real-time control optimisation. The approach centres around a three-tier calibration process: Tier 1 focuses on Building-level (Demand-side) variables (e.g. occupancy, equipment, infiltration). Tier 2 focuses on system-level (HVAC) model components (e.g. heating / cooling coil capacities). In this phase, we use detailed building data combined with genetic optimisation techniques to calibrate relevant input parameters. In the case where system performance modelling is not necessary, we use free-form profiles (i.e. measured building data) to supplement these model components. Once system-level noise has been eliminated, in Tier 3 we calibrate the remaining plant-level parameters (e.g. central plant, electricity consumption, etc.). The approach is supported by two novel developments: (1) Free-form profiles: These are actual historic trends from existing building controllers, which are used to supplement model components where appropriate; (2) Genetic Optimisation algorithms are utilised to efficiently navigate the solution space to reduce discrepancies between the model and actual system performance. The proposed calibration approach builds upon prior research efforts to standardise the calibration process using evidence-based model development, combined with sensitivity and uncertainty analysis.
This document provides an overview of building energy simulation using EnergyPlus. It defines simulation, discusses the goals and importance of building thermal simulation, and reviews key concepts in EnergyPlus. EnergyPlus is an integrated building energy simulation program that can model time-dependent heat transfer, HVAC systems, and plant systems. The document outlines EnergyPlus' input/output file structure and integrated simulation manager. It also addresses common questions about running simulations and validating results.
Imaginarios sociales y culturales en antioquia registrados en la música parra...davila1976
Este documento analiza la Música Parrandera Paisa como fuente de registro de imaginarios sociales y culturales en Antioquia entre 1938 y 1965. La MPP surgió en Medellín en un contexto de modernización e industrialización que atrajo migración rural. Representaba actitudes irreverentes y críticas frente a valores tradicionales, por lo que sufrió censura. La MPP reflejó las tensiones entre diferentes imaginarios sociales que coexistían en la región durante ese periodo.
This document discusses the differences between using "will" and "going to" when talking about the future. "Will" is used to talk about future facts or beliefs, or with expressions like "probably" or "I think" when the future is uncertain. "Going to" is used to make predictions based on present evidence or situations. A decision is discussed using "will" but once the decision is made it shifts to using "going to".
This document summarizes how simplified load calculation spreadsheets can provide quick answers for early conceptual design without relying on traditional rules of thumb. It describes how the ASHRAE radiant time series method spreadsheets allow engineers to easily calculate block loads for different building designs, locations, and orientations in less than an hour. The document also examines how standards have impacted typical rules of thumb over time by recalculating loads for a common office building using past code requirements.
This document discusses the design of an HVAC system for an AC room. It begins by outlining the importance of properly sizing the HVAC system to meet heating and cooling loads while minimizing energy costs. The document then describes the process for HVAC system design, which includes calculating heating and cooling loads, selecting appropriate equipment based on the loads, and evaluating design options. The objectives are to provide an energy efficient and comfortable indoor environment. Key steps in the design process are determining factors that influence loads, selecting a system, calculating loads using software, linking the system file to architectural plans, specifying zones, and evaluating efficiency.
This document outlines the design of a HVAC system for a new building in New Orleans. It discusses zoning the building into 13 zones and performing thermodynamic calculations for each zone. Psychrometric analyses are presented for each zone showing the air conditions. The building is also analyzed as a single zone to determine overall air conditions entering and leaving the building. Duct design and component sizing will be covered in subsequent sections.
Example of natural air ventilation using CFD modellingStephane Meteodyn
Urbawind is a CFD software dedicated to quantify the natural air ventilation of buildings.
Such tool is useful to design green buildings where wind is used to improve the indoor thermal comfort with cross ventilation.
Objective is to determine project improvements from indoor thermal comfort and energy saving points of view.
For example, for a site study of natural air ventilation induced by wind in urban places, you can obtain:
– Mapping of wind speed and pressure
– Assess the natural air ventilation thanks to the computation of the air exchange rate
– Optimise the positions of openings according to the micro climatology
go to : http://meteodyn.com/en/logiciels/cfd-wind-pedestrian-comfort-safety-urbawind-software/#modules-tab
Using the software e-QUEST, compute:
1. Plant Energy Utilization Summary
2. Monthly peak and total energy use
3. Monthly energy by end use
4. Energy peak breakdown by end use
For a modern two-story office building that is located in a city of your choice has a
building area 20000 sq.ft.
Design of an Air Distribution System for a Multi Storey Office Buildingijtsrd
Earlier the use of air conditioning for comfort purpose was considered to be expensive, but now a day, it has been a necessity for all human beings. Window air conditioners, split air conditioners are used in small buildings, offices etc. But, when the cooling load required is very high such as big buildings, multiplex, multi story buildings, hospitals etc. centralized unit central air conditioners used. The central ACs systems are installed away from building called central plant where water or air is to be cooled. This cooled air not directly supplied to the building rooms. When the cooled air cannot be supplied directly from the air conditioning equipment to the space to be cooled, then the ducts are provided. The duct systems carry the cooled air from the air conditioning equipment for the proper distribution to rooms and also carry the return air from the room back to the air conditioning equipment for recirculation. When ducts are not properly designed, then it will lead to problem such as frictional loss, higher installation cost, increased noise and power consumption, uneven cooling in the cooling space. For minimizing this problem, a proper design of duct is needed. Equal friction method is used to design the duct, which is simple method as compared with the other design methods. These work gives the combination of theoretical and software tool to provide a comparative analysis of the duct size. It also gives the comparison between rectangular duct and circular duct. M. Pruthvi Raj | K. Prashanth Reddy | Mussan Shankar Reddy | B. Kranthi Kumar ""Design of an Air Distribution System for a Multi Storey Office Building"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23319.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23319/design-of-an-air-distribution-system-for-a-multi-storey-office-building/m-pruthvi-raj
Este é um documento disponibilzado pela Ashrae na internet para consultas sobre TC 9.9 para operação em Data Centers no mundo todo, esse guia fala sobre as classes e os seus limites operacionais mínimos e máximos
How You Can Save Energy & Money with Building Performance AnalysisStatybos Akademija
This document discusses how building performance analysis software like IES Virtual Environment can be used to analyze energy usage and optimize building design. It provides background on IES, describing typical users like architects, engineers and green consultants. It then highlights some of IES' modeling capabilities like thermal, lighting, CFD and cost analysis. Case studies are presented showing how IES was used for projects like airports, hospitals and commercial buildings to reduce energy usage and improve sustainability. The benefits of green building are outlined from factors like construction costs, operating costs, asset values and occupant health. Finally, the document discusses using actual building performance data in IES-SCAN to continuously optimize building performance after occupancy.
This presentation discusses data center cooling technologies. It provides a brief history of data centers and outlines ASHRAE thermal guidelines for operating envelopes and temperature change requirements. The presentation then reviews common cooling system types including computer room air conditioners, computer room air handlers, and water-side economizers. It also examines heat rejection options and trends toward higher supply air/water temperatures to improve efficiency.
This document discusses using a building's thermal mass and internal loads to improve the office climate, reduce energy costs and CO2 emissions. It notes that thermal mass exists in all structures and these internal loads from occupancy and equipment can be utilized. Implementing these strategies can potentially reduce complaints and identify savings, though there may be additional costs to fully realize the benefits. It then compares different control and energy efficiency systems like building management systems, optimizing software, and EcoPilot in terms of their functions, payback periods, and reporting abilities.
Pressure Coefficients on Building Facades for Building SimulationSimScale
While accurate wind pressure coefficients are critical to evaluating building design, most engineering software for energy and thermal analysis oversimplifies treatment of wind pressure, which can adversely impact cooling, ventilation, overheating, and fresh air rates assessments. This presentation shows how SimScale provides accurate calculations of wind pressures, quickly and cost-efficiently, to deliver a more comprehensive evaluation of building performance.
Watch the webinar recording here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VU4-PN9PYDM
Modelling Natural Ventilation in IES-VE: Case studies & Research OutlookIES VE
Daniel Coakley of IES spoke on the topic of “Modelling Natural ventilation in the IESVE: Case studies & Research Outlook” at a half day seminar on 20th April 2016, organised by Cork Institute of Technology (CIT), for researchers, designers, engineers & architects.
This document provides guidance on how to conduct an energy audit. It discusses selecting the type of energy audit based on factors like the industry and desired depth. The purpose of an energy audit is then outlined, including monitoring consumption, identifying opportunities for efficiency and bill reduction. The scope and methodology of an energy audit is described, along with the necessary instruments. Typical scope areas that would be analyzed are listed, along with benchmark comparators and potential conservation areas.
Simulating the Performance of the Unique MicroLouvre™ for Low Energy Building...SimScale
SimScale teams up with Smartlouvre Technology Ltd. to demonstrate how simulation technology can be used to evaluate the performance of MicroLouvre, a woven mesh of paper-thin bronze louvres. This product is used externally on windows and building facades to block and absorb heat, and control glare. As the only one of its kind on the market, MicroLouvre provides an option for low energy building designers that improves the performance of glazing while still allowing for daylight and natural ventilation.
SimScale evaluated the performance of Microlouvre testing its structural properties against airflow, solar, and thermal data.
Hybrid Ventilation using CFD Simulation in the CloudSimScale
Monodraught and SimScale demonstrate how computational fluid dynamics is used to design low-energy hybrid ventilation and cooling systems. Monodraughts products integrate intelligent control strategies that reduce energy demand by 90%. Learn how they leverage SimScale's platform in product design and use engineering simulation in the cloud to design some of the lowest energy, low carbon HVAC solutions on the market.
Development of Calibrated Operational Models for Real-Time Decision Support a...Daniel Coakley
Presented at CIBSE Technical Symposium 2016, April 14-15, Heriot Watt Uni, Edinburgh
Full paper available here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301621663_Development_of_Calibrated_Operational_Models_of_Existing_Buildings_for_Real-Time_Decision_Support_and_Performance_Optimisation
Building simulation tools are commonly used in design for performance appraisal and optimisation. However, numerous studies have found that actual building performance often deviates significantly from simulation predictions. This paper proposes a detailed framework to produce calibrated operational models, which can support operational decision-making, and real-time control optimisation. The approach centres around a three-tier calibration process: Tier 1 focuses on Building-level (Demand-side) variables (e.g. occupancy, equipment, infiltration). Tier 2 focuses on system-level (HVAC) model components (e.g. heating / cooling coil capacities). In this phase, we use detailed building data combined with genetic optimisation techniques to calibrate relevant input parameters. In the case where system performance modelling is not necessary, we use free-form profiles (i.e. measured building data) to supplement these model components. Once system-level noise has been eliminated, in Tier 3 we calibrate the remaining plant-level parameters (e.g. central plant, electricity consumption, etc.). The approach is supported by two novel developments: (1) Free-form profiles: These are actual historic trends from existing building controllers, which are used to supplement model components where appropriate; (2) Genetic Optimisation algorithms are utilised to efficiently navigate the solution space to reduce discrepancies between the model and actual system performance. The proposed calibration approach builds upon prior research efforts to standardise the calibration process using evidence-based model development, combined with sensitivity and uncertainty analysis.
This document provides an overview of building energy simulation using EnergyPlus. It defines simulation, discusses the goals and importance of building thermal simulation, and reviews key concepts in EnergyPlus. EnergyPlus is an integrated building energy simulation program that can model time-dependent heat transfer, HVAC systems, and plant systems. The document outlines EnergyPlus' input/output file structure and integrated simulation manager. It also addresses common questions about running simulations and validating results.
Imaginarios sociales y culturales en antioquia registrados en la música parra...davila1976
Este documento analiza la Música Parrandera Paisa como fuente de registro de imaginarios sociales y culturales en Antioquia entre 1938 y 1965. La MPP surgió en Medellín en un contexto de modernización e industrialización que atrajo migración rural. Representaba actitudes irreverentes y críticas frente a valores tradicionales, por lo que sufrió censura. La MPP reflejó las tensiones entre diferentes imaginarios sociales que coexistían en la región durante ese periodo.
This document discusses the differences between using "will" and "going to" when talking about the future. "Will" is used to talk about future facts or beliefs, or with expressions like "probably" or "I think" when the future is uncertain. "Going to" is used to make predictions based on present evidence or situations. A decision is discussed using "will" but once the decision is made it shifts to using "going to".
Family Housing Investments offers private investors opportunities to provide short-term financing for real estate acquisition and renovation projects. Investors can earn monthly interest payments and annual returns of 14% by lending funds to purchase and renovate distressed properties, which Family Housing Investments then sells for a profit. The document provides an example of a $50,000 loan used to purchase a home for $39,500, renovate it, then sell it for a $6,000 return within one year. Investors are protected by recorded deeds of trust and property insurance. Contact Owen Ott for more information on available lending opportunities.
Este documento detalla los resultados de una ceremonia de premiación de excelencia académica en 2015. Se enumeran los nombres de los estudiantes que obtuvieron el primer, segundo y tercer lugar en cada curso desde tercero medio hasta primero básico, así como un premio al "Espíritu Mauricio Rugendas" en cada curso.
El documento presenta definiciones de varios conceptos clave como sociedad, ideología, autoridad, organización, teoría, misión, convivencia, pensamiento, estado, institución, doctrina, proceso, reflexionar, plantear, cambio, moral, conjunto, derecho, partido, parlamento, monarquía, eclesiástico, función, criticar, democracia, trabajo, justicia, refutar, premiso y sistema. Para cada concepto, explica brevemente cómo sirve y cómo influye en las personas.
How Employers Can Benefit From Hiring People with Disabilities, BrochureRyan McGraw
The document summarizes key findings from a report by the U.S. Department of Labor's Job Accommodations Network. The report found that over half of requested workplace accommodations for employees with disabilities cost nothing for employers to implement. For other accommodations, the average cost was $500. Employers reported benefits like retaining valuable employees and improving productivity and morale. Companies earn an average return of $28.69 for every dollar spent on accommodations. Tax credits are available to help cover accommodation costs.
Este documento presenta información sobre la motivación y el liderazgo. Explica las teorías de la motivación de Maslow y el proceso de motivación. También describe las características, habilidades e ingredientes básicos de un líder efectivo, así como las diferencias entre liderazgo transaccional y transformacional. Finalmente, enfatiza la importancia de una visión sistémica y del trabajo colaborativo para el liderazgo.
1) Jesús entró a Jerusalén montado en un burro y fue recibido por una multitud que lo aclamaba con ramos de palma y olivo.
2) Durante la Última Cena, Jesús lavó los pies de sus discípulos en señal de humildad y les dejó el sacramento de la Eucaristía.
3) Jesús murió crucificado el Viernes Santo pero resucitó al tercer día, sorprendiendo a sus seguidores con esta victoria sobre la muerte.
Este documento ofrece consejos para enseñar a los hijos a estudiar de forma efectiva desde primaria. Recomienda crear un buen hábito de estudio mediante la motivación, un ambiente de estudio adecuado, y el uso de técnicas como la organización, la dirección del pensamiento, y la revisión periódica para asegurar la comprensión y memorización a largo plazo.
Brands Using Apps - What You Legally Need to Know - Ad Age Mini Law LessonBrian Heidelberger
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2) The FTC looking at app advertising claims and privacy similarly to other advertising; and
3) Recommendations for developing apps, including disclosing data collection and use, and obtaining consent.
The document summarizes progress on various Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the Dominican Republic. It notes that 6.4% of women suffer from sexual violence, extreme violence against women is common in rural areas, and women make up only 20% of parliamentarians. It also discusses issues around universal education, child health, global partnerships, poverty and hunger, environmental sustainability, maternal health, and combating HIV/AIDS. For each goal, it provides data on current status and challenges to achieving the goals.
The document discusses various tools for monitoring environmental conditions like temperature and humidity that can damage collections, including hygrometers, psychrometers, data loggers, and indicator cards. It explains that temperature and humidity should be monitored together, as temperature affects relative humidity levels. The ideal storage conditions for most collections is a relative humidity between 35-55% along with moderate temperature fluctuations to avoid damage from fluctuations or high levels.
Este documento presenta un proyecto para producir una mermelada de maracuyá con zanahoria rayada. Detalla el proceso de producción, incluyendo los ingredientes (40% pulpa de maracuyá, 40% azúcar, 10% pectina, 10% agua). Explica las ventajas del producto y su misión, visión y objetivos generales de satisfacer las necesidades de los consumidores. Propone estrategias de marketing como ofrecer un precio justo y canales de comunicación con los clientes.
El documento describe la importancia del juego en el desarrollo infantil, señalando que contribuye al desarrollo físico, intelectual y social de los niños. El juego es una necesidad vital que les permite explorar, aventurarse y aprender a través de experiencias, y es fundamental para su equilibrio.
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Created for company team training on DiSC Personality Profiles. I took basic talking points and tried to make them visually interesting, personifying each of the four types with an animal and primary color scheme.
Cooling and heating load calculations tide load4zTin Arboladura
The document discusses cooling and heating load calculation methods for buildings. It describes the complex factors that influence load results, including building envelope properties, internal heat sources, occupancy patterns, and weather. The traditional CLTD/CLF method uses tables to account for these factors, while newer methods like Heat Balance are more complex numerical simulations. However, the newer methods still have limitations and uncertainties around inputs like internal loads, duct losses, and infiltration that make load calculations challenging. The primary source of uncertainty is predicting occupant behavior and equipment usage rather than the calculation method itself.
Air Water System Design using Revit Mep for a Residential Buildingijtsrd
This document describes an air-water system design for a residential building using Revit MEP software. Heating and cooling load calculations were performed for the building spaces using Revit MEP. The peak cooling and heating loads were calculated for each space. These values were used to calculate the tonnage of refrigeration needed for each space and for the total building. Duct design was also performed using Revit MEP based on the calculated air flow rates for each space. The results determined that an HVAC system with a capacity of approximately 21.32 tons of refrigeration would be suitable to condition the residential building.
Comparison of Cooling Load Calculations by using Theoretical Analysis and E 2...ijtsrd
This paper provides the calculating of cooling load by using not only theoretical analysis and cooling load software E 20 for aesthetic clinic. According to the surveys and measurement, the materials used for this clinic are roof with steel sheet without insulation but with finished ceiling, 10 cm thickness single clear glass with interior curtain shades and wall with 10 cm common brick with 2.5 cm insulation are used. According to the theoretical analysis, the clinic required 124.53 KW while required 131 KW based on E 20 software. The values difference between theoretical analysis and E 20 software for this clinic is 5 . Aung Ko Ko Lwin | Dr. Soe Soe Nu "Comparison of Cooling Load Calculations by using Theoretical Analysis and E-20 Software for Aesthetic Clinic with Time Series" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38444.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/38444/comparison-of-cooling-load-calculations-by-using-theoretical-analysis-and-e20-software-for-aesthetic-clinic-with-time-series/aung-ko-ko-lwin
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This document presents a case study estimating the cooling load of an auditorium using the CLTD (cooling load temperature difference) method. The key findings are:
1. The total cooling load for the 100-person auditorium located in Greater Noida, India was calculated to be 94,406.3765 Watts for the summer months.
2. Breaking this down, sensible heat gain was 45,758 Watts and latent heat gain was 17,553 Watts from within the auditorium.
3. The required tonnage of refrigeration was determined to be 24 tons to maintain human comfort levels within the space.
This document discusses cooling load estimation for a multi-story office building. It presents a thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Technology in Mechanical Engineering, with a focus on thermal engineering. The thesis analyzes cooling load calculation using the CLTD method for different climate conditions. It discusses factors that impact human comfort, and methods to calculate various internal and external heat gains that contribute to the total cooling load of a building. These include heat gains from occupants, lighting, equipment, infiltration, ventilation and through opaque and glass surfaces. The objective is to accurately size air conditioning equipment by determining the peak cooling load.
This document discusses the importance of accurate heating and cooling load calculations according to ACCA Manual J standards. It emphasizes that the load calculation is the first step in HVAC system design and determines both equipment selection and duct design. Applying inaccurate adjustments to variables like outdoor temperatures or ignoring building features can significantly oversize the calculated loads. This oversizing leads to higher costs and system inefficiencies from short cycling. The document recommends following ACCA Manual J standards to perform aggressive but accurate load calculations without arbitrary safety factors.
One of the most critical aspects of traditional data center infrastructure is cooling system optimization and planning. When a subset of the system is physically relocated closer to the end user, as described in the Edge Data Center (EDC) concept, a solution to provide a data center-like environment for high-power equipment in public places such as office buildings, shopping centers, school campuses, event arenas, and wireless cell sites will be required.
Heat Load Calculation and Coordination of Multispecialty Hospital Using Revit...IRJET Journal
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Actual Time Online Thermal Mapping Of significant Components In Data Hub IRJET Journal
This document discusses using infrared thermal mapping for online real-time monitoring and control of HVAC systems in data centers. Conventional cooling system designs do not always perform as expected in real operating conditions due to various factors. The authors propose using an infrared camera to continuously monitor temperature and humidity across data center zones. The real-time thermal imaging data would be analyzed by a controller using PID logic to regulate zone-level HVAC equipment and precisely maintain optimal ambient conditions. This closed-loop thermal mapping approach could improve energy efficiency by precisely meeting cooling needs and help identify potential equipment issues for predictive maintenance.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
CFD Analysis on an Atmospheric Re-Entry ModuleIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a CFD analysis of the aerodynamic heating and flow field around the Apollo AS-202 atmospheric re-entry module.
2) The analysis uses computational fluid dynamics to obtain the velocity profile, temperature, pressure, and heat flux distributions at various locations on the capsule during re-entry.
3) The results are compared to flight data from the AS-202 mission to evaluate the CFD model's ability to accurately model the aerothermodynamic environment experienced by the capsule during atmospheric re-entry.
1. The cooling load calculation of an auditorium is done using the CLTD method and duct design is carried out using the equal friction method.
2. The calculated frictional pressure drop is less than values typically used in industry, allowing for increased duct diameters and reduced losses of static and velocity pressure.
3. CFD software is used to analyze air flow in ducts and elbows, helping to identify eddies and optimize duct shapes and velocities to minimize pressure losses.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document provides a cooling load calculation report for a warehouse building with two floors. It includes input data on the building specifications, outdoor and indoor design conditions, external and internal loads, and ventilation requirements. Calculations were performed using HAP software to determine the cooling loads on a space-by-space and system-by-system basis. The report summarizes the input data, output cooling loads, and compares the results to design values.
Cooling load estimation by CLTD method and HAP 4.5 for an evaporative cooling...IRJET Journal
This document presents a cooling load estimation for an evaporative cooling system for a three-story shop building in Pusad, India using the CLTD (cooling load temperature difference) method and the HAP 4.5 software program. Manual calculations were performed to estimate the sensible cooling load, which totaled 12.76 kW for the ground floor, 12.98 kW for the first floor, and 13.12 kW for the second floor. The results were then compared to outcomes from the HAP 4.5 program, which uses an hourly analysis method to simulate cooling loads. Key details about the building, climate conditions, and load components are provided.
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This document summarizes a study that evaluates the potential for optimizing the time response of HVAC control systems in smart buildings. The study proposes an integrated fuzzy logic controller that combines a Mamdani-type fuzzy PI-PD controller with a Takagi-Sugeno-Kang type cluster adaptive training controller. The fuzzy membership functions of the PI-PD controller are tuned online using a simplex search algorithm to minimize time response, while the cluster adaptive training controller is tuned offline and online using gradient descent to enhance stability and disturbance rejection. Simulation results showed the proposed integrated controller improved output accuracy, significantly reduced response time, and increased robustness of indoor conditions control for MIMO HVAC systems.
The document describes integrating a physical Nest smart thermostat into an agent-based model for simulating residential HVAC loads. Researchers developed a statistical model to simulate individual house HVAC usage and then aggregated them. They replaced the simulated thermostat for one house with a physical Nest thermostat. The Nest thermostat was installed in an environmental chamber controlled by a PID controller to mimic house temperature conditions. Data was sent between the simulation and Nest using its API. This allows the simulation to use the Nest's actual thermostat logic and responses, increasing simulation realism for demand response control algorithm development.
IRJET- Development of Generalize Software to Estimate Cooling Load for Air Co...IRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a generalized software in C++ to estimate cooling load for air conditioning in multi-storey buildings. The software calculates cooling load based on heat gains from transmission through walls, roof and windows, infiltration, occupants, lighting, and equipment. It was tested on a 35-seat lecture hall by calculating cooling load using the CLTD method and comparing the results to those from the software. The total cooling load calculated for the lecture hall was 5.68 tons of refrigeration for summer conditions. The software provides an accurate and easy way to estimate cooling load for individual rooms and entire multi-storey buildings.
1) The document discusses a novel control algorithm called Feedforward Hybrid Layers Control (FHLC) that can handle the intricate characteristics of HVAC systems like nonlinearity, time variability, uncertainty, and coupling between temperature and humidity.
2) FHLC uses hybrid layers between physical parameters and neural network weights structured by Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy inference to model the input-output relationship. It is tested against hybrid PID cascade control on a simulated HVAC system.
3) Results show FHLC provides better performance than hybrid PID control in optimizing performance, adapting to changes, improving precision, and increasing robustness for HVAC system control.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
ar condicionado
1. Load Estimating for Air Conditioning using Computer Software Approach
Load Estimating for Air Conditioning using Computer Software
Approach
B. Kareem
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Email: karbil2002@yahoo.com.
Abstract
Traditionally, load estimating for air
conditioning systems is done either by
manual calculation or judgmental estimation
based on experience of the air conditioning
practitioner. While manual calculation is
laborious, estimate based on judgment is
liable to error due to gigantic, complex and
dynamic nature of present day architectural
designs.
Load estimating through computer
automation is likely to make a positive
impact in the dynamic nature of air
conditioning applications. This study
develops computer software in Basic
computer programming language named
Computer Aided Load Estimating for Air
Conditioning- CALAC-2004 to handle
simple, intricate and dynamic nature of load
estimate for air conditioning in developing
country. Application of the developed
software to FUTA Library showed that a
total load of 806.26kW was estimated for the
three floors it contained. With this load it
will be uneconomical and ineffective the use
of window or split type of air-conditioner (a-
c), instead, central a-c unit is preferable in
the FUTA Library.
Keywords: CALAC-2004, Computer
Automation, Load Estimating, Air-
Conditioning, FUTA Library.
1. Introduction
Air-conditioning is utilised to supply a
controlled atmosphere to public buildings
such as offices, halls, homes, and industries
for the comfort of human being or animals or
for the proper performance of some
industrial processes. Full air-conditioning
implies that the purity, movement,
temperature and relative humidity of the air
be controlled within the limits imposed by
the design specification.
In tropical and subtropical countries,
cooling by means of air-conditioning is a
necessary feature of modern development as
the new and emerging industries and
households need it to retain reliability of
some industrial and home based appliances.
Air-conditioning system is designed with
ability to subdue most common heat loads
such as sensible and latent heat (Adeyemo,
2000; James, 1995). The ability of air-
conditioning system to maintain condition of
comfort or condition required by a product or
process has made its use inevitable for
sustainable development especially in
developing countries. The system will finds
application in other areas of endeavours as
diverse is automobile, pharmaceutical
industry, cocoa processing industry and
textile industry.
For any air conditioning system to
perform satisfactorily, equipment of the
proper capacity must be selected based on
International Journal of The Computer, the Internet and Management Vol.16. N.o.2 (May-August, 2008) pp 35-43
35
2. B. Kareem
the instantaneous peak load requirements.
The type of control used is dictated by the
conditions to be maintained during peak and
partial load. Undersized equipment will not
provide the required conditions while a
greatly oversized one will lead to operating
problems such as “hunting”. However, actual
peak or partial load cannot be measured in
space, instead, the loads are estimated. The
load estimate establishes the amount of air
required to cope with the cooling load as
well as the piping requirement for water or
refrigerants (Trane, 1999; William and
Williams, 1995; Jones, 1989). Before the
load is estimated, it is important that a
comparative survey be made to ensure
accurate evaluation of the load components
(latent and sensible) especially in the areas of
mechanical, architectural and structural
drawing or field sketches. The factors that
must be critically looked into during load
estimation process include orientation of
building (location), space used, dimensions,
column and beams, construction materials,
surrounding conditions, windows, doors,
people, lighting, ventilation, thermal storage
and floor (ASHARE, 2001).
Load estimating in air-conditioning
system design has been carried out manually
in many quarters in developing country such
as Nigeria. A lot of time and energy are
wasted when estimating the cooling loads in
complex and intricate buildings of modern
time. Automation through computer
application sounds reasonable to replace
tedious and time consuming manual
methods. To achieve this computer
automation, software is developed using
“qbasic” programming language tool. Qbasic
is used in this work because of its simplicity
and easily understandable by professionals.
Besides, it is a versatile tool that has ability
to handle large and complex problem of this
kind.
Many research works exist in area of
load estimating in air-conditioning but less
attention is being paid to the computer
automation of the process. The only area
found of computer involvement is in ducts
design (Turtle and Bailey, 1985; CAC, 1985;
CGC, 1999). Duct design is done after
cooling loads have been estimated. This
study develops computer software named
Computer Aided Load Estimating in Air-
Conditioning (CALAC-2004). The
developed computer software in “qbasic” has
ability to estimate cooling load in complex
and simple building which assists in
selecting appropriate equipment, design air
distribution system and other piping systems.
2. Materials and Methods
Load components in air-conditioning
system for a selected building are identified.
Accurate load estimates are important pre-
requisite of a good air-conditioning system
design. Ultimate system performance also
depends on the proper system selection
based on reasonable load estimate. The air-
conditioning load estimate is based on heat
coming into space from outdoors on a design
day when the dry and wet bulb are peaking
simultaneously and also a heat generated
within the occupied space. However,
experience and experiments have shown that
all of the loads rarely peak at the same time.
To be realistic, various diversity factors must
be applied to some of the load components.
A cooling load calculation determines
the total sensible cooling load due to heat
gain through structural components (walls,
floors and ceiling for example), windows
(infiltration and ventilation), and occupancy
(size of people). The latent portion of the
cooling load is evaluated separately as a
single zone. The entire structure is
considered in term of equipment selection
and system design on a room –by-room
bases. Based on this arrangement, amount of
conditioned air required by each room is
estimated based on ASHRAE (2001). Indoor
36
3. Load Estimating for Air Conditioning using Computer Software Approach
design condition of 240
C db (dry bulb) with
maximum relative humidity of 50%RH is
currently accepted as satisfactory indoor
design criteria.
Areas of the building perimeter with
exterior glass and wall exposures have an
air-conditioning load that includes solar gain
through glass and wall. This may include the
roof gain. External loads include sun rays
entering window, strike the wall and roof;
and outdoor air (for ventilation). ASHRAE
(2001) provides appropriate storage factors
to be used with peak solar heat gain as well
as equivalent temperature differences for
sunlit and shaded walls and roofs. The
outdoor air imposes a cooling and
dehumidifying load on the apparatus because
the heat and/or moisture content must be
removed. Some air-conditioning system
provides a system that permit outdoor air by-
passing the cooling surface. The by-passed
outdoor air becomes a load within the
conditioned space directly. This has made
load imposed by ventilation air to be
estimated in two parts.
The internal load, or heat generated
within the space, depends on the
characteristics of the application. Proper
diversity and usage factor is applied to
internal loads. Similar to solar heat gain,
which is partially stored and reduced the load
imposed on the air-conditioning equipment.
Internal heat gain includes, people (through
metabolism), lights, appliances and electric
calculators. The amount of heat generated
from people depends on surrounding
temperature and on the activity level of the
person. Some of the heat generated from
light is radiant and partially stored.
Therefore, application of storage and
diversity in usage factors is considered in
estimating the load from light. Application of
usage and diversity factor is also considered
for electrical appliances and machines as
both are not used simultaneously in most
cases.
The sensible cooling load due to heat
from the walls, floors and ceiling of each
room is estimated using appropriate cooling
load temperature deference (CTLD) and U-
factors for summer condition. For ceiling
under natural vented attics or beneath vented
flat roofs, the combined U-factor for the
roof, vented space and ceiling is used. The
mass of the walls is a variable and is
important in estimating energy used. Daily
rang (outdoor temperature swing on a
design) day significantly affects the
equivalent temperature difference. ASHRAE
lists daily temperature ranges and classified
it as high, medium and low.
Direct application of procedures for
estimating load due to heat gain for flat glass
results in unrealistic high cooling loads for
non-residential and residential installations.
Therefore, window glass load factors (GLF)
are modified for non-residential cooling load
estimation including solar heat load. In this
application, the area of window is multiplied
by the appropriate GLF. The effect of
permanent outside shaving devices is
considered separately in determining the
cooling load. Shaded glass is considered the
same as north-facing glass. The shade line
factor (SLF), the ratio of the distance a
shadow false beneath the edge of an
overhang to the width of the overhang. The
overhang is assumed to be at the top of the
windows and the shade line equals the SLF
times the overhang width. The shaded and
sunlit glass areas are computed separately.
Roof overhangs do not effectively protect
north-east and northwest- facing windows in
most cases, therefore, they are considered
shaded. If the anticipated infiltration is less
than 0.5ACH (air discharge), when positive
means of introducing outdoor air are
available, controls either manual or
automatic is necessary and an energy
recovery device is necessary. Sensible heat
gain per sedentary occupant is assumed to be
67W. The number of occupants is not
International Journal of The Computer, the Internet and Management Vol.16. N.o.2 (May-August, 2008) pp 35-43
37
4. B. Kareem
overestimated to prevent gross over-sizing.
Heat loss or gain to the ducts or pipes are
included in the estimated load in case of air
distribution system outside the conditioned
space, that is, in attics, crawl spaces or other
unconditioned space.
Federal University of Technology,
Akure (FUTA) newly built library is facing
north at latitude 7.250
N. Roof construction of
library building is made of conventional
roof-attic-ceiling combination, vented to
remove moisture with 150mm of fibrous
insulation U= 0.62W/m2
K. The floor
construction is 100mm concrete slab on
grade. The windows are made of clear-
double glass, 3mm thick, in and out, with
closed medium colour venetian blinds. The
window glass has a 600mm overhang at the
top. Doors are made of solid core flush with
all-glass storm doors (U= 1.87W/m2
K).
Temperature of 340
C dry bulb (db) with a
humidity ratio of 0.0136kg vapour/kg dry air
and 280
C wet bulb. Indoor design condition
is made of temperature of 240
C db and
50%RH. The occupants are assumed based
on the available space. The electrical
consultants gave the values of appliances and
light in Watts according to the library design
plan. Air-conditioning system designed in
the plan is either window or split type based.
The formulae used in estimating the sensible,
latent and total cooling loads for non-
residential building with their respective
conditions are summarised in Table 1. The
meaning of indicated symbols/abbreviations
are: q, sensible cooling load (W); Q,
volumetric airflow rate (1/s); Dt, design
temperature difference between outside and
inside air (K); ACH, air change per hour
(1/h); A, area of applicable surface (m2
);U,
U-factors for appropriate construction
(W/m2
K); CTLD, cooling load temperature
difference (K); and GLF, glass load factor
(W/ m2
).
Table 1: Summary of Procedures for Non-Residential Cooling Load Estimation
Load source Equation for load q estimation
Glass and window areas GLF.A
Doors Ud.A.CTLD
Above-grade exterior wall Uw.A.CTLD
Partitions unconditioned
space
Up.A.Dt
Ceilings and roofs Ur.A.CTLD
Exposed floors Ur.A.CTLD
Infiltration 1.2QDt
Internal loads-
people,appliances,light
Plan 67W per person
Total load Total cooling load = load factor LF x
Sum of individual sensible cooling load
components
Source: ASHRAE, 2001
38
5. Load Estimating for Air Conditioning using Computer Software Approach
The estimates are made easy through the
use of computer software named Computer
Aided Load Estimating for Air-conditioning
(CALAC-2004) developed in “qbasic:”. The
flowchart developed for the CALAC-2004 is
shown in Figure 1. The mode of operation of
the flowchart/software is summarised using
the following algorithm:
10 Input parameters
20 If glass and window load goto 100
else30
30 If doors load goto 100 else 40
40 If exterior wall load goto 100 else 50
50 If partitioned unconditioned space
load goto100 else 60
60 If ceiling and roof loadgoto 100 else
70
70 If exposed floor load goto 100 else 80
80 If infiltration load goto 100 else 90
90 If internal load goto 100 else 20
100 If modification in parameters exist
goto 10 else goto 110
110 Calculate the following load statistics,
then goto 120:
Glass and windows
qg = (GLF)A
Doors
qd =UdA(CTLD)
Exterior walls
qw =UwA(CTLD)
Partition unconditioned
qp =UpA(Dt)
Ceiling and roof
qr =UrA(CTLD)
Exposed floor
qr =UrA(CTLD)
Infiltration
qi= 1.2 Q(Dt)
Internal
ql= 67W per person
120 Calculate the cooling load per room
CL= LF(load factor).∑q (or SL)
130 If room(s) left goto 10 else 140
140 Calculate the total cooling load
TCL =∑CL
150 Calculate the total latent load
TLL = TCL- TSL
The U-values, that is, Coefficient of
transmission Ur for roof, Uw for wall Up for
partitions and Uv for doors were
obtained/evaluated as 0.62W/m2
K,
1.61W/m2
K, 1.47W/m2
K and 1.87W/m2
K
respectively from ASHRAE (2001). Latent
load factor of 1.15 is used. Areas of the
respective system are obtained from the
measurement of lengths, breadth or height as
explained before. Table 2 gives, the sensible,
latent and the total loads obtained for each
room of the new FUTA library complex as
indicated appropriately. The summary of the
result for the three floors are given in Table
3. The result in Table 3 is helpful in the
choice of required sizes or equipment based
on the load capacity as stated in Carrier
General Catalogue (CAC, 1985; Trane,
1999)
3. Results and Discussion
The results obtained for new FUTA
library using CALAC-2004 showed that
loads estimated - sensible, latent, and total
load varied from one room to the other. The
highest load estimates of 63.59kW, 89.13kW
and 93.27kW were obtained for open-access
collection/reading rooms in the ground,
middle and last floors respectively. This
suggests that alternative method of cooling
using central air-conditioning system will be
economical in three reading rooms of the
three floors because cooling loads estimated
in these zones are beyond what a split or
window type of air-conditioning, currently in
use, can carry. The window and split types of
air-conditioning system can carry load of
2.72 kW, 2.35kW and 2.42kW and 2.45kW,
which are smallest loads estimated for
secretary office (last floor), secretary office
(middle floor) and secretary office/waiting
room (ground floor) respectively.
International Journal of The Computer, the Internet and Management Vol.16. N.o.2 (May-August, 2008) pp 35-43
39
6. B. Kareem
40
Start
Input load
parameters
G&W?
D?
C&R?
EF?
IL?
IN?
PUS?
EW?
Est. G&W
Est D
Est IN
Est IL
Est EF
Est C&R
Est PUS
Est EW
Any
modification?
Est Sensible
load/room
Est Latent
load/room
Est Total
load/room
More room?
Est total
load/building
G&W, glass and window load
D, door load
EW, exterior wall load
PUS, Partition unconditioned
space load
C&R, ceiling and roof load
EF, exposed floor
IL, internal load
IN, infiltration
Est., estimate
Stop
Figure.1 Flowchart for the load estimating software
7. Load Estimating for Air Conditioning using Computer Software Approach
Generally, it will be more meaningful
and economical to have a library design with
the plan of installing a central a-c system that
will take care of all the cooling loads at once.
Efforts in this direction would greatly save
space and economic in maintenance. The
only disadvantage of this arrangement is the
total discomfort it may cause in the case of
failure of the central a-c system.
Table 1: Summary of Procedures for Non-Residential Cooling Load Estimation
Load source Equation for load q estimation
Glass and window areas GLF.A
Doors Ud.A.CTLD
Above-grade exterior wall Uw.A.CTLD
Partitions unconditioned space Up.A.Dt
Ceilings and roofs Ur.A.CTLD
Exposed floors Ur.A.CTLD
Infiltration 1.2QDt
Internal loads-people,appliances,light Plan 67W per person
Total load Total cooling load = load factor LF x Sum of
individual sensible cooling load components
Source: ASHRAE, 2001
Table 2a: Total Cooling Load for Ground Floor
Conditioned space Sensible
load (kW)
Latent load
(kW)
Total load
(kW)
Secretary’s office 2.13 0.32 2.45
Dept. Univ. Lib. Tech. 5.35 0.82 6.15
Reference room 20.25 3.04 23.29
Reference library 3.84 0.58 4.42
Non-controlled reading/catalogue 22.58 3.39 25.97
Subject librarian 6.05 0.90 6.95
Optic workstation 17.18 2.60 20.48
Circulation library 4.23 0.63 4.86
Bindery 4.02 0.61 4.63
Bindery office 3.77 0.57 4.34
Processing lab. 2.83 0.42 3.25
Wet room 2.13 0.32 2.45
Photo studio 4.07 0.62 4.69
Staff room 4.30 0.65 4.95
Kitchen 6.39 0.96 7.35
Acquisition section 3.56 0.54 4.10
Acquisition librarian 3.29 0.49 3.78
Automation librarian 3.29 0.49 3.78
Automation unit 7.17 1.08 8.25
Open access collection/ reading room 55.29 8.30 63.59
Newspaper/CNN reading room 8.88 1.33 10.21
Cataloguing section 4.91 0.74 5.65
International Journal of The Computer, the Internet and Management Vol.16. N.o.2 (May-August, 2008) pp 35-43
41
8. B. Kareem
Table 2b: Total Cooling Load for Middle Floor (First floor)
Conditioned space Sensible
load (kW)
Latent load
(kW)
Total load
(kW)
Work room (1) 2.28 0.34 2.62
Serial librarian 2.28 0.34 2.62
Secretary’s office 2.03 0.32 2.35
Dept. Univ. Lib. readers 3.84 0.58 4.42
Audio room 6.34 0.95 7.29
Reference room 20.25 3.04 23.29
Work room (2) 4.21 0.63 4.84
Artist studio 5.37 0.80 6.17
Open access collection/ reading room (1) 77.51 11.62 89.13
Subject librarian 6.30 0.95 7.25
Open access collection/ reading room (2) 71.43 10.71 82.14
Postgraduate research room 52.15 7.82 59.97
Table 2c: Total Cooling Load for Last Floor (Second floor)
Conditioned space Sensible
load (kW)
Latent load
(kW)
Total load
(kW)
Work room (1) 2.28 0.34 2.62
Serial librarian 2.28 0.34 2.62
Secretary’s office 2.03 0.32 2.35
Dept. Univ. Lib. readers 3.84 0.58 4.42
Audio room 6.34 0.95 7.29
Reference room 20.25 3.04 23.29
Work room (2) 4.21 0.63 4.84
Artist studio 5.37 0.80 6.17
Open access collection/ reading room (1) 77.51 11.62 89.13
Subject librarian 6.30 0.95 7.25
Open access collection/ reading room (2) 71.43 10.71 82.14
Postgraduate research room 52.15 7.82 59.97
Table 3: Summary of the Cooling Load Results
Floor Load (kW) Total sensible load (kW) Total latent load (heat)
(kW)
Ground floor 230.82 200.71 30.11
Middle floor 281.60 244.47 36.73
Last floor 293.84 255.51 38.33
Total 806.26 709.09 105.17
42
9. Load Estimating for Air Conditioning using Computer Software Approach
4. Conclusion
The study has developed a system
framework that estimate cooling loads for
air-conditioning system for both sample and
complex non-residential buildings. The
system developed was able to estimate
various loads in buildings which are sensible,
latent and total load. The load computation
was computer automated for easy application
in industries. The computer software
developed for the load estimation named
Computer Aided Load Estimating for Air-
Conducting-CALAC-2004 in “qbasic” ran
effectively in windows and was able to
estimate cooling loads for different rooms in
the ground, middle and last floors based on
the input parameters related to loads through
windows, doors, floors, partition, infiltration
and others mentioned previously based on
ASHRAE (2001).
When data collected from the FUTA
new library was analyzed and used as input
into the CALAC-2004, one concludes from
the results obtained that alternative method
of using central air-conditioning system is
necessary for effective cooling of loads
generated in the library complex. The use of
central a-c unit will reduce space and at the
same time promote effectiveness in cooling
ability. Demerit of it in the area of non-
selectivity in cooling action and at the time
of failure since the system is centrally
controlled.
References
Adeyemo, T., (2000). Refrigeration and
the Air Conditioning, Greenline
Publishers, Nigeria. 113pp.
ASHRAE, (2001). ASHRAE Fundamentals
Handbook, American Society of
Heating, Air-Conditioning and
Refrigeration Publishing Service.
CAC, (1985). Handbook of Air-Conditioning
Systems Design, Carrier Air-
Conditioning Corporation, USA.
CGC, (1999). Carrier General Catalogue,
British Standard Inc.
James, C.W., (1995). Air Conditioning
Technology, Wellington Publishers,
USA. 413pp.
Jones, W. P., (1989). Air Conditioning
Engineering, Edward Arnold
Publishing Company. 327pp.
Trane, H. J., (1999). General Catalogue,
America Standard Inc.
Turtle and Bailey, (1985). Air-conditioning
Technology Manual, Turtle and Bailey
Manufacturing Company.
William, C. W. and Williams, M. J., (1995).
Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning
Technology, Relmer Publisher, USA.
321pp.
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