This document discusses aquaculture in Nigeria, including its sustainability issues and challenges. It notes that Nigeria has a large population and demand for fish that exceeds supply, and aquaculture production is increasing but not enough to meet demand. Some key issues discussed include the environmental impacts of aquaculture waste from fish farms, including excess nutrients from fish feed that can cause eutrophication if released into waterways. The document also examines the types of fish species farmed in Nigeria like catfish and tilapia, and some of the production systems used, noting that recirculating systems release less waste than other methods. Overall, the document analyzes the potential and challenges of aquaculture in Nigeria to help meet the country's
Determinants of Poverty Status among Small Scale Catfish Farmers in Ikorodu L...ijtsrd
This study investigates determinants of the poverty status among fish farmers in Ikorodu local government area of Lagos state. A multistage random sampling technique was used in selecting a total of 80 small scale catfish farmers in the study area. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics such as frequency count, percentages and mean values. Logit regression model was used to analyze the determinants of the poverty status of the respondents in the study area. The study revealed that 71.25 of the fish farmers were male 43.75 of the fish farmers had a household size of between 6 10 67.50 of the fish farmers got credit from their personal funds the poverty line adopted for this study is N 4465.30 per month and 71.25 of the fish farmers are below the poverty line and thus they present the poor fish farmers in the study area. From the logit regression analysis, age, household size and years of experience were the major determinants of poverty status of the respondents in the study area. The result further revealed that some of the selected socio economic characteristics exhibited a significant relationship with the poverty status of the fish farmers. Hence, there is significant relationship between the poverty status of the fish farmers and their selected socio economic characteristics. The study therefore recommends the need for campaign and sensitization of rural households on family planning and child spacing techniques, so as to curtail excessive population growth. Adeleke O. A | Ajiboye Abiodun | R. O. Akintola | Fajobi, D. T | Adeleke, H. M "Determinants of Poverty Status among Small Scale Catfish Farmers in Ikorodu Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33007.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/33007/determinants-of-poverty-status-among-small-scale-catfish-farmers-in-ikorodu-local-government-area-of-lagos-state-nigeria/adeleke-o-a
The document discusses the challenges facing fish farmers in Nigeria regarding access to quality fish feed. It notes that while Nigeria imports $80 billion worth of fish annually, domestic fish farming is held back by issues such as the high cost of quality feed. Most fish feed produced in Nigeria is basic and disintegrates easily, while imported feed is more nutritious but costly. The document recommends addressing this issue by developing local expertise and technology to produce floating, nutritious fish feed from local ingredients through processes like extrusion, in order to make aquaculture more sustainable and profitable in Nigeria.
The document provides an overview of the fresh fish sector in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. It notes that aquaculture is an important and growing industry in the region, contributing over N25 billion annually. The fresh fish market is dominated by farmed fish, which accounts for 80% of supply. The document recommends that the MADE program focus on developing the aquaculture value chain in Rivers, Abia, Bayelsa, and Akwa Ibom states. This is because aquaculture has strong market demand, poverty reduction potential, and has benefited from technological advances. The value chain analysis provides details on the key participants, competitiveness, and structure of the aquaculture industry in the Niger Delta.
1. Fish is a vital source of protein and nutrients for many people globally and in developing countries like Nigeria. However, fish supplies are declining while demand is rising with population growth.
2. Nigeria's domestic fish production cannot meet demand, resulting in imports to make up the shortfall. Various government initiatives and technologies have been introduced to support fish farmers but production remains low.
3. Factors contributing to low fish production in Nigeria include poor quality fish seeds, lack of information, high feed costs, traditional techniques, small farm sizes, inefficient resource use, and lack of infrastructure, credit, and equipment. Increasing fish farming is important to address malnutrition and food insecurity.
1. Fish is a vital source of protein and nutrients for many people globally and in developing countries like Nigeria. However, fish supplies are declining while demand is rising with population growth.
2. Nigeria's domestic fish production cannot meet demand, resulting in imports to make up the shortfall. Various government initiatives and technologies have been introduced to support fish farmers but production remains low.
3. Factors contributing to low fish production in Nigeria include poor quality fish seeds, lack of information, high feed costs, traditional techniques, small farm sizes, inefficient resource use, and lack of infrastructure, credit, and equipment. Increasing fish farming is important to address malnutrition and food insecurity.
This document provides an overview of the smoked fish sector in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. It notes that the sector employs over 16,000 fish smokers, predominantly women, who process over 300,000 metric tons of smoked fish annually from domestic wild capture and farmed sources. The smoked fish market serves household, catering, and export end markets. Key challenges include limited fish supply, post-harvest losses for fisherfolk and smokers, and fire safety issues with traditional smoking methods like platforms that are commonly used in rural areas.
Fisheries and aquaculture sectors in Bangladesh: an overview of the present s...Premier Publishers
Fisheries sector in Bangladesh represents as one of the most productive and dynamic sectors in the country. This sector plays a significant role in food security, employment, and foreign exchange earnings in the economy. At present agricultural transformation is taking place in Bangladesh. With the changes of farming system, farmers have started to shift their crop land to aquaculture as they considered it more profitable compared to rice production. The production of inland fisheries represents an increasing trend since 1989-90 with a growth rate of around 5-7%. Similarly, marine fisheries have also shown an increasing trend while a fluctuated growth rate has emerged in this sub sector. The fisheries sector in the 21st century is facing the challenges of food security for the increasing population, habitat degradation, urbanization, and industrial development. Development of responsible fisheries management and optimal use of water bodies can address those challenges. Since fishery is a productive growth sector in Bangladesh, it has high potential to contribute in the socioeconomic development of the country.
Prospect & Overview of Aquaculture in Malaysia [ English ]Amoeba Aquatech
Prospect & Overview of Aquaculture in Malaysia - Power Point Slide in ENGLISH.
FREE seminar - Freshwater Aquaculture
Date : 28/10/2015 (Wed)
Time : 7.00pm
Venue : The KL & Selangor Chinese Assembly Hall, 1st Floor Auditorium
Language : 粤语 Cantonese
Topic :
1. Why Aquaculture ?
- Aquaculture
- Mariculture
- Food Agriculture Organization
2. Current Status of Aquaculture in Malaysia
- Brief History
- Malaysia Aquaculture Production
- Role of Aqua
- Zoning – AIZ (Aquaculture Industrial Zones)
3. Aquaculture Economic
4. FAQ
Speaker Bio :
Mr. Thomas Wong, an aquaculture specialist is currently the Amoeba Aquatech aquaculture farming & breeding consultant.
Has involved intensively in freshwater and brackish water Prawn fry Production, Freshwater/ Marine fish breeding and farm management more than 20 years.
His specialty includes in breeding fry of Malaysian high value exotic fish species consistently in large commercial scale and has successfully cultivated fish species like Kerai, White Sultan fish, Tengalan, Temoleh & etc. And production of Malayan Giant Freshwater Prawns commercially with remarkable reputation.
He also been successfully developed technique in production of pelleted fed Marble Goby fry to reduce mortality rate and enhance production yield.
-------------------------------------
If you have any enquiries,
kindly contact us at 603-6262 8477.
Determinants of Poverty Status among Small Scale Catfish Farmers in Ikorodu L...ijtsrd
This study investigates determinants of the poverty status among fish farmers in Ikorodu local government area of Lagos state. A multistage random sampling technique was used in selecting a total of 80 small scale catfish farmers in the study area. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics such as frequency count, percentages and mean values. Logit regression model was used to analyze the determinants of the poverty status of the respondents in the study area. The study revealed that 71.25 of the fish farmers were male 43.75 of the fish farmers had a household size of between 6 10 67.50 of the fish farmers got credit from their personal funds the poverty line adopted for this study is N 4465.30 per month and 71.25 of the fish farmers are below the poverty line and thus they present the poor fish farmers in the study area. From the logit regression analysis, age, household size and years of experience were the major determinants of poverty status of the respondents in the study area. The result further revealed that some of the selected socio economic characteristics exhibited a significant relationship with the poverty status of the fish farmers. Hence, there is significant relationship between the poverty status of the fish farmers and their selected socio economic characteristics. The study therefore recommends the need for campaign and sensitization of rural households on family planning and child spacing techniques, so as to curtail excessive population growth. Adeleke O. A | Ajiboye Abiodun | R. O. Akintola | Fajobi, D. T | Adeleke, H. M "Determinants of Poverty Status among Small Scale Catfish Farmers in Ikorodu Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33007.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/33007/determinants-of-poverty-status-among-small-scale-catfish-farmers-in-ikorodu-local-government-area-of-lagos-state-nigeria/adeleke-o-a
The document discusses the challenges facing fish farmers in Nigeria regarding access to quality fish feed. It notes that while Nigeria imports $80 billion worth of fish annually, domestic fish farming is held back by issues such as the high cost of quality feed. Most fish feed produced in Nigeria is basic and disintegrates easily, while imported feed is more nutritious but costly. The document recommends addressing this issue by developing local expertise and technology to produce floating, nutritious fish feed from local ingredients through processes like extrusion, in order to make aquaculture more sustainable and profitable in Nigeria.
The document provides an overview of the fresh fish sector in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. It notes that aquaculture is an important and growing industry in the region, contributing over N25 billion annually. The fresh fish market is dominated by farmed fish, which accounts for 80% of supply. The document recommends that the MADE program focus on developing the aquaculture value chain in Rivers, Abia, Bayelsa, and Akwa Ibom states. This is because aquaculture has strong market demand, poverty reduction potential, and has benefited from technological advances. The value chain analysis provides details on the key participants, competitiveness, and structure of the aquaculture industry in the Niger Delta.
1. Fish is a vital source of protein and nutrients for many people globally and in developing countries like Nigeria. However, fish supplies are declining while demand is rising with population growth.
2. Nigeria's domestic fish production cannot meet demand, resulting in imports to make up the shortfall. Various government initiatives and technologies have been introduced to support fish farmers but production remains low.
3. Factors contributing to low fish production in Nigeria include poor quality fish seeds, lack of information, high feed costs, traditional techniques, small farm sizes, inefficient resource use, and lack of infrastructure, credit, and equipment. Increasing fish farming is important to address malnutrition and food insecurity.
1. Fish is a vital source of protein and nutrients for many people globally and in developing countries like Nigeria. However, fish supplies are declining while demand is rising with population growth.
2. Nigeria's domestic fish production cannot meet demand, resulting in imports to make up the shortfall. Various government initiatives and technologies have been introduced to support fish farmers but production remains low.
3. Factors contributing to low fish production in Nigeria include poor quality fish seeds, lack of information, high feed costs, traditional techniques, small farm sizes, inefficient resource use, and lack of infrastructure, credit, and equipment. Increasing fish farming is important to address malnutrition and food insecurity.
This document provides an overview of the smoked fish sector in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. It notes that the sector employs over 16,000 fish smokers, predominantly women, who process over 300,000 metric tons of smoked fish annually from domestic wild capture and farmed sources. The smoked fish market serves household, catering, and export end markets. Key challenges include limited fish supply, post-harvest losses for fisherfolk and smokers, and fire safety issues with traditional smoking methods like platforms that are commonly used in rural areas.
Fisheries and aquaculture sectors in Bangladesh: an overview of the present s...Premier Publishers
Fisheries sector in Bangladesh represents as one of the most productive and dynamic sectors in the country. This sector plays a significant role in food security, employment, and foreign exchange earnings in the economy. At present agricultural transformation is taking place in Bangladesh. With the changes of farming system, farmers have started to shift their crop land to aquaculture as they considered it more profitable compared to rice production. The production of inland fisheries represents an increasing trend since 1989-90 with a growth rate of around 5-7%. Similarly, marine fisheries have also shown an increasing trend while a fluctuated growth rate has emerged in this sub sector. The fisheries sector in the 21st century is facing the challenges of food security for the increasing population, habitat degradation, urbanization, and industrial development. Development of responsible fisheries management and optimal use of water bodies can address those challenges. Since fishery is a productive growth sector in Bangladesh, it has high potential to contribute in the socioeconomic development of the country.
Prospect & Overview of Aquaculture in Malaysia [ English ]Amoeba Aquatech
Prospect & Overview of Aquaculture in Malaysia - Power Point Slide in ENGLISH.
FREE seminar - Freshwater Aquaculture
Date : 28/10/2015 (Wed)
Time : 7.00pm
Venue : The KL & Selangor Chinese Assembly Hall, 1st Floor Auditorium
Language : 粤语 Cantonese
Topic :
1. Why Aquaculture ?
- Aquaculture
- Mariculture
- Food Agriculture Organization
2. Current Status of Aquaculture in Malaysia
- Brief History
- Malaysia Aquaculture Production
- Role of Aqua
- Zoning – AIZ (Aquaculture Industrial Zones)
3. Aquaculture Economic
4. FAQ
Speaker Bio :
Mr. Thomas Wong, an aquaculture specialist is currently the Amoeba Aquatech aquaculture farming & breeding consultant.
Has involved intensively in freshwater and brackish water Prawn fry Production, Freshwater/ Marine fish breeding and farm management more than 20 years.
His specialty includes in breeding fry of Malaysian high value exotic fish species consistently in large commercial scale and has successfully cultivated fish species like Kerai, White Sultan fish, Tengalan, Temoleh & etc. And production of Malayan Giant Freshwater Prawns commercially with remarkable reputation.
He also been successfully developed technique in production of pelleted fed Marble Goby fry to reduce mortality rate and enhance production yield.
-------------------------------------
If you have any enquiries,
kindly contact us at 603-6262 8477.
This document discusses the application of biotechnology in catfish and tilapia aquaculture in Nigeria. It provides an overview of fisheries and aquaculture in Nigeria, noting that Nigeria imports $100 million in fish annually to meet demand. The document outlines biotechnology applications for tilapia, including sex reversal and hybridization, and for catfish, including genetic improvement and hybridization. It stresses the need for collaboration through platforms like FAO, WAAPP, ECOWAS, and the African Union to further develop biotechnology applications and aquaculture in Nigeria and Africa.
The fisheries sector in Bangladesh includes inland capture fisheries, inland culture fisheries, and marine fisheries. Inland capture fisheries encompass rivers, estuaries, floodplains, and lakes, totaling over 3 million hectares. Inland culture fisheries include over 371,000 hectares of ponds, canals, and shrimp/prawn farms. The marine fisheries have potential for contributing to Bangladesh's economy due to the rich biodiversity of the Bay of Bengal. Over 17 million people rely on fisheries for their livelihoods through fishing, farming, and processing. Aquaculture in particular has grown rapidly and now provides over half of Bangladesh's fish. However, the fisheries
This document summarizes a study on the economic analysis of fish farming in Ijebu-East Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. Some key findings include:
- Most fish farmers are male (72.5%) with a mean age of 41, and their primary occupation is farming (52.5%) or civil service (35%).
- The average stocking rate of fish farmers is 2,470 fingerlings per cycle, indicating medium-scale production.
- The average total cost was N231,205.75 while average total revenue was N453,562.75, yielding an average gross margin of N227,517.15 and net income of N222,357 per 1,000
Aquaculture Revolution in Bangladesh.pdfSadia Nabilah
Bangladesh has one of the largest and most active deltas, nourished by the Padma, Meghna, and Jamuna rivers. This increases the potential for fresh and brackish water capture and culture fisheries. Aquaculture is the fastest-growing enterprise in Bangladesh since the 1980s.
Aquaculture production is unevenly dispersed geographically with Asian countries contributing nearly 90% of global production; where, China is the largest producer in 2018, followed by India, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Bangladesh, respectively (FAO, 2020). According to FAO report The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018, Bangladesh ranked 5th in world aquaculture production. The aquaculture industry has worked out towards creating new possibilities and yet has to face some future challenges due to unwise practices and knowledge gaps.
Employment opportunities in the sector are a boon as well – official statistics show that the fisheries and aquaculture sectors (directly and indirectly) support more than 18 million people. The aquaculture sector has a high potential for the perspective on the economic development of the country.
As with any livestock industry in Bangladesh, there are a number of challenges that can impact the viability of aquaculture initiatives in future. Aquaculture can be no riskier than, say, poultry farming. We have to figure out what these challenges are and how both external and internal challenges can be managed through good project design.
Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources (FMGR) a...apaari
Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources (FMGR) and their Amelioration, Country Status Report: Lao PDR by Latsamy Phounvisouk, Presented during the Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources and their Amelioration, 10-12 July 2019, Location: Colombo, Sri Lanka
Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and plants. Major types include marine/brackishwater aquaculture of ocean species and freshwater aquaculture of native river/lake species. India is one of the top producers and exporters of aquaculture globally, dominated by species like carp, shrimp, and shellfish. The country faces challenges to its exports like market access issues, food safety concerns, and environmental impacts. It is addressing these through regulation, certification, traceability programs, and promoting sustainability and value-addition. Future prospects include growing demand, recognition of aquaculture as an economic sector, and greater awareness of sustainability needs.
This document provides information on inland fisheries in India. It notes that India is the third largest producer of fish globally and second largest in inland fisheries production. Inland fisheries contribute over 60% of India's total fish production. The document outlines India's inland fisheries resources such as rivers, reservoirs, ponds, and tanks. It also discusses strategies to improve inland fisheries production through better management of capture fisheries and increased aquaculture. Challenges facing the inland fisheries sector include environmental degradation, overexploited fish stocks, and socioeconomic issues for fishing communities.
Pondering Aquaculture’s Potential: Fish farming in Cambodia on the increase b...Hoem Seiha
Although Cambodia is rich with natural fish—producing a hundred thousand tons annually—it doesn’t mean there are enough fish caught to feed the whole country.
As the Kingdom’s ever-growing population is putting a huge strain on the increasingly limited natural fish supply that
can no longer ensure the huge amount of supply needed to feed Cambodians’ mouths, aquaculture is being touted as the solution.
The Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM) has identified aquaculture as a sector with potential to stimulate economic growth, jobs, and food security in member countries. However, aquaculture remains underdeveloped aside from some commercial production. CRFM has developed a five-year action plan for aquaculture development supported by a study confirming its potential economic and social contributions. The growth of aquaculture has been limited by high costs, lack of research and development, policies and legislation, and impacts of weather events. CRFM aims to promote sustainable aquaculture growth through increased investment, improved technology, support services, and policies to increase production and earnings in the region.
Top candidate species in marine capture production
Indian Marine Fisheries Resources
Different Marine Fish Producing State Of India(CMFRI 2020)
Major Five Species/Groups With Their Contribution (Lakh Tonnes) Towards Total Marine Fish Landings In India (2019 & 2020)
11.willingness of marine artisanal fishermen to integrate aquaculture in ente...Alexander Decker
- The document discusses a study that assessed marine artisanal fishermen in Ghana's willingness to adopt aquaculture.
- A survey of 150 fishermen found that 62% were willing to integrate aquaculture into their livelihoods.
- A logistic regression model revealed that fishermen who lacked savings, had difficulty accessing credit, did not belong to a fisherman's association, and were new to marine fishing were more likely to be open to adopting aquaculture.
This document provides an overview of investment opportunities in Indonesia's fisheries sector. It notes that Indonesia is currently the world's largest fisheries producer and source of seaweed. The document outlines key market opportunities in tuna, shrimp, crab, and seaweed production. It also describes Indonesia's existing capabilities and government provisions to support investments in aquaculture, seaweed processing, and shipbuilding/cold storage facilities. Overall, the fisheries sector contributes approximately 7% to Indonesia's economy and there remains significant potential for growth to meet rising global demand for seafood and meet government targets.
006 Pr 05 Management Of Inland Fisheries In The PhilipinesNheden Amiel Sarne
1. The document summarizes the status of inland fisheries in the Philippines, noting that it contributes around 6% to total fisheries production. It identifies the major inland bodies of water and trends in inland fisheries production from 1994-2003.
2. Issues facing inland fisheries development are discussed, including lack of data, pollution from various sources, introduction of invasive species, and conflicts from multiple uses of inland waters.
3. Recommendations include improving resource monitoring and management, zoning of waters, preventing pollution, and taking an integrated, multi-sectoral approach to management.
This document provides an overview of fisheries development in Nigeria with a focus on Cross River State. It discusses the potential for fisheries given Nigeria's water resources but also challenges like overfishing and a lack of regulation. Cross River State has marine, freshwater, and brackish water fisheries but production is low due to poor management, a lack of laws around exploitation, and losses during processing and preservation. The document recommends improving hatcheries, feed production, training, and passing legislation to boost sustainable fish production through both capture fisheries and aquaculture.
This document provides an overview of fisheries development in Nigeria with a focus on Cross River State. It discusses the potential for fisheries given Nigeria's water resources but also challenges like overfishing and a lack of regulation. Cross River State has marine, inland, and aquaculture fisheries but production remains low due to problems with inputs, funding, regulations and enforcement. The state currently has no fisheries laws and the one proposed bill has not yet passed. Overall, the document analyzes the status of fisheries in Cross River State and identifies issues that must be addressed to increase sustainable fish production, such as improving hatcheries, feed, funding, processing and developing aquaculture.
The document provides an overview of India's National Fisheries Policy 2020. Some key points:
- The policy aims to sustainably develop and manage India's diverse fisheries resources across its coastline and inland waters to improve livelihoods and food security.
- It recognizes the importance of fisheries for providing nutrition, income, and employment for millions of people in India. However, overfishing and lack of regulation threaten the sustainability of resources.
- The policy seeks to optimize production from both marine capture fisheries and inland aquaculture/culture fisheries through improved management, technology, and infrastructure development. It also aims to promote alternative livelihoods for fishers and conservation measures.
- Key
Singapore has a small but strategically important aquaculture industry that produces about 5% of the country's fish consumption. Land-based farms produce freshwater fish like snakeheads and tilapia, while coastal farms in netcages along the Johor Straits produce marine fish like seabass, groupers, and snappers. The Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore regulates aquaculture through farm licensing and quality control. While live seafood fetches high prices, vacuum-sealed chilled and frozen fish are also important economically. Constraints to sustainable aquaculture development include reliance on wild seed stock; the Marine Aquaculture Centre is working to close fish reproductive cycles and produce seeds commercially to
Three Parts Of Essay - Clip Art Library. Online assignment writing service.Sarah Pollard
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net in 5 steps:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline.
3. Choose a writer based on their bid, qualifications, and reviews. Place a deposit to start.
4. Review the paper and authorize full payment if satisfied, or request revisions for free.
5. Know that revisions are allowed to ensure satisfaction, and plagiarized work will be refunded.
Essay On My First Day At College In English With Quotations - YouTubeSarah Pollard
The document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to have papers written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Receive the paper and ensure it meets expectations before authorizing payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarism. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content through a bidding system and revision process.
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This document discusses the application of biotechnology in catfish and tilapia aquaculture in Nigeria. It provides an overview of fisheries and aquaculture in Nigeria, noting that Nigeria imports $100 million in fish annually to meet demand. The document outlines biotechnology applications for tilapia, including sex reversal and hybridization, and for catfish, including genetic improvement and hybridization. It stresses the need for collaboration through platforms like FAO, WAAPP, ECOWAS, and the African Union to further develop biotechnology applications and aquaculture in Nigeria and Africa.
The fisheries sector in Bangladesh includes inland capture fisheries, inland culture fisheries, and marine fisheries. Inland capture fisheries encompass rivers, estuaries, floodplains, and lakes, totaling over 3 million hectares. Inland culture fisheries include over 371,000 hectares of ponds, canals, and shrimp/prawn farms. The marine fisheries have potential for contributing to Bangladesh's economy due to the rich biodiversity of the Bay of Bengal. Over 17 million people rely on fisheries for their livelihoods through fishing, farming, and processing. Aquaculture in particular has grown rapidly and now provides over half of Bangladesh's fish. However, the fisheries
This document summarizes a study on the economic analysis of fish farming in Ijebu-East Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. Some key findings include:
- Most fish farmers are male (72.5%) with a mean age of 41, and their primary occupation is farming (52.5%) or civil service (35%).
- The average stocking rate of fish farmers is 2,470 fingerlings per cycle, indicating medium-scale production.
- The average total cost was N231,205.75 while average total revenue was N453,562.75, yielding an average gross margin of N227,517.15 and net income of N222,357 per 1,000
Aquaculture Revolution in Bangladesh.pdfSadia Nabilah
Bangladesh has one of the largest and most active deltas, nourished by the Padma, Meghna, and Jamuna rivers. This increases the potential for fresh and brackish water capture and culture fisheries. Aquaculture is the fastest-growing enterprise in Bangladesh since the 1980s.
Aquaculture production is unevenly dispersed geographically with Asian countries contributing nearly 90% of global production; where, China is the largest producer in 2018, followed by India, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Bangladesh, respectively (FAO, 2020). According to FAO report The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018, Bangladesh ranked 5th in world aquaculture production. The aquaculture industry has worked out towards creating new possibilities and yet has to face some future challenges due to unwise practices and knowledge gaps.
Employment opportunities in the sector are a boon as well – official statistics show that the fisheries and aquaculture sectors (directly and indirectly) support more than 18 million people. The aquaculture sector has a high potential for the perspective on the economic development of the country.
As with any livestock industry in Bangladesh, there are a number of challenges that can impact the viability of aquaculture initiatives in future. Aquaculture can be no riskier than, say, poultry farming. We have to figure out what these challenges are and how both external and internal challenges can be managed through good project design.
Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources (FMGR) a...apaari
Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources (FMGR) and their Amelioration, Country Status Report: Lao PDR by Latsamy Phounvisouk, Presented during the Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources and their Amelioration, 10-12 July 2019, Location: Colombo, Sri Lanka
Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and plants. Major types include marine/brackishwater aquaculture of ocean species and freshwater aquaculture of native river/lake species. India is one of the top producers and exporters of aquaculture globally, dominated by species like carp, shrimp, and shellfish. The country faces challenges to its exports like market access issues, food safety concerns, and environmental impacts. It is addressing these through regulation, certification, traceability programs, and promoting sustainability and value-addition. Future prospects include growing demand, recognition of aquaculture as an economic sector, and greater awareness of sustainability needs.
This document provides information on inland fisheries in India. It notes that India is the third largest producer of fish globally and second largest in inland fisheries production. Inland fisheries contribute over 60% of India's total fish production. The document outlines India's inland fisheries resources such as rivers, reservoirs, ponds, and tanks. It also discusses strategies to improve inland fisheries production through better management of capture fisheries and increased aquaculture. Challenges facing the inland fisheries sector include environmental degradation, overexploited fish stocks, and socioeconomic issues for fishing communities.
Pondering Aquaculture’s Potential: Fish farming in Cambodia on the increase b...Hoem Seiha
Although Cambodia is rich with natural fish—producing a hundred thousand tons annually—it doesn’t mean there are enough fish caught to feed the whole country.
As the Kingdom’s ever-growing population is putting a huge strain on the increasingly limited natural fish supply that
can no longer ensure the huge amount of supply needed to feed Cambodians’ mouths, aquaculture is being touted as the solution.
The Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM) has identified aquaculture as a sector with potential to stimulate economic growth, jobs, and food security in member countries. However, aquaculture remains underdeveloped aside from some commercial production. CRFM has developed a five-year action plan for aquaculture development supported by a study confirming its potential economic and social contributions. The growth of aquaculture has been limited by high costs, lack of research and development, policies and legislation, and impacts of weather events. CRFM aims to promote sustainable aquaculture growth through increased investment, improved technology, support services, and policies to increase production and earnings in the region.
Top candidate species in marine capture production
Indian Marine Fisheries Resources
Different Marine Fish Producing State Of India(CMFRI 2020)
Major Five Species/Groups With Their Contribution (Lakh Tonnes) Towards Total Marine Fish Landings In India (2019 & 2020)
11.willingness of marine artisanal fishermen to integrate aquaculture in ente...Alexander Decker
- The document discusses a study that assessed marine artisanal fishermen in Ghana's willingness to adopt aquaculture.
- A survey of 150 fishermen found that 62% were willing to integrate aquaculture into their livelihoods.
- A logistic regression model revealed that fishermen who lacked savings, had difficulty accessing credit, did not belong to a fisherman's association, and were new to marine fishing were more likely to be open to adopting aquaculture.
This document provides an overview of investment opportunities in Indonesia's fisheries sector. It notes that Indonesia is currently the world's largest fisheries producer and source of seaweed. The document outlines key market opportunities in tuna, shrimp, crab, and seaweed production. It also describes Indonesia's existing capabilities and government provisions to support investments in aquaculture, seaweed processing, and shipbuilding/cold storage facilities. Overall, the fisheries sector contributes approximately 7% to Indonesia's economy and there remains significant potential for growth to meet rising global demand for seafood and meet government targets.
006 Pr 05 Management Of Inland Fisheries In The PhilipinesNheden Amiel Sarne
1. The document summarizes the status of inland fisheries in the Philippines, noting that it contributes around 6% to total fisheries production. It identifies the major inland bodies of water and trends in inland fisheries production from 1994-2003.
2. Issues facing inland fisheries development are discussed, including lack of data, pollution from various sources, introduction of invasive species, and conflicts from multiple uses of inland waters.
3. Recommendations include improving resource monitoring and management, zoning of waters, preventing pollution, and taking an integrated, multi-sectoral approach to management.
This document provides an overview of fisheries development in Nigeria with a focus on Cross River State. It discusses the potential for fisheries given Nigeria's water resources but also challenges like overfishing and a lack of regulation. Cross River State has marine, freshwater, and brackish water fisheries but production is low due to poor management, a lack of laws around exploitation, and losses during processing and preservation. The document recommends improving hatcheries, feed production, training, and passing legislation to boost sustainable fish production through both capture fisheries and aquaculture.
This document provides an overview of fisheries development in Nigeria with a focus on Cross River State. It discusses the potential for fisheries given Nigeria's water resources but also challenges like overfishing and a lack of regulation. Cross River State has marine, inland, and aquaculture fisheries but production remains low due to problems with inputs, funding, regulations and enforcement. The state currently has no fisheries laws and the one proposed bill has not yet passed. Overall, the document analyzes the status of fisheries in Cross River State and identifies issues that must be addressed to increase sustainable fish production, such as improving hatcheries, feed, funding, processing and developing aquaculture.
The document provides an overview of India's National Fisheries Policy 2020. Some key points:
- The policy aims to sustainably develop and manage India's diverse fisheries resources across its coastline and inland waters to improve livelihoods and food security.
- It recognizes the importance of fisheries for providing nutrition, income, and employment for millions of people in India. However, overfishing and lack of regulation threaten the sustainability of resources.
- The policy seeks to optimize production from both marine capture fisheries and inland aquaculture/culture fisheries through improved management, technology, and infrastructure development. It also aims to promote alternative livelihoods for fishers and conservation measures.
- Key
Singapore has a small but strategically important aquaculture industry that produces about 5% of the country's fish consumption. Land-based farms produce freshwater fish like snakeheads and tilapia, while coastal farms in netcages along the Johor Straits produce marine fish like seabass, groupers, and snappers. The Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore regulates aquaculture through farm licensing and quality control. While live seafood fetches high prices, vacuum-sealed chilled and frozen fish are also important economically. Constraints to sustainable aquaculture development include reliance on wild seed stock; the Marine Aquaculture Centre is working to close fish reproductive cycles and produce seeds commercially to
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2. Adewumi 224
Table 1. Nigeria fish supply by sector.
Sector 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Artisanal 418,069 433,537 450,965 446.203 434,830 513,537 530,332 504,227
Aquaculture 25,720 26,398 30,664 33,667 43,950 56.355 84,523 85.087
Industrial trawler 23,308.3 28,378 30,091 33,882 30,421 33,778 33,778 28,193
Imported Fish 557,884 681,152 663,180 663,152 611,152 646,484 646,484 737,666
Source (FDF, 2007).
Nigeria is a coastal state bordered in the South by the
Atlantic ocean. It has a land mass of 923,766 km
2
, with
about 1.75 million hectares of suitable sites for
aquaculture development. The aquaculture sub-sector is
considered a very viable alternative to meeting the
nation’s need for self sufficiency in fish production. This is
based on its high reliability in return on investment and
low capital intensity, relative to capture fisheries.
The Federal government of Nigeria is of late, actively
pursuing the development of the agriculture sector in
order to cope with the rising demand for fish and fish
products and also to diversify its oil-based economy. The
Federal government’s aim is to achieve self-sufficiency in
fish production and ultimately to have fish products
available for export. Unfortunately, the fisheries sub-
sector is under-developed despite it being the source of
livelihood for many of the coastal populace. Rapid
population growth in developing countries such as
Nigeria, increased disposable income and changing
consumer preferences has drastically increased the
annual demand for aquatic food source. Proliferation of
more efficient capture technologies, decades of
government subsidies, increased market access even for
remote fishing communities, and development programs
aimed at increasing production from the fragile open-
access resource has led to large scale depletion of fish
resources. Thus, there is growing concern over the
sustainability of wild fish stocks. The need for long-term
investments to ensure the sustainability of production
from aquaculture cannot therefore be over-emphasized.
Intervention in this seemingly critical, but neglected
sector, can be in the areas of planning, ecosystem-based
resource management, post harvest sector, human
resource development This seeks to review the
principles, status, trends, and future needs for
investments in fisheries and aquaculture.
Fisheries and aquaculture play a significant role in
global food supplies, and demand for high-quality aquatic
protein is expected to increase substantially as income
levels rise and Asia and African populations expand
(Delgado et al., 2003). Fish is very important in the diet of
many Nigerians, high in nutritional value with complete
array of amino acids, vitamins and minerals.
In addition, fish products are relatively cheaper
compared to beef, pork and other animal protein sources
in the country ((FDF, 2008). Fish is thus in high demand.
Fish make up about 41 percent of the meat in the
average Nigerian diet, but domestic supply falls short of
that, forcing the country to spend $500 million a year on
imported fish (Oyinbo and Rekwot, 2013).
The Nigerian fishery Sector is characterized by a rich
resource base, comprising:
(i) Offshore waters between the 30 mile territorial limit
and the 200 miles Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
(ii) Coastal waters adjacent to the country’s 853-km
coastline, and a continental shelf varying in width
between 2 and 12 miles off the coast, from the western to
the eastern borders.
(iii) The huge River Niger delta.
(iv) Inland waters associated with the major rivers, Niger,
Benue, etc., their tributaries and flood plains.
(v) Natural lakes and wetlands.
(vi) Reservoirs, impounded for various purposes including
irrigation, water supply and hydroelectricity power
generation.
(vii).Purpose-built ponds, mining paddocks and animal
watering lots.
These resources together provide a basis for the long-
established industrial and artisanal capture fisheries, and
the more recent aquaculture industry that is fast growing
in content and output. In general, Nigerian fisheries can
be divided into:
(a) marine capture (industrial and artisanal).
(b) inland capture (mainly artisanal).
(c) aquaculture (commercial and subsistence).
The output of Nigeria’s fisheries by sector is presented in
(Tables 1 and 2), which also includes the landings of
Distant-Water Vessels (imports) that constitute the bulk of
total supplies.
The domestic fish production witnessed an upward
trend in output level due to the establishment of fish
farming across the country in recent years. A critical look
on the data in the table shows that there is no significant
difference in domestic fish production in 2006 and 2007.
While in 2008 and 2009 the production increased to
684,575 and 780,704 metric tonnes respectively.
However, the domestic fish production has not been able
to reduce the dependency on imported fish whose figure
also shows a rising trend in imports over the period under
review. It could be seen from the available data that the
importation of fish during the period under review showed
a steady rise. The fish imports rose from 646,484 metric
tonnes in 2006 to 739,666 metric tonnes in 2007 showing
an increase of 5.72 %. In 2008 the figure went up by
3. Direct Res. J. Agric. Food. Sci. 225
Table 2. Nigerian fish supply by system (National Bureau of Statistics, 2010).
Sector 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Artisanal
Brackish 269,878 260,099 264,988 288,229 N/A
Inland River & Lakes 248,659 244,128 246,394 309,981 N/A
Fish Farm:(Aquaculture) 84,533 85,087 143,207 152,796 N/A
Industrial : Commercial Trawlers
Fish(Inshore) 19,129 18,040 18,585 18,820 N/A
Shrimps(Inshore) 13,767 5,995 9,881 10,878 N/A
Eel 882 2,158 1,520 - N/A
Total Domestic Production 636,848 615,507 684,575 780,704
Distant (Imports) 646,484 739,666 937,428 946,851 N/A
14.41 % or 937,428 metric tonnes when compared with
the figure in 2007 while in 2009 the figure went up again
by 26.74 % or 946,851 metric tonnes when compared
with the 2008 figure. Therefore, the importance of the
fishing industry to the sustainability of animal protein
supply in the country cannot be over-emphasized.
Regrettably, the supply of food fish has been on the
decline. This is due to consistent decline from the
country’s major source of food fish, (Global Agriculture
Information Network GAIN, 2007). Currently, domestic
fish production is put at 620,000 metric tons as against
the present national demand of about 2.66 million metric
tons (Ayinla, 2012).
INTENSITY OF AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION IN
NIGERIA
By January 2014, the Federal government of Nigeria
announced the introduction of import quotas and a cut in
fish importation, to the country, by 25% per year, in order
to promote aquaculture development. Production from
aquaculture is increasing (Adewumi and Fagbenro,
2010), compared to the almost stagnant, artisanal
sources (the result of overfishing) and supplied between
5–22% of total domestic fish production between the
periods 2000–2007 (FDF, 2007). This increasing
aquaculture production is, however, not able to meet the
increasing rate of consumption because of the wide gap
between fish demand and supply. Demand is on the rise
as a result of population explosion in the country in recent
years (Falaye and Jenyo-Oni, 2009). Aquaculture in
Nigeria, which started in Panyam fish farm, Jos in 1951,
as a government-driven venture, has now spread to all
parts of the federation as a private sector-driven affair,
encompassing all aquatic environments and using a
range of aquatic species (Akinrotimi et al., 2011).
Although production in the country is largely based on
small-scale operations in most parts, there is a wide
consensus that aquaculture has the potentials to meet
the growing demand for nutrition food fish, contribute to
the growth of economy and support the sustainable
livelihoods of many communities, especially in the rural
parts of the country (FAO, 2006). The awareness on the
potential of aquaculture to contribute to domestic fish
production has continued to increase in the country. This
stems from the need to meet the much needed fish for
domestic production and export. Fish species commonly
cultured include Clarias and Heterobranchus spp.
(catfish), Tilapia spp. (Tilapia),Cyprinus carpio (Common
carp),Heterotis niloticus (Slap water). This culturable
species usually grow to a minimum acceptable
marketable size in a reasonable growing period (usually
between 4-9 months of culture) depending on the
production system. The country has large natural
resources to support aquaculture development: inland
freshwater of 14 million hectares and available land area
of 1.7 million hectares for the aquaculture development.
The cultured species include Clarias, Tilapia (Figures1
and 2), Carp and Heterotis, amongst others. Some form
of shrimp (Macrobrachium vollenhovenii) farming is
going on, but not yet at a commercial scale. The Nigerian
aquaculture is presently, mainly urban-driven.
Figure 1. Clarias fish (Adewumi, 2005).
The story of the Nigerian aquaculture is essentially that
of catfish farming (Adewumi and Olaleye, 2011). The
culture of clarias catfish has grown rapidly in the country
since 1985 and this species is grown by both small-scale
and large–scale fish farmers in all the states of the
federation. With the introduction of tank culture cum flow-
through (Figures 3 and 4), enhanced by water
recirculation systems, there has been a considerable
increase in production of fish per unit area throughout the
federation.Despite this celebrated increase in aquaculture
4. Adewumi 226
Figure 2. A harvest of tilapia fish.
Figure 3. Catfish in concrete tanks, being fed with poultry maggots.
production however, Ekunwe and Emokaro (2009)
showed that Nigeria imports about 560,000 tonnes of fish
estimated at about $400 million annually while annual
domestic fish supply in Nigeria stands at about 400,000
tonnes. This gives room to further expansion. The level of
growth and intensification witnessed in aquaculture
recently has raised several environmental issues and is
witnessing a number of challenges that need to be
addressed for sustainability of the industry. Some of the
issues and challenges are hereby discussed.
Aquaculture wastes and the environment
As aquaculture becomes more intensive with correspon-
ding increase in wastes output, the effect of these wastes
on the receiving environment has been a crucial issue,
generating a lot of concern among aquaculturists,
environmentalists, fishery biologists and the general
public. As aquaculture production becomes more
intensive, fish feed will be a significant factor in
increasing the productivity and profitability of aquaculture.
Given that feed is the biggest source of nutrient loading in
aquaculture production, clear understanding of its impact
on the environment is highly essential for sustainable
development. Potential pollutants from aqua feed are
phosphorous and nitrogenous substances as well as
organic matter and these are released to the environment
majorly through excretion of faecal wastes, misuse of
medicated feed and uneaten feed. Apart from wastes
5. Direct Res. J. Agric. Food. Sci. 227
Figure 5. Water recirculation using locally fabricated material for fish culture (Source: Adeogun et al.,
2007).
from feed nutrients, waste waters from aquaculture may
also contain residues of some chemicals, such as,
medicants, feed additives, antibiotics, fertilizers,
disinfectants, hormones, therapeutants and anesthetics
commonly applied during farm operations.
The culture system commonly practiced in Nigeria
includes stagnant tank, flow through, earthen pond and
water recirculation systems. In stagnant and flow-through
tank culture systems, all dissolved and suspended solid
wastes are released into the environment on continuous
basis throughout the production cycle. On the other hand,
wastes from earthen ponds are released periodically, in
most cases, at the end of production cycle and consist of
a mixture of inorganic and organic particulate materials
(Akinrotimi et al., 2007a). In the recirculation system
(Figure 5), Gabriel et al. (2009) observed that the waste
released is low, compared to tanks and earthen pond
culture.
Akinrotimi et al. (2007b) reported that effluent from
some catfish farms in Port Harcourt metropolis in Rivers
State, Nigeria, constantly released into the environment,
leads to destruction of the aesthetic value of the
surrounding, with putrefying odour emanating from these
areas. The release of these wastes on continual basis
can lead to the buildup of some pathogenic organisms
and result in the outbreak of epidemic disease. The
environmental impact of aquaculture wastes include:
Eutrophication: Ecosystems of water body can show a
typical reaction or shift in the river continuum when
disturbed by nutrient-rich fish farm effluents (Loch et al.,
1996).
Reduction in dissolved oxygen (DO) level: Release of
aquaculture wastes into the aquatic ecosystems results in
overproduction of organic matter and its subsequent
decomposition usually lead to reduced dissolved oxygen
concentrations (5 mg
-1
) in the bottom water strata, which
may impose a stressful condition on fish.
Production of toxic micro-organisms: Constant
flushing of fish farm effluents into the receiving waters
have been reported to stimulate the production of some
toxic algae such as cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and
diatoms.
Direct toxicity on aquatic animals: Nitrogenous waste
is a major component of aquaculture wastes, which can
directly result in deleterious effect on aquatic animals,
particularly fish and fish food organisms. Ammonia has
been reported to induce high level of toxicity in fish, even
at low concentrations.
Disruption of fish assemblage in the wild: Disruption
of fish assemblage, changes in the population of various
species of fish in the natural environment is one of the
effects of aquaculture wastes discharge into the
environment.
Reduction of aesthetic value of the environment:
Continuous discharges of aquaculture wastes into the
environment especially land-based aquaculture have
been reported to reduce the aesthetic value of the
environment.
STRATEGIES TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF
AQUACULTUREWASTES ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Proper planning of fish farms
While establishing fish farms, there should be proper
6. Adewumi 228
planning concerning the issue of waste management
procedures. Effluent treatment possibilities should be
included in the facility in the planning stage in order to
reduce the effluent loads and make the treatment more
efficient. For example, the use of dual drain tanks to
concentrate settable solids into a smaller, more
effectively treated flow, which lead to an overall improved
effluent (Summerfelt et al., 2004).
Good farm management
Effective management practices have been recognized
as key to environmental sustainability of a fish farm.
Farms should be encouraged to have soak-away pits to
reduce the discharge of farm effluents into the
environment.
Good diet formulation
Reduction of solid wastes output from aquaculture
operation can be achieved by using highly digestible
ingredients with high protein and lipid contents (Cho and
Bureau, 2001).
Improved feeding strategy
The feeding strategy deals with alternatives to reduce the
uneaten feed and increase feed efficiency. For efficient
management of waste production, ad libitum feeding is
not advisable. Several agricultural by-products have been
researched into and recommended as substitutes to
fishmeal (Agbebi et al., 2009; Adewumi, 2012), some of
which the digestibilities have not be monitored. Many of
these materials would definitely pollute the environment.
Practice of integrated fish farming
This involves combination of animal husbandry or crop
with fish production in a farm simultaneously whereby the
effluents from the fish pond are released into the farm to
serve as manures. Akinrotimi et al. (2005) reported that in
some parts of the country, especially in the rural areas,
there is combination of fish production with planting of
arable crops such as vegetables. In order to help
smallholder farmers improve their production, food
security and profits, the West and Central African Council
for Agricultural Research and Development (WECARD)
and University of Ibadan (UI) are recently promoting the
integration of fish, poultry/pig and rice farming. This will
translate to viable and sustainable aquaculture.
Recycling aquaculture waste
The wastes excreted by fish in form of dissolved nitrogen
and phosphorous material can be re-used inside the
system and converted into valuable products for the fish.
Regular monitoring of fish farms
Monitoring practices must be adopted from time to time.
The monitoring program should be carried out by the
main interest groups: the scientists, the regulators and
the farmers. The regulator agencies are to develop easily
enforceable best environmental practices that comply
with the international standard, and set environmental
quality objectives.
OTHER CHALLENGES
Several other challenges, pertinent to sustainability, are
confronting aquaculture development in Nigeria. Some of
these challenges are:
Government policy
In Nigeria, a large number of farms have failed to attain
profitability in one or more years because of major
disruptions in the production process. There are financial
risks, which the farmer must contend with; due to
unstable government financial policies. A change of
government or changes in government policies, common
to Nigeria, are risks to the utilization of capital by the
farmer. Government should encourage fish farmers by
evolving a number of non-fiscal incentives, which may
include grants for development, government equity
shareholding, government insurance, leasing of facilities
and compensation schemes, and there may also be
subsidies for construction, equipment, supplies, labour
and price support. Credit on advantageous terms through
quasi-government credit schemes, special loans, with
deferred repayment schedules and loan guarantees,
should be made available. There is need for a stable
polity. Such stability will boost the development of the fish
industry. In order to ensure sustained and increased
inflow of investment into Nigerian agriculture, agricultural
policies must endure and even outlive the governments
that formulated them. The practice of changing
macroeconomic policies by successive federal
governments is inimical to long-term investments in fish
farming.
Land
Land is one of the most important resources readily
available for production in developing countries. Ugwuba
and Chukwuji (2010) in their study reported lack of land
for pond establishment as one of the constraints to
aquaculture in eastern part of Nigeria. According to
7. Adeogun et al, (2007), the mode of acquisition of land
varies from one part of the country to other. This could
involve outright purchase from individual owners or
acquisition from government, by issuance of a certificate
of occupancy. It could also be by traditional inheritance,
family, communal/cooperation. Ownership affects land
use. Land tenure systems put serious limitations on the
amount of land that is available for aquaculture.
Water and pollution
This is one of the most important resources used in fish
farming. Without assured, adequate and good quality
water supply, fish production would be made impossible.
Water is one of the most critical factors besides good
feed/feeding, in fish production. Water quality and
quantity are critical factors to successful fish production.
The water should be void of any chemical harmful to fish
and be within acceptable pH range of 6.5 – 9.0. To a
large extent, water temperature will determine what
species of fish can be grown successfully. The amount of
water available will limit the size of the fish farm. At a
minimum you want enough water to drain and fill a fish
production pond at least once a year, as well as the
capability of replacing any water lost through leakage or
evaporation.
The major source of water for fish farmers in Nigeria
includes: tap water from domestic water supply, water
from streams/ rivers, well and borehole. The greatest
challenges encountered by fish farmers in Nigeria have to
do with pollution from industrial activities, mining and the
petroleum industries. Water pollution has become a great
issue especially in the oil-rich areas. Pollution of surface
water has had severe impacts on fisheries production.
Olowosegun et al. (2005) reported that in Nigeria, most of
the fishing grounds have been rendered unproductive by
oil exploration, dredging of some water bodies and
dumping of toxic industrial effluents. Massive fish kills
have been reported to occur in the aquaculture industry.
Also the level of yield in the industry has been reported to
be affected by pollution (Akanni and Akinwumi, 2007).
Production and management
Many technical problems arise in the production of fish
seed either in the pond or hatchery system. Principal
among these are: the lack of and poor management of
brood stock, especially feeding and handling; and the
poor record keeping of all activities regarding induced
spawning, care of eggs, fry, feeding, and general
management of fingerlings. Many erstwhile enthusiastic
farmers have suffered colossal failures due to poor
management skills. Aquaculture involves risk of crop loss
due to wide pH fluctuations, oxygen depletion, parasites,
water pollution, disease, predators, flooding, vandalism
Direct Res. J. Agric. Food. Sci. 229
and more. A sound business plan and proactive
management will help avoid or minimize these problems.
Hard work and a drive to succeed are needed. Knowing
‘how to’ and a willingness to learn more of ‘how to’ is
necessary for success. How to react to problems and
being prepared for problems is essentially a personal
commitment to aquaculture. Here the human resource
factor is critical to a successful aquaculture enterprise
Ofuoku et al., (2008).
Availability of seed
Availability of fish seed is one of the most important
factors for sustainable and profitable fish farming. In the
tropics, most aquaculture species can be grown year
round, subject to suitable availability of water and
demand for the cultured fish. There is need to produce
good quality seed and high quality broodstock at a good
price in order to solve the problems encountered by fish
farmers in Nigeria. To this end, a number of stakeholders
are seeking private public partnership (PPP). It was
reported recently that Lagos State government and a
Finland-based firm is planning to set up a fish feed plant
in the state.
Nigerian aquaculture industry also needs to explore the
potentials of genetics and modern technologies in
breeding. This will enable the development of high quality
fish seed. A number of successful research work is on-
going on the cryopreservation of Clarias sperm and
testing of the viability of this cryo-preserved sperm in
fertilizing freshly spawned eggs (Omitogun et al., 2006;
Oyeleye and Omitogun, 2007; Omitogun et al., 2010).
Success of these research and application on a
commercial scale will help to conserve male brood stock,
which are normally slaughtered for fry production of
catfish, and likewise ensure all-year round artificial
propagation, helping the fish farmers in overcoming the
problem of scarcity of male catfish breeders which are
often encountered in the dry season.
One other aspect of the Nigerian seed industry which
needs to be addressed is the standardization of fingerling
size and pricing. Due to the absence of institutionalized
quality controlled practices, seed producers sell different
sizes of fry and fingerlings to farmers, with neither
standardization nor guarantee on the quality. While some
hatcheries sell 1-2 cm fry as fingerlings, others may sell
5-6 cm fry for the same price. The market capitalizes on
the ignorance and desperation of the buyers. The
adverse effect of this is the heavy post-stocking
mortalities which could discourage farmers from
continuing the business.
Marketing and distribution
This is an integral aspect of fish production because it is
8. Adewumi 230
only when the fish gets to the final destination
(consumers) that production can be complete. Marketing
has been defined as all processes involved from the
production of a commodity until it gets to the final
consumer. Apart from seasonality, scarcity and means of
preservation which are the main problems of fresh fish
marketing, transportation is also observed to be a major
problem in fish marketing and distribution in Nigeria. Most
fresh fish sellers travelled by road and some of the roads
are bush tracks while others are tarred but in a state of
disrepair. This raises the cost of transporting fish. In a
survey carried out by Adeogun et al. (2007) in Lagos
state, most (91.1 percent) farmers prefer to sell fish at
farm gate at a selling price that does not compare
favourably well with fish sold in the market. The
government should open up more roads and intensify
efforts on the maintenance of existing road to create a
more enabling environment for distribution/marketing.
There is also need for farmers to network and explore
international markets. Adedeji and Okocha, (2011)
opined that the most important constraint to aquaculture
development is dissemination of existing knowledge,
whether derived from research or indigenous technical
knowledge of farmers. Research should follow farming
systems research and extension methods in which inter-
disciplinary teams work with farmers to evaluate and
develop both production systems and extension methods
that are appropriate to the local conditions of farmers and
their resource base.
Low level of technology adoption
Ajieh, (2010) identified low level of adoption of fishery
technology due to lack of extension service as one of the
factors that contributes to low productivity in the industry.
In Nigeria the interaction between the extension agent
and the farmers, is poor, due to the low level of education
of most farmers. To improve the yield of fish production
from aquaculture there is need to improve the
educational status of most of the farmers and those
consulting for them. The Government should continually
engage farmers in mandatory training sessions to update
their knowledge. These steps would lead to enhanced
fish production for viable and sustainable aquaculture
development in Nigeria.
CONCLUSION
For aquaculture to be sustainable, production systems
must focus on the interactions between the culture
techniques and the environment. It is pertinent to note
that the growth and the expansion of aquaculture as an
industry occurred during a period of growing concern of
its environmental implications. As a result, the
sustainability of aquaculture practices has come into
increasing scrutiny for social equity, ecological integrity
and long term economic viability. The social implications
generally becomes evident from the very early stages of
farm development, but the ecological impacts may take a
much longer time to unravel and the reducing effects may
be monumental. Opportunities exist for the government to
improve farm productivity through the promotion of
appropriate production and extension technologies that
are environmentally friendly.
Recommendations
Aquaculture, properly harnessed, represents a new
investment source, and an insurance against the fish
protein deficit of Nigeria. In order to ensure sustainable
aquaculture development and fish sufficiency in Nigeria, it
is hereby recommended that:
(a)There is need to facilitate national strategies, policy
and legislative frameworks. Government/aquaculturist
should come up with a comprehensive and articulate
aquaculture development plan.
(b) There is need for more coordinated research on feed
and fish seed. Of the twelve cultivable finfish and four
shellfish available for aquaculture, the African catfish,
Clarias gariepinus, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus;
(Obokun), tilapia spp, African freshwater prawn;
Macrobrachium vollenhovenii are candidates for genetic
engineering for now.
(c) There has to be aggressive rural infrastructure
development to make aquaculture rural-based.
(d) Banks should relax their collateral requirements.
Unless this is done, loans earmarked for aquaculture
could remain unutilized if not passed to other sector of
the economy.
(e) A framework of regulations to ensure sustainability
and minimize potential environmental impacts.
Representation of stakeholders in the policy formulation
process; in policy dissemination, the presence of
sufficiently qualified, experienced and enthusiastic staff,
inter-ministerial and inter-actor coordination in
implementation.
(f) Governments should provide more enabling
environment for private sector-driven aquaculture.
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