In order to investigate present status of aqua chemicals and drugs used in various aquaculture activities in Zakigonj upazilla, Sylhet. A survey was conducted, with carp polyculture, tilapia and catfish farmers, aqua-medicine sellers, representatives of pharmaceuticals companies, from July 2014 to November 2014. Each group consisted of 25 respondents. According to the survey the most common dose of lime used by the farmers during pond preparation (62.67%) and culture period (53%) is 0.5-1 kg/40m2. Urea and TSP used by the farmers mostly during culture period with most common dose of 100-150g/40m2(37.3%) and 50-100 g/40m2 (68%) respectively. Various categories of aqua drugs and chemicals were identified that were used by fish farmers for different purposes such as water quality management, disinfectants, improve dissolve oxygen level, disease treatment, antibiotics and growth promoter. Many pharmaceutical companies were found to provide these aqua drugs and chemicals with different trade names to fulfill the farmers demand. For pond and water quality management lime, urea and TSP are mostly used. Bleaching powder, Timsen, EDTA, Polgard, Virex, Aquakleen, Germnill, Pond safe were widely used as disinfectant. Health management and disease treatment were the major activities where farmers were seen to use a lot of chemicals. A range of chemicals including antibiotics were found available in market and being used in the aquaculture sector. Commonly found traditional chemicals in heath management included Potassium permanganate, Lime, Salt, Virex, Timsen, Aquakleen, Germnil, Pond Safe, Deletrix, Spa, Albez, Ablez were used regularly for disease treatment. Mostly used antibiotics are Renamycin, Oxysentin 20% Chlorsteclin Oxy-D Vet, Aquamycin, Orgamycin 15 %, Orgacycline-15% etc. Major active ingredients of these antibiotics were oxytetracycline, chlorotetracycline, amoxicillin, doxycycline etc. There are approximately fifty two pharmaceutical companies have been recorded to market around 300 products. Most of the products have been marketed from different countries like USA, Thailand, Malaysia, Belgium and China etc. The study also indicated some problems associated with the use of such chemicals due to lack of knowledge of farmers about the use of chemicals, appropriate dose, method of application and their indiscriminate use of chemicals. The study also highlighted the names and approximate price of aquaculture chemicals available with the chemicals sellers in Zakigonj, Sylhet.
This document discusses smoking as a method of preserving fish through the application of smoke, salt, drying, and heat treatment. The key principles involved are:
1) Salting the fish in brine solution before smoking to firm the flesh, improve flavor and appearance.
2) Applying smoke from burning hardwoods like sawdust or chips, which deposits compounds that act as preservatives and add flavor.
3) Drying the fish through evaporation during smoking to further preserve it.
4) Applying heat during hot smoking to cook the fish and kill microorganisms, or keeping the temperature low in cold smoking.
The quality of smoked fish depends on balancing these four interrelated processes
This document discusses therapeutants and pesticides used in aquaculture. It outlines various compounds used as drugs, disinfectants, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, anesthetics, and more. Specific compounds are discussed in detail, including their mechanisms of action, recommended dosages, and effects on fish and aquatic life. A wide range of chemicals are presented, along with factors to consider for safe and effective use in aquaculture operations.
This document summarizes the status of fish parasites found in Bangladesh based on a review of available literature. A total of 290 parasite species have been recorded from freshwater and marine fish, including protozoans, monogeneans, digeneans, nematodes, crustaceans, and annelids. Parasitological study is important for Bangladesh's aquaculture industry to understand factors influencing parasitic infections and develop prevention and treatment strategies. The document provides a list of 27 common parasite species found infecting various fish hosts and organs in Bangladesh, with pictures and citations. It concludes that while many parasites have been identified, further research is still needed on fish diseases caused by parasites and control methods using local resources.
Antiseptics and disinfectants in aquaculture can be accepted alternative in minimizing use of antibiotics, if they meet maximum efficiency and minimum impact on fish health and the environment.
This document discusses disease management in aquaculture. It notes that diseases can cause 10-15% losses in production and maintaining proper water quality parameters is important to prevent disease. It outlines major diseases affecting freshwater pond culture like parasites, fungi, bacteria, and algal blooms. Common disease symptoms in fish include loss of appetite, abnormal behavior, skin lesions, and gill discoloration. The document provides recommendations to prevent disease through best management practices like maintaining water quality, using certified seed, monitoring fish health, and contacting experts if diseases are observed.
The document provides an overview of the Department of Fisheries in India. It discusses:
- The creation of the separate Department of Fisheries in 2019 to focus on fisheries development.
- The department's mandate to promote and develop inland and marine fisheries, support fishermen's livelihoods, and regulate fisheries.
- Institutes and bodies under the department focused on fisheries development, training, research, and administration.
- Key statistics on India's fisheries resources in marine and inland waters and the country's status as a top producer and exporter of fish.
This document provides information about mussel farming techniques in India. It discusses the following key points:
1. China is the world's largest producer of cultured mussels. In India, mussel culture is popular along the Malabar coast, where the two main species farmed are Perna viridis and Perna indica.
2. Common mussel farming techniques used in India include raft culture, rack culture, and long-line culture. Raft culture is conducted in deep coastal waters using rafts up to 8x8 meters with seeded ropes suspended below.
3. Rack culture is used in shallow waters up to 3 meters deep, using wooden frames built on poles to suspend seeded ropes or bags
Spring viraemia of carp disease in finfish (svcv)Avijit Pramanik
Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) is an infectious viral disease affecting carp and other cyprinid fish. It is caused by SVCV, which is a rhabdovirus. SVCV was initially identified in Yugoslavia in 1971 and has since spread to other parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. Clinical signs in infected fish include lethargy, skin hemorrhaging, and darkening. Mortality is highest between 10-17°C. The virus replicates within host cells and is transmitted horizontally. Multiple genetic variants of SVCV exist worldwide. Effective control relies on good management practices and vaccination.
This document discusses smoking as a method of preserving fish through the application of smoke, salt, drying, and heat treatment. The key principles involved are:
1) Salting the fish in brine solution before smoking to firm the flesh, improve flavor and appearance.
2) Applying smoke from burning hardwoods like sawdust or chips, which deposits compounds that act as preservatives and add flavor.
3) Drying the fish through evaporation during smoking to further preserve it.
4) Applying heat during hot smoking to cook the fish and kill microorganisms, or keeping the temperature low in cold smoking.
The quality of smoked fish depends on balancing these four interrelated processes
This document discusses therapeutants and pesticides used in aquaculture. It outlines various compounds used as drugs, disinfectants, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, anesthetics, and more. Specific compounds are discussed in detail, including their mechanisms of action, recommended dosages, and effects on fish and aquatic life. A wide range of chemicals are presented, along with factors to consider for safe and effective use in aquaculture operations.
This document summarizes the status of fish parasites found in Bangladesh based on a review of available literature. A total of 290 parasite species have been recorded from freshwater and marine fish, including protozoans, monogeneans, digeneans, nematodes, crustaceans, and annelids. Parasitological study is important for Bangladesh's aquaculture industry to understand factors influencing parasitic infections and develop prevention and treatment strategies. The document provides a list of 27 common parasite species found infecting various fish hosts and organs in Bangladesh, with pictures and citations. It concludes that while many parasites have been identified, further research is still needed on fish diseases caused by parasites and control methods using local resources.
Antiseptics and disinfectants in aquaculture can be accepted alternative in minimizing use of antibiotics, if they meet maximum efficiency and minimum impact on fish health and the environment.
This document discusses disease management in aquaculture. It notes that diseases can cause 10-15% losses in production and maintaining proper water quality parameters is important to prevent disease. It outlines major diseases affecting freshwater pond culture like parasites, fungi, bacteria, and algal blooms. Common disease symptoms in fish include loss of appetite, abnormal behavior, skin lesions, and gill discoloration. The document provides recommendations to prevent disease through best management practices like maintaining water quality, using certified seed, monitoring fish health, and contacting experts if diseases are observed.
The document provides an overview of the Department of Fisheries in India. It discusses:
- The creation of the separate Department of Fisheries in 2019 to focus on fisheries development.
- The department's mandate to promote and develop inland and marine fisheries, support fishermen's livelihoods, and regulate fisheries.
- Institutes and bodies under the department focused on fisheries development, training, research, and administration.
- Key statistics on India's fisheries resources in marine and inland waters and the country's status as a top producer and exporter of fish.
This document provides information about mussel farming techniques in India. It discusses the following key points:
1. China is the world's largest producer of cultured mussels. In India, mussel culture is popular along the Malabar coast, where the two main species farmed are Perna viridis and Perna indica.
2. Common mussel farming techniques used in India include raft culture, rack culture, and long-line culture. Raft culture is conducted in deep coastal waters using rafts up to 8x8 meters with seeded ropes suspended below.
3. Rack culture is used in shallow waters up to 3 meters deep, using wooden frames built on poles to suspend seeded ropes or bags
Spring viraemia of carp disease in finfish (svcv)Avijit Pramanik
Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) is an infectious viral disease affecting carp and other cyprinid fish. It is caused by SVCV, which is a rhabdovirus. SVCV was initially identified in Yugoslavia in 1971 and has since spread to other parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. Clinical signs in infected fish include lethargy, skin hemorrhaging, and darkening. Mortality is highest between 10-17°C. The virus replicates within host cells and is transmitted horizontally. Multiple genetic variants of SVCV exist worldwide. Effective control relies on good management practices and vaccination.
Food standards have been introduced nationally to protect public health and ensure fair trade. Standards fall into safety and composition categories. Safety standards ensure hygiene and prevent pathogens, while composition standards protect consumers from fraud through correct labeling and weights. Standards include national, international, and company-specific types. National standards bodies establish processing, packaging, inspection and grade standards for various fresh, frozen, dried, cured and canned fish products. Standards specify physical, sensory, microbiological and chemical product requirements.
Fisheries regulatory and developmetal setup in centre andJYOTI SAROJ
This document summarizes fisheries regulation and management in India at both the central and state levels. At the central level, the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries oversees fisheries development. Several other central ministries are also involved. States regulate fishing zones, gear restrictions, and closed seasons under the Marine Fishing Regulation Act. A monsoon fishing ban is also in place. Comprehensive management is needed in the EEZ through vessel registration, seasonal closures, gear restrictions, and monitoring to ensure sustainable fisheries.
The document discusses the global ornamental fish trade, which is a multibillion dollar industry involving over 2,500 fish species traded in over 125 countries. Some key points:
- Freshwater fish make up over 60% of the trade, though marine fish are growing in popularity.
- Asia accounts for over half of global exports, led by Singapore, Japan, and Thailand. The US and UK are the largest importers.
- The trade has faced issues like disease outbreaks, unsustainable fishing practices, and supply disruptions from weather events. Traceability and management along the supply chain need improvement.
Aqua medicines, drugs and chemicals (AMDC) used in freshwater aquaculture of ...AbdullaAlAsif1
A broad variety of aquaculture-related medications, drugs, and chemicals (AMDC) are extensively used in the aquaculture industry in SouthEastern Bangladesh. Fish farmers are worried about the quality of their final product, and disease outbreaks must be stopped at all costs. Farmers are sometimes one ahead of the curve when it comes to producing healthy final products by including probiotics, vitamins, and minerals into their aquaculture setups to promote early and disease-free output. However, the current study was carried out in south eastern Bangladesh, specifically in the highly dense aquaculture regions of Chandpur, Cumilla, and Feni district (17 upazilas), from November 2016 to January 2018. Questions were asked through interviews and a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was held to gather primary data. The major target groups were aquaculture farmers, AMDC shops, pharmaceutical company employees, and hatchery owners. In this three-county area, according to the findings from the thorough research, there are a total of 33 companies that advertise 330 generics brand products via their own distributional channels. Among the available AMDC products in the study area, growth promoters were mostly abundant products among all categories while other products such as predator removal products, insecticides and ectoparasiticides, water quality and pond management, plankton producer, plankton bloom cleaner, disinfectant and disease treatment, toxic gas reducer, pH controller, oxygen supply, stress reducer, growth promoter, probiotics and antibiotics were most selling products to the farmers. The present study revealed 19 generic of antibiotics were available and prescribed by the AMDC vendors or aquaculture disease consultants (ADC) around the regions. Additionally, the research also included the dosages of AMDC and the method of administration in the aquaculture pond, which will assist both the farmers and the ADC in selecting and suggesting the appropriate medications or treatments that may be beneficial to the farmers in the long run.
This document provides information on fish meal, including:
- Fish meal is made from fish processing byproducts and some whole fish through cooking, pressing, drying, and grinding. It is high in protein and used mainly in animal feed.
- Major producers of fish meal include Peru, Norway, South Africa, and China, who source from anchovies, herring, capelin, and various small marine fish.
- The manufacturing process involves cooking, pressing to remove oil and water, drying the remaining solid, and grinding it into a powder. Precautions are taken to prevent contamination and spontaneous combustion during storage and transport.
The document provides information on fish health management including:
1. Common bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal diseases that affect fish and crustaceans such as vibriosis, monodon baculovirus disease, white spot syndrome, and saprolegniasis.
2. The causative agents and symptoms of important infectious bacterial diseases in fish including hemorrhagic septicemia caused by Aeromonas hydrophila, furunculosis caused by A. salmonicida, and saddleback disease caused by Flexibacter columnaris.
3. Nutritional diseases in fish that result from deficiencies of proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals and the signs associated with each.
4
This document provides instructions for making fish silage, which can be used as fertilizer and animal feed. It describes the equipment needed, such as a hand grinder or electric grinder, and the steps to grind fish waste, measure and mix in an acid, package the batches, and allow the silage to mature before use. The silage can be used as a root fertilizer, food supplement for animals, or leaf fertilizer. The document promotes using this method of silage production for organic agriculture in the Pacific region.
Fish silage is produced by preserving fish or fish waste through the addition of acids or lactic acid bacteria. There are two main types: acid silage produced through the addition of inorganic or organic acids like sulfuric acid or formic acid; and biological silage produced through lactic acid fermentation by bacteria like Lactobacillus plantarum. The fish material is minced and acids or bacteria added, then stored to produce the silage. The acids or lactic acid lower the pH and inhibit spoilage during storage. Fish silage can be stored for over a year and used as animal feed.
1. The document discusses the production of fish meal, which is a concentrated feed obtained by milling and drying fish flesh that is high in protein and minerals.
2. Key steps in the production process include heating fish to coagulate proteins, pressing to separate solids from liquids, drying the solids, and grinding into a powder.
3. Pelagic fish like sardines, mackerel, and anchovies are commonly used as raw materials for fish meal production due to their high protein content and availability.
Aquaculture refers to culturing aquatic animals like fish, shrimp, and shellfish. It began over 4000 years ago when Sumerians kept fish in ponds. Ancient Egyptians, Romans, Chinese, and Indians also engaged in early forms of fish culture. In modern times, aquaculture has expanded globally and plays an important role in food production, economic growth, and employment. A wide variety of fish, shellfish, algae and other aquatic species are now farmed using advanced techniques.
This document discusses feed conversion ratio and how to calculate daily feed allowance and total feed requirement for aquaculture. It provides a formula to calculate daily feed allowance based on average body weight, original number of stock, estimated survival rate, and feeding rate. It also gives examples of applying the formula for different stock scenarios, varying parameters like number of stock, weight after a period, survival rate, feeding rate, and feeding duration.
This document provides information on major fungal diseases that affect shrimp farming. It discusses three main diseases: larval mycosis caused by fungi like Lagenidium and Sirolpidium which infect shrimp larvae; black gill disease caused by the fungus Fusarium solani which causes black spots on gills and lesions; and aflatoxicosis or "red disease" caused by toxins produced by Aspergillus fungi contaminating feed which causes reddening and death of infected shrimp. Prevention and treatment methods are outlined for each disease.
COMMON VIRAL DISEASES OF FISHES AND SHRIMP IN BANGLADESH As Siyam
This document provides an overview of common viral diseases affecting fishes and shrimp in Bangladesh. It discusses 14 different viral diseases including betanodavirus, channel catfish virus, cyprinid herpesvirus 3, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, lymphocystis, ranavirus, snakehead rhabdovirus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia, and walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus. For each disease, it describes the causative virus, affected host species, clinical signs and symptoms, and methods of diagnosis. The document is intended as a presentation for an academic course on viral diseases of aquatic animals.
Pen culture involves holding aquatic organisms in captivity within enclosed spaces with free water exchange. It originated in Asia in the early 1920s and was later introduced to Philippines in 1968-1970. Pens are usually built in shallow waters and can range from 3-5m deep and 2-7 hectares in size. Common barriers include bamboo, wire mesh, and nylon nets. Species suitable for pen culture include milkfish, carps, tilapia, catfish and prawns. Pen culture provides benefits like assured production and employment, but also faces challenges like damage from predators, fouling, and poor water quality.
Viral diseases pose a major threat to crustacean farming. This document summarizes several important viral diseases affecting farmed shrimp species. Yellow Head Disease, caused by Yellow Head Virus, causes mass mortalities in Penaeus monodon. White Spot Disease, caused by White Spot Syndrome Virus, infects juveniles of many shrimp species and can cause 80-100% mortality within a week. Taura Syndrome, caused by Taura Syndrome Virus, most severely affects Litopenaeus vannamei and is characterized by reddish discoloration and lesions. These and other viruses like Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus, Baculoviral Midg
Herbal therapy for controlling viral disease in aquacultureharapriya behera
This document discusses the use of herbal therapy to control viral diseases in aquaculture. It provides background on aquaculture and common viral infections. It then discusses how phytotherapy works through modes of action like enhancing immunity, inhibiting viral replication and entry. Several case studies are presented on using plant extracts like coumarin and arctigenin to control spring viraemia of carp virus, olive leaf extract to control viral haemorrhagic septicaemia, and herbal bioconditioners to modulate immunity against grouper iridovirus. The document concludes herbal therapies can be effective alternatives to control important viral pathogens in aquaculture.
The document provides an introduction to fish immunology. It discusses how fish have innate and adaptive immune systems similar to other vertebrates to protect against pathogens and disease. The innate immune system includes physical, chemical, and cellular barriers as the first line of defense. If pathogens breach these barriers, the second line of innate immune responses activate, including the complement system and antimicrobial proteins. The third line of defense is the adaptive immune system of fish, consisting of B cells, T cells, and antibodies that provide long-lasting immunity.
The document discusses fish diseases and health management. It defines disease and lists common clinical signs seen in diseased fish, such as irregular swimming, rubbing against surfaces, and loss of appetite. It then covers the major categories of fish diseases: bacterial (like tail/fin rot), fungal (like saprolegniasis), parasitic (protozoan like ichthyophthiriasis, helminth, and crustacean parasites), and nutritional deficiencies. Environmental factors and the relationship between host, pathogen, and environment in disease development are also examined. The document provides details on symptoms and recommended treatment for several specific diseases.
This document discusses White Spot Syndrome virus (WSSV), a highly contagious and lethal virus affecting shrimp farms globally. It was first reported in Taiwan in 1992 and has since spread worldwide, causing major economic losses to shrimp farming. WSSV is a double-stranded DNA virus that can result in 100% mortality within 3-10 days. Diagnosis involves clinical observation of white spots on the shrimp as well as PCR and histopathology tests. Farmers are recommended to use specific pathogen-free stock, maintain optimal water conditions and follow good management practices to prevent spread and economic impact of this virus.
Indian shrimp aquaculture production has grown significantly in recent years and is expected to surpass China as the world's largest producer. Production has increased to over 426,000 metric tons in 2014-15, up 30% from the previous year, driven primarily by the introduction and widespread adoption of the exotic whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Key challenges include improving farm productivity and profitability through better disease management and control, ensuring a sustainable supply of high quality broodstock, and maintaining strict compliance with food safety and residue standards for export markets. Future strategies focus on species diversification, development of captive broodstock programs, adoption of biosecurity measures, and comprehensive health management.
Present status of aqua-medicines used in aquaculture at Jessore sadar upazila...AbdullaAlAsif1
In order to know the present status of aqua-medicines used in aquaculture activities in Jessore district, Bangladesh a rigorous investigation was conducted with fish farmers and representative of pharmaceutical companies from January, 2016 to May 2016. An extensive assortment of aqua-medicines was comprehended throughout pond prepation and water excellence administration by the agrarians. Amongst them Zeo-Fesh, Zeo Prime, Ecolite, Megazeo plus, Geotox, Jv Zeolite, Acmes, Benthos, Pond life, were extensively used in field level. Disinfectants has precise significance; far and wide used by the agrarians and the furthermost prevalent disinfectants are Pathonil, Timen, Fmsen, Virex, Aquakleen etc., the reimbursements of disinfectants are to inhibit dissimilar categories of bacterial, fungal and viral diseases resembling gill rot, tail rot, dropsy etc. to uphold sanitized circumstance in pond apparatus and floorings and in some circumstances use to treat disease. Numerous aqua-medicines were established in the aqua-medicines retailers that were informed to be used as noxious gas reducer. The obtainable deadly gas reducer were gastrap, gas stop, gasonex plus, ammonil besides that, remunerations of using venomous gas reducer are to eliminate the lethal gas like NH<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S, CO<sub>2</sub> etc. since the bottommost of pond to diminish concentration of ammonia. For upgrading of dissolve oxygen level, Oxyflow, Oxymax, Bio Care, Bio-Ox, Oxy-Gold, Oxy-A, Oxylife were extensively used in the study area. A number of aqua medicines were found in the aqua-medicine enterprise used as growth promoter in addition to upsurge yield performance like, Megavit Aqua, Aqua Boots, Aquamin, Acimix etc. were extensively used in study area. Countless pharmaceutical companies have been chronicled to marketplace these aquaculture healthcare products. Furthermost of the products have been promoted from diverse republics like USA, Thailand, Malaysia, Belgium, and China and values were inconstant, but appeared to be reasonable to agrarians. The contemporaneous investigation pointed out numerous restraints concomitant with the use of such aqua-medicines, comprising nonexistence of methodological acquaintance of agrarians about use of aqua-medicines.
Categorization and distribution of aqua-chemicals used in coastal farming of ...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted for a period of eight months from January 2019, to August 2019. The primary purpose of this study is to find out the number of aqua drugs shop and categorize the aqua drugs for fish health management in Noakhali sadar, Kabirhat and Begumganj upazila of Noakhali district. The main target groups were aqua drug sellers (aqua drug shops) and aqua drug representatives of pharmaceutical companies. Data were collected directly from aqua drug sellers and representatives in the study area. Totally 13 outlets were identified in the study areas, and all shops types were mixed, variety product such that animal feed and poultry product were also found in the study area. Aqua drugs and chemicals were classified into seven categories viz. aqua drugs available as Oxygen supplier, Growth Promoter, Antibiotics, Disinfectant, Insecticides, Probiotics, and Water Quality Management. In the study area, Timsen, Virex were mostly available as disinfectants. Aci-Ox and Oxymore were mostly used by the farmers as the oxygen supplier to increase dissolved oxygen level in the water body. Most of the farmers used Acimec 1% Oral solution, Rota Plus, Angreb as insecticides. Novamix-104, Renamycin were mostly available in the study area as antibiotics. Pond Life, Biopond, Pond care were the most available probiotics in the study area. Fish farmers and farm owners mostly used Pathonil, Plankton Grow, Megazeo Plus were for pond preparation and water quality management. Square Aquamix, Acimix Super Fish, Liquavit mainly were used as a growth promoter. Those drugs and chemicals were produced by the 13 pharmaceuticals companies. They provide details information about the purposes, dosages, duration and method of application of chemicals in the leaflet.
Food standards have been introduced nationally to protect public health and ensure fair trade. Standards fall into safety and composition categories. Safety standards ensure hygiene and prevent pathogens, while composition standards protect consumers from fraud through correct labeling and weights. Standards include national, international, and company-specific types. National standards bodies establish processing, packaging, inspection and grade standards for various fresh, frozen, dried, cured and canned fish products. Standards specify physical, sensory, microbiological and chemical product requirements.
Fisheries regulatory and developmetal setup in centre andJYOTI SAROJ
This document summarizes fisheries regulation and management in India at both the central and state levels. At the central level, the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries oversees fisheries development. Several other central ministries are also involved. States regulate fishing zones, gear restrictions, and closed seasons under the Marine Fishing Regulation Act. A monsoon fishing ban is also in place. Comprehensive management is needed in the EEZ through vessel registration, seasonal closures, gear restrictions, and monitoring to ensure sustainable fisheries.
The document discusses the global ornamental fish trade, which is a multibillion dollar industry involving over 2,500 fish species traded in over 125 countries. Some key points:
- Freshwater fish make up over 60% of the trade, though marine fish are growing in popularity.
- Asia accounts for over half of global exports, led by Singapore, Japan, and Thailand. The US and UK are the largest importers.
- The trade has faced issues like disease outbreaks, unsustainable fishing practices, and supply disruptions from weather events. Traceability and management along the supply chain need improvement.
Aqua medicines, drugs and chemicals (AMDC) used in freshwater aquaculture of ...AbdullaAlAsif1
A broad variety of aquaculture-related medications, drugs, and chemicals (AMDC) are extensively used in the aquaculture industry in SouthEastern Bangladesh. Fish farmers are worried about the quality of their final product, and disease outbreaks must be stopped at all costs. Farmers are sometimes one ahead of the curve when it comes to producing healthy final products by including probiotics, vitamins, and minerals into their aquaculture setups to promote early and disease-free output. However, the current study was carried out in south eastern Bangladesh, specifically in the highly dense aquaculture regions of Chandpur, Cumilla, and Feni district (17 upazilas), from November 2016 to January 2018. Questions were asked through interviews and a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was held to gather primary data. The major target groups were aquaculture farmers, AMDC shops, pharmaceutical company employees, and hatchery owners. In this three-county area, according to the findings from the thorough research, there are a total of 33 companies that advertise 330 generics brand products via their own distributional channels. Among the available AMDC products in the study area, growth promoters were mostly abundant products among all categories while other products such as predator removal products, insecticides and ectoparasiticides, water quality and pond management, plankton producer, plankton bloom cleaner, disinfectant and disease treatment, toxic gas reducer, pH controller, oxygen supply, stress reducer, growth promoter, probiotics and antibiotics were most selling products to the farmers. The present study revealed 19 generic of antibiotics were available and prescribed by the AMDC vendors or aquaculture disease consultants (ADC) around the regions. Additionally, the research also included the dosages of AMDC and the method of administration in the aquaculture pond, which will assist both the farmers and the ADC in selecting and suggesting the appropriate medications or treatments that may be beneficial to the farmers in the long run.
This document provides information on fish meal, including:
- Fish meal is made from fish processing byproducts and some whole fish through cooking, pressing, drying, and grinding. It is high in protein and used mainly in animal feed.
- Major producers of fish meal include Peru, Norway, South Africa, and China, who source from anchovies, herring, capelin, and various small marine fish.
- The manufacturing process involves cooking, pressing to remove oil and water, drying the remaining solid, and grinding it into a powder. Precautions are taken to prevent contamination and spontaneous combustion during storage and transport.
The document provides information on fish health management including:
1. Common bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal diseases that affect fish and crustaceans such as vibriosis, monodon baculovirus disease, white spot syndrome, and saprolegniasis.
2. The causative agents and symptoms of important infectious bacterial diseases in fish including hemorrhagic septicemia caused by Aeromonas hydrophila, furunculosis caused by A. salmonicida, and saddleback disease caused by Flexibacter columnaris.
3. Nutritional diseases in fish that result from deficiencies of proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals and the signs associated with each.
4
This document provides instructions for making fish silage, which can be used as fertilizer and animal feed. It describes the equipment needed, such as a hand grinder or electric grinder, and the steps to grind fish waste, measure and mix in an acid, package the batches, and allow the silage to mature before use. The silage can be used as a root fertilizer, food supplement for animals, or leaf fertilizer. The document promotes using this method of silage production for organic agriculture in the Pacific region.
Fish silage is produced by preserving fish or fish waste through the addition of acids or lactic acid bacteria. There are two main types: acid silage produced through the addition of inorganic or organic acids like sulfuric acid or formic acid; and biological silage produced through lactic acid fermentation by bacteria like Lactobacillus plantarum. The fish material is minced and acids or bacteria added, then stored to produce the silage. The acids or lactic acid lower the pH and inhibit spoilage during storage. Fish silage can be stored for over a year and used as animal feed.
1. The document discusses the production of fish meal, which is a concentrated feed obtained by milling and drying fish flesh that is high in protein and minerals.
2. Key steps in the production process include heating fish to coagulate proteins, pressing to separate solids from liquids, drying the solids, and grinding into a powder.
3. Pelagic fish like sardines, mackerel, and anchovies are commonly used as raw materials for fish meal production due to their high protein content and availability.
Aquaculture refers to culturing aquatic animals like fish, shrimp, and shellfish. It began over 4000 years ago when Sumerians kept fish in ponds. Ancient Egyptians, Romans, Chinese, and Indians also engaged in early forms of fish culture. In modern times, aquaculture has expanded globally and plays an important role in food production, economic growth, and employment. A wide variety of fish, shellfish, algae and other aquatic species are now farmed using advanced techniques.
This document discusses feed conversion ratio and how to calculate daily feed allowance and total feed requirement for aquaculture. It provides a formula to calculate daily feed allowance based on average body weight, original number of stock, estimated survival rate, and feeding rate. It also gives examples of applying the formula for different stock scenarios, varying parameters like number of stock, weight after a period, survival rate, feeding rate, and feeding duration.
This document provides information on major fungal diseases that affect shrimp farming. It discusses three main diseases: larval mycosis caused by fungi like Lagenidium and Sirolpidium which infect shrimp larvae; black gill disease caused by the fungus Fusarium solani which causes black spots on gills and lesions; and aflatoxicosis or "red disease" caused by toxins produced by Aspergillus fungi contaminating feed which causes reddening and death of infected shrimp. Prevention and treatment methods are outlined for each disease.
COMMON VIRAL DISEASES OF FISHES AND SHRIMP IN BANGLADESH As Siyam
This document provides an overview of common viral diseases affecting fishes and shrimp in Bangladesh. It discusses 14 different viral diseases including betanodavirus, channel catfish virus, cyprinid herpesvirus 3, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, lymphocystis, ranavirus, snakehead rhabdovirus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia, and walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus. For each disease, it describes the causative virus, affected host species, clinical signs and symptoms, and methods of diagnosis. The document is intended as a presentation for an academic course on viral diseases of aquatic animals.
Pen culture involves holding aquatic organisms in captivity within enclosed spaces with free water exchange. It originated in Asia in the early 1920s and was later introduced to Philippines in 1968-1970. Pens are usually built in shallow waters and can range from 3-5m deep and 2-7 hectares in size. Common barriers include bamboo, wire mesh, and nylon nets. Species suitable for pen culture include milkfish, carps, tilapia, catfish and prawns. Pen culture provides benefits like assured production and employment, but also faces challenges like damage from predators, fouling, and poor water quality.
Viral diseases pose a major threat to crustacean farming. This document summarizes several important viral diseases affecting farmed shrimp species. Yellow Head Disease, caused by Yellow Head Virus, causes mass mortalities in Penaeus monodon. White Spot Disease, caused by White Spot Syndrome Virus, infects juveniles of many shrimp species and can cause 80-100% mortality within a week. Taura Syndrome, caused by Taura Syndrome Virus, most severely affects Litopenaeus vannamei and is characterized by reddish discoloration and lesions. These and other viruses like Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus, Baculoviral Midg
Herbal therapy for controlling viral disease in aquacultureharapriya behera
This document discusses the use of herbal therapy to control viral diseases in aquaculture. It provides background on aquaculture and common viral infections. It then discusses how phytotherapy works through modes of action like enhancing immunity, inhibiting viral replication and entry. Several case studies are presented on using plant extracts like coumarin and arctigenin to control spring viraemia of carp virus, olive leaf extract to control viral haemorrhagic septicaemia, and herbal bioconditioners to modulate immunity against grouper iridovirus. The document concludes herbal therapies can be effective alternatives to control important viral pathogens in aquaculture.
The document provides an introduction to fish immunology. It discusses how fish have innate and adaptive immune systems similar to other vertebrates to protect against pathogens and disease. The innate immune system includes physical, chemical, and cellular barriers as the first line of defense. If pathogens breach these barriers, the second line of innate immune responses activate, including the complement system and antimicrobial proteins. The third line of defense is the adaptive immune system of fish, consisting of B cells, T cells, and antibodies that provide long-lasting immunity.
The document discusses fish diseases and health management. It defines disease and lists common clinical signs seen in diseased fish, such as irregular swimming, rubbing against surfaces, and loss of appetite. It then covers the major categories of fish diseases: bacterial (like tail/fin rot), fungal (like saprolegniasis), parasitic (protozoan like ichthyophthiriasis, helminth, and crustacean parasites), and nutritional deficiencies. Environmental factors and the relationship between host, pathogen, and environment in disease development are also examined. The document provides details on symptoms and recommended treatment for several specific diseases.
This document discusses White Spot Syndrome virus (WSSV), a highly contagious and lethal virus affecting shrimp farms globally. It was first reported in Taiwan in 1992 and has since spread worldwide, causing major economic losses to shrimp farming. WSSV is a double-stranded DNA virus that can result in 100% mortality within 3-10 days. Diagnosis involves clinical observation of white spots on the shrimp as well as PCR and histopathology tests. Farmers are recommended to use specific pathogen-free stock, maintain optimal water conditions and follow good management practices to prevent spread and economic impact of this virus.
Indian shrimp aquaculture production has grown significantly in recent years and is expected to surpass China as the world's largest producer. Production has increased to over 426,000 metric tons in 2014-15, up 30% from the previous year, driven primarily by the introduction and widespread adoption of the exotic whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Key challenges include improving farm productivity and profitability through better disease management and control, ensuring a sustainable supply of high quality broodstock, and maintaining strict compliance with food safety and residue standards for export markets. Future strategies focus on species diversification, development of captive broodstock programs, adoption of biosecurity measures, and comprehensive health management.
Present status of aqua-medicines used in aquaculture at Jessore sadar upazila...AbdullaAlAsif1
In order to know the present status of aqua-medicines used in aquaculture activities in Jessore district, Bangladesh a rigorous investigation was conducted with fish farmers and representative of pharmaceutical companies from January, 2016 to May 2016. An extensive assortment of aqua-medicines was comprehended throughout pond prepation and water excellence administration by the agrarians. Amongst them Zeo-Fesh, Zeo Prime, Ecolite, Megazeo plus, Geotox, Jv Zeolite, Acmes, Benthos, Pond life, were extensively used in field level. Disinfectants has precise significance; far and wide used by the agrarians and the furthermost prevalent disinfectants are Pathonil, Timen, Fmsen, Virex, Aquakleen etc., the reimbursements of disinfectants are to inhibit dissimilar categories of bacterial, fungal and viral diseases resembling gill rot, tail rot, dropsy etc. to uphold sanitized circumstance in pond apparatus and floorings and in some circumstances use to treat disease. Numerous aqua-medicines were established in the aqua-medicines retailers that were informed to be used as noxious gas reducer. The obtainable deadly gas reducer were gastrap, gas stop, gasonex plus, ammonil besides that, remunerations of using venomous gas reducer are to eliminate the lethal gas like NH<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S, CO<sub>2</sub> etc. since the bottommost of pond to diminish concentration of ammonia. For upgrading of dissolve oxygen level, Oxyflow, Oxymax, Bio Care, Bio-Ox, Oxy-Gold, Oxy-A, Oxylife were extensively used in the study area. A number of aqua medicines were found in the aqua-medicine enterprise used as growth promoter in addition to upsurge yield performance like, Megavit Aqua, Aqua Boots, Aquamin, Acimix etc. were extensively used in study area. Countless pharmaceutical companies have been chronicled to marketplace these aquaculture healthcare products. Furthermost of the products have been promoted from diverse republics like USA, Thailand, Malaysia, Belgium, and China and values were inconstant, but appeared to be reasonable to agrarians. The contemporaneous investigation pointed out numerous restraints concomitant with the use of such aqua-medicines, comprising nonexistence of methodological acquaintance of agrarians about use of aqua-medicines.
Categorization and distribution of aqua-chemicals used in coastal farming of ...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted for a period of eight months from January 2019, to August 2019. The primary purpose of this study is to find out the number of aqua drugs shop and categorize the aqua drugs for fish health management in Noakhali sadar, Kabirhat and Begumganj upazila of Noakhali district. The main target groups were aqua drug sellers (aqua drug shops) and aqua drug representatives of pharmaceutical companies. Data were collected directly from aqua drug sellers and representatives in the study area. Totally 13 outlets were identified in the study areas, and all shops types were mixed, variety product such that animal feed and poultry product were also found in the study area. Aqua drugs and chemicals were classified into seven categories viz. aqua drugs available as Oxygen supplier, Growth Promoter, Antibiotics, Disinfectant, Insecticides, Probiotics, and Water Quality Management. In the study area, Timsen, Virex were mostly available as disinfectants. Aci-Ox and Oxymore were mostly used by the farmers as the oxygen supplier to increase dissolved oxygen level in the water body. Most of the farmers used Acimec 1% Oral solution, Rota Plus, Angreb as insecticides. Novamix-104, Renamycin were mostly available in the study area as antibiotics. Pond Life, Biopond, Pond care were the most available probiotics in the study area. Fish farmers and farm owners mostly used Pathonil, Plankton Grow, Megazeo Plus were for pond preparation and water quality management. Square Aquamix, Acimix Super Fish, Liquavit mainly were used as a growth promoter. Those drugs and chemicals were produced by the 13 pharmaceuticals companies. They provide details information about the purposes, dosages, duration and method of application of chemicals in the leaflet.
Culture strategies, diseases and their mitigations in mono-sex Nile tilapia f...AbdullaAlAsif1
A survey was carried out to investigate culture strategies, disease patterns and mitigations in mono-sex Nile tilapia in Jessore sadar region. Data obtained by questionnaire interview, individual interview, telephonic interview, PRA method, mono-sex Nile tilapia farm survey from four villages. It was observed that 30.769% farmers and farm owner had no training about culture of mono-sex Nile tilapia while 69.230% farmers and farm owner received short term training from different Department of Fisheries, different NGOs. Mono-sex Nile tilapia culture in ponds was basically a three-tier culture system. Pre-stocking management of ponds in the study area comprised dike repairing, aquatic weed control, waste soil removal and undesirable species (predator and trash fish) control. Majority (85%) of the farm owners and farmers depends on ground water and only (15%) depends on surface water. About 95% of farm of farm owners controlled aquatic weeds manually. Removal of predatory and undesired fish from pond used different types of chemicals but most used rotenone (80%). Fertilizer of pond preparation (Organic and inorganic) in the study area but mostly used cases inorganic fertilizers had applied at the rate of urea 114 kg/ha and triple superphosphate 60 kg/ha in 4-5 installments. Stocking density of mono-sex Nile tilapia was 200-380 fry per decimal. It was recorded that 85% of mono-sex Nile tilapia farmers and farm owner applied supplementary such as commercially manufactured feed and 12% are applied of farm made feed. It was observed,they provided heavy fertilizer, high stocking density, over feed provided, provided over dose drugs so ultimated result of disease occured. Parasitic related disease, bacterial diseases, fungal diseases, viral diseases were attacked in mono-sex Nile tilapia. Argulosis and Streptococcus were mostly common disease in this mono-sex Nile tilapia farm.
CHEMICALS AND DRUGS USED IN SHRIMP AQUACULTUREICAR-CIFE
In aquaculture, as in all food production sectors, one of the external inputs required for successful fish production is chemical.
Chemicals are indeed an essential ingredient to successful aquaculture, which has been used in various forms for centuries (Subasinghe et al., 1996).
There is no doubt that some products are very useful, however, may not perform as claimed and farmers must evaluate the cost and benefits of treatment before investing in any products.
Information on how the product works should be studied. Several products have been sold without any explanation of their action.
Other alternatives could be used as bioremediation and use of probiotics, immunostimulants, vaccination, and alternative therapies.
Abstract— Agriculture is the basic need of human being to survive. Increase in human population, increases the food production. Largest areas are under rice cultivation. Rice plants were prone to attack by insect and pest. So, for its survival use of pesticide is necessary, but this had lead risk behaviour among rice farmers. The study was based on the farmers of Bargarh and Sundargarh District of Odisha regarding pesticide usage condition .100 farmers were interviewed from both the district, using questionnaire methods from February to April 2015. A questionnaire survey on personal history regarding agricultural labour, pesticide use and health history was conducted. Descriptive statistics was used for analysis of quantitative data. The most frequently used pesticides included organophosphates, carbamates. 2-3 times pesticide was applied after 15 days, after 1 month and also before the production time. Demographic data shows 87 respondents were male farmers rests were female farmers out of 100 respondents. Only 85 respondents were using sprayer for spraying pesticides out of 100 but 36 respondents were only using protective covers. 12 farmers only follow the instruction given on the pesticide container. 33 respondents have the knowledge of colour coding present in the pesticide bottle. Health symptom showed less frequently, in farmers using protective covers. Out of 100 respondents 58 had skin contact, 12 respondents suffer from eye irritation, and 28 respondents feel drowsiness after strong smell of pesticides while 31 farmers suffer from headache. Major factors of pesticide poisoning are due to lack of attention to safety precautions and lack of training before using of pesticide. So, training programme is necessary to improve safer pesticide behaviours, create more awareness among the farmers and also introduction of using bio pesticide instead of using pesticide.
This study investigated the acute oral toxicity of 9 Malaysian medicinal herbs in female Sprague Dawley rats based on OECD testing guidelines. Rats were given single doses of 300 or 2,000 mg/kg of each herb by oral gavage. No deaths or signs of toxicity were observed in any rats during the 14-day observation period. Body weights, food/water intake, and behavior were normal. Gross examination of organs found only slight abnormalities. The study concludes the herbs showed no observable acute toxicity at doses up to 2,000 mg/kg.
Shrimp disease investigation and culture strategies in Bagerhat district, Ban...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in three upazilla (Bagerhatsadar, Fakirhat and Rampaul) to investigate the shrimp diseases and culture strategies of Bagerhat district in 2012. Post larvae (PL-13/21) from hatchery and natural were used to stock in the study area. The highest mean stocking density was recorded in the ghers of Rampaul (16796±7729.69 PL/ha), where the maximum survival rate was also found (63.00±11.52 %). The highest dose of lime was recorded as 302.58±50.92 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar; cowdung was recorded as 605.16±118.46 kg/ha at Fakirhat upazilla and urea was recorded as 29.02±5.84 kg/ha (Bagerhat sadar) respectively. The maximum doses of MP and TSP were recorded as 34.58±4.51 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar and Fakirhat and 27.79±3.71 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar respectively. No supplementary feed were fed to shrimp, in where culture dependent on natural foods. The highest shrimp production was found in Fakirhat upazila (667±307.05 kg/ha) and the lowest production was in Rampaul upazilla (497±268.97 kg/ha). Sudden change of pH , low dissolved o2 levels, salinity variations, nutritional deficiency and other environmental changes causes yellow head viral disease (YHD), white spot syndrome viral (WSSV), vibriosis, fusarium and protozoan were recorded during the experimental period.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Pesticides toxicity assessment in occupational workers in Dir Lower, Khyber P...Innspub Net
Pesticides are chemical compounds used to control insects and weeds to enhance food and crops productivity. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of pesticides on health status of dealers and farmers in district Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Blood samples were collected from different groups viz: farmers, dealers (exposed to pesticides), and control (not exposed to pesticides) and the history was recorded on a questioner. For Blood Profiling and Serum Biomarkers analysis, Sysmex Kx-21 (Japan) and Shiamadzu Double Beam Spectrophotometer 1700 Pharma (Japan) were used. Upon pesticides exposure the blood cholesterol, Triglyceride, Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, Uric Acid, Total Lipid, Low density lipoprotein, High density lipoprotein, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration, Platelets and White Blood Cells count were increased in dealers and farmers as compared to control group. While, Hemoglobin, Red Blood Cells, hematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, Lymphocytes and Neutrophils counts decreased in farmers and dealers as compared to control. The present findings suggest that pesticides exposure adversely affect dealers and farmers health status by significantly altering their liver and kidney functions as well as blood biochemistry and hematology.
Effects of chemotherapeutics against experimentally injured stinging catfish ...AbdullaAlAsif1
p>Effects of different chemotherapeutics were examined against experimentally infected stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis . Fish were collected from a fish market in Mymensingh, acclimatized for 7 days in laboratory condition from January to February, 2016 in aquaria at Fish Clinic of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, experimentally injured by using forceps and knife and waited seven days for the establishment of infection. Before starting chemotherapeutic trial, it was confirmed that the fish were infected with microorganisms by clinical diagnosis in laboratory condition. They showed hemorrhages and ulcerative lesions over the infected area. A total of 80 such experimentally infected stinging catfish having average body weight of 18 g were used for the experiment. Two chemotherapeutics: antibiotic, Eryvet (erythromycin thiocyanate INN, sulphadiazine (NaUSP) & trimithoprim BP) and antifungal, methylene blue were used in separate and combined treatment with three different doses of antibiotic. The same dose of methylene blue, 0.2 mg/l, was used for separate and combined treatment by antibiotic. Doses of antibiotic (Eryvet) were 0.8 g/10 kg body weight of fish, 1g/10 kg body weight of fish and 1.2 g/10 kg body weight of fish as lower dose, recommended dose and higher dose respectively. For combined treatment the above different doses of antibiotic and the same dose of antifungal were used. Water was exchanged regularly. The chemotherapeutic trial was conducted for 7 days and observation was continued for another 8 days to observe the effect of treatment. Combined treatment with the recommended dose of the antibiotic and methylene blue showed the best result where 90% fish were recovered. By the treatment with the higher dose of the antibiotic 70% fish were recovered. Antifungal treatment showed that 20% fish were recovered. All the fish in negative control aquarium died.
Antimicrobial activity of some ethno medicinal plants used by baiga tribes fr...Alexander Decker
1. The study evaluated the antimicrobial and phytochemical activity of 5 ethnomedicinal plants used by Baiga tribes in Amarkantak, India to treat various diseases.
2. Extracts of the plants were tested for antimicrobial activity against 6 bacterial strains using disc diffusion and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).
3. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts found the presence of compounds like alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and steroids which are known to have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
Dr. P.K. Pandey is the major advisor and Dean of CAU. The document discusses the impacts of aquaculture including antibiotic resistance, habitat degradation, and pollution. It then proposes various green technologies to mitigate these impacts such as environmentally friendly feeds that reduce nitrogen loads, biopesticides and phytotherapies derived from plants as alternatives to chemicals, and biofertilizers using nitrogen-fixing bacteria to replace inorganic fertilizers. The goal is to develop sustainable aquaculture practices that safeguard resources for future generations.
Describes Various aspects of pharmaceutical products affecting the environment.
Effects of Environmental pollution by Drugs on Aquatic systems and Humans.
Examples of drugs on various environmental effects are given.
With the continued expansion of cultured fish and shellfish species, aquaculture has become a key component of the animal health industry. Aquaculture is the fastest growing industry around the world with around 80 million tonnes produced annually. With an average annual growth rate of 7 percent, more then 60 percent of the global seafood is currently supplied from aquaculture. However, this growth is not without its problems, as demonstrated by the latest outbreak of Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) in the shrimp industry, sea lice in the salmon industry and an array of other diseases.
HAND BOOK ON AGRICULTURE PESTICIDES 2018 BY DR MUHAMMAD ANJUM ALI Anjum Ali Buttar
This document provides a handbook for agriculture extension agents in Pakistan on pesticides registered in the country. It includes sections on the pesticides registered in Pakistan with their recommended doses and target pests/crops, banned pesticides, good application practices, tips for better crop spraying, safe handling and use of pesticides, product stewardship, first aid measures, and glossaries of crop/pest/pesticide names. The handbook is intended to guide extension agents and farmers on the selection and safe use of pesticides to control pests and ensure crop protection while also caring for human and environmental safety.
Importance of cinnamon as a growth and immunity promoter in Ctenopharyngodon ...Innspub Net
Aquaculture practices always strive for the betterment of human lives and for providing cheaper resources for fish production. As fish is the most common food source all over the world, its sustainable production is very important. The use of herbs provides a cheaper way towards the progress of aquaculture. Herbs are used in place of expensive chemicals and growth enhancers. Like others, cinnamon is also a good alternate for growth chemicals. Cinnamon is an aggregate of many related species with different names depending on the environmental conditions of different landmasses. Cinnamon contains many compounds and chemicals which are important for fish growth. Cinnamon when added to fish feed makes the fish fight against stress and grow healthy than before. Cinnamaldehydes, polyphenols, carbohydrates, flavonoids, etc., boost up the immune system of fish and act as an important antioxidant and antibiotic species. It fastens the growth rate of fish and enhances the other growth and blood parameters as compared to other aquaculture systems using chemicals. Moreover, the use of cinnamon as a growth and immunity promotor is cheaper and environmentally friendly.
Mechanism of Indian Herbals in Fish Disease Prevention.pptxshrijamajumder37
This document discusses the potential for using Indian herbal plants to prevent fish diseases in aquaculture. It outlines some limitations of conventional disease prevention methods, such as antibiotics and chemicals, and defines herbal medicine. Several Indian plants and their active ingredients that can benefit fish health are described, including their antimicrobial, immune-boosting, and overall health-promoting effects. Case studies demonstrating the successful use of herbal extracts in aquaculture are presented. While further research is needed, Indian herbal plants show promise as a sustainable approach to disease prevention.
The document reports on a study that evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of Stephania abyssinica, a plant used traditionally in Ethiopia to treat liver diseases. Rats were treated with carbon tetrachloride to induce liver damage. Administration of the methanolic extracts of S. abyssinica roots and rhizomes reduced serum markers of liver damage. Fractionation led to the identification of a new alkaloid, 6-(3’-hydroxy-4’-methoxycinnamoyl)stephine, which displayed moderate hepatoprotective activity. The results provide evidence supporting the traditional use of S. abyssinica for liver diseases.
This document discusses the pharmaceutical industry for aquaculture and the types of drugs commonly used. It notes that with the growth of aquaculture, the animal health industry has expanded to meet demand. A survey found the highest proportions of products used were for feed supplements and growth promoters (31%) and water/feed probiotics (24%). However, many farmers lack knowledge about the quality and proper use of aqua-drugs, relying instead on local consultants. Various human and agricultural activities have also led to the release of drugs into aquatic systems.
Indian Farmers Suffering from Toxic Pesticides Z3P
This document summarizes a study on the health impacts of pesticide use among farmers and farm workers in cash crop areas of Maharashtra, India. The study collected data through interviews and focus groups with 50 farmers and 50 farm workers in 4 villages, and reviewed pesticide poisoning cases from a local hospital. The results showed that many banned pesticides are still used locally due to lack of education. Out of 50 reported poisoning cases, 23 were accidental and 4 farm workers died from pesticide exposure. The study suggests current practices put farmers and farm workers at high risk and that policies are needed to promote safer pesticide handling.
Similar to Aqua drugs and chemicals used in aquaculture of Zakigonj upazilla, Sylhet (20)
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Fish to finance: unraveling the economic threads of Bangladesh’s Blue EconomyAbdullaAlAsif1
Bangladesh, with its extensive river network, vast coastlines, and rich maritime heritage, stands at the crossroads of a transformative Blue Economy. This comprehensive review explores the rich tapestry of Bangladesh's maritime journey. Commencing with a historical lens, it traces the nation's roots in fisheries, showcasing its transformation into a diversified and dynamic Blue Economy. The significance of this transition unfolds across the review, underscoring the sector's contributions to GDP, employment, and food security, while candidly addressing challenges such as overfishing and environmental impact. This work not only chronicles historical milestones but distills valuable lessons from both successes and setbacks, offering a nuanced understanding of the economic resilience embedded in Bangladesh's fisheries sector. Beyond a historical retrospective, the review navigates through the contemporary landscape, emphasizing diversification beyond fisheries. It illuminates economic opportunities in maritime trade, explores non-fish marine resources, and delves into the transformative role of aquaculture. The policy framework governing Bangladesh's Blue Economy comes into focus, dissecting government strategies, legal landscapes, and international collaborations. The review also champions environmental sustainability, highlighting the impact of Blue Economy activities on marine ecosystems and advocating for conservation measures, thus positioning Bangladesh as a steward of its rich maritime heritage. Financial mechanisms and investments emerge as pivotal elements, shaping the trajectory of Blue Economy projects, as evidenced by case studies that weave success stories and lessons learned into the narrative. Concluding with a forward-looking perspective, the study identifies emerging trends, growth opportunities, and strategies to tackle challenges, offering a comprehensive roadmap for sustainable development. In weaving together economic vibrancy, environmental stewardship, and future aspirations, this review illuminates Bangladesh's maritime odyssey as a beacon for the global Blue Economy community.
Successful hybridization between Clarias microstomus♂ and Clarias gariepinus♀AbdullaAlAsif1
Hybridization is a significant approach to breeding that enables the creation of new varieties that enhance genetic diversity. Through fish inter-species hybridization, it is possible to produce hybrids that can be utilized in aquaculture and stocking programs to enhance growth rate, transfer desirable traits between species, and combine the favourable attributes of two parents into a single progeny. The present study revealed the successful hybridization between Clarias microstomus (Ng, 2001) ♂ and Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) ♀ for the first time in the aquaculture industry. C. microstomus is a species of Clariid catfish endemic to the island of Borneo and C. gariepinus is an introduced species widely aquacultured throughout the southeast Asian region. The embryonic development of the hybrid offspring is described with the hatching percentage of 58.63% and the early survival rate for the first 72 hours for the larvae of 85.76%. The hybrids showed no signs of deformities and developed normally. The findings of the study provide a new high yield variety of catfish for farmers and aquaculture industry for increasing production and profit margin.
Freshwater gastropod diversity in the selected lotic environment, Betong, Sar...AbdullaAlAsif1
Freshwater Gastropoda can be considered as the biological indicator in ecosystems such as rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds. The objectives of this study are to identify freshwater gastropod species, diversity, and distribution along Sungai Penebak, Sungai Nanga Tiga, and Sungai Kabo in the Betong division. The study was conducted on 10 November 2020. A 50 m transect was laid on the riverbank of all three stations. The existing specimens were counted and collected from each sampling point and stored were taken to the laboratory for species identification. The diversity index and morphological study of freshwater gastropods were performed. Five species of freshwater gastropods belonging to four families were discovered. The five species of freshwater gastropods consisted of Sulcospira pageli, which shows great abundance, followed by Clea nigricans, Brotia costula, Pila ampullacea, and Vittina pennata. The diversity indices of collected Gastropoda species from the different stations, for instance, Shannon Weiner diversity index (H’), Pielou’s evenness index (J’), and Margalef’s richness index were assessed; where station 3 showed higher diversity of Gastropoda compared to other two stations. The information presented in this paper might be helpful for ecological wealth studies and considered as the baseline data for the stream ecosystem in Sarawak, Malaysia.
Macrofaunal diversity on the surface sediment of mangrove habitat adjacent to...AbdullaAlAsif1
Macrofaunal diversity and composition are essential to understanding the ecosystem structures and functions of mangroves in any dynamic estuarine coast. To understand the temporal distribution of macrofaunal community structures and diversity on the surface sediment in the intertidal mangrove forest next to the seagrass beds, this study was conducted at Punang-Sari-River estuary, Lawas, Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo), South China Sea. Sampling was done during post-monsoon, intermediate-September, premonsoon, and monsoon from July 2019 to February 2020. The mean macrofauna abundance was higher pre-monsoon, while Gastropoda Optediceros breviculum (L. Pfeiffer, 1855) was the most abundant (RA = 0.704). Important species index (ISI = 70.36) and percentage of contribution (64.97%) were also higher of this species than any other records from the site. The ANOSIM (Analysis of Similarity), Jaccard index and SIMPER (Similarity Percentage Analysis) analysis suggested that the highest species abundance similarity was observed between pre-monsoon and monsoon, while the highest dissimilarity was observed between intermediate-September and pre-monsoon (74.67%). Seasonal PCA, nMDS, and cluster analysis revealed that pre-monsoon and monsoon were comparable in species and individual abundance. The dominance (0.85) was found significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in intermediate-September, while Simpson (0.734), Shannon (1.56) and Evenness indices (0.528) were found higher in monsoon, followed by the higher Margalef richness indices (3.21) in post-monsoon. It was observed that the seasonal ecological parameters were found to be significantly (P<0.05) different, including the temperature, salinity, rainfall, pore water nitrogenous compounds (NO2, NO3 and NH3-N), phosphorus compound (PO4) and micro minerals. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) results suggested that ecological factors influenced several species. Considering the few studies on mangrove macrofauna in Malaysian Borneo, further research on their trophic structures and food web interactions is very important to disclose their overall characteristics and ecosystem functions.
Population characteristics of the Japanese threadfin bream Nemipterus japonic...AbdullaAlAsif1
The document summarizes a study on the population characteristics of the Japanese threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus) off the coast of Bintulu, Sarawak, South China Sea. Samples were collected from April 2013 to March 2014 and analyzed using FiSAT II software. Key findings include: the asymptotic length was 26.78 cm, growth coefficient was 0.85 per year, total mortality was 2.97 per year, fishing mortality was 1.34 per year, and exploitation rate was 0.45, indicating sustainable fishing. Recruitment was stable year-round with one peak. The study contributes to knowledge of the population dynamics and sustainable management of fishing resources in Sarawak.
Proximate and mineral composition of the long-spined Sea Urchin (Diadema seto...AbdullaAlAsif1
Gonad of sea urchin is considered as food delicacy in many parts of the world due to high nutrition and mineral contents. Several species of sea urchins are available in Malaysia and reported from different habitat, including seagrass beds, coastal breakwater, coral reefs and other ecologically important habitats. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the proximate and mineral composition of long spined sea urchin (Diadema setosum) roe collected from breakwater of Terengganu, Malaysia in October 2019, November 2019 and January 2020. The samples were analysed for proximate including protein, lipid, moisture, and ash content of sea urchin roe. The macro, micro minerals and heavy metals were also evaluated including Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Se, Mg, Ni, Pb, Al, and Cd. The result suggested that, long spined sea urchin (Diadema setosum) roe can be considered as good sources of food due to high percentage of protein (ranged between 36.21±0.44 and 50.14±4.63). The presence of heavy metal such as Ni, Pb, and Cd suggesting the breakwater environments were not good enough and the possible sources of heavy metals contamination in sea water environment must be stopped and eradicated. This study provides important information with regard to the proximate and mineral values of D. setosum, as well as the need for a better management of its habitat before D. setosum can be widely promoted as delicacy in this region.
Trends in seagrass research and conservation in Malaysian watersAbdullaAlAsif1
The seagrass ecosystems found in the marine and coastal areas, with substantial economic and ecological services and span all over the globe excluding the Antarctic region. The Coral Triangle and Southeast Asia are recognized as a worldwide hotspot of seagrass species and habitats, encompassing 10-21 species of seagrass in every nation , although the study, understanding, and quantity of publications on seagrass ecosystems are rather limited in the region, including Malaysia. Malaysia contains 18 seagrass species from three families, which occupy 16.8 km 2 of coastal area, where the study and discovery of seagrass species and meadows began in 1904 with the report of Beccari. All of the published papers reviewed reported on Malaysian seagrass-related research, which was divided into nine topic groups: biology and distribution, carbon sequestration, fauna, remote sensing, impact and pollution genetic study, restoration , microbiological investigation, and others. The extensive study of the seagrass ecosystem began in 1993, and we have identified 183 published papers from Scopus, 141 publications from Web of Science, and 42 from Google Scholar. However, the average trend of the number of publications from 1993 to 1999 was 0.71 ± 0.36, while from 2000 to 2022 was 7.70 ± 1.16 followed by the average trend of the yearly number of publications was 6.78 ± 1.08. The highest number of publications was found on faunal categories (43.17%), followed by biology and distribution (21.85%). The number of articles that were published on Malaysian seagrass meadows each year has been discovered to be rising, which indicates that the trends in seagrass study and publishing were progressively garnering the attention of researchers, academics, and the government. However, to better understand the sustainable ecology and ecosystem services provided by seagrass habitats, an emphasis on certain research niches, such as the genetic study of flora and fauna in seagrass meadows, microbial ecology, and restoration as well as conservation of seagrass species might be helpful.
First record of saucer scallop Ylistrum balloti (Bernardi, 1861) from equator...AbdullaAlAsif1
Ylistrum balloti is one of the Pectinidae species distributed within the Indo-Pacific region. Recently, 15 live specimens of Y. balloti were recorded from the continental shelf of Sarawak, Malaysia. The main morphological characteristics were displayed on the outer valve, these being a brown-red colour and a clear concentric pattern of thin brown lines. The prominent internal ribbing numbers on both valves also helped species identification. The preliminary report of Y. balloti revealed that the species is present in Sarawak waters and can be further explored in the future.
Culture and production of Lucilia sericata Meigen (1826) larvae for rearing s...AbdullaAlAsif1
The fly larvae (Lucilia sericata) are being used as an alternative protein source in any kind of animal feed as it reduces the cost of preparation of feed. This current study focused on the physico-chemical and proximate properties of raw poultry waste, while this study also revealed the production process of fly larvae and the proximate composition of it. The poultry waste was collected from Suvro poultry farm, Sutiakhali, Mymensingh, then the physic-chemical properties of the raw poultry waste were determined using different procedures. Three treatments were considered for production of fly larvae, T 1 (3 kg), T 2 (6 kg) and T 3 (9 kg) in a 15 kg capacity tray with three replications. After production, the proximate composition were also measured of fly larvae. Physico-chemical properties such as, color, odor, texture, temperature, pH, total solids (TSS+TDS), chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, available N, available P, and fiber in raw poultry waste were determined and presented. Proximate composition such as, moisture, total N, total P, available N, total Ca, ash and crude fiber were found in significant amount in the poultry waste. It was found that T 3 (1350±68g) produced highest volume of live maggot compared to the other treatments, but T 2 (17.50±1.10%) produced highest percentage volume. The proximate compositions of fly larvae were assessed and found 56.60±0.25% protein value in it, suggesting that fly larvae could be the protein replacer in fish feed. The result of this study revealed cheap protein source in aquaculture production, such as production and rearing of stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis, and the findings might be helpful for cost reduction in aquaculture operation.
Replacement of fish meal by Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) live larvae and p...AbdullaAlAsif1
Reduction of aquaculture operations and production cost is key to the success and profitability of this enterprise, while protein needs, especially the cost of fish meal, are cery expensive. The current study was conducted to investigate the post-larval production performance of Heteropneustes fossilis using Lucilia sericata maggot as a fish meal replacer in two ways, namely, live larvae and powder form. A 28 days growth trial was performed where five isonitrogenous diets for Heteropneustes fossilis post-larvae were experimented using live maggots and maggot meal, respectively. The proximate composition of each formulated diet, growth parameters of fish post-larvae, such as, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, apparent protein utilization, survival rate and the food conversion ratio were examined. After the experiment, the carcass composition of the experimental fishes were evaluated. The best final weight (1.61 g), weight gain (1.418 g), percentage of weight gain (739±1.18%), specific growth rate (2.63), protein efficiency ratio (2.29), apparent protein utilization (85%), survival rate (90%) and lower food conversion ratio (2.06) were observed in fish fed with 75% maggot meal as a substitute of fish meal. This study will help the aquaculture industry, especially the catfish culture in identifying an alternate source of protein and lowering the cost of aquaculture operation.
The molecular approach reveals the relationship among Venus clams (Meretrix s...AbdullaAlAsif1
Molecular study is important to detect variations and similarities among species from the same genus, in case if they do not encompass any morphological or physiological differences. The study was conducted to differentiate among species of Meretrix spp. (Meretrix lyrata, M. meretrix, and M. lusoria) obtained from two locations in Malaysia through the phylogenetic tree. The adductor muscle tissues were used to extract DNA and to perform other procedures; the samples were subjected to analyses using PCR and gel electrophoresis. The multiple sequence comparison was conducted by MUSCLE and the phylogenetic relationships were established using Maximum Likelihood (ML) statistical methods with MEGA 6.0 statistical software. M. lyrata samples showed 99% similarity to the three accessions sequence, where M. lyrata indicated 87% similarities, and M. meretrix showed not more than 89% similarities from the deposited sequence. The nucleotide base composition sequences consisted of the mean of Thiamine (T) 37.9%, Cytosine (C) 15.4%, Adenine (A) 27.4%, and Guanine (G) 19.4%. Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis was conducted using the Tamura 3-parameter model to establish five major clades on Meretrix spp. and two out-groups clades significantly different from the Meretrix spp. These major clades were closely related to each other at the 50% evidence of bootstrap, which grouped as genus Meretrix. The present study on Meretrix spp. from the Sarawak locality was able to differentiate COI sequences between M. lyrata, M. meretrix, and M. lusoria. M. lusoria was close related to M. meretrix with strong bootstrap supporting evidence at 96% scoring. Moreover, M. lyrata was inferred as the ancestor to M. meretrix, and M. lusoria from Sarawak, Malaysia.
Disappearance or overlooked or untouched? - A brief history of aquatic gastro...AbdullaAlAsif1
The aquatic gastropods (marine and freshwater) in Malaysian Borneo (MYB) have an ancient history of 255 years, while the first record was observed in 1767 by the pioneer Carl Linnaeus. Over time, many European, native taxonomists and conservationists have worked on the diverse group of gastropods in the Malaysian part of Borneo (states of Sabah and Sarawak). No previous work has been conducted to assess the historical status of this particular class of Mollusca. The study objective was to reveal the types of aquatic gastropods and the number of published research and expeditions conducted in MYB. The bibliometric analysis found 145 research publications mentioning the names of the region and reporting at least one gastropod species from this geographic region. Over the history of 255 years, a total of 559 gastropod species were reported by different research groups. Between 1767 and 1900, a total of 150 gastropod species were reported, followed by 79 species from 1900 to 2000 and 330 species from 2001 to 2022. The Grubbs test (p<0.05) identified outlier years for the reporting of gastropod species from MYB with 54 new species each in 2011 and 2020 and 39 species in 2001. Over the history of aquatic gastropod research in MYB, the taxonomists making the greatest contribution were Han Raven and his colleagues from Naturalis who reported 111 new species from the region, followed by Nur Leena Wong from Universiti Putra Malaysia (54 new species). The results suggested that reporting of new species from MYB is increasing, which may reflect the many unexplored sites and suggests the existence of as yet unrecorded species in this ecoregion. In this regard further expeditions and research should improve estimates of the true number of aquatic gastropod species in this area. These results can help the regional governments in making a regional biodiversity database as well as in taking decisions regarding aquatic gastropod research and management.
A ray of hope in the darkness: What we have learned from Yangtze giant soft-s...AbdullaAlAsif1
The Swinhoe's softshell turtle, Rafetus swinhoei (Gray, 1873),) is one of the world's largest freshwater turtles, and possibly the most endangered turtle species on the planet (Stanford et al., 2018). It has an overall length of over 100 cm and a width of up to 70 cm, and it can easily weigh up to 70–100 kg, maximum weight was recorded at 169 kg (Solimine, 2013; Trong, 2018). Despite its enormous size and unusual look, this species is incredibly secretive and only comes to the surface to breathe, preferring to remain submerged deep down. For this species, there is very little ecological information, and the remaining distribution is unclear. This could explain why it's so difficult to positively identify and confirm occurrences of this species in the wild (Trong, 2018). If we look back to the history and biogeography of this species, it can be found that the existential records were documented in the historical literature of the Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. This species was once thought to only live along the Red River in China and Vietnam, as well as the lower Yangtze River floodplain in China, but its current population size is estimated to be just one wild individual of undetermined sex and a solitary captivity male in Suzhou Zoo, China. Although recent thorough searches in Yunnan, China, and Vietnam failed to confirm the presence of more wild specimens, some sightings were reported until around a decade ago (Stanford et al., 2018), giving hope that more individuals may yet exist in Vietnam.
Snapper shrimp is a symbiotic organism usually hidden under the rocks, sponges and pen shells in the seagrass and coral habitats. The relationship study within snapper shrimp and pen shell was conducted from Merambong shoal, one of the biggest seagrass beds in peninsular Malaysia. A total of 40 individual pen shells were collected randomly and four species of pen shells were identified. 40 Anchistus custoides were found inhabiting symbiotically in the mantle cavity of the pen shell as solitary males and females and heterosexual pairs. Pen shell, Pinna bicolour and Atrina vexillum recorded the highest average SH 217.79±53.15 mm, SV 2.62±1.36 dm3 and SH 164.10-224.78 mm with the SV 1.18±0.43 dm3, respectively compared to the other species. The size of Anchistus custoides ranged from 15.00 to 20.00 mm in length and it was determined to be female due to the presence of eggs in the pleopods. The length of the cephalothorax and its length were highly related (rs=0.563, p≤0.01, N=40) and found wider in females. A little difference in size between the left and right chela in males of identical length was noticed, although the left chela is much bigger than the right. The significant relationship (rs=0.450, p≤0.01, N=40) between the pen shell length and shrimp (male-female) length revealed that the size of the shell is important to be hosted the snapper shrimp in the shell cavity.
Diversity of fisheries in Sarawak, Northwest Borneo: Present status and conse...AbdullaAlAsif1
Information on fisheries resources in East Malaysia is scarce and poorly known. The current review aims to compile a checklist of fisheries resources in the Northwest Borneo (Sarawak, Malaysia) from available published literature, address the resources' present status, and suggest future monitoring needs for selected critical species. The study also aims to determine several Sarawak land-use issues that are in flux and responsible for habitat degradation. Five hundred sixty-four species belonging to 123 families and 32 orders were recorded from Sarawak waters. Freshwater fish species comprised 48.0% of the total, followed by a marine (36.6%), marine-euryhaline (12.9%), and brackish water (2.5%) species. Of this, Cyprinidae was the most dominant group accounting for the greatest number of species (82 species), followed by Balitoridae (34 species), Bagridae (21 species) and Penaeidae (21 species). Therefore, available fisheries resources should be managed carefully as 48 species (9.0%) are currently vulnerable to extinction. Furthermore, the presence of 20 alien species in Sarawak water bodies also requires attention from the authorities due to the potential disruption of aquatic ecological balance. Changing land use issues in Sarawak such as forest degradation, agricultural expansion, peatland deforestation and conversion, logging, destruction of mangrove forests, and construction of hydroelectric power dams and flood mitigation channels pose significant challenges to fishery management in Sarawak. Our study documents the priority of fishery monitoring and conservation in Sarawak water bodies to ensure sustainable management of fisheries resources.
Availability and potentiality of small indigenous species of fish throughout ...AbdullaAlAsif1
This study was conducted with aiming to know the present status of small indigenous fish species (SIS) in Oxbow Lakes/baors and rivers as well as the availability of SIS of fish and their potentiality in the study area. Regular data were collected from some important fish landing center cum markets, Oxbow Lakes and rivers of the study area. The availability of small indigenous species (SIS) of fish declined to a great extent over the years and many of them are rare or endangered due to death of rivers and baors were brought under aquaculture. Besides these, Many of SIS of fish were being increasingly used as trash fish for fish feed purpose. As an over populated country, demand of SIS of fish is increasing day by day. After 1990s almost all Oxbow Lakes have been gradually trying to bring under aquaculture through local community or Department of Fisheries. The most significant message of this study is that, some vulnerable and endangered SIS of fish are locally abundant both in fish landing center, baors and rivers. So they must be conserved for their bioavailability and nutrition throughout the country that would be most intelligent efforts in favor of global ichthyo-biodiversity conservation.
Socio-economic conditions of the fish farmers in Jessore, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted the fish farmers in some selected area at sadar upazila in Jessore under the district of Jessore from September to December 2013. A total of 100 fishermen were selected by stratified random sampling method and interviewed. The average me mbers of single family were 5-6 people per household. Single families were much more (62 %) than joint families. Most of the fish far mers were Muslims 92% and few of them were Hindus 8%Most of them had the secondary educational background and some of them with different levels of higher education. It was found that the number of school going children was 2-3 per house. Full katcha (17 %) houses were few, while the semi-pucca (40%) and pucca (43%) houses were more abundant. Regarding health and sanitation, 31% fishermen reported to suffer fro m gastric and 17% suffered from fever. Most of the interviewees were found to take credit facilities from different sources for the subsistence of their family and their venture. The 98% were found to have their tube-wells, others using Governmental tube-well, or those belonging to schools or neighbors However, they need more institutional, organizational, and technical and credit support for their better socioeconomic and sustainable livelihood.
Socio-economic condition of fish fry and fingerling traders in greater Jessor...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the livelihood status of fish fry and fingerling traders and socioeconomic condition in the greater Jessore, Bangladesh from April 2013 to September 2013. Data were collected through the use of well-structured questionnaire from the selected area. 73% of traders have single family but only 27% have joint family. 45% fish fry and fingerling traders family has four members. 20% family has five members, 14% family has six members, 12% family has three members 9%family has seven to eight members respectively. 92% traders has own bank account but only 7% traders uses their bank account when they trade fry and fingerling. 87% traders have secondary business like rickshaw business, fruit business, cloth business, fish trading etc. Among 300 fish fry and fingerling traders the sanitation facilities are present 100%. It was found that 69% and 31% of fish farmers used semi-pucca and pucca toilet respectively. Among 300 fish fry and fingerling traders 78% of traders have own house but only 22% of trader live in rental house or place. 46% of traders have institutional education that range from primary to higher education and other 54% of traders have no experience in education. In case of illness 58% of traders and trader's family goes to government hospital, 24% uses private clinic, 15% traders are uses local village doctor and another 3% does not get any treatment or not require no treatment. 93% traders have television, 5% house consist radio and another 2% house no instrument for entertainment. Only 10% trader wants their son and grandson engages with this fish fry and fingerling trading profession. The average monthly income of traders in the peak season is 18000 taka and off-peak season the income is less than 7000 taka per month.
Marketing of fish and fishery products in Dinajpur and livelihoods of the fis...AbdullaAlAsif1
Marketing of fish and fishery products in Dinajpur and livelihoods of the fish retailers were studied during the period from January to May, 2013. A total of 60 fish retailers were interviewed for obtaining pertinent data. A survey questionnaire was developed, pre-tested and finally used for collection of data. The collected data were tabulated using conventional statistical tools. The result showed that the livelihoods of a large number of people are associated with fish and fishery products distribution and marketing in six different markets. Three types of marketing channel were found to be operated in the selected markets. The shorter marketing chain which included the fish farmers, retailers and consumers was found to be more beneficial to the fish producers. Fish traders in village markets generally operate a capital of around TK. 8,000-10,000 and traders in town markets a capital of around TK. 10,000-20,000 per day. It was found that most of the fish traders used their own money. Price of fish depends on market structure, species, and freshness, supply demand of fish and size of fishes. There are seasonal variation in prices with the highest in summer (March to May), and lowest in pre-winter: (September to November) during the fish harvesting season. Different types of dried and salted fish were sold in the markets. Traders have broadly improved their food consumption facilities, standard of living, and purchasing power as an economic sector. However, the unhygienic conditions of the marketplace, lack of ice facilities, poor infrastructure, inadequate storage and poor transportation facilities were reported to be the major constraints hindering the marketing system in the surveyed areas. It is therefore necessary to provision of governmental, institutional and banking assistance for improvement of the marketing system.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Aqua drugs and chemicals used in aquaculture of Zakigonj upazilla, Sylhet
1. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2015, 1 (2), 336-349; doi: 10.3329/ajmbr.v1i2.25628
Asian Journal of
Medical and Biological Research
ISSN 2411-4472 (Print) 2412-5571 (Online)
www.ebupress.com/journal/ajmbr
Article
Aqua drugs and chemicals used in aquaculture of Zakigonj upazilla, Sylhet
Afnan Alam Chowdhury1*
, Md. Shahab Uddin2
, Suvashis Vaumik3
and Abdulla-Al-Asif4
1
Senior Farm Officer, Sherpur Fish Hatchery, C.P. Bangladesh Co., Ltd., Bangladesh
2
Department of Aquaculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet- 3100, Bangladesh
3
Farm Officer, Sherpur Fish Hatchery, C.P. Bangladesh Co., Ltd., Bangladesh
4
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202,
Bangladesh
*Corresponding author: Afnan Alam Chowdhury, Senior Farm Officer, Sherpur Fish Hatchery, C.P.
Bangladesh Co. Ltd., Bangladesh. Mobile: +8801917196641; E-mail: jessoreboyhemel@gmail.com
Received: 30 July 2015/Accepted: 10 September 2015/ Published: 30 September 2015
Abstract: In order to investigate present status of aqua chemicals and drugs used in various aquaculture
activities in Zakigonj upazilla, Sylhet. A survey was conducted, with carp polyculture, tilapia and catfish
farmers, aqua-medicine sellers, representatives of pharmaceuticals companies, from July 2014 to November
2014. Each group consisted of 25 respondents. According to the survey the most common dose of lime used by
the farmers during pond preparation (62.67%) and culture period (53%) is 0.5-1 kg/40m2
. Urea and TSP used
by the farmers mostly during culture period with most common dose of 100-150g/40m2
(37.3%) and 50-100
g/40m2
(68%) respectively. Various categories of aqua drugs and chemicals were identified that were used by
fish farmers for different purposes such as water quality management, disinfectants, improve dissolve oxygen
level, disease treatment, antibiotics and growth promoter. Many pharmaceutical companies were found to
provide these aqua drugs and chemicals with different trade names to fulfill the farmers demand. For pond and
water quality management lime, urea and TSP are mostly used. Bleaching powder, Timsen, EDTA, Polgard,
Virex, Aquakleen, Germnill, Pond safe were widely used as disinfectant. Health management and disease
treatment were the major activities where farmers were seen to use a lot of chemicals. A range of chemicals
including antibiotics were found available in market and being used in the aquaculture sector. Commonly found
traditional chemicals in heath management included Potassium permanganate, Lime, Salt, Virex, Timsen,
Aquakleen, Germnil, Pond Safe, Deletrix, Spa, Albez, Ablez were used regularly for disease treatment. Mostly
used antibiotics are Renamycin, Oxysentin 20% Chlorsteclin Oxy-D Vet, Aquamycin, Orgamycin 15 %,
Orgacycline-15% etc. Major active ingredients of these antibiotics were oxytetracycline, chlorotetracycline,
amoxicillin, doxycycline etc. There are approximately fifty two pharmaceutical companies have been recorded
to market around 300 products. Most of the products have been marketed from different countries like USA,
Thailand, Malaysia, Belgium and China etc. The study also indicated some problems associated with the use of
such chemicals due to lack of knowledge of farmers about the use of chemicals, appropriate dose, method of
application and their indiscriminate use of chemicals. The study also highlighted the names and approximate
price of aquaculture chemicals available with the chemicals sellers in Zakigonj, Sylhet.
Keywords: aqua drugs; chemicals; aquaculture
1. Introduction
Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector in the world which plays a significant role in the
economy in term of food, nutrition, income, employment and foreign exchange earnings (Subasinghe et al.,
2002). According to the latest available statistics collected globally by FAO, world aquaculture production was
2. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2015, 1 (2) 337
90.4 million tonnes by weight and US$144.4 billion by value in 2012, including 66.6 million tonnes of food
fish and 23.8 million tonnes of aquatic algae (FAO, 2014). Use of aqua-medicines in aquaculture systems for
various purposes is widely recognized. They are essential components in pond construction, health
management, soil and water management, enhancement of natural aquatic productivity, transportation of live
organism, feed formulation, manipulation and enhancement of reproduction, growth promotion and processing
value enhancement of final product (Alderman et al., 1994, GESAMP, 1997). There are several traditional
chemicals and drugs were used in aquaculture for health management. These included sodium chloride,
formalin, malachite green, methylene blue, potassium permanganate, glutaraldehyde and trifluralin (Plumb;
1992, Philllips; 1996; Hasan and Ahmed, 2002; Brown and Brooks 2002; DOF; 2002). Other popular
traditional aqua-medicines included Zeolite, EDTA, gypsum, lime, alum were used for the purpose of pond soil
and water quality management. These are widely used to neutralize acidity, increase total alkalinity, increase
hardness in the soil and water of grow out pond, reduce turbidity in ponds, Chalets divalent and trivalent metal
cations etc. Potasium permanganate (KMnO4,) was one of the most widely used aqua-medicines in fish health
management. It is a strong oxidizing agent approved for the purpose to treat ponds. It is good for treating
external protozoa and bacterial infections (Plumb. 1992, Karim and Stellwagen. 1998; BFRI, 1999).
Zakigonj is an upazilla of Sylhet District in Sylhet Division, Bangladesh. This Upazilla is one of the prominent
areas for fish culture in Sylhet Division. Aquaculture in this area is expanding and using more drugs and
chemicals in aqua-health management are increasing. Also, pharmaceutical companies and chemical sellers are
influencing fish farmers to buy their products. Most of the farmers do not know the appropriate dosages,
method of application. Farmers were also not seen too aware about the mode of action of particular chemical.
As a consequence, during disease treatment first they try with one chemical and if it does not work, they try for
other one. They used doses of particular chemical on either from their own experiences, or from the instruction
of the packet, if` there is any and from the suggestion of chemical sellers. Indiscriminate use of drugs and
chemicals has harmful effect on ecosystem and human health. Many chemicals may persist for many months in
aquatic system, retaining their biocidal properties. Some antibacterial, notably oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid
and flumequine, can be found in sediments at least six months (Weston, I996). Antibiotics used in aquaculture
involve the development and transfer of drug resistance to pathogenic bacteria from farmed animals to humans.
The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance is increasing worldwide and this growing problem is often attributed
to the widespread use of antibiotics for clinical purposes in human medicine and by the agriculture industry
(lnglis, 1996; Bronzwaer et al., 2002). Transferable antibiotic resistance can also originate in human pathogens.
Genetic investigations of drug resistance fish pathogens revealed that known antibiotic resistant genes from
human bacterial pathogen is can be responsible for antibiotic resistance in fish bacterial pathogens (Weston,
l996). Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI) had initiated a project on drugs and chemicals used in
aquaculture. They surveyed on drugs chemicals used in aquaculture with coastal and freshwater environment.
They made a list of drugs and chemicals used in aquaculture concentrated some places of the country. However,
many places of the country are untouched under this project. Therefore Zakigonj upazilla is one of them. There
is a lack of information regarding the present status and consequences of aqua-medicines using in aquaculture
activities in Zakigonj upazilla. The study on drugs and chemicals use in aquaculture in Zakigong upazilla needs
to be investigated.
2. Materials and Methods
The present investigation was based on field survey where primary data were collected from farmers, chemical
sellers and representative of different pharmaceuticals companies.
2.1. Study area
The study area was selected depended on the objectives of the study. Zakigonj upazilla (Figure 1) situated in
the north-east region of Bangladesh was selected for the present study.
2.2. Preparation of the survey schedule and duration of study
According to the objectives of the study, a survey schedule (for 75 farm owner, 25 shopkeepers and marketing
representatives of different pharmaceutical companies) was prepared to collect the expected data. At first a set
of questionnaire was prepared and pre-tested to verify the relevance of the questions and the nature of the
sample producers. After pre-testing and necessary adjustment, a final set of questionnaire was developed. The
3. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2015, 1 (2) 338
questionnaire covered mainly farmer’s profile, culture details, type of chemicals used with dose and price. The
survey was carried out five months from July 2014 to November 2014.
Figure 1. Zakigonj upazilla map.
2.3. Target group
Since aquaculture activities in Zakigonj area quite diversified, data were collected from different target group to
have an overall picture of the drugs and chemicals used in aquaculture in this area (Table 1). Data were
collected from 75 pond owners randomly covering the selected study areas. For each category of farmers, five
unions were selected depending on the intensity of fish farming for specific target groups. Then five farmers
were selected randomly from each union.
Table 1. Sample size of the survey.
SL. No. Target Group Specific location of the survey in
Zakigonj Upazilla
Sample size
1. Carp polyculture farmers Kajalshar, Khas Kanakpur, Kholacchara,
Barohal and Manikpur union
25
2. Catfish farmers Zakigonj, Khas Kanakpur, Sultanpur,
Birasree and Kajalshar union
25
3. Tilapia farmers Zakigonj, Bara Thakuri, Barohal,
Kholacchara and Sultanpur union
25
4. Chemical sellers and marketing
representatives of different companies
Zakigonj upazilla Market 25
2.4. Data collection method
Data were collected through questionnaire interview. The questionnaire was composed of both closed and open
form of question. A set of preliminary questionnaire was prepared. Major topic of questionnaire were the name
of chemicals, active ingredients purpose of use, method of application and doses duration, source, effects on
environment, impact on health and productivity. For the interview, simple random sampling method was
followed.
2.5. Analysis of data
The collected data were scrutinized and summarized carefully before the actual tabulation. Some of the data
were collected into local units and those data were converted into international units. After data entry, the data
were analyzed with Microsoft Excel.
4. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2015, 1 (2) 339
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Use of fish poison
About 72% farmers did not use any poison in their aquaculture activities. Only rotenone is found to use by the
farmer as fish poison in nursery and culture pond for removing predatory, wild and unwanted fish from pond.
Most of the farmers did not use any chemical while about 28% farmers use rotenone (Table 2 and Table 3).
Table 2. Use of fish poison (%) during pond preparation.
Poison Carp farmers
(N=25)
Catfish farmers
(N=25))
Tilapia farmers
(N=25)
Overall average
(%)
None 72 64 80 72
Rotenone 28 36 20 28
Table 3. Chemicals used as fish poison in study area.
Trade Name Active Ingredients Dose Sources Price(Tk.)
Hunter Rotenone 9% 7 kg/ 4046.86 m2
Eon Animal Health Products Ltd. 400/kg
Aquanone Rotenone and rotenone
isomers
7.2 kg/ 4046.86 m2
Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 400/kg
Acurote Gold Rotenone 9% 8 kg/ 4046.86 m2
ACI Animal Health Limited. 440/kg
Sultana (2004) also found similar result about fish poison use in Mymensingh area.
3.2. Doses of chemicals
3.2.1. Lime
About 62.67% farmers use lime at 0.5-1 kg/40m2
while during culture most of them prefer <0.5 kg/40m2
(53%).
A dose of 0.5-1 kg/40m2
was also used by about 39% of the farmers during culture period. However, the higher
dose of >1.6 kg was not used by the farmers during culture period but only 6.67% farmers used this dose in
pond preparation.
Figure 2. Doses of lime used (%) during pond preparation and culture period.
Chinabut and Lilley (1992) stated that quick lime and slaked lime both have a very high pH
and in addition to
increased alkalinity, can have a sterilizing effect against disease. Chowdhury et al. (2003) reported that lime
and salt treatment of 250 kg/ha respectively were found to be the most effective to suppress the ulcer disease
through pond treatment. Sultana (2004) also found similar results about lime use in Mymensingh area. Brown
and Brooks (2002) also found in a survey that 40% of farmers in Bangladesh use lime for disease treatment.
Lilley et al. (1997) reported the success in pond treatment by using agricultural lime at the amount of 150-600
kg/ha in 1.0 m.
3.2.2. Use of urea
A dose 100-150g per 40m2
was used by most of the farmers. About 37.3% farmers use this dose during pond
preparation. Most of the farmers (58.7%) do not prefer to use urea during culture period. The overall average
dose of <100g per 40m2
and 150-200g/40m2
were used by 8% and 9.3% farmers respectively during culture
period. Most of the catfish farmers (72%) did not used urea during culture period, 56% catfish farmer also did
5. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2015, 1 (2) 340
0
20
40
60
80
None <50 50-100 >100
Overall
average
respondants
Doses(g/40m2)
Pond
preparation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Overall
average
respondants
Doses (g/40m2)
Pond
preparation
not use urea during the pond preparation. Only a few farmers (4%) were found to use higher dose 200-250 g of
urea during pond preparation. This dose was found to use by only (1.3%) during culture period.
Figure 3. Use of urea (%) during pond preparation and culture period.
Faruk et al. (2005) observed that commonly used chemicals in aquaculture are lime, salt, urea, TSP etc. Sultana
(2004) also found similar results about lime use in Mymensingh area.
3.2.3. Triple super phosphate (TSP)
TSP is an important chemical used by the farmers to increase natural food production in pond. Most of the
farmers used 50-100 g/40m2
of TSP. The dose was applied by about 58.7% farmers during pond preparation
and 68% farmers during culture period. A dose of <50g per 40m2
was also used by about 20% farmers during
pond preparation and 21.3% farmers during culture period. The highest dose >100g/40m2
of TSP was used by
10.7% farmers during culture period while during culture period this dose was used by only 2.7% farmers.
Figure 4. Use of TSP (%) during pond preparation and culture period.
Faruk et al. (2005) observed that commonly used chemicals in aquaculture are lime, salt, urea, TSP etc. Sultana
(2004) also found similar results about lime use in Mymensingh area. Brown and Brooks (2002) found that in a
survey in Bangladesh about 52% farmers used potassium permanganate, while 40% used lime, 11% used salt as
a disease treatment, A few farmers used other treatments such as disinfectants (Savlon and Dettol). Banana
leaves, fertilizer, alum and water exchange.
3.3. Chemicals used in fish health management
3.3.1. Chemicals used as disinfectant in the study area
Disinfectants are widely used throughout the world in many spheres of aquaculture. The greatest quantities are
used in intensive culture, particularly in fish and shrimp hatcheries and grow-out facilities, they are used in site
and equipment preparation, to maintain hygiene throughout the production cycle and in some cases, to treat
disease.
6. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2015, 1 (2) 341
Table 4. List of available disinfectant in market and used by the farmers in study area.
Trade
Name
Active Ingredients Dose Sources Price
(Tk.)
Bleaching
Powder
Chlorine 60 ppm Chemical seller 50/kg
Polgard 3 methyl, 4 Alkyl two chain
brominated compounds
500 ml/4046.86m2
Fish Tech BD. 200/200 ml
Virex Potassium peroxi mono sulphate
50%
100-150g/42m2
ACI Animal Health 400/100g
Timsen n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium chloride+stabilized
urea
20g/40m2
(for prevention)and
80g/42m2
(for treatment)
Eon animal health
products Ltd.
260/50g
Aquakleen Tetradesail Tri-methyl
Ammonium bromide, BKC
0.5-1.1/4046.86m2
Square
Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
300/L
Germnil BKC 50% with Glutaraldehyde 1-1.5 Litre/4046.86m2
NAAFCO Pharma
Ltd.
780/L
Pond Safe Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium
Chloride Solution 80%
Inert Ingredients 20%
500-600 ml/4046.86m2
(for
prevention)
600-800 ml/4046.86m2
(for treatment)
Fish Tech BD. 400/100 ml
Disinfectants are widely used in many sphere of aquaculture. They are used mainly to disinfect hatchery and
other equipment and in some cases as disease treatment. The chemicals widely used as disinfectants in
aquaculture in Zakigonj area include Formalin, Lime, Bleaching Powder, Timsen, Malachite Green, EDTA,
Virex, Etinol and Polgard Plus. Rahman (2011) also found disinfectants in his study such as Polgard Plus,
Bactisal, Virex, Biogaurd, Lenocide, Timsen, Emsen, Aqua Cleaner Plus, Formalin and Bleaching Powder.
Sheriff et al. (2000) observed that traditional disinfectants were Lime, Teaseed Cake, Fonnalin, Benzalkonium
Chloride, Malachite Green and Hypochlorite. According to the information of leaflets provided by the Eon
Animal Health Products Ltd, Timsen was also used as preventive measures for some bacterial, fungal and viral
infections. According sales representative of Eon Animal Health Products Ltd, Efinol uses as stress resistant
and Formalin to control protozoan diseases. Ali (2008) observed that Timsen was effective to prevent some
bacterial and fungal infections Herwig (1979) mentioned that Formalin was active against a wide range of
organisms, such as fungi, bacteria and ectoparasite. Lime was also used as disinfectant in both the study areas.
Apud (1984) observed that farmers used Formalin as disinfectant and to control protozoan diseases and Lime as
disinfectant.
3.3.2. Chemicals used to improve dissolved oxygen level in the study area
Several chemicals with very similar names were seen readily available in the chemical shops of the study are
used for increase dissolved oxygen in fish pond. Oxidizing agent, hydrogen peroxide is the major active
ingredients of such chemical.
Farmers of the investigated areas used several chemicals with very similar names to increase dissolve oxygen in
fish ponds like Oxyflow, Oxymax, Oxy Plus, Bio Care, Bio- Ox, Oxy-Gold and Oxy·A. Rahman (2011)
observed that aqua drugs like Oxy- Gold, Oxy Life, Bio Care, Oxy Plus, Pure Oxy, Oxymax and Oxyflow were
used to increase dissolve oxygen. Oxydizing agent, Hydrogen Peroxide was the major active ingredients of such
chemicals According to local agents of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Ltd. and Eon Animal Health Products Ltd.,
Oxyflow and Oxymax are used to remove hardness and poisonous gases. Ali (2008) mentioned that Oxyflow
and Oxymax were used to remove hardness and poisonous gases.
3.3.3. Chemicals used for disease treatment in study area
Farmers used several chemicals for treating a variety of fish diseases with different dosage. Mostly traditional
chemicals were available in the shops for treatment of fish disease. Potash, Lime, Salt, Virex, Timsen,
Aquakleen, Germnil, Pond Safe, Deletrix, Spa, Albez, Ablez were used regularly for disease treatment (Table
5).
7. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2015, 1 (2) 342
Table 5. List of available chemicals for increasing dissolved oxygen in market and used by the farmers in
study area.
Trade
Name
Active Ingredients Dose Sources Price (Tk.)
Oxy gold Sodium percarbonate 250-500g/4046.86m2
Fishtech (BD) Limited 550/kg
Oxy plus Na2O2+Al(OH)3 Na2O2-90% 500g/4046.86m2
Navana Animal Health 530/kg
Bio-Ox Sodium carbonate, H2O2 General dose 2.5-5g/4046.86m2
. In case
of high deficiency 5-8g/ 4046.86m2
in
same waterbody
ACI Animal Health 500/kg
Oxymax H2O2 10% 250-500 gm/4046.86m2
Eon Animal Health
Products Ltd.
600/Kg
Oxy flow H2O2 10% General dose: 250-350g/4046.86m2
. In
case of high deficiency 500
gm/4046.86m2
in same waterbody
Novartis Pharmaceuticals
Ltd.
600/kg
Oxylife Oxygen precursors, Probiotics,
Detoxificants
For normal dose 400g/4046.86m2
For emergency 500g/4046.86m2
Square Pharmaceuticals
Ltd.
600/kg
Oxywell Sodium percarbonate, Tetra
acetyl ethylene di amine
150-200g/4046.86m2
First care agro. 500/kg
Oxy- A Sodium percarbonate 3-4g/ 40 m2
ACME Laboratories Ltd. 480/kg
Table 6. List of available chemicals for disease treatment in market and used by the farmers in study
area.
Trade Name Active Ingredients Sources Price(Tk.)
Potash KMnO4 Chemical seller 180/Kg
Lime Cao, Ca(OH)2 Chemical seller 10/kg
Salt NaCl Chemical seller 8/Kg
Virex Potassium peroximono sulphate 50% ACI Animal Health 400/100g
Timsen n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride+stabilized
urea
Eon animal health products
Ltd.
260/50g
Aquakleen Tetradesail Tri-methyl Ammonium bromide, BKC Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 300/l
Germnil BKC 50% with Glutaraldehyde NAAFCO Pharma Ltd. 780/L
Pond Safe Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium Chloride Solution 80%
Inert Ingredients 20%
Fishtech (BD) Limited 400/100ml
Deletrix Deltametrin-1.75% Fishtech (BD) Limited
Spa Protein, cholesteren, ca, Vitamin-D, Carotinaid Syngenta 4100/kg
Albez Doxycycline, colistine sulphate+vitamin premix+mineral Syngenta 253/250g
Ablez Doxycycline, colistine sulphate+vitamin premix+mineral Eon Animal Health Products
Ltd.
255/250g
Fish disease treatments form the major areas where farmers use ample amount of traditional chemicals.
According to the farmers of Zakigonj upazilla, chemicals such as Potassium Permanganate, Lime, Formalin,
Salt, Bleaching Powder and Timsen were commonly used in aquaculture. Some previous studies also revealed
that chemicals used in fish disease treatment included Potassium Permanganate, Lime, Formalin, Salt,
Methylene Blue, Malachite Green, Melathion, Bleaching Powder and Timsen in aquaculture of Bangladesh
(Phillips, l996, Brown and Brooks, 2002; DoF, 2002; Faruk et. al., 2005). Ali (2008) and Rahman (20ll) found
several aqua drugs like Lime, Salt, Potassium Permanganate, Sumithion, Melathion, Formalin and Bleaching
Powder were used as disease treatment. According to the farmers of the study area, treatment of diseases in
aquaculture had a great value when chemicals used properly but could cause great threads for aquatic organisms
if not properly applied Moreover for the success of aquaculture, chemicals must be judiciously and responsibly
used. Smith (2002) also contributed that it is important to apply drugs appropriately against disease and proper
application methods should apply for aqua-health management.
3.3.4. Antibiotics used for disease treatment in study area
In the present investigation about 8 branded antibiotics with different trade name were seen in the market as
well as used by the fish farmers in the study area which are shown in Table 6. The active ingredients of such
8. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2015, 1 (2) 343
antibiotics are mainly oxytetracyclin, chlorotetracycline amoxicillin etc.According to the information leaflet of
above antibiotics, all of those antibiotics are effective against bacterial disease. Some of above antibiotics like
oxysentin 20%, orgamycin 15% and orgacycline 15% is also effective against EUS. Chlorsteclin and fish cure
plays vital role in growth promotion as well as effective against some of disease like dropsy, tail and fin rot, gill
rot of fish, etc.
Table 7. List of available antibiotics in market and used by the farmers in study area.
Trade Name Active Ingredients Dose Sources Price(Tk.)
Renamycin Oxytetracycline 28-42 g/100 kg feed, 10days Renata Pharmaceuticals
Ltd
82/100g
Oxysentin 20% OxytetraclineHCl BP 100-200 g/100 kg feed,5-7 days Novartis Pharmaceuticals
Ltd.
700/kg
Chlorsteclin Chlortetracycline 200-300 g/100 Kg feed (5-7days) Novartis Pharmaceuticals
Ltd.
300/kg
Bactitab Oxytetracyclin 20% 50 g/kg body weight,5-7 days ACI Animal Health 70-80/100g
Oxy-D Vet Oxytetracycline 20%
and Doxycycline 10%
1 g/4 Kg fish feed daily Eon Animal health
Products Ltd.
70/100g
Aquamycin Chlorotetracyclin Control: 1-1.5 Kg/ton feed at 5 days
interval
Prevention:400-500g/ton feed at 10
days interval
Fishtech (BD) Limited 700-800/kg
Orgamycin 15
%
Oxytetracycline HCl
BP (WSP)
In case of prevention 60 gm/100 kg
feed 10 days
Organic Pharmaceuticals
Ltd.
70/100g
Orgacycline-
15%
Chlorotetracycline 200-300 g/10 kg feed (5-7days) Organic Pharmaceuticals
Ltd.
70/100g
3.3.5. Chemicals used for growth promoter in study area
Several chemicals were found in the chemical shops used as growth promoter as well as for increasing
production. Aqua boost contains ß-glucan, immunostimulant, which enhance non-specific immunity in fish. A
list of growth promoters is shown in Table 7.
All of the growth promoters play a vital role for rapid growth of fish. Some of these chemicals like aqua boost,
fish vita plus, Aqua savor, Eon fish grower, Aqua gel, Panvit aqua, Charger gel, Vitamin F aqua, Aci mix super
fish, etc. also improve disease preventing ability of fish. Megavit aqua also increase hatching rate and Aquamin
helpful in developing bone of fishes. Aqua savor and Grow fast help in recovering in from malnutrition as well
as improve physical condition of fishes.
Aqua drugs of different companies found in the chemical shops of both the study areas as growth promotors
were Megavit Aqua, Aqua Bost, Aqua Savor, Fibosol, Aqua Grow·P, Vitamix F Aqua, AQ Grow·G, Aquamin,
ACmix Super-Fish and Aquamin Powder. The active ingredients of the mentioned products are Vitamin,
Mineral, Amino Acid, Organic Acid, B-Glucan, Binder, Aloe Vera and Multivitamin. Ali (2008) observed
Aqua drugs like Megavit Aqua, Aqua Bost, Orgavit Aqua, Vitamin Premix, Aqua Savor, Grow Fast, Diginex
Aqua, Fibosol, Aqua Grow-P, Vitamix F Aqua, Cevit Vet, Diamond Fish, AQ Grow-G, Nature Aqua GP,
ACmix Super-Fish and Aquamin Powder with the active ingredients included Vitamin, Mineral, Amino Acid,
Organic Acid, B-Glucan, Binder, Aloe Vera and Multivitamin were used as growth promotor. From the
research finding of Rahman (2011), it was observed that aqua drugs used as growth promotor were Charger
Gel, Aqua Boost, Bio- Grow and Grow Fast. All the growth promotors played a vital role for rapid growth of
fishes. According to chemical sellers of both the study areas, Aqua Boost and AC Mix Super-Fish also used to
prevent diseases in fish. Moreover Aqua Savor and Aqua Grow-P were used against malnutrition as well as to
improve health of fish. Faruk et al. (2008) observed that Aqua Boost and AC Mix Super-Fish also had disease
preventing ability in fishes. The authors farther mentioned that growth promotors like Vitamins, Minerals and
Phospholipids enhanced in growth and survival of cultured fishes.
3.3.6. Chemicals used as immunity increaser and stress reducer in study area
Several aqua-medicines were found in the aqua-medicine shops that were reported to be used as immunity
increaser. The available immunity increaser were Ossi-C, Vitex-C, Charger gel, Biomin Pondlife, Profs, Aqua
photo, Novio plus, Uni sense, Osmosaline, Aquaclear-S etc. The active ingredients of such medicines were
mainly vitamin-C, Ca, P, Amino nitrogen, betain, glucan, polyssceharides, beta-glucans, oxolinic acid
9. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2015, 1 (2) 344
bitaglucan, Vit-D3, herbs, polyssccharix, oligossccliarix. The price was found to be quite affordable by the
commercial aqua farmers.
Table 8. List of available growth promoter in market and used by the farmers in study area.
Trade
Name
Active Ingredients Dose Sources Price (Tk.)
Aqua Savor Amino acid premix 2-3 kg /Ton feed Eon Animal health Products
Ltd.
750/kg
Eon Fish
Grower
Multivitamin and Minerals 1.5-3 g/Kg Eon Animal health Products
Ltd.
150-170/kg
Aqua Gel Amino Acid, Fatty Acid, Macro
and macro minerals and natural
antioxidants
5-10 g/ Kg feed for
prevention
10-15 g/Kg Feed
Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 1000/kg
Panvit
Aqua
Vit- A, D3, B1, B2, In hatchery 05-1 ml/
ton water and for
nursery 5-10 ml/kg
feed
Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 350/kg
Square
Aquamix
Vitamin , Minerals, Amino Acid,
Probiotic, Yeast and Antioxidant
1g/ kg feed Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 170/kg
Acimix
super-fish
Vitamin
mineral+ antioxident
1 kg/ton feed ACI Animal Health 350/2.5kg
Aqumin Cu, Co, Mg, Fe, Zn, I, Ca, P,D, L.
Mithiolin, L-lysin, HCl
1 gm/kg feed ACI Animal Health 150/kg
Provit gel Vitamin A, Vitamin B1,B2,B6,
Vitamin C, Vitamin D,
Niacinamide, Calcium
pentothinate, Folic acid , Inositol,
Lysine, Methionine, Protein
hydrolyzate
10g/ Kg feed First care Agro. Ltd. 1050/kg
Growth Gel Gel forming vitamins binders and
attractant for aqua feeds
3-5g/kg Eon Animal health Products
Ltd.
1000/kg
Megavit
aqua
Vitamin, Mineral and Amino acid
supplement
1g/kg feed Novartis Pharmaceuticals
Ltd.
320-350/kg
Grow fast Vitamin, mineral and amino acid
supplement
200–300 ml/100 kg
feed
Rals Agro 350/kg
Aqua Boost Organic acid, Beta-Glucan 500 g/MT feed Novartis Pharmaceuticals
Ltd.
300/kg
Vitamin- F
Aqua
Vitamin+Mineral+ Amino Acid 2.5kg/ ton feed ACME Laboratories Ltd. 300-350/kg
Charger gel 1-3 D glucan, polysaccharides,
Betain,
β-glucans
2-4g/kg feed Fishtech (BD) Limited 1060/kg
3.4. List of aqua medicine marketing companies in Bangladesh
Commercial aquaculture has been significantly going through a silent revolution in Bangladesh for last few
years. Fish farmers are getting habituated to modern aquaculture technology and systems day by day. As the
culture system is developing to a high density aquaculture from extensive culture system so that the associated
risks during culture have been increasing simultaneously in the culture ponds. At present there are
approximately around 52 national, multinational and local companies involved in production, import and
marketing of aqua medicines throughout Bangladesh. The list of these aqua medicines marketing companies in
Bangladesh are as follows (Table 10).
10. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2015, 1 (2) 345
Table 9. List of available immunity increaser in market and used by the farmers in study area.
Trade Name Active Ingredients Dose Sources Price (Tk.)
Ossi-C Oxolinic Acid, Beta
glucan, Vitamin C
4-5g/ Kg feed Fish tech (BD)
Limited
1800/kg
Vitex C Vitamin C BP 1-5g/ kg feed , 2-5 g/1000
Litre for hatchery
Eon Animal health
Products Ltd.
1800/kg
Cevit- Aqua Ascorbic Acid For prevention 1 g/ kg
feed and for treatment 2-3
g/kg feed
Square
Pharmaceuticals
Ltd.
2000/kg
Aqua C Ascorbic Acid 0.1-0.3g/kg feed ACI Animal Health 1700/kg
Osmosaline Betain 5-10g/100 Litre( Fry
transportation), 10-
20g/1000 Litre (Hatchery
tank)
Eon Animal health
Products Ltd.
1800/kg
Biomax Probiotics and Nutrients For pond preparation 3-4
kg/ 4046.86 2
m for 3 feet
water, During stocking 4-
5 kg/ 4046.86 2
m for 3
feet water
Square
Pharmaceuticals
Ltd.
2500/kg
Profs Fourth generation
probiotic
50-70 g/42m2
/ 3 feet
water
Eon Animal Health
Products Ltd.
500/100g
Aqua Photo Bacillus subtilisand
Rhodoseudomonas
50–70 ml/155 m2
ACI Animal Health 350/L
Probio Aqua
LQ
Photosynthetic and
Heterotrophic Bacteria
1-2 liter/4046.86 2
m /3
feet water for pond
preparation and 25-3
liter/4046.86 2
m / 3 feet
water
Square
Pharmaceuticals
Ltd.
Novio plus Bacillus mensentericus, B.
subtilis, B. licheniformis,
Lactobacillus acidophilus,
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae,
1-3 g/ kg feed ACI Animal Health 520/500g
Uni ecosense B. subtilis, B.
licheniformis, B.
polymyxa, B. pumuls,
Thiobacillus
deniftrificans,Aspergillus
oryzae, Aspergillus niger,
Pseudomonas
denetrificans, Bacillus
coagulans
Fish:250-300g/4046.86
2
m
Shrimp:75-100 g/4046.86
2
m
First care 500/kg
Aquaclear -S Bacillus mensentericus, B.
subtilis, B. licheniformis,
Lactobacillus
acidophilus,Nitrobacter
sp, N7trosomonas sp. ,
Aspergillus oryzae,
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, Excipient q.s.p
First dose: 1Kg/ 4046.86
2
m for 1m water depth
From second dose:
500g/ 4046.86 2
m for 1m
water depth
Square
Pharmaceuticals
Ltd.
560/500g
11. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2015, 1 (2) 346
0
50
ACI
Animal
Health
Fish
Tech
BD
Eon
Animal…
Square…
Rals
Agro
Qrganic…
Advanced
Animal…
First
Care
Agro.
Ltd.
Novarties…
The
Acme…
Renata…
C.P.
India
Others
Product(%)
Name of Company
Table 10. List of available toxic gas remover in market and used by the farmers in study area.
Trade Name Active Ingredients Dose Sources Price(Tk.)
Bio- Aqua-50 Yucca plant extract, Saponin
Components, Glyco
components
60-70 ml/42m2
Eon Animal Health
Products Ltd.
2900/kg
Gastrap Lactic acid bacillus, Bacillus
Subtilis, Saccaromyces
cerevisiae, Xylogen,
Amylase, Protease,
Cellulase, Hemicellulase,
Phytase, Betaglucanase,
Lypase, Aminonitrigen
200g/4046.86m2
for
3-6 feet water
Square
Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
3000/kg
Ammonil Yucca plant extract, Bacillus
subtilis, Candida utilis
100-200g/4046.86m2
Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
2800/kg
Pond D tox Pracoccus pantotrophus 4 ppm Fish tech BD 2800/kg
Gasonex (+) Pseudomonas sp,
Bacillus subtilis,
Nitrococcus sp
General dose 250-
500 g/4046.86m2
;
In case of high
deficiency 750-1000
gm/4046.86m2
Fish tech BD 2950/kg
3.5. No. of Products of Different Pharmaceuticals companies
In the present study, about 52 companies were found either producing or marketing products targeting
aquaculture. ACI Animal Health Ltd., Organic Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Renata Ltd., Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd.,
Acme Laboratories, Novartis Animal Health Ltd etc. were seen to produce different products for aquaculture.
While Eon Animal Health Products Ltd., CP Company, Rals Agro Ltd., Ellwellas Marketing Ltd. have been
marketing various products from different countries including India, USA, Thailand, Taiwan, Indonesia,
Malaysia and Spain. They provide detail information about the purposes, dosages, duration and method of
application of chemicals in the leaflet. However, farmers had different opinion about the use and efficacy of
many of the products. Some companies were seen to provide technical assistance to the farmers. Thus, the
farmers fetch considerable pressure from the commercial companies to use a variety of products in their farms.
Several products have been sold without any explanation of their action. The present survey revealed that
among the 52 companies more than 50 % of the products were produced by twelve companies like Fish Tech
BD,(6%), Organic Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (4%), Rals Agro Ltd. (4%), Novartis Animal Health Ltd. (5.66%), Eon
animal Health Product Ltd. (7%), ACI Animal Health Ltd. (7.34%), CP Aquaculture (5.66%), Square
Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (4.33%), Advanced Animal Health(5.67%). C.P. India (2%), First Care Agro. Ltd. (4%),
Novartis (2.33%) and the rest (46.67%) were supplied by the 26 companies.
Figure 5. Product (%) of different pharmaceutical companies.
12. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2015, 1 (2) 347
Table 11. List of aqua medicine marketing companies in Bangladesh.
S.L. No. Company Name
1 ACI Limited
2 Advance Agrotech Bangladesh
3 Advance Animal Science Co. Ltd
4 Alltech
5 Allwell Marketing Company
6 Al-Madina Pharamaceuticals Ltd.
7 Anivet Agro Products Ltd.
8 Annex vet (pr.) ltd
9 Aquatech M. H. Limited
10 Avon Animal health Ltd.
11 Bengal Overseas Ltd.
12 Biohealth Company Limited
13 Bismillah Corporation
14 Century Agro Ltd.
15 Dier Pharma
16 Doctor’s Agrovet Ltd.
17 Eon Animal Health Products Ltd.
18 Eskayef Bangladesh Ltd
19 First Care Agro Limited
20 Fish World
21 Fish tech (BD) Limited
22 Grameen agri care BD Ltd.
23 Haychem Bangladesh Ltd.
24 HOM Agro Enterprise
25 Impex Marketing Ltd.
26 Jayson Agrovet Limited
27 KR+F Agro Products Ltd.
28 Krishi Bangla
29 Lion Overseas Limited
30 M.R Enterprise
31 National Agricare Bangladesh
32 Nature Care MFG Ind. Ltd.
33 Navana Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
34 Novartis (Bangladesh) Limited
35 Nutrihealth Ltd.
36 Organic Pharmaceuticals Ltd
37 Penta Agrovet Ltd.
38 Pharma and Firm
39 Popular Pharmaceuticals Limited
40 Popular Pharmaceuticals Limited
41 Promi Agrovet Limited
42 Rals Agro Limited
43 Renata Limited
44 Silo Animal Health Ltd.
45 Solid Aquavet Ltd.
46 Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd
47 The ACME Laboratories Limited
48 Unique International
49 Univet Limited
50 Verno Bio Solution
51 Welltech Biotechnology Limited
52 Wilts Marketing Co. Ltd.
At present approximately 300 products of about 52 animal health companies were seen to market and field
level. The pharmaceutical companies also employ number of promotion officers to sell their chemicals. Some
13. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2015, 1 (2) 348
companies were seen to provide technical assistance to the farmers. Thus, farmers come under considerable
pressure from commercial companies to use a variety of aqua drugs and chemicals in their farms. There are new
aqua drugs being made available continually and often there is very little information available about their
efficacy. Some aqua-medicines were found only trade names. Either farmers or sellers did not have clear idea
about the active ingredient and method of applications of the particular aqua-medicines though they were using
those without hesitation. Only few companies provide details product profile to the farmers. lt was seen that
same products of different companies variable dosage. So farmer feels hesitation before using those aqua-
medicines. Most of the farmers does not know efficacy of that products. The pharmaceutical companies should
take care about those products.
3.6. Problems in use of drugs and chemicals
The present study identified some problems associated with the use of drugs and chemicals which included:
i) Lack of knowledge about use of chemicals
ii) Lack of knowledge of application of drugs and chemicals
iii) Indiscriminate use of chemicals
iv) Pressure on farmers from pharmaceutical companies and pesticide sellers
v) Lack of awareness about the safety issues in using hazardous chemicals
vi) Lack of information on the label of chemical about possible hazard
vii) Lack of knowledge about residual effect and expiry date.
4. Conclusions
The present study demonstrated current status of drugs and chemicals using in aquaculture in Zakigonj upazilla
and pointed out some problems of the use of chemicals by the farmers which include lack of knowledge of the
chemicals, doses and methods of application of these chemicals. There are few alternatives to minimize the
adverse effects of aquaculture chemical are simply use less of them. Other alternatives could be used as
bioremediation and use of probiotics, immunostimulants, vaccination and alternative therapeutic. However,
policy makers, researchers and scientists should work together in addressing the issues of chemical use in
aquaculture with the view to reduce the negative impacts.
Conflict of interest
None to declare.
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