The document discusses structural fire safety design approaches for tunnels, focusing on tunnels for roads. It describes the complexity of tunnel structural fire safety, emphasizing the need for a systems approach. Various tunnel geometries and ventilation systems used for roads are outlined. Both prescriptive and performance-based design approaches are described, with performance-based highlighted as directly ensuring structural performance and safety through explicit objectives, performance criteria and modeling.
La Direzione Regionale dei Vigili del fuoco per la Calabria e l' Università della Calabria hanno organizzato una giornata di studio sulla “Resistenza al fuoco delle strutture” che si terrà in data 6 febbraio, con inizio alle ore 10.00 presso l’Università della Calabria, Dipartimento Ingegneria Civile, in cui saranno trattati argomenti relativi alla progettazione strutturale antincendio. In particolare:
La modellazione dell’incendio.
Illustrazione dei metodi semplificati degli eurocodici per le verifiche analitiche di resistenza al fuoco.
La progettazione antincendio nelle facciate degli edifici civili.
L’approccio sistemico per la sicurezza delle gallerie in caso di incendio e problemi strutturali specifici.
Analisi strutturale in caso di incendio: impostazione e applicazioni.
http://www.vigilfuococalabria.com/territorio/direzione/291-unical-giornata-di-studio-resistenza-al-fuoco-delle-strutture-2.html
Back-analysis of the collapse of a metal truss structureFranco Bontempi
This paper is organized in two parts. The first one describes a case history of few collapses of metal truss structures designed to be used as entertainment structures for which the structural safety gains therefore much more importance due to the people that can be involved in the collapse. In the second part, a specific case of the collapse of an entertainment structure made by aluminum is taken under study. A back analysis of the collapse of this metal truss structure is developed and produces a flowchart that points out the possible causes that led the structure to the collapse. By means of non linear analyses by Finite Element Model (FEM) the failure sequence of this particular structure is shown and forensic investigation concerning the whole phase of the construction phase is performed, starting from the design one, through the assembling and ending with the rigging phase.
Causal models for the forensic investigation of structural failuresFranco Bontempi
The structural collapses are rare events that are characterized by complex dynamics: the identification
of their causes and the explanation of their developments are not straightforward processes and depend on numerous different factors. A fundamental aspect is that, even if sometimes it is possible to identify the trigger
that have materially caused the collapse, usually there is a complex background of situations that have made the
event possible and that need to be accurately analyzed. The investigation of the interrelated aspects and concurrent
causes is a fundamental task to assign conveniently the civil and criminal responsibilities. Starting from these considerations, the aim of this paper is to present some concepts that, in the Authors’ opinion, constitute a basis for the framework of the investigation activities. In the first part of thework two concepts are discussed.The first one is the concept of structural complexity, which is an attribute of the civil constructions that are characterized
by significant interactions, strong nonlinearities, and large uncertainties. The second concept regards the extension to the Civil Engineering field of a model for the development of failures proposed by Reason (Swiss Cheese Model, 1990). In the second part of the paper some operational approaches are briefly introduced: the breakdown of the problem and the analysis of the timeline; they are essential tools for the assignment of the various responsibility profiles. At the end of the contribution, the concept of structural dependability is recalled as an antidote to avoid failures providing high-quality structural design.
In questo lavoro vengono esposte quelle che si ritiene possano esssere delle opportune basi per il progetto di adegamento sismico di un edificio storico e viene messo in luce il ruolo della modellazione ai fini della valutazione del comportamento strutturale e della verifica. Come riferimento si considera il caso di una costruzione esistente di pregio, danneggiata da un evento sismico e allo stato attuale pesantemente interessata da presidi atti alla messa in sicurezza dell’edificio stesso. Aspetto critico del processo di adeguamento strutturale sara’ quindi il rispetto dei vincoli e la risoluzione delle interferenze dovute a queste opere di presidio.
Le basi per l’intervento considerano quattro livelli che, partendo dagli aspetti più generali e globali e arrivando agli aspetti più specifici e locali, sono cosi pensati:
- il livello 1 riguarda gli aspetti più generali della conformazione globale dell’opera, ovvero la sua configurazione topologica, le sue suddivisioni e le sue parti principali;
- il livello 2 considera le disposizioni necessarie a garantire l’integrità strutturale dell’opera, ovvero come connettere fra loro gli elementi strutturali come le varie pareti e gli orizzontamenti;
- il livello 3 esamina come integrare localmente la capacità meccanica di elementi strutturali attraverso iniziazione di miscele leganti e attraverso la disposizione di reti di materiale innovativo;
- il livello 4 focalizza l’attenzione su problematiche speciali quali le volte preseti nell’edificio.
In altre parole, si considera ordinatamente 1) com’è configurato l’edificio; 2) come tenere insieme le varie parti dell’edificio, 3) come aumentare le caratteristiche di singole parti, e, infine, 4) risolvendo aspetti strutturali particolari. Si ritiene che la chiarezza d’intenti rappresenti un’intrinseca qualità dell’intervento per assicurare risultati certi e che quest’organizzazione logica focalizzi gerarchicamente la scala degli interventi, li caratterizzi e fornisca un’indicazione per lo sviluppo operativo del processo di adeguamento, ovvero per le fasi costruttive.
Gli aspetti di questa impostazione generale sono valutati puntualmente in modo qualitativo e quantitativo attraverso una compiuta analisi strutturale che considera una modellazione globale dell’edificio sia in campo lineare (per una valutazione immediata) sia in campo non lineare per una più realistica previsione del comportamento strutturale.
ELEMENTI DI INGEGNERIA FORENSE IN CAMPO STRUTTURALEFranco Bontempi
Corso CISM, Udine 15 e 16 febbraio 2017.
Il presente corso vuole introdurre in maniera elementare i concetti, i metodi e gli strumenti della ingegneria forense nei casi riguardanti le strutture, facendo riferimento a casi concreti e specifici.
Gentili, F. (2013) ‘Advanced numerical analyses for the assessment of steel ...Franco Bontempi
The aim of this paper is the analysis of the response to fire of single storey steel structures. The performance-based design allows a more realistic evaluation of fire safety than the usual prescriptive design. Several factors can
affect the fire safety assessment. The paper seeks to evaluate some of them.
The study of substructure may not be sufficient in some cases for highlighting the actual behaviour of the whole structure. The progression of the collapse has
to be traced up to the global collapse of the structure and numerical problems due to the triggering of local mechanisms should be overcome to this purpose.
The interaction of the heated elements with the rest of the structure can raise different collapse mechanisms depending on the mutual position of the
elements. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model represents an advanced solution to study the development of fire.
La Direzione Regionale dei Vigili del fuoco per la Calabria e l' Università della Calabria hanno organizzato una giornata di studio sulla “Resistenza al fuoco delle strutture” che si terrà in data 6 febbraio, con inizio alle ore 10.00 presso l’Università della Calabria, Dipartimento Ingegneria Civile, in cui saranno trattati argomenti relativi alla progettazione strutturale antincendio. In particolare:
La modellazione dell’incendio.
Illustrazione dei metodi semplificati degli eurocodici per le verifiche analitiche di resistenza al fuoco.
La progettazione antincendio nelle facciate degli edifici civili.
L’approccio sistemico per la sicurezza delle gallerie in caso di incendio e problemi strutturali specifici.
Analisi strutturale in caso di incendio: impostazione e applicazioni.
http://www.vigilfuococalabria.com/territorio/direzione/291-unical-giornata-di-studio-resistenza-al-fuoco-delle-strutture-2.html
Back-analysis of the collapse of a metal truss structureFranco Bontempi
This paper is organized in two parts. The first one describes a case history of few collapses of metal truss structures designed to be used as entertainment structures for which the structural safety gains therefore much more importance due to the people that can be involved in the collapse. In the second part, a specific case of the collapse of an entertainment structure made by aluminum is taken under study. A back analysis of the collapse of this metal truss structure is developed and produces a flowchart that points out the possible causes that led the structure to the collapse. By means of non linear analyses by Finite Element Model (FEM) the failure sequence of this particular structure is shown and forensic investigation concerning the whole phase of the construction phase is performed, starting from the design one, through the assembling and ending with the rigging phase.
Causal models for the forensic investigation of structural failuresFranco Bontempi
The structural collapses are rare events that are characterized by complex dynamics: the identification
of their causes and the explanation of their developments are not straightforward processes and depend on numerous different factors. A fundamental aspect is that, even if sometimes it is possible to identify the trigger
that have materially caused the collapse, usually there is a complex background of situations that have made the
event possible and that need to be accurately analyzed. The investigation of the interrelated aspects and concurrent
causes is a fundamental task to assign conveniently the civil and criminal responsibilities. Starting from these considerations, the aim of this paper is to present some concepts that, in the Authors’ opinion, constitute a basis for the framework of the investigation activities. In the first part of thework two concepts are discussed.The first one is the concept of structural complexity, which is an attribute of the civil constructions that are characterized
by significant interactions, strong nonlinearities, and large uncertainties. The second concept regards the extension to the Civil Engineering field of a model for the development of failures proposed by Reason (Swiss Cheese Model, 1990). In the second part of the paper some operational approaches are briefly introduced: the breakdown of the problem and the analysis of the timeline; they are essential tools for the assignment of the various responsibility profiles. At the end of the contribution, the concept of structural dependability is recalled as an antidote to avoid failures providing high-quality structural design.
In questo lavoro vengono esposte quelle che si ritiene possano esssere delle opportune basi per il progetto di adegamento sismico di un edificio storico e viene messo in luce il ruolo della modellazione ai fini della valutazione del comportamento strutturale e della verifica. Come riferimento si considera il caso di una costruzione esistente di pregio, danneggiata da un evento sismico e allo stato attuale pesantemente interessata da presidi atti alla messa in sicurezza dell’edificio stesso. Aspetto critico del processo di adeguamento strutturale sara’ quindi il rispetto dei vincoli e la risoluzione delle interferenze dovute a queste opere di presidio.
Le basi per l’intervento considerano quattro livelli che, partendo dagli aspetti più generali e globali e arrivando agli aspetti più specifici e locali, sono cosi pensati:
- il livello 1 riguarda gli aspetti più generali della conformazione globale dell’opera, ovvero la sua configurazione topologica, le sue suddivisioni e le sue parti principali;
- il livello 2 considera le disposizioni necessarie a garantire l’integrità strutturale dell’opera, ovvero come connettere fra loro gli elementi strutturali come le varie pareti e gli orizzontamenti;
- il livello 3 esamina come integrare localmente la capacità meccanica di elementi strutturali attraverso iniziazione di miscele leganti e attraverso la disposizione di reti di materiale innovativo;
- il livello 4 focalizza l’attenzione su problematiche speciali quali le volte preseti nell’edificio.
In altre parole, si considera ordinatamente 1) com’è configurato l’edificio; 2) come tenere insieme le varie parti dell’edificio, 3) come aumentare le caratteristiche di singole parti, e, infine, 4) risolvendo aspetti strutturali particolari. Si ritiene che la chiarezza d’intenti rappresenti un’intrinseca qualità dell’intervento per assicurare risultati certi e che quest’organizzazione logica focalizzi gerarchicamente la scala degli interventi, li caratterizzi e fornisca un’indicazione per lo sviluppo operativo del processo di adeguamento, ovvero per le fasi costruttive.
Gli aspetti di questa impostazione generale sono valutati puntualmente in modo qualitativo e quantitativo attraverso una compiuta analisi strutturale che considera una modellazione globale dell’edificio sia in campo lineare (per una valutazione immediata) sia in campo non lineare per una più realistica previsione del comportamento strutturale.
ELEMENTI DI INGEGNERIA FORENSE IN CAMPO STRUTTURALEFranco Bontempi
Corso CISM, Udine 15 e 16 febbraio 2017.
Il presente corso vuole introdurre in maniera elementare i concetti, i metodi e gli strumenti della ingegneria forense nei casi riguardanti le strutture, facendo riferimento a casi concreti e specifici.
Gentili, F. (2013) ‘Advanced numerical analyses for the assessment of steel ...Franco Bontempi
The aim of this paper is the analysis of the response to fire of single storey steel structures. The performance-based design allows a more realistic evaluation of fire safety than the usual prescriptive design. Several factors can
affect the fire safety assessment. The paper seeks to evaluate some of them.
The study of substructure may not be sufficient in some cases for highlighting the actual behaviour of the whole structure. The progression of the collapse has
to be traced up to the global collapse of the structure and numerical problems due to the triggering of local mechanisms should be overcome to this purpose.
The interaction of the heated elements with the rest of the structure can raise different collapse mechanisms depending on the mutual position of the
elements. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model represents an advanced solution to study the development of fire.
Water-Driven Debris Impact Forces on Structures: Experimental and Theoretical Program.
Water-driven debris generated during tsunamis and hurricanes can impose substantial impact forces on structures that are often not designed for such loads. This presentation covers the design and results of an experimental and theoretical program to quantify these potential impact forces. Two types of prototypical debris are considered: a wood log and a shipping container.
Full-scale impact tests at Lehigh University were carried out with a wooden utility pole and a shipping container. The tests were carried out in-air, and were designed to provide baseline, full-scale results. A 1:5 scale shipping container model was used for in-water tests in the Oregon State University large wave flume. These tests were used to quantify the effect of the fluid on the impact forces.
Results from both experimental programs are presented and compared with theoretical predictions. The analytical predictions are found to be in sufficient agreement such that they can be used for design. A fundamental takeaway is that the impact forces are dominated by the structural impact, with a secondary affect provided by the fluid.
IL FATTORE ESPOSIZIONE IN UNA DEMOLIZIONE CONTROLLATAFranco Bontempi
Contributo di Marco Lucici a IF CRASC'15,
Universita' degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
Facolta' di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
14-16 maggio 2015.
Lo studio analizza l’andamento nel tempo del rischio, a partire dalla necessità di demolizione di una struttura per motivi di interesse o di sicurezza pubblica, passando per le configurazioni via via più deboli che porteranno fino al suo crollo, con la possibilità in itinere di crolli improvvisi totali o parziali. Nel caso dell’impiego di esplosivi, in aggiunta viene preso in considerazione un collasso parziale instabile a seguito di un’esplosione probabilmente non avvenuta completamente, con la rapidità di indagine che ne consegue almeno nel determinare se la motivazione è proprio legata ad un colpo mancato, ovvero ad una carica
esplosiva non scoppiata, o ad un errore di progettazione della linea di tiro. Il fattore tempo che caratterizza l’esposizione di persone e di beni non interessati alla demolizione, è determinante fin dalla decisione che la struttura esistente va abbattuta. Tutte le configurazioni strutturali, a partire da quel tempo zero, sono maggiormente a rischio per i tempi di ritorno legati ad eventi naturali rari. Il rischio è legato ad una variazione studiata dei percorsi di carico, che in ogni momento devono rientrare in una combinazione dei carichi verificata ai vari stati limite, in funzione della durata di tale configurazione provvisoria, e almeno fino a quando sono presenti degli operatori che potrebbero essere investiti dal crollo.
Advanced Topics in Offshore Wind Turbine ResearchFranco Bontempi
In the today world context of strong attention about energy resources and global sustainability,
Offshore Wind Turbines (OWT) reached a main consensus about effectiveness. The Symposium is
concerned about all the features related with these complex challenging structural systems, covering
both design aspects and analysis problems, with special attention on interaction mechanisms and
multidisciplinary studies, with demanding technological characteristics and experimental activities.
StroNGER S.r.l. è uno Spin-off di ricerca che opera come anello di collegamento tra la ricerca applicativa e il settore operativo dell’Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale.
StroNGER affronta i problemi strutturali nella specificità analizzandoli in termini scientifici, tecnici e normativi, basandosi anche su simulazioni quantitative ottenute usando differenti codici di calcolo ad elementi finiti per l’analisi strutturale e la simulazione di sistemi complessi in campo multifisico.
A livello personale, il team è composto da persone che lavorano insieme da oltre dieci anni nel settore scientifico e professionale, condividendo principi, valori, idee, studio e conoscenze. I vari soggetti hanno maturità, flessibilità e adattabilità, oltre alla necessaria complementarietà.
Presentazione della validazione di sistemi di continuità per strutture prefab...Franco Bontempi
Il presente lavoro raccoglie parte degli studi sperimentali e numerici atti a validare il sistema di connessione sismo-resistente (“Connessione di Continuità RS”) brevettato da B.S. Italia. Tale sistema di connessione è stato progettato per il trasferimento diretto delle forze tra barre di armatura,
realizzando una perfetta emulazione di una struttura gettata in opera. La validazione ha coinvolto un’estesa campagna sperimentale sia per investigare il comportamento locale del sistema di connessione,
sia per riprodurre il comportamento globale dei manufatti collegati. Si è poi previsto che ogni analisi sperimentale abbia la sua interpretazione numerica, in modo da validare e anche di generalizzare il comportamento meccanico a casi non testati sperimentalmente. In questo lavoro, dopo una panoramica sul sistema costruttivo di B.S. Italia saranno evidenziate le analisi eseguite su di una colonna di
dimensioni 50 x 50 cm alta 5 m e su di un nodo di collegamento trave colonna.
I crolli (o collassi o crisi) strutturali sono tendenzialmente eventi speciali, molto infrequenti nella Società Civile, contrassegnati da una dinamica complessa. Data questa generale complessità, la spiegazione e l’individuazione delle cause e della loro evoluzione è, dunque, operazione non immediata e non semplice.
Uno dei punti di partenza, in questo compito, consiste nel riconoscere che una crisi strutturale nel suo sviluppo temporale presenta generalmente dei caratteri ripetitivi. Tra questi caratteri, come illustrato nei riferimenti bibliografici sotto riportati, uno che riveste una particolare importanza è il fatto che, se da una parte si può individuare una causa scatenante ben precisa, anche se in genere di modesta entità, dall’altra, questa causa è strettamente correlata a tutto un retrofondo di concause, spesso di ben maggiore entità, che preparano la possibilità dell’evento “crollo”. Il presente contributo vuole appunto rivedere questi concetti e illustrarne l’attualità e l’applicabilità.
The structural collapses (or failures or crisis) are very uncommon events in Civil Society, with a complex dynamic. Given this general complexity of a structural collapse, the expla-nation and the identification of its causes and its development are, therefore, not immediate and simple.
One of the starting points in this task is to recognize that a structural crisis in its temporal development usually has repetitive characters. Among these characters, as shown in the references below, is that, if on one hand one can identify a triggering factor, although typically of small relevance, on the other hand this opens the way to a whole background of reasons, often of much greater magnitude, which prepare the possibility of this event "collapse." The aim of this paper is to review these concepts and show their relevance and applicability.
Appunti del corso di dottorato: Ottimizzazione Strutturale / Structural Optim...Franco Bontempi
Appunti del corso di dottorato:
INTRODUZIONE ALL'OTTIMIZZAZIONE STRUTTURALE
Ia parte
Lezione del 13 maggio 2014
Lecture of the Ph.D. Course on STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION
May, 13. 2014
Design Knowledge Gain by Structural Health MonitoringFranco Bontempi
The design of complex structures should be based on advanced approaches able to take into account the behavior of the constructions during their entire life-cycle. Moreover, an effective design method should consider that the modern constructions are usually complex systems, characterized by strong interactions among the single components and with the design environment.
A modern approach, capable of adequately considering these issues, is the so-called performance-based design (PBD). In order to profitably apply this design philosophy, an effective framework for the evaluation of the overall quality of the structure is needed; for this purpose, the concept of dependability can be effectively applied.
In this context, structural health monitoring (SHM)
assumes the essential role to improve the knowledge on the structural system and to allow reliable evaluations of the structural safety in operational conditions. SHM should be planned at the design phase and should be performed during the entire life-cycle of the structure.
In order to deal with the large quantity of data coming from the continuous monitoring various processing techniques exist. In this work different approaches are discussed and in the last part two of them are applied on the same dataset.
It is interesting to notice that, in addition to this first level of knowledge, structural health monitoring allows obtaining a further more general contribution to the design knowledge of the whole sector of structural engineering.
Consequently, SHM leads to two levels of design knowledge gain: locally, on the specific structure, and globally, on the general class of similar structures.
L'analisi strutturale a supporto della progettazione prestazionaleFranco Bontempi
Slide delle lezioni sull'analisi strutturale a supporto della progettazione strutturale svolte alla Scuola Master Pesenti del Politecnico di Milano, novembre 2013.
Stronger S.r.l. is a consulting spin-off company that works as a link between Academic Sector and Industry in Civil and Environmental Engineering
The Company offers high-profile methodologies and tools, which help the construction industry to realize high performance structures from the point of view of dependability, resilience and sustainability.
The team of Stronger S.r.l. is able to analyze structural problems in a scientific and technical manner, by developing specialized numerical analyses with different finite element codes and advanced multiphysics simulations.
The Company’s expertise regards long-span bridges, tunnels, high-rise buildings, offshore wind turbines, innovative precast connections, structures subject to accidental actions such as fire and explosion, devices for energy harvesting, structural assessment of existing buildings and their retrofitting.
My research grourp considers all the themes related to Structural Engineering as Safety and Reliability, Performance-based Design, Computer Aided Structural Design, Identification and Optimization, Dynamics and Control, Nonlinear Analysis, Uncertainty Analysis. There is always a strong commitment toward real applications for reinforced concrete and steel constructions, bridges, tall buildings, special structures and innovative concepts, also under extreme and accidental situations.
www.francobontempi.org
Dear Friends and Colleagues,
Together with my partners at StroNGER S.r.l. (a SME in Rome-ITALY), we are planning our participation in Horizon 2020.
We are mostly interested in the following forthcoming calls:
- MG.8.1-2014: Smarter design, construction and maintenance;
- MG.8.2-2014: Next generation transport infrastructure: resource efficient, smarter and safer;
- MG.8.4-2015: Smart governance, network resilience and streamlined delivery of infrastructure innovation;
- DRS-7-2014: Crisis management topic 7: Crises and disaster resilience – operationalizing resilience concepts;
- DRS-11-2015: Disaster Resilience & Climate Change topic 3: Mitigating the impacts of climate change and natural hazards on cultural heritage sites, structures and artefacts;
- DRS-13-2015: Critical Infrastructure Protection topic 2: Demonstration activity on tools for adapting building and infrastructure standards and design methodologies in vulnerable locations in case of natural or man-originated catastrophes;
- DRS-14-2015: Critical Infrastructure Protection topic 3: Critical Infrastructure resilience indicator - analysis and development of methods for assessing resilience;
- DRS-17-2014/2015: Critical infrastructure protection topic 7: SME instrument topic: “Protection of urban soft targets and urban critical infrastructures” .
We can contribute in the following specific subjects:
- Design and rehabilitation of civil structures and infrastructures with regard to wind, earthquakes, waves, landslides, fire and explosions;
- Disaster resilience assessment;
- Advanced numerical modeling of civil structures and infrastructures;
- Forensic engineering;
- Sustainability and Energy Harvesting in Civil structures and infrastructures.
If you are forming a consortium and would like to involve a group with the above skills and expertise, please get in touch with us!
Sincerely,
FB
Progetto e analisi di ospedali come costruzioni strategiche - Bontempi Rieti ...Franco Bontempi
Progetto e analisi di ospedali come costruzioni strategiche:
visione di sistema, norme tecniche, azione sismica,
robustezza strutturale.
Presentazione al 7o Convegno Tecnologia e sanita', Rieti, Giugno 2010
RISK ANALYSIS FOR SEVERE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN ROAD TUNNELS (PART II)Franco Bontempi
IF CRASC'15 - Roma, 14-16 maggio 2015.
The safety in road tunnels is a very delicate issue, since that a minor accident or a failure of a vehicle can degenerate into scenarios that can lead to a high number of victims. For example, on the 24 March 1999, 39 people died when a Belgian HGV carrying flour and margarine caught fire in the Mont Blanc Tunnel.
In the first part of this study has been summarized the operation logic of a specific model for the risk analysis, the PIARC/OECD Quantitative Risk Assessment Model, and how it derives risk indicators. In the second part, a comprehensive risk analysis is performed in a long tunnel in South Italy, accounting for multifaceted aspects and parameters. The analysis is integrated with a sensitivity analysis on specific parameters that have an influence on the risk.
The section 2 of this paper describes the tunnel San Demetrio on which was carried out risk analysis applying the PIARC/OECD QRA model, and in the section 3 are reported the main analysis results. In section 4, conclusions regard to risk analysis applied to real case and about the sensitivity analysis are reported. In particular, the sensitivity analysis has highlighted the most influential parameters in the model.
Raccolta delle sentenze disponibili in rete sul crollo edificio scolastico S....Franco Bontempi
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Comunicato del 31-10-2002:
"Alle 11:32 italiane di oggi 31 ottobre si è verificata una forte scossa di terremoto che ha colpito una vasta zona al confine tra il Molise e la Puglia. Le località più vicine all'epicentro, per alcune delle quali si hanno già notizie di danni ad edifici, sono Santa Croce di Magliano, S. Giuliano di Puglia, Larino (tutti in provincia di Campobasso). La magnitudo dell'evento è stata stimata pari a 5.4 Richter, un valore che comporta effetti fino all'VIII grado della scala Mercalli. La scossa è stata preceduta da alcune scosse nella notte (01:25, 03:27), la più forte delle quali ha avuto magnitudo 3.5. La scossa è stata seguita da numerose repliche, la più forte delle quali è avvenuta alle 14:03 e ha avuto magnitudo 3.7".
Softening and Bond Slip Nonlinear Analysis - SEWC 1998Franco Bontempi
The Softening and the Bond Slip Influence on the Nonlinear Analysis of R.C. Frame Structures.
Franco Bontempi & Pier Giorgio Malerba
Paper and presentation at SEWC 1998.
Approccio sistemico per la sicurezza delle gallerie in caso di incendioe problemi strutturali specifici.
Lezione del 2 dicembre 2015 al corso di Progettazione Strutturale Antincendio - Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi,
Facolta' di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
Universita' degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
Water-Driven Debris Impact Forces on Structures: Experimental and Theoretical Program.
Water-driven debris generated during tsunamis and hurricanes can impose substantial impact forces on structures that are often not designed for such loads. This presentation covers the design and results of an experimental and theoretical program to quantify these potential impact forces. Two types of prototypical debris are considered: a wood log and a shipping container.
Full-scale impact tests at Lehigh University were carried out with a wooden utility pole and a shipping container. The tests were carried out in-air, and were designed to provide baseline, full-scale results. A 1:5 scale shipping container model was used for in-water tests in the Oregon State University large wave flume. These tests were used to quantify the effect of the fluid on the impact forces.
Results from both experimental programs are presented and compared with theoretical predictions. The analytical predictions are found to be in sufficient agreement such that they can be used for design. A fundamental takeaway is that the impact forces are dominated by the structural impact, with a secondary affect provided by the fluid.
IL FATTORE ESPOSIZIONE IN UNA DEMOLIZIONE CONTROLLATAFranco Bontempi
Contributo di Marco Lucici a IF CRASC'15,
Universita' degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
Facolta' di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
14-16 maggio 2015.
Lo studio analizza l’andamento nel tempo del rischio, a partire dalla necessità di demolizione di una struttura per motivi di interesse o di sicurezza pubblica, passando per le configurazioni via via più deboli che porteranno fino al suo crollo, con la possibilità in itinere di crolli improvvisi totali o parziali. Nel caso dell’impiego di esplosivi, in aggiunta viene preso in considerazione un collasso parziale instabile a seguito di un’esplosione probabilmente non avvenuta completamente, con la rapidità di indagine che ne consegue almeno nel determinare se la motivazione è proprio legata ad un colpo mancato, ovvero ad una carica
esplosiva non scoppiata, o ad un errore di progettazione della linea di tiro. Il fattore tempo che caratterizza l’esposizione di persone e di beni non interessati alla demolizione, è determinante fin dalla decisione che la struttura esistente va abbattuta. Tutte le configurazioni strutturali, a partire da quel tempo zero, sono maggiormente a rischio per i tempi di ritorno legati ad eventi naturali rari. Il rischio è legato ad una variazione studiata dei percorsi di carico, che in ogni momento devono rientrare in una combinazione dei carichi verificata ai vari stati limite, in funzione della durata di tale configurazione provvisoria, e almeno fino a quando sono presenti degli operatori che potrebbero essere investiti dal crollo.
Advanced Topics in Offshore Wind Turbine ResearchFranco Bontempi
In the today world context of strong attention about energy resources and global sustainability,
Offshore Wind Turbines (OWT) reached a main consensus about effectiveness. The Symposium is
concerned about all the features related with these complex challenging structural systems, covering
both design aspects and analysis problems, with special attention on interaction mechanisms and
multidisciplinary studies, with demanding technological characteristics and experimental activities.
StroNGER S.r.l. è uno Spin-off di ricerca che opera come anello di collegamento tra la ricerca applicativa e il settore operativo dell’Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale.
StroNGER affronta i problemi strutturali nella specificità analizzandoli in termini scientifici, tecnici e normativi, basandosi anche su simulazioni quantitative ottenute usando differenti codici di calcolo ad elementi finiti per l’analisi strutturale e la simulazione di sistemi complessi in campo multifisico.
A livello personale, il team è composto da persone che lavorano insieme da oltre dieci anni nel settore scientifico e professionale, condividendo principi, valori, idee, studio e conoscenze. I vari soggetti hanno maturità, flessibilità e adattabilità, oltre alla necessaria complementarietà.
Presentazione della validazione di sistemi di continuità per strutture prefab...Franco Bontempi
Il presente lavoro raccoglie parte degli studi sperimentali e numerici atti a validare il sistema di connessione sismo-resistente (“Connessione di Continuità RS”) brevettato da B.S. Italia. Tale sistema di connessione è stato progettato per il trasferimento diretto delle forze tra barre di armatura,
realizzando una perfetta emulazione di una struttura gettata in opera. La validazione ha coinvolto un’estesa campagna sperimentale sia per investigare il comportamento locale del sistema di connessione,
sia per riprodurre il comportamento globale dei manufatti collegati. Si è poi previsto che ogni analisi sperimentale abbia la sua interpretazione numerica, in modo da validare e anche di generalizzare il comportamento meccanico a casi non testati sperimentalmente. In questo lavoro, dopo una panoramica sul sistema costruttivo di B.S. Italia saranno evidenziate le analisi eseguite su di una colonna di
dimensioni 50 x 50 cm alta 5 m e su di un nodo di collegamento trave colonna.
I crolli (o collassi o crisi) strutturali sono tendenzialmente eventi speciali, molto infrequenti nella Società Civile, contrassegnati da una dinamica complessa. Data questa generale complessità, la spiegazione e l’individuazione delle cause e della loro evoluzione è, dunque, operazione non immediata e non semplice.
Uno dei punti di partenza, in questo compito, consiste nel riconoscere che una crisi strutturale nel suo sviluppo temporale presenta generalmente dei caratteri ripetitivi. Tra questi caratteri, come illustrato nei riferimenti bibliografici sotto riportati, uno che riveste una particolare importanza è il fatto che, se da una parte si può individuare una causa scatenante ben precisa, anche se in genere di modesta entità, dall’altra, questa causa è strettamente correlata a tutto un retrofondo di concause, spesso di ben maggiore entità, che preparano la possibilità dell’evento “crollo”. Il presente contributo vuole appunto rivedere questi concetti e illustrarne l’attualità e l’applicabilità.
The structural collapses (or failures or crisis) are very uncommon events in Civil Society, with a complex dynamic. Given this general complexity of a structural collapse, the expla-nation and the identification of its causes and its development are, therefore, not immediate and simple.
One of the starting points in this task is to recognize that a structural crisis in its temporal development usually has repetitive characters. Among these characters, as shown in the references below, is that, if on one hand one can identify a triggering factor, although typically of small relevance, on the other hand this opens the way to a whole background of reasons, often of much greater magnitude, which prepare the possibility of this event "collapse." The aim of this paper is to review these concepts and show their relevance and applicability.
Appunti del corso di dottorato: Ottimizzazione Strutturale / Structural Optim...Franco Bontempi
Appunti del corso di dottorato:
INTRODUZIONE ALL'OTTIMIZZAZIONE STRUTTURALE
Ia parte
Lezione del 13 maggio 2014
Lecture of the Ph.D. Course on STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION
May, 13. 2014
Design Knowledge Gain by Structural Health MonitoringFranco Bontempi
The design of complex structures should be based on advanced approaches able to take into account the behavior of the constructions during their entire life-cycle. Moreover, an effective design method should consider that the modern constructions are usually complex systems, characterized by strong interactions among the single components and with the design environment.
A modern approach, capable of adequately considering these issues, is the so-called performance-based design (PBD). In order to profitably apply this design philosophy, an effective framework for the evaluation of the overall quality of the structure is needed; for this purpose, the concept of dependability can be effectively applied.
In this context, structural health monitoring (SHM)
assumes the essential role to improve the knowledge on the structural system and to allow reliable evaluations of the structural safety in operational conditions. SHM should be planned at the design phase and should be performed during the entire life-cycle of the structure.
In order to deal with the large quantity of data coming from the continuous monitoring various processing techniques exist. In this work different approaches are discussed and in the last part two of them are applied on the same dataset.
It is interesting to notice that, in addition to this first level of knowledge, structural health monitoring allows obtaining a further more general contribution to the design knowledge of the whole sector of structural engineering.
Consequently, SHM leads to two levels of design knowledge gain: locally, on the specific structure, and globally, on the general class of similar structures.
L'analisi strutturale a supporto della progettazione prestazionaleFranco Bontempi
Slide delle lezioni sull'analisi strutturale a supporto della progettazione strutturale svolte alla Scuola Master Pesenti del Politecnico di Milano, novembre 2013.
Stronger S.r.l. is a consulting spin-off company that works as a link between Academic Sector and Industry in Civil and Environmental Engineering
The Company offers high-profile methodologies and tools, which help the construction industry to realize high performance structures from the point of view of dependability, resilience and sustainability.
The team of Stronger S.r.l. is able to analyze structural problems in a scientific and technical manner, by developing specialized numerical analyses with different finite element codes and advanced multiphysics simulations.
The Company’s expertise regards long-span bridges, tunnels, high-rise buildings, offshore wind turbines, innovative precast connections, structures subject to accidental actions such as fire and explosion, devices for energy harvesting, structural assessment of existing buildings and their retrofitting.
My research grourp considers all the themes related to Structural Engineering as Safety and Reliability, Performance-based Design, Computer Aided Structural Design, Identification and Optimization, Dynamics and Control, Nonlinear Analysis, Uncertainty Analysis. There is always a strong commitment toward real applications for reinforced concrete and steel constructions, bridges, tall buildings, special structures and innovative concepts, also under extreme and accidental situations.
www.francobontempi.org
Dear Friends and Colleagues,
Together with my partners at StroNGER S.r.l. (a SME in Rome-ITALY), we are planning our participation in Horizon 2020.
We are mostly interested in the following forthcoming calls:
- MG.8.1-2014: Smarter design, construction and maintenance;
- MG.8.2-2014: Next generation transport infrastructure: resource efficient, smarter and safer;
- MG.8.4-2015: Smart governance, network resilience and streamlined delivery of infrastructure innovation;
- DRS-7-2014: Crisis management topic 7: Crises and disaster resilience – operationalizing resilience concepts;
- DRS-11-2015: Disaster Resilience & Climate Change topic 3: Mitigating the impacts of climate change and natural hazards on cultural heritage sites, structures and artefacts;
- DRS-13-2015: Critical Infrastructure Protection topic 2: Demonstration activity on tools for adapting building and infrastructure standards and design methodologies in vulnerable locations in case of natural or man-originated catastrophes;
- DRS-14-2015: Critical Infrastructure Protection topic 3: Critical Infrastructure resilience indicator - analysis and development of methods for assessing resilience;
- DRS-17-2014/2015: Critical infrastructure protection topic 7: SME instrument topic: “Protection of urban soft targets and urban critical infrastructures” .
We can contribute in the following specific subjects:
- Design and rehabilitation of civil structures and infrastructures with regard to wind, earthquakes, waves, landslides, fire and explosions;
- Disaster resilience assessment;
- Advanced numerical modeling of civil structures and infrastructures;
- Forensic engineering;
- Sustainability and Energy Harvesting in Civil structures and infrastructures.
If you are forming a consortium and would like to involve a group with the above skills and expertise, please get in touch with us!
Sincerely,
FB
Progetto e analisi di ospedali come costruzioni strategiche - Bontempi Rieti ...Franco Bontempi
Progetto e analisi di ospedali come costruzioni strategiche:
visione di sistema, norme tecniche, azione sismica,
robustezza strutturale.
Presentazione al 7o Convegno Tecnologia e sanita', Rieti, Giugno 2010
RISK ANALYSIS FOR SEVERE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN ROAD TUNNELS (PART II)Franco Bontempi
IF CRASC'15 - Roma, 14-16 maggio 2015.
The safety in road tunnels is a very delicate issue, since that a minor accident or a failure of a vehicle can degenerate into scenarios that can lead to a high number of victims. For example, on the 24 March 1999, 39 people died when a Belgian HGV carrying flour and margarine caught fire in the Mont Blanc Tunnel.
In the first part of this study has been summarized the operation logic of a specific model for the risk analysis, the PIARC/OECD Quantitative Risk Assessment Model, and how it derives risk indicators. In the second part, a comprehensive risk analysis is performed in a long tunnel in South Italy, accounting for multifaceted aspects and parameters. The analysis is integrated with a sensitivity analysis on specific parameters that have an influence on the risk.
The section 2 of this paper describes the tunnel San Demetrio on which was carried out risk analysis applying the PIARC/OECD QRA model, and in the section 3 are reported the main analysis results. In section 4, conclusions regard to risk analysis applied to real case and about the sensitivity analysis are reported. In particular, the sensitivity analysis has highlighted the most influential parameters in the model.
Raccolta delle sentenze disponibili in rete sul crollo edificio scolastico S....Franco Bontempi
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Comunicato del 31-10-2002:
"Alle 11:32 italiane di oggi 31 ottobre si è verificata una forte scossa di terremoto che ha colpito una vasta zona al confine tra il Molise e la Puglia. Le località più vicine all'epicentro, per alcune delle quali si hanno già notizie di danni ad edifici, sono Santa Croce di Magliano, S. Giuliano di Puglia, Larino (tutti in provincia di Campobasso). La magnitudo dell'evento è stata stimata pari a 5.4 Richter, un valore che comporta effetti fino all'VIII grado della scala Mercalli. La scossa è stata preceduta da alcune scosse nella notte (01:25, 03:27), la più forte delle quali ha avuto magnitudo 3.5. La scossa è stata seguita da numerose repliche, la più forte delle quali è avvenuta alle 14:03 e ha avuto magnitudo 3.7".
Softening and Bond Slip Nonlinear Analysis - SEWC 1998Franco Bontempi
The Softening and the Bond Slip Influence on the Nonlinear Analysis of R.C. Frame Structures.
Franco Bontempi & Pier Giorgio Malerba
Paper and presentation at SEWC 1998.
Approccio sistemico per la sicurezza delle gallerie in caso di incendioe problemi strutturali specifici.
Lezione del 2 dicembre 2015 al corso di Progettazione Strutturale Antincendio - Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi,
Facolta' di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
Universita' degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
Navigating the Depths The Power of Sewer Camera Inspection.pptxEco 1 Plumbing LLC
Consider the ability to immerse into the concealed recesses of an underground domain, expose the mystery that exist beneath our very feet, all without the need for excavation. This remarkable exploration into the below ground is facilitated by the technological innovation known as 'Sewer Camera Inspection.' Today, we begin on an exceptional journey into the hidden world of sewer systems, revealing their complexity, the hurdles they present, and the indispensable role that state-of-the-art camera technology plays in upholding the integrity of our underground infrastructure.
Fire safety in Office building Literature, net and live case studyIrene Devakirubai
Construction project management in architecture. Fire safety in Office building net and live case study. NBC norms for fire safety. Net case studies -KLK and Pam center malaysia. Live case study - Global infocity.
ANALISI DEL RISCHIO PER LA SICUREZZA NELLE GALLERIE STRADALI.Franco Bontempi
SOMMARIO
Il tema della sicurezza, quando si parla di gallerie stradali, assume ancora più importanza, dato che un banale incidente o un guasto di un veicolo possono degenerare in uno scenario che causa un elevato numero di vittime. Ad esempio, il 24 marzo 1999, 39 persone sono rimaste uccise quando un mezzo pesante che trasportava farina e margarina prese fuoco all’interno del Tunnel del Monte Bianco. Nella prima parte dell’articolo vengono spiegate le fasi logiche che un modello messo a disposizione dalla PIARC/OECD, il Quantitative Risk Assessment Model (QRAM) [1-2], segue nel processo di Assegnazione del Rischio, e come esso ricava i valori dei relativi indicatori. Nella seconda parte dell’articolo, invece, viene mostrata un’applicazione di tale modello su una galleria esistente che si trova nel sud Italia, accompagnata da un’analisi di sensitività sui parametri che influenzano maggiormente il livello di rischio.
RISK ANALYSIS FOR SEVERE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN ROAD TUNNELSFranco Bontempi
IF CRASC’15
III THIRD CONGRESS ON FORENSIC ENGINEERING
VI CONGRESS ON COLLAPSES, RELIABILITY AND RETROFIT OF STRUCTURES
SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME, 14-16 MAY 2015
Appunti sulle modellazioni discrete per ponti e viadotti.
Corso di GESTIONE DI PONTI E GRANDI STRUTTURE, prof. ing. Franco Bontempi, Sapienza Universita' di Roma
PGS - lezione 03 - IMPALCATO DA PONTE E PIASTRE.pdfFranco Bontempi
Appunti su piastre per impalcati di ponti e viadotti.
Corso di GESTIONE DI PONTI E GRANDO STRUTTRE, prof. ing. Franco Bontempi, Sapienza Universita' di Roma
Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
PDF SubmissionDigital Marketing Institute in NoidaPoojaSaini954651
https://www.safalta.com/online-digital-marketing/advance-digital-marketing-training-in-noidaTop Digital Marketing Institute in Noida: Boost Your Career Fast
[3:29 am, 30/05/2024] +91 83818 43552: Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida also provides advanced classes for individuals seeking to develop their expertise and skills in this field. These classes, led by industry experts with vast experience, focus on specific aspects of digital marketing such as advanced SEO strategies, sophisticated content creation techniques, and data-driven analytics.
Can AI do good? at 'offtheCanvas' India HCI preludeAlan Dix
Invited talk at 'offtheCanvas' IndiaHCI prelude, 29th June 2024.
https://www.alandix.com/academic/talks/offtheCanvas-IndiaHCI2024/
The world is being changed fundamentally by AI and we are constantly faced with newspaper headlines about its harmful effects. However, there is also the potential to both ameliorate theses harms and use the new abilities of AI to transform society for the good. Can you make the difference?
Fonts play a crucial role in both User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) design. They affect readability, accessibility, aesthetics, and overall user perception.
Visual Style and Aesthetics: Basics of Visual Design
Visual Design for Enterprise Applications
Range of Visual Styles.
Mobile Interfaces:
Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Design
Approach to Mobile Design
Patterns
White wonder, Work developed by Eva TschoppMansi Shah
White Wonder by Eva Tschopp
A tale about our culture around the use of fertilizers and pesticides visiting small farms around Ahmedabad in Matar and Shilaj.
Approccio sistemico per la sicurezza delle gallerie in caso di incendio
1. Approccio sistemico per la sicurezza
delle gallerie in caso di incendio
e problemi strutturali specifici
Prof. Dr. Ing. Franco Bontempi
Ordinario di Tecnica delle Costruzioni
Facolta’ di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
Universita’ degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
www.francobontempi.org
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1
3. Scopo della presentazione
•
Far vedere gli aspetti piu’ generali della
progettazione strutturale antincendio:
Complessita’ del problema;
Approccio sistemico;
Natura accidentale dell’azione incendio;
Progettazione prestazionale/prescrittiva;
Aspetti specifici delle gallerie stradali.
www.francobontempi.org
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3
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Mechanical ventilation
• “forced” ventilation is required where piston
effect is not sufficient such as in
– congested traffic situations;
– bi-directional tunnels (piston effect is neutralized by
flow of traffic in two opposite directions);
– long tunnels with high traffic volumes.
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TUNNEL VENTILATION SYSTEMS
• Road Tunnel Ventilation Systems have two modes of
operation:
• Normal ventilation, for control of air quality inside tunnels
due to vehicle exhaust emissions:
– in any possible traffic situation, tunnel users and staff must not suffer
any damage to their health regardless the duration of their stay in the
tunnel;
– the necessary visual range must be maintained to allow for safe
stopping.
• Emergency ventilation in case of fire, for smoke control:
– the escape routes must be kept free from smoke to allow for selfrescue;
– the activities of emergency services must be supported by providing
the best possible conditions over a sufficient time period ;
– the extent of damage and injuries (to people, vehicles and the tunnel
structure itself) must be kept to a minimum.
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Longitudinal ventilation system
• employs jet fans suspended under tunnel roof; in
normal operation fresh air is introduced via
tunnel entering portal and polluted air is
discharged from tunnel leaving portal.
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27. Str
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Semi-transverse ventilation system
• employs ceiling plenum connected to central fan
room equipped with axial fans; in normal
operation fresh air is introduced along the tunnel
trough openings in the ventilation plenum while
polluted air is discharged via tunnel portals.
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Transverse ventilation system
• employs double supply and exhaust plenums
connected to central fan rooms equipped with
axial fans; in normal operation fresh air is
introduced and exhausted via openings in
double ventilation plenums.
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Attachments
• Dispersion stack and fan room combined with
longitudinal ventilation: may be required in order
to reduce adverse effect on environment of
discharge of polluted air from tunnel, where
buildings are located in proximity (< 100m) to
tunnel leaving portal.
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Prescrittivo (1)
APPROCCIO
PRESCRITTIVO
APPROCCIO
PRESTAZIONALE
1) BASI DEL PROGETTO,
2) LIVELLI DI SCUREZZA,
3) PRESTAZIONI ATTESE
NON ESPLICITATI
OBIETTIVI
PRESTAZIONALI E
LIVELLI DI
SICUREZZA
ESPLICITATI
1) REGOLE DI
CALCOLO E
2) COMPONENTI
MATERIALI
SPECIFICATI E
DETTAGLIATI
QUALITA' ED AFFIDABILITA'
STRUTTURALI
ASSICURATI IN MODO
INDIRETTO
INSIEME DI
STRUMENTI
LOGICI E
MATERIALI #1
INSIEME DI
STRUMENTI
LOGICI E
MATERIALI #2
INSIEME DI
STRUMENTI
LOGICI E
MATERIALI #3
GARANZIA DIRETTA DELLE PRESTAZIONI
E DELLA SICUREZZA STRUTURALI
40
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Prescrittivo (2)
prescrittivo
Elementi Costituenti
Elementi Costituenti
Elementi Costituenti
Elementi Costituenti
Elementi Costituenti
Elementi Costituenti
Elementi Costituenti
Elementi Costituenti
Requisiti
Requisiti
prestazionale
Requisiti
Requisiti
Elementi Costituenti
Elementi Costituenti
41
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Prestazionale (1)
APPROCCIO
PRESCRITTIVO
APPROCCIO
PRESTAZIONALE
1) BASI DEL PROGETTO,
2) LIVELLI DI SCUREZZA,
3) PRESTAZIONI ATTESE
NON ESPLICITATI
OBIETTIVI
PRESTAZIONALI E
LIVELLI DI
SICUREZZA
ESPLICITATI
1) REGOLE DI
CALCOLO E
2) COMPONENTI
MATERIALI
SPECIFICATI E
DETTAGLIATI
QUALITA' ED AFFIDABILITA'
STRUTTURALI
ASSICURATI IN MODO
INDIRETTO
INSIEME DI
STRUMENTI
LOGICI E
MATERIALI #1
INSIEME DI
STRUMENTI
LOGICI E
MATERIALI #2
INSIEME DI
STRUMENTI
LOGICI E
MATERIALI #3
GARANZIA DIRETTA DELLE PRESTAZIONI
E DELLA SICUREZZA STRUTURALI
42
43. Str
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Prestazionale (2)
prescrittivo
Elementi Costituenti
Elementi Costituenti
Elementi Costituenti
Elementi Costituenti
Elementi Costituenti
Elementi Costituenti
Elementi Costituenti
Elementi Costituenti
Requisiti
Requisiti
prestazionale
Requisiti
Requisiti
Elementi Costituenti
Elementi Costituenti
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START
DEFINIZIONE E DISANIMA
DEGLI OBIETTIVI
INDIVIDUAZIONE DELLE
SOLUZIONI ATTE A
RAGGIUNGERE GLI
OBIETTIVI
ATTIVITA' DI
MODELLAZIONE E MISURA
GIUDIZIO DELLE
PRESTAZIONI
RISULTANTI
No
Yes
END
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livello
1
OBIETTIVI
livello
2
ESPLICITAZIONE DEGLI
OBIETTIVI ATTRAVERSO
L'INDIVIDUAZIONE DI n
PRESTAZIONI;
ordinatamente, per ciascuna di
esse, i =1,..n:
C
DEFINIZIONE DELLA
PERFORMANCE i-esima
CRITERIO (QUANTITA')
CHE MISURA
LA PERFORMANCE i-esima
LIMITI DELLA
PERFORMANCE i-esima
B
livello
3
DEFINIZIONE
DELLA
SOLUZIONE
STRUTTURALE
livello
4
VERIFICA
DELLE
CAPACITA'
PRESTAZIONALI
RISPETTO DI
PRESCRIZIONI
MODELLI
NUMERICI
A
NO
ESITO
MODELLI
FISICI
47
SI'
48. livello
1
OBIETTIVI
livello
2
ESPLICITAZIONE DEGLI
OBIETTIVI ATTRAVERSO
L'INDIVIDUAZIONE DI n
PRESTAZIONI;
ordinatamente, per ciascuna di
esse, i =1,..n:
C
DEFINIZIONE DELLA
PERFORMANCE i-esima
CRITERIO (QUANTITA')
CHE MISURA
LA PERFORMANCE i-esima
LIMITI DELLA
PERFORMANCE i-esima
B
livello
3
DEFINIZIONE
DELLA
SOLUZIONE
STRUTTURALE
livello
4
VERIFICA
DELLE
CAPACITA'
PRESTAZIONALI
RISPETTO DI
PRESCRIZIONI
MODELLI
NUMERICI
A
NO
ESITO
MODELLI
FISICI
SI'
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55. www.francobontempi.org
Factors for Coupling
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time
tK
TERMAL
STATE
(Temperature Field
and Termic Related
Properties)
MECHANICAL
STATE
(Strain and Stress
Fields and
Mechanical related
Properties)
INFORMATION
FLOW DIRECTION
55
56. time
tK
time
tK
time
tK
time
tK
TERMAL
STATE
(Temperature Field
and Termic Related
Properties)
TERMAL
STATE
(Temperature Field
and Termic Related
Properties)
TERMAL
STATE
(Temperature Field
and Termic Related
Properties)
TERMAL
STATE
(Temperature Field
and Termic Related
Properties)
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Fully Coupled Scheme
Str
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MECHANICAL
STATE
(Strain and Stress
Fields and
Mechanical related
Properties)
MECHANICAL
STATE
(Strain and Stress
Fields and
Mechanical related
Properties)
MECHANICAL
STATE
(Strain and Stress
Fields and
Mechanical related
Properties)
MECHANICAL
STATE
(Strain and Stress
Fields and
Mechanical related
Properties)
56
57. time
tK
time
tK
time
tK
time
tK
TERMAL
STATE
(Temperature Field
and Termic Related
Properties)
TERMAL
STATE
(Temperature Field
and Termic Related
Properties)
TERMAL
STATE
(Temperature Field
and Termic Related
Properties)
TERMAL
STATE
(Temperature Field
and Termic Related
Properties)
www.francobontempi.org
Staggered Coupled Scheme
Str
o N
GER
MECHANICAL
STATE
(Strain and Stress
Fields and
Mechanical related
Properties)
MECHANICAL
STATE
(Strain and Stress
Fields and
Mechanical related
Properties)
MECHANICAL
STATE
(Strain and Stress
Fields and
Mechanical related
Properties)
MECHANICAL
STATE
(Strain and Stress
Fields and
Mechanical related
Properties)
57
58. time
tK
time
tK
time
tK
time
tK
TERMAL
STATE
(Temperature Field
and Termic Related
Properties)
TERMAL
STATE
(Temperature Field
and Termic Related
Properties)
TERMAL
STATE
(Temperature Field
and Termic Related
Properties)
TERMAL
STATE
(Temperature Field
and Termic Related
Properties)
www.francobontempi.org
Temperature Driven Scheme
Str
o N
GER
MECHANICAL
STATE
(Strain and Stress
Fields and
Mechanical related
Properties)
MECHANICAL
STATE
(Strain and Stress
Fields and
Mechanical related
Properties)
MECHANICAL
STATE
(Strain and Stress
Fields and
Mechanical related
Properties)
MECHANICAL
STATE
(Strain and Stress
Fields and
Mechanical related
Properties)
58
59. time
tK
time
tK
time
tK
time
tK
TERMAL
STATE
(Temperature Field
and Termic Related
Properties)
TERMAL
STATE
(Temperature Field
and Termic Related
Properties)
TERMAL
STATE
(Temperature Field
and Termic Related
Properties)
TERMAL
STATE
(Temperature Field
and Termic Related
Properties)
www.francobontempi.org
Scheme With No Memory
Str
o N
GER
MECHANICAL
STATE
(Strain and Stress
Fields and
Mechanical related
Properties)
MECHANICAL
STATE
(Strain and Stress
Fields and
Mechanical related
Properties)
MECHANICAL
STATE
(Strain and Stress
Fields and
Mechanical related
Properties)
MECHANICAL
STATE
(Strain and Stress
Fields and
Mechanical related
Properties)
59
65. RELIABILITY
A way to assess
the dependability of a system
ATTRIBUTES
AVAILABILITY
MAINTAINABILITY
SAFETY
the trustworthiness
of a system which allows
reliance to be justifiably placed
on the service it delivers
SECURITY
INTEGRITY
DEPENDABILITY
of
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS
www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
GER
High level / active
performance
FAULT
THREATS
An understanding of the things
that can affect the dependability
of a system
ERROR
FAILURE
Low level / passive
performance
it is a defect and represents a
potential cause of error, active or dormant
the system is in an incorrect state:
it may or may not cause failure
permanent interruption of a system ability
to perform a required function
under specified operating conditions
FAULT TOLERANT
DESIGN
FAULT DETECTION
MEANS
FAULT DIAGNOSIS
ways to increase
the dependability of a system
Visions, I., Laprie, J.C., Randell,
B.,
Dependability and its threats:
a taxonomy,
18th IFIP
World Computer Congress,
65
FAULT MANAGING
Toulouse (France) 2004.
66. RELIABILITY
www.francobontempi.org
Structural Robustness (1)
Str
o N
GER
AVAILABILITY
ATTRIBUTE
S
MAINTAINABILITY
SAFETY
SECURITY
INTEGRITY
FAULT
THREATS
ERROR
FAILURE
it is a defect and represents a
potential cause of error, active or dormant
the system is in an incorrect state:
it may or may not cause failure
permanent interruption of a system ability
66
66
to perform a required function
under specified operating conditions
67. • Capacity of a construction to show a
regular decrease of its structural quality
due to negative causes. It implies:
a) some smoothness of the decrease of
structural performance due to
negative events (intensive feature);
b) some limited spatial spread of the
rupture (extensive feature).
67
www.francobontempi.org
Structural Robustness (2)
Str
o N
GER
68. 1st level:
Material
Point
3rd level:
Structural
Element
4th level:
Structural
System
2nd level:
Element
Section
Structural Robustness
Assessment
Usual ULS & SLS
Verification Format
www.francobontempi.org
Levels of Structural Crisis
Str
o N
GER
68
69. STRUCTURE
& LOADS
Collapse
Mechanism
NO SWAY
SWAY
“IMPLOSION”
OF THE
STRUCTURE
www.francobontempi.org
Bad vs Good Collapses
Str
o N
GER
is a process in which
objects are destroyed by
collapsing on themselves
“EXPLOSION”
OF THE
STRUCTURE
is a process
69
NOT CONFINED
79. Str
o N
GER
www.francobontempi.org
Sintesi dei risultati: elemento critico
0
4
Lo scenario D4
è quello più cattivo:
l’elemento strutturale
critico individuato è la
colonna più esterna!
79
82. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
GER
Scenari di danneggiamento
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
(1 asta
eliminata)
(3 aste
eliminate)
(5 aste
eliminate)
(7 aste
eliminate)
82
89. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
GER
Aspetti caratteristici dell’incendio
• Carattere estensivo
(diffusione nello spazio):
1.wildfire
2.urbanfire
3.all’esterno di una costruzione
4.all’interno di una costruzione
• Carattere intensivo
(andamento nel tempo).
• Natura accidentale.
89
95. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
GER
Fire Safety Strategies
prevention
protection
active
Limit ignition
sources
Limit hazardous
human behavior
Emergency
procedure and
evacuation
Detection measures
(smoke, heat, flame
detectors)
Suppression
measures (sprinklers,
fire extinguisher,
standpipes, firemen)
Smoke and heat
evacuation system
systemic
F
L
A
S
H
O
V
E
R
robustness
passive
Create fire
compartments
Prevent damage
in the elements
Prevent loss of
functionality in
the building
Prevent the
propagation of
collapse, once
local damages
occurred (e.g.
redundancy)
structural
95
110. HPLC vs LPHC events
HPLC
LPHC
High Probability Low Probability
Low
High
Consequences Consequences
release of energy
numbers of breakdown
people involved
nonlinearity
interactions
uncertainty
decomposability
course predictability
SMALL
SMALL
FEW
WEAK
WEAK
WEAK
LARGE
LARGE
MANY
STRONG
STRONG
STRONG
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
110
112. www.francobontempi.org
Str
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Italian Code for Constructions
D.M. 14 settembre 2005
CAPITOLO 2:
SICUREZZA
E
PRESTAZONI
ATTESE
DOMANDA
PRODOTTO
CAPITOLO 5:
NORME
SULLE
COSTRUZIONI
CAPITOLO 3:
AZIONI
AMBIENTALI
QUALITA’
CAPITOLO 4:
AZIONI
ACCIDENTALI
CAPITOLO 6:
AZIONI
ANTROPICHE
CAPITOLO 7:
NORME PER LE
OPERE
INTERAGENTI
CON I TERRENI E
CON LE ROCCE,
PER GLI
INTERVENTI NEI
TERRENI E PER
LA SICUREZZA
DEI PENDII
CAPITOLO 9:
NORME
SULLE
COSTRUZIONI
ESISTENTI
CONTROLLO
CAPITOLO 11:
MATERIALI
E
PRODOTTI
PER USO
STRUTTURALE
CAPITOLO 8:
COLLAUDO
STATICO
CAPITOLO 10:
NORME PER LA
REDAZIONI DEI
PROGETTI
ESECUTIVI
112
113. www.francobontempi.org
Str
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Scenari (D.M. 14 settembre 2005)
Il Progettista, a seguito della classificazione e della caratterizzazione delle azioni,
deve individuare le possibili situazioni contingenti in cui le azioni possono
cimentare l’opera stessa. A tal fine, è definito:
lo scenario: un insieme organizzato e realistico di situazioni in cui l’opera
potrà trovarsi durante la vita utile di progetto;
lo scenario di carico: un insieme organizzato e realistico di azioni che
cimentano la struttura;
lo scenario di contingenza: l’identificazione di uno stato plausibile e
coerente per l’opera, in cui un insieme di azioni (scenario di carico) è
applicato su una configurazione strutturale.
Per ciascuno stato limite considerato devono essere individuati scenari di carico
(ovvero insiemi organizzati e coerenti nello spazio e nel tempo di azioni) che
rappresentino le combinazioni delle azioni realisticamente possibili e
verosimilmente più restrittive.
113
125. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
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Smoke development
• A smoke layer may be created in tunnels at the early stages
of a fire with essentially no longitudinal ventilation. However,
the smoke layer will gradually descend further from the fire.
• If the tunnel is very long, the smoke layer may descend to the
tunnel surface at a specific distance from the fire depending
on the fire size, tunnel type, and the perimeter and height of
the tunnel cross section.
• When the longitudinal ventilation is gradually increased, the
stratified layer will gradually dissolve.
• A backlayering of smoke is created on the upstream side of
the fire.
• Downstream from the fire there is a degree of stratification of
the smoke that is governed by the heat losses to the
surrounding walls and by the turbulent mixing between the
buoyant smoke layers and the normally opposite moving cold
layer.
125
135. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
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Emergency ventilation with
longitudinal system
• It can be employed in unidirectional, medium length
tunnels, with free flowing traffic conditions. Smoke is
mechanically exhausted in direction of traffic circulation,
clear tenable conditions for escape are obtained on
upstream side of fire.
135
140. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
GER
Emergency ventilation with semitransverse “point extraction” system
• Smoke is mechanically exhausted from single ceiling
opening (reverse mode) leaving clear tenable escape
conditions on both sides of fire.
140
142. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
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Observation: goal
• The purpose of controlling the spread of smoke
is to keep people as long as possible in a
smoke-free environment.
• This means that the smoke stratification must be
kept intact, leaving a more or less clear and
breathable air underneath the smoke layer.
• The stratified smoke is taken out of the tunnel
through exhaust openings located in the ceiling
or at the top of the sidewalls.
142
143. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
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Observation: longitudinal velocity
• With practically zero longitudinal air velocity, the
smoke layer expands to both sides of the fire.
The smoke spreads in a stratified way for up to
10 min.
• After this initial phase, smoke begins to mix over
the entire cross section, unless by this time the
extraction is in full operation.
• The longitudinal velocity of the tunnel air must
be below 2 m/s in the vicinity of the fire
incidence zone. With higher velocities, the
vertical turbulence in the shear layer between
smoke and fresh air quickly cools the upper
layer and the smoke then mixes over the entire
143
cross section.
144. www.francobontempi.org
Str
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Observations: turbulence
• With an air velocity of around 2 m/s, most of the
smoke of a medium-size fire spreads to one side
of the fire (limited backlayering) and starts
mixing over the whole cross section at a
distance of 400 to 600 m downstream of the fire
site. This mixing over the cross section can also
be prevented if the smoke extraction is activated
early enough.
• Vehicles standing in the longitudinal air flow
increase strongly the vertical turbulence and
encourage the vertical mixing of the smoke.
144
145. www.francobontempi.org
Str
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Observation: fresh air
• In a transverse ventilation system, the fresh air
jets entering the tunnel at the floor level induce a
rotation of the longitudinal airflow, which tends to
bring the smoke layer down to the road.
• No fresh air is to be injected from the ceiling in a
zone with smoke because this increases the
amount of smoke and tends to suppress the
stratification.
145
146. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
GER
Observation: smoke extraction
• In reversible semi-transverse ventilation with the
duct at the ceiling, the fresh air is added through
ceiling openings in normal ventilation operation.
• If a fire occurs, as long as fresh air is supplied
through ceiling openings, the smoke quantity
increases by this amount and strong jets tend to
bring the smoke down to the road surface. The
conversion of the duct from supply to extraction
must be done as quickly as possible.
146
147. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
GER
Observation: traffic conditions
• For a tunnel with one-way traffic, designed for
queues (an urban area), the ventilation design
must take into consideration that cars can likely
stand to both sides of the fire because of the
traffic. In urban areas it is usual to find stop-andgo traffic situations.
• For a tunnel with two-way traffic, where the
vehicles run in both directions, it must be taken
into consideration that in the event of a fire
vehicles will generally be trapped on both sides
of the fire.
147
149. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
GER
Smoke extraction
• Continuous extraction into a return air duct is
needed to remove a stratified smoke layer out of
the tunnel without disturbing the stratification.
• The traditional way to extract smoke is to use
small ceiling openings distributed at short
intervals throughout the tunnel.
• Another efficient way to remove smoke quickly
out of the traffic space is to install large openings
with remotely controlled dampers. They are
normally in an open position where equal
extraction is taking place over the whole tunnel
length.
149
150. Tunnel with a single-point
extraction system
The usual way to control the longitudinal velocity is to provide several
independent ventilation sections.
When a tunnel has several ventilation sections, a certain longitudinal
velocity in the fire section can be maintained by a suitable operation of the
individual air ducts.
By reversing the fan operation in the exhaust air duct, this duct can be
150
used to supply air and vice versa.
www.francobontempi.org
Str
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GER
170. www.francobontempi.org
Str
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3/22/2011
Design Process - ISO 13387
A. Design constraints and possibilities
(blue),
B. Action definition and development
(red),
C. Passive system and active response
(yellow),
D. Safety and performance
(purple).
170
174. No
www.francobontempi.org
FIRE DETECTION
& SUPPRESSION
Str
o N
GER
STRUCTURAL
CONCEPTION
Yes
threats
No
STRUCTURAL
TOPOLOGY
&
GEOMETRY
passive
structural
char acteristics
Yes
threats
No
STRUCTURAL
MATERIAL
& PARTS
active
structural
characteristics
Yes
threats
No
Yes
threats
No
FIRE DETECTION
& SUPPRESSION
active
structural
char acteristics
Yes
threats
No
ORGANIZATION &
FIREFIGHTERS
ORGANIZATION &
FIREFIGHTERS
Yes
threats
No
alive
structural
char acteristics
MAINTENANCE
& USE
Yes
threats
No
Yes
threats
No
alive
structural
characteristics
MAINTENANCE
& USE
Yes
threats
No
3/22/2011
PROGETTAZIONE STRUTTURALE
ANTINCENDIO
174
174
180. Fire safety concepts tree (NFPA)
1
1
Strategie per
la gestione
dell'incendio
2
2
3
Gestione
dell'evento
Prevenzione
4
Gestione
dell'incendio
3
15
Gestione delle
persone e
dei beni
16
Difesa sul posto
4
18
Disposibilità
delle vie
di fuga
5
6
7
8
9
17
Spostamento
5
Controllo
della quantità
di
combustibile
10
Soppressione
dell'incendio
11
Automatica
6
Controllo dei
materiali
presenti
13
Controllo
dell'incendio
attraverso il
progetto
19
Far avvenire
il deflusso
Buchanan, 2002
www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
GER
12
Manuale
7
Controllo
del movimento
dell'incendio
8
Ventilazione
14
Resistenza e
stabilità
strutturale
9
Contenimento
180
181. Fire safety concepts tree (NFPA)
1
1
Strategie per
la gestione
dell'incendio
2
2
3
Gestione
dell'evento
Prevenzione
4
Gestione
dell'incendio
3
15
Gestione delle
persone e
dei beni
16
Difesa sul posto
4
18
Disposibilità
delle vie
di fuga
5
6
7
8
9
17
Spostamento
5
Controllo
della quantità
di
combustibile
10
Soppressione
dell'incendio
11
Automatica
6
Controllo dei
materiali
presenti
13
Controllo
dell'incendio
attraverso il
progetto
19
Far avvenire
il deflusso
Buchanan, 2002
www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
GER
12
Manuale
7
Controllo
del movimento
dell'incendio
8
Ventilazione
14
Resistenza e
stabilità
strutturale
9
Contenimento
181
182. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
GER
Basis of tunnel fire safety design
• The first priority identified in the literature for fire
design of all tunnels is to ensure:
1. Prevention of critical events that may endanger
human life, the environment, and the tunnel structure
and installations.
2. Self-rescue of people present in the tunnel at time of
the fire.
3. Effective action by the rescue forces.
4. Protection of the environment.
5. Limitation of the material and structural damage.
• Furthermore, part of the objective is to reduce
the consequences and minimize the economic
loss caused by fires.
182
186. Str
o N
GER
www.francobontempi.org
Option 1 Risk avoidance, which usually means not
proceeding to continue with the system; this is not
always a feasible option, but may be the only
course of action if the hazard or their probability of
occurrence or both are particularly serious;
Option 2 Risk reduction, either through (a) reducing the
probability of occurrence of some events, or (b)
through reduction in the severity of the
consequences, such as downsizing the system, or
(c) putting in place control measures;
Option 3 Risk transfer, where insurance or other financial
mechanisms can be put in place to share or
completely transfer the financial risk to other
parties; this is not a feasible option where the
primary consequences are not financial;
Option 4 Risk acceptance, even when it exceeds the criteria,
but perhaps only for a limited time until other
186
measures can be taken.
191. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
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RISK
ANALYSIS
SCENARIOS
DEFINE SYSTEM
(the system is usually decomposed into
a number of smaller subsystems and/or
components)
HAZARD SCENARIO ANALYSIS
(what can go wrong?
how can it happen?
waht controls exist?)
ESTIMATE
CONSEQUENCES
(magnitude)
ESTIMATE
PROBABILITIES
(of occurrences)
DEFINE
RISK SCENARIOS
SENSITIVITY
ANALYSIS
FIRE
EVENT
191
194. www.francobontempi.org
Str
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EVENT TREE
Triggering
event
Fire
ignition
Fire
location
1. Fire
extinguished
by personnel
2. Intrusion of
fire fighters
3. Fire
suppression
Scenario
A1
YES (P1)
AREA A
(PA)
NO (1-P1)
Arson
YES (P2)
A2
YES (P3)
NO (1-P3)
A3
NO (1-P2)
A4
YES (P3)
NO (1-P3)
A5
Short
circuit
B1
YES (P1)
Explosion
AREA B
(PB)
NO (1-P1)
Cigarette
fire
YES (P2)
B2
YES (P3)
NO (1-P3)
B3
NO (1-P2)
B4
YES (P3)
NO (1-P3)
B5
Other
C1
YES (P1)
AREA C
(PC)
PREPARAZIONE
NO (1-P1)
YES (P2)
C2
YES (P3)
NO (1-P3)
C3
EVOLUZIONE
NO (1-P2)
YES (P3)
NO (1-P3)
C4
194
C5
195. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
GER
NUMERICAL
MODELING
SIMULATIONS
DEFINE SYSTEM
(the system is usually decomposed into
a number of smaller subsystems and/or
components)
HAZARD SCENARIO ANALYSIS
(what can go wrong?
how can it happen?
waht controls exist?)
ESTIMATE
CONSEQUENCES
(magnitude)
RISK
ANALYSIS
ESTIMATE
PROBABILITIES
(of occurrences)
DEFINE
RISK SCENARIOS
SENSITIVITY
ANALYSIS
195
199. Str
o N
GER
www.francobontempi.org
F (frequency) – N (number of fatalities) curve
• An F–N curve is an alternative way of describing
the risk associated with loss of lives.
• An F–N curve shows the frequency (i.e. the
expected number) of accident events with at
least N fatalities, where the axes normally are
logarithmic.
• The F–N curve describes risk related to largescale accidents, and is thus especially suited for
characterizing societal risk.
199
202. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
GER
Risk acceptance – ALARP (1)
RISK MAGNITUDE
INTOLERABLE
REGION
As
Low
As
Reasonably
Practicable
BROADLY ACCEPTABLE
REGION
Risk cannot be justified
in any circumstances
Tolerable only if risk
reduction is impracticable
or if its cost is greatly
disproportionate to the
improvement gained
Tolerable if cost of
reduction would exceed
the improvements gained
As
Low
As
Reasonably
Achievable
Necessary to maintain
assurance that the risk
remains at this level
202
206. Str
o N
GER
www.francobontempi.org
Monetary values – cost of human life (!)
What is the maximum amount the society (or the
decisionmaker) is willing to pay to reduce
the expected number of fatalities by 1?
Typical numbers for the value of a statistical life used in
cost-benefit analysis are 1–10 million euros.
206
210. Str
o N
GER
www.francobontempi.org
Types of fire exposure
for tunnel analysis
Cellulosic
RABT-ZTV train
Hydrocarbon
RABT-ZTV car
Hydrocarbon modified
RWS
1400
1200
Temperature (°C)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
30
60
90
Time (min.)
120
150
180
210
211. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
GER
Cellulosic curve
• Defined in various national standards, e.g. ISO 834, BS 476: part 20, DIN
4102, AS 1530 etc.
• This curve is the lowest used in normal practice.
• It is based on the burning rate of the materials found in general building
211
materials.
212. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
GER
Hydrocarbon (HC) curve
• Although the cellulosic curve has been in use for many years, it soon became
apparent that the burning rates for certain materials e.g. petrol gas, chemicals
etc, were well in excess of the rate at which for instance, timber would burn.
• The hydrocarbon curve is applicable where small petroleum fires might occur,
i.e. car fuel tanks, petrol or oil tankers, certain chemical tankers etc.
212
213. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
GER
Hydrocarbon mod. (HCM) curve
• Increased version of the hydrocarbon curve, prescribed by the French
regulations.
• The maximum temperature of the HCM curve is 1300ºC instead of the
1100ºC, standard HC curve.
• However, the temperature gradient in the first few minutes of the HCM fire is
as severe as all hydrocarbon based fires possibly causing a temperature
shock to the surrounding concrete structure and concrete spalling as a result
213
of it.
214. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
GER
RABT ZTV curves
RABT-ZTV (train)
Time (minutes) T (°C)
0
15
5
1200
60
1200
170
15
RABT-ZTV (car)
Time (minutes) T (°C)
0
15
5
1200
30
1200
140
15
• The RABT curve was developed in Germany as a result of a series of test
programs such as the EUREKA project. In the RABT curve, the temperature
rise is very rapid up to 1200°C within 5 minutes.
• The failure criteria for specimens exposed to the RABT-ZTV time-temperature
curve is that the temperature of the reinforcement should not exceed 300°C.
There is no requirement for a maximum interface temperature.
214
215. www.francobontempi.org
Str
o N
GER
RWS (Rijkswaterstaat) curve
RWS,
RijksWaterStaat
Time
T
(minutes)
(°C)
0
20
3
890
5
1140
10
1200
30
1300
60
1350
90
1300
120
1200
180
1200
• The RWS curve was developed by the Ministry of Transport in the
Netherlands. This curve is based on the assumption that in a worst case
scenario, a 50 m³ fuel, oil or petrol, tanker fire with a fire load of 300MW could
occur, lasting up to 120 minutes.
• The failure criteria for specimens is that the temperature of the interface
between the concrete and the fire protective lining should not exceed 380°C
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and the temperature on the reinforcement should not exceed 250°C.
218. www.francobontempi.org
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Lönnermark, A. and Ingason, H., “Large Scale Fire Tests in the Runehamar
tunnel – gas temperature and Radiation”,
Proceedings of the International Seminar on Catastrophic Tunnel Fires,
Borås, Sweden, 20-21 November 2003.
218
223. www.francobontempi.org
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Mechanical Analysis
• The mechanical analysis shall be performed for the
same duration as used in the temperature analysis.
• Verification of fire resistance should be in:
– in the strength domain:
Rfi,d,t ≥ Efi,requ,t
(resistance at time t ≥ load effects at time t);
– in the time domain:
tfi,d ≥ tfi,requ
(design value of time fire resistance ≥
time required)
– In the temperature domain:
Td ≤ Tcr
(design value of the material temperature ≤
critical material temperature);
223
237. Spalling
Spalling is an umbrella term, covering different damage phenomena
that may occur to a concrete structure during fire. These phenomena
are caused by different mechanisms:
•Pore pressure rises due to evaporating water when the temperature rises;
•Compression of the heated surface due to a thermal gradient in the cross
section;
•Internal cracking due to difference in thermal expansion between
aggregate and cement paste;
•Cracking due to difference in thermal expansion/deformation between
concrete and reinforcement bars;
•Strength loss due to chemical transitions during heating.
www.francobontempi.org
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237
238. Spalling criteria (literature review)
• Explosive spalling occurs during the first 20-30 minutes of the
standard cellulosic and hydrocarbon fire curves.
• After the 2nd minute of a typical hydrocarbon exposure, spalling can
occur in high strength concretes with polypropylene fibres and in
concretes with high moisture content independent of the type of
standard curve. Also, concretes with high moisture content can
suffer spalling after the 3rd minute of exposure.
• External temperature increments between 20-30ºC/min are typical
in the occurrence of explosive spalling.
• Temperature increments of more than 3ºC/min are enough for the
occurrence of explosive spalling.
• Concrete external layers can be released from concrete members
when these reach temperatures between 250 - 420ºC; 375 - 425ºC.
www.francobontempi.org
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238
247. www.francobontempi.org
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Resilience
• Resilience is defined as
“the positive ability of a system or
company to adapt itself to the
consequences of a catastrophic failure
caused by power outage, a fire, a bomb
or similar event”
or as
"the ability of a system to cope with
change".
247
252. StroNGER S.r.l.
Research Spin-off for Structures of the Next Generation:
Energy Harvesting and Resilience
Roma – Milano – Terni – Atene - Nice Cote Azur
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www.stronger2012.com
Sede operativa: Via Giacomo Peroni 442-444, Tecnopolo Tiburtino,
00131 Roma (ITALY) - info@stronger2012.com
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