IF CRASC'15 - Roma, 14-16 maggio 2015.
The safety in road tunnels is a very delicate issue, since that a minor accident or a failure of a vehicle can degenerate into scenarios that can lead to a high number of victims. For example, on the 24 March 1999, 39 people died when a Belgian HGV carrying flour and margarine caught fire in the Mont Blanc Tunnel.
In the first part of this study has been summarized the operation logic of a specific model for the risk analysis, the PIARC/OECD Quantitative Risk Assessment Model, and how it derives risk indicators. In the second part, a comprehensive risk analysis is performed in a long tunnel in South Italy, accounting for multifaceted aspects and parameters. The analysis is integrated with a sensitivity analysis on specific parameters that have an influence on the risk.
The section 2 of this paper describes the tunnel San Demetrio on which was carried out risk analysis applying the PIARC/OECD QRA model, and in the section 3 are reported the main analysis results. In section 4, conclusions regard to risk analysis applied to real case and about the sensitivity analysis are reported. In particular, the sensitivity analysis has highlighted the most influential parameters in the model.
Parte de la información sobre el sistema de Roadroid para recoger datos de rugosidad de las carreteras (IRI) utilizando un teléfono inteligente - y proyectos de referencia que estamos haciendo.
Detailed description of Capacity and Level of service of Multi lane highways based on Highway Capacity Manual (HCM2010) along with one example for finding LOS of a highway
Calculo de deformaciones por fatiga en mezclas asfaltica. Programa para estimar las deformaciones por fatica en la fibra inferior de mezclas asfalticas
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is the modern technique implemented in many developed countries and is under implementation in developing countries like india.This presentation gives a brief idea about ITS.
Don't waste time and money on one-off autonomy projects. Make certain every autonomy project is scalable, and moves you closer to the future goal of a fully autonomous mine.
Parte de la información sobre el sistema de Roadroid para recoger datos de rugosidad de las carreteras (IRI) utilizando un teléfono inteligente - y proyectos de referencia que estamos haciendo.
Detailed description of Capacity and Level of service of Multi lane highways based on Highway Capacity Manual (HCM2010) along with one example for finding LOS of a highway
Calculo de deformaciones por fatiga en mezclas asfaltica. Programa para estimar las deformaciones por fatica en la fibra inferior de mezclas asfalticas
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is the modern technique implemented in many developed countries and is under implementation in developing countries like india.This presentation gives a brief idea about ITS.
Don't waste time and money on one-off autonomy projects. Make certain every autonomy project is scalable, and moves you closer to the future goal of a fully autonomous mine.
Radar Technologies For Automotive 2018 report by Yole Développement Yole Developpement
How will radar sensor technology shape the cars of the future? Prepare for the automotive sensor industry’s golden age, in which radar will be increasingly viewed as a key technology for autonomous vehicles.
AUTOMOTIVE IS EXPERIENCING AN EXPLOSION OF NEW HIGH-TECH APPLICATIONS
Automatic emergency braking, adaptive cruise control, and lane-change assist are some examples of these new applications. Spurred by the New Car Assessment Program, OEMs are designing cars with numerous sensors that enable applications like these. And since most of these new applications are safety-related, the sensors must be highly accurate. This means very tight specifications for object detection and classification, as well as being ultra-reliable: operable in every weather condition, in poor lighting, near or far, and with a wide field of view. Radar technology is well-suited to fulfill most of these requirements. We say “most” because object classification is not currently possible with radar, but certain companies are moving quickly to unlock this capability in imaging radar.
Radar has an impressive technology roadmap allowing for huge resolution improvement as well as device miniaturization and cost reduction. Despite small growth (~3%) in global car sales until 2022, Yole Développement expects an average growth rate of 25% for radar module sales, and an average growth rate of 22% for radar chip sales over the next five years - with autonomous driving being the next long-term driver for radar technology growth.
More information on that report at http://www.i-micronews.com/reports.html
A Tech-driven Engineering Case on the Current Trends in the Transportation Domain as well as some of the State-of-the-art Principles that can be applied to enhance the Current Transportation System.
LANE CHANGE DETECTION AND TRACKING FOR A SAFE-LANE APPROACH IN REAL TIME VISI...cscpconf
Image sequences recorded with cameras mounted in a moving vehicle provide information
about the vehicle’s environment which has to be analysed in order to really support the driver
in actual traffic situations. One type of information is the lane structure surrounding the vehicle.
Therefore, driver assistance functions which make explicit use of the lane structure represented
by lane borders and lane markings is to be analysed. Lane analysis is performed on the road
region to remove road pixels. Only lane markings are the interests for the lane detection
process. Once the lane boundaries are located, the possible edge pixels are scanned to
continuously obtain the lane model. The developed system can reduce the complexity of vision
data processing and meet the real time requirements.
This presentation gives you a description of Total Fleet Management. TFM is a multi-purpose based solution developed by DATIK®, integrating the following services:
- Telematics
- Security
- Operational control
- Services to passenger
• Il corso considera i problemi di sicurezza, di analisi e di progettazione strutturale delle costruzioni soggette ad azioni accidentali e scenari estremi, con particolare riguardo all’azione incendio. Specifica attenzione è data alle opere in acciaio e in conglomerato armato.
Sono considerati inoltre problemi speciali come: analisi di rischio, modellazione del movimento delle persone in situazioni d’incendio, gallerie soggette a incendio, processi di demolizione controllata di costruzioni, analisi degli incidenti, investigazioni sulle cause e sullo sviluppo degli eventi accidentali, back-analysis, ingegneria forense.
Radar Technologies For Automotive 2018 report by Yole Développement Yole Developpement
How will radar sensor technology shape the cars of the future? Prepare for the automotive sensor industry’s golden age, in which radar will be increasingly viewed as a key technology for autonomous vehicles.
AUTOMOTIVE IS EXPERIENCING AN EXPLOSION OF NEW HIGH-TECH APPLICATIONS
Automatic emergency braking, adaptive cruise control, and lane-change assist are some examples of these new applications. Spurred by the New Car Assessment Program, OEMs are designing cars with numerous sensors that enable applications like these. And since most of these new applications are safety-related, the sensors must be highly accurate. This means very tight specifications for object detection and classification, as well as being ultra-reliable: operable in every weather condition, in poor lighting, near or far, and with a wide field of view. Radar technology is well-suited to fulfill most of these requirements. We say “most” because object classification is not currently possible with radar, but certain companies are moving quickly to unlock this capability in imaging radar.
Radar has an impressive technology roadmap allowing for huge resolution improvement as well as device miniaturization and cost reduction. Despite small growth (~3%) in global car sales until 2022, Yole Développement expects an average growth rate of 25% for radar module sales, and an average growth rate of 22% for radar chip sales over the next five years - with autonomous driving being the next long-term driver for radar technology growth.
More information on that report at http://www.i-micronews.com/reports.html
A Tech-driven Engineering Case on the Current Trends in the Transportation Domain as well as some of the State-of-the-art Principles that can be applied to enhance the Current Transportation System.
LANE CHANGE DETECTION AND TRACKING FOR A SAFE-LANE APPROACH IN REAL TIME VISI...cscpconf
Image sequences recorded with cameras mounted in a moving vehicle provide information
about the vehicle’s environment which has to be analysed in order to really support the driver
in actual traffic situations. One type of information is the lane structure surrounding the vehicle.
Therefore, driver assistance functions which make explicit use of the lane structure represented
by lane borders and lane markings is to be analysed. Lane analysis is performed on the road
region to remove road pixels. Only lane markings are the interests for the lane detection
process. Once the lane boundaries are located, the possible edge pixels are scanned to
continuously obtain the lane model. The developed system can reduce the complexity of vision
data processing and meet the real time requirements.
This presentation gives you a description of Total Fleet Management. TFM is a multi-purpose based solution developed by DATIK®, integrating the following services:
- Telematics
- Security
- Operational control
- Services to passenger
• Il corso considera i problemi di sicurezza, di analisi e di progettazione strutturale delle costruzioni soggette ad azioni accidentali e scenari estremi, con particolare riguardo all’azione incendio. Specifica attenzione è data alle opere in acciaio e in conglomerato armato.
Sono considerati inoltre problemi speciali come: analisi di rischio, modellazione del movimento delle persone in situazioni d’incendio, gallerie soggette a incendio, processi di demolizione controllata di costruzioni, analisi degli incidenti, investigazioni sulle cause e sullo sviluppo degli eventi accidentali, back-analysis, ingegneria forense.
Corso RESISTENZA AL FUOCO - Ordine degli Ingegneri della Provincia di PordenoneFranco Bontempi
Pordenone - Casa dello Studente “A. Zanussi”
Venerdì 30 maggio 2014 (ore 9.00/13.00 - 14.30/18.30)
Sabato 31 maggio 2014 (ore 9.00/13.00)
durata 12 ore
Per l’iniziativa è stata presentata la richiesta di autorizzazione per il riconoscimento
dell’aggiornamento obbligatorio per gli iscritti negli elenchi del Ministero dell’Interno di cui
all’art.7 del D.M. 5 agosto 2011. Per ottenere l’aggiornamento è necessaria la presenza
all’intero evento. La partecipazione consentirà di acquisire 12 cfp per gli ingegneri iscritti agli albi.
L’iniziativa è organizzata dall’Ordine degli Ingegneri della Provincia di Pordenone con la
collaborazione di StroNGER S.r.l.
StroNGER S.r.l. è uno spin-off di ricerca che opera come anello di collegamento tra la ricerca
applicativa e il settore operativo dell’Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale.
http://www.isiformazione.it/ita/pop_det_evento.asp?IDEdizione=99&CodOrdine=ING-PN
Validazione di sistemi di continuità per strutture prefabbricateFranco Bontempi
Il presente lavoro raccoglie parte degli studi sperimentali e numerici atti a validare il sistema di connessione sismo-resistente (“Connessione di Continuità RS”) brevettato da B.S. Italia. Tale sistema di connessione è stato progettato per il trasferimento diretto delle forze tra barre di armatura,
realizzando una perfetta emulazione di una struttura gettata in opera. La validazione ha coinvolto un’estesa campagna sperimentale sia per investigare il comportamento locale del sistema di connessione,
sia per riprodurre il comportamento globale dei manufatti collegati. Si è poi previsto che ogni analisi sperimentale abbia la sua interpretazione numerica, in modo da validare e anche di generalizzare il comportamento meccanico a casi non testati sperimentalmente. In questo lavoro, dopo una panoramica sul sistema costruttivo di B.S. Italia saranno evidenziate le analisi eseguite su di una colonna di
dimensioni 50 x 50 cm alta 5 m e su di un nodo di collegamento trave colonna.
Ciclo di seminari:
SCENARI ESTREMI SULLE STRUTTURE,
25 giugno 2013 ore 14.30 – 17.00,
Aula riunioni Dip. di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica
Facolta' di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale,
Universita' degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
Via Eudossiana 18 - 00184 Roma.
Seminari su temi relativi a situazioni estreme e loro effetti sulle strutture:
14.45 – 15.30: Water-Driven Debris Impact Forces on Structures: Experimental and Theoretical Program, Prof. Clay J. Naito, Lehigh University.
15.30 – 16.15: Development of a Blast and Ballistic Resistant Insulated Wall Panel, Patrick Trasborg, Lehigh University.
16.15 – 17.00: Flexural Models of Reinforced Concrete Beams Under Blast Load, Flavio Stochino, Universita' degli Studi di Cagliari,
In recent years more and more demanding structures are designed, built and operated
to satisfy the increasing needs of the Society. This kind of structures can be denoted
as complex ones. Among large constructions arrangements, Offshore Wind Turbines
(OWT) are definitely complex structural systems, being this complexity related to
different aspects such as hard nonlinearities, wide uncertainties and strong
interactions, either among the single parts or between the whole structure and the
design environment.
On the whole, the quality of a complex system is denoted by the idea of
dependability, while for a structure the performances are connected to the property of
structural integrity, considered as the completeness and consistency of the structural
configuration. Even if these concepts have been originally developed, respectively, in
computer science and for aerospace applications they can be applied to other high
performance systems as OWT.
The present paper will show some specific aspects of the modern approach
for the design and the analysis of complex structural systems. In the first part of the
paper, the general aspects are recalled like the System Engineering approach and the
Performance-based Design. Attention is devoted to some important aspects, such as
the structure breakdown and the safety and performance allocations. In the second
part of the paper, a basic application of the concepts introduced is presented.
Effectiveness Evaluation of Seismic Protection Devices for Bridges in the PB...Franco Bontempi
Seismic protection measures for bridges can be used both for obtaining acceptable performances from new structures that for retrofitting existing ones. With the modern design philosophy based on probabilistic Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) approaches, the engineers are allowed to investigate different design solutions in terms of vulnerability assessment. However, if probabilistic PBEE approaches are nowadays well established and widely studied also for bridges, the topic of using the PBEE frameworks for the evaluation of the effectiveness of seismic protection devices for bridges is not extensively treated in literature.
The first objective of this work is to deal with the problem of assessing the earthquake performance of an highway bridge equipped with different bearing device: the
elastomeric bearings (ERB) and the friction pendulum systems (FPS). The second purpose is to evaluate the efficiency of a structure-dependent IM in case of isolated system. The examined structure is an highway bridge with concrete piers and steel truss deck. A FE model of the bridge is developed by using nonlinear beam-column elements with fiber section and the devices are modeled by specific elements implementing their
nonlinear behavior. The effectiveness of the different retrofitting strategies has been carried out in terms of damage probability. Choosing the example of slight damage, and referring to the curvature ductility as EDP, the probability of damage during a period of 50 years is: 23% for the structure without isolation, 7% for the structure equipped with ERB, and 3% for the structure equipped with FPS isolation.
INGEGNERIA FORENSE STRUTTURALE: BASI DEL PROGETTO E RICOSTRUZIONE DEI COLLASSIFranco Bontempi
Relazione generale per IF CRASC'15
Sapienza Universita' di Roma,
Facolta' di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale,
Via Eudossiana 18,
14-16 maggio 2015
Il presente contributo è basato sull’idea che la ricostruzione di una crisi strutturale (semplice rottura o collasso vero e proprio) sia basata su una chiara, corretta, e profonda conoscenza e comprensione delle basi di progetto che portano alla concezione di una costruzione e del processo di analisi che ne verifica la sicurezza e le prestazioni.
Partendo da questa idea, l’articolo cerca di presentare in modo sintetico, ma ordinato, nell’introduzione l’orizzonte temporale e la traiettoria di vita che una costruzione può esperire, evidenziando nel successivo paragrafo il carattere sistemico di una struttura, ovvero enfatizzando
la organizzazione gerarchica degli elementi strutturali che la formano: da questa ultima descrizione, si possono coerentemente valutare i livelli di crisi che si possono manifestare, giudicarne la gravità e indagarne i motivi.
Successivamente, una riflessione necessaria riguarda la natura delle azioni che possono cimentare una costruzione, con le loro origini e caratteristiche in termini di intensità, probabilità di accadimento e gravità di conseguenze. Questo è un aspetto delicato, che dà il giusto rilievo agli accadimenti e agli approcci di analisi e di indagine necessari: questo punto è analogo all’idea che in una costruzione non tutti gli elementi hanno le stesse caratteristiche e la stessa importanza. Queste considerazioni generali non appaiono adeguatamente rimarcate dal quadro normativo corrente, spesso più attivo nelle descrizioni di dettaglio. Nel quarto paragrafo, si esamina la complessità di un problema strutturale (adattando uno schema noto in letteratura dai lavori di Perrow) e i differenti tipi di situazioni di progetto: evolutivo o innovativo. Questa distinzione è importante al fine di rendersi conto delle conoscenze
(competenze) che si devono avere nell’affrontare il progetto: competenze che se mancanti o deficitarie possono essere origine di crisi strutturali.
Esaminati seppur brevemente questi punti (orizzonte temporale e prestazionale di una struttura, sua organizzazione sistemica, natura delle azioni che possono cimentarla, possibili ragioni della complessità del problema strutturale associato), nel quinto paragrafo, si riporta il
modello generale della genesi e dello sviluppo di un fallimento strutturale secondo Reason.
L’ultimo paragrafo fornisce, infine, indicazioni sulla ricostruzione dell’evento e la risalita alle responsabilità dal punto di vista ingegneristico.
Multi-level structural modeling of an offshore wind turbineFranco Bontempi
Offshore wind turbines are complex structural and mechanical systems located in a highly
demanding environment. This paper proposes a multi-level system approach for studying the structural
behavior of the support structure of an offshore wind turbine. In accordance with this approach, a proper
numerical modeling requires the adoption of a suitable technique in order to organize the qualitative and
quantitative assessment in various sub-problems, which can be solved by means of sub-models at different
levels of detail, both for the structural behavior and for the simulation of loads. Consequently, in a first
place, the effects on the structural response induced by the uncertainty of the parameters used to describe
the environmental actions and the finite element model of the structure are inquired. After that, a mesolevel
FEM model of the blade is adopted in order to obtain the detailed load stress on the blade/hub
connection.
Il CISTeC ha avuto tra i suoi membri fondatori il Prof. Marcello Ciampoli. Esponente di punta in diversi settori dell’Ingegneria e dell’Architettura, ma soprattutto docente impagabile che ha rappresentato con la sua attività un punto di riferimento per tanti giovani professionisti ingegneri e architetti e non solo. Il CISTeC insieme ad Advanced Materials srl vuole ricordare l'importanza di questa persona attraverso un premio per la miglior tesi di laurea magistrale con tematica dedicata alla conservazione del patrimonio storico-architettonico, con particolare riguardo agli aspetti strutturali. Il premio di Euro 1500,00 sarà corrisposto alla tesi che più si avvicinerà, per argomenti trattati, carattere multidisciplinare dello studio svolto, aspetti innovativi e sensibilità della proposta progettuale presentata, allo spirito investigativo e professionale espresso dal Prof. Ciampoli.
Raccolta delle sentenze disponibili in rete sul crollo edificio scolastico S....Franco Bontempi
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Comunicato del 31-10-2002:
"Alle 11:32 italiane di oggi 31 ottobre si è verificata una forte scossa di terremoto che ha colpito una vasta zona al confine tra il Molise e la Puglia. Le località più vicine all'epicentro, per alcune delle quali si hanno già notizie di danni ad edifici, sono Santa Croce di Magliano, S. Giuliano di Puglia, Larino (tutti in provincia di Campobasso). La magnitudo dell'evento è stata stimata pari a 5.4 Richter, un valore che comporta effetti fino all'VIII grado della scala Mercalli. La scossa è stata preceduta da alcune scosse nella notte (01:25, 03:27), la più forte delle quali ha avuto magnitudo 3.5. La scossa è stata seguita da numerose repliche, la più forte delle quali è avvenuta alle 14:03 e ha avuto magnitudo 3.7".
In questo contributo si sono riportati ordinatamente i concetti generali che, in base
all’esperienza degli autori, contribuiscono a comprendere le cause di un collasso strutturale
o di un disastro, spiegandone l’evoluzione temporale.
Preliminare a ogni indagine è la comprensione delle caratteristiche di complessità che possono
presentarsi affrontando il problema in esame; l’analisi di sensibilità a specifici fattori e
la presenza o assenza di robustezza strutturale sono punti che rendono la risoluzione del
problema più o meno facile. Altrettanto fondamentale è la consapevolezza che un incidente
ha spesso ragioni differenti e concomitanti, come illustrato dal modello di Reason.
Gli strumenti che favoriscono la soluzione delle indagini sono la scomposizione gerarchica/
funzionale e la costruzione della catena temporale delle vicende con individuazione di
uno snodo causale: fatto questo, in cascata si possono ricostruire i passi che completano la
storia. Associato allo sviluppo temporale delle vicende è il profilo delle responsabilità che
riesce a connettere attori e azioni anche distanti dal momento contingente del crollo.
Fermo restando la tragicità che può aversi alla presenza di collassi strutturali, questi rappresentano
eventi che mostrano il comportamento intimo delle strutture e la loro concezione:
sono quindi situazioni che possono far riflettere sul modo di operare dei tecnici e che possono
introdurre o affermare nuovi concetti come la cosiddetta fidatezza (dependability),
mutuata dall’ambito dell’Informatica. È un concetto volto a definire la qualità globale di un
sistema, attraverso la descrizione dei vari aspetti ritenuti fondamentali e dei fattori che li
influenzano (Arangio et al., 2010).
Softening and Bond Slip Nonlinear Analysis - SEWC 1998Franco Bontempi
The Softening and the Bond Slip Influence on the Nonlinear Analysis of R.C. Frame Structures.
Franco Bontempi & Pier Giorgio Malerba
Paper and presentation at SEWC 1998.
The role of softening in the numerical analysis of RC framed structuresFranco Bontempi
Reinforced Concrete beams with tension and compression softening material constitutive laws are studied. Energy-based and non-local regularisation techniques are presented and applied to a R.C. element. The element characteristics (sectional tangent stiffness matrix, element tangent stiffness matrix restoring forces) are directly derived from their symbolic expressions through numerical integration. In this way the same spatial grid allows us to obtain a non-local strain estimate and also to sample the contributions to the element stiffness matrix. Three examples show the spurious behaviors due to the strain localization and the stabilization effects given by the regularisation techniques, both in the case of tension and compression softening. The possibility to overestimate the ultimate load level when the non-local strain measure is applied to a non softening material is shown.
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting under Air Flow Excitation.Franco Bontempi
This study focuses on the numerical analysis of a high efficiency Energy Harvesting device, based on piezoelectric materials, for the sustainability of smart buildings, structures and infrastructures. Before that, a
comprehensive literature review on the topic takes place. The device consists in an aerodynamic fin attached to a piezoelectric element that makes use of the air flow to harvest energy. The principal utilization of this device is for energy autonomous sensors, with applications in bridges, transportation networks and smart buildings. The results are corroborated by advanced analytical and numerical analyses (in ANSYS®) that demonstrate the energy harvesting capacity.
Sustainability Concepts in the Design of High-Rise buildings: the case of Dia...Franco Bontempi
One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight saving) is assessed, together with the structural behavior.
RISK ANALYSIS FOR SEVERE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN ROAD TUNNELS (PART I)Franco Bontempi
IF CRASC'15 - 14-16 MAGGIO 2015 ROMA
The safety in road tunnels is a very delicate issue, since that a minor accident or a failure of a vehicle can degenerate into scenarios that can lead to a high number of victims. For example, on the 24 March 1999, 39 people died when a Belgian HGV carrying flour and margarine caught fire in the Mont Blanc Tunnel.
In the first part of this study has been summarized the operation logic of a specific model for the risk analysis, the PIARC/OECD Quantitative Risk Assessment Model, and how it derives risk indicators. In the second part, a comprehensive risk analysis is performed in a long tunnel in South Italy, accounting for multifaceted aspects and parameters. The analysis is integrated with a sensitivity analysis on specific parameters that have an influence on the risk.
In sections 2, 3, and 4 the concept of Risk and its assessment is dealt. In section 5, the proce-dure followed by the QRA model to derive societal and individual risk indicators is discussed, starting from a given number of possible accident scenarios. In section 6 conclusions are written regarding the application of the studied model.
RISK ANALYSIS FOR SEVERE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN ROAD TUNNELSFranco Bontempi
IF CRASC’15
III THIRD CONGRESS ON FORENSIC ENGINEERING
VI CONGRESS ON COLLAPSES, RELIABILITY AND RETROFIT OF STRUCTURES
SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME, 14-16 MAY 2015
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road T...Franco Bontempi
Road tunnels play a key role in the world transportation network, both in people and goods transport. The fire disaster of the Mont-Blanc Tunnel (39 fatalities, March 1999) pointed out the question of tunnel fire safety for road users. This aspect was highlighted by the tragic fires of the Tauern Tunnel and the St. Gothard Tunnel, occurred in the successive two years (12 fatalities, May 1999 and 11 fatalities, October 2001 respectively). The social and economic impact of these events has underlined the inadequacy of the tunnel design/management and of the national guidelines. The European Commission started a radical review of tunnel fire safety, operating in order to upgrade the existing tunnels and improve the European guidelines. Almost a decade later than the Directive 2004/54/EC, the tunnel fire safety is leading towards harmonized guidelines throughout Europe; technical installations and their performances are studied today using advanced calculation methods, such as the Computational Fluid Dynamics (“CFD”) models, that give a detailed description of the fire phenomenon. The diffusion of these advance methods is due to three main reasons: first of all, the comprehension of tunnel fire dynamics has been improved thanks to experimental tests, real fire events and analytical calculations; secondly, the diffusion of modern computers and advanced softwares has widened enormously the computational capacities of tunnel fire modelling; thirdly, the national guidelines have progressively adopted a performance-based fire design as a basis for the tunnel fire safety. This work is a representation of performance-based structural fire safety; the impact of a road tunnel fire is investigated using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (“CFD”) model, in order to give a realistic reproduction of a large tunnel fire (real fire curves).
Development of Ammonia Gas Leak Detection and Location MethodTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposed the gas for industrial ammonia leak diffusion model and the Gauss method
of leakage localization. A set of wireless ammonia leak alarm system is composed of sensor node, network
coordinator and host used in the industrial field was developed, the purpose is to reduce the loss of
property caused by the leakage of ammonia industry. Using the monitoring system to carry out the
ammonia leak location simulation measurement experiment, the result shows that the relative positioning
error of the monitoring system is about 12%, which meets the needs of industrial production safety
monitoring. Using the wireless sensor network to monitor the concentration of ammonia gas and locate the
leakage source, it solves the problems of traditional wired alarm system, such as difficult wiring and weak
expansibility, which helps to find the leak timely and provides a reference for the emergency rescue work.
Coupling between human behaviour and combustion: multi – agent and CFD simulations for road tunnel fires.
Msc- Thesis by Giordana Gai
School of Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza
Similar to RISK ANALYSIS FOR SEVERE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN ROAD TUNNELS (PART II) (20)
ANALISI DEL RISCHIO PER LA SICUREZZA NELLE GALLERIE STRADALI.Franco Bontempi
SOMMARIO
Il tema della sicurezza, quando si parla di gallerie stradali, assume ancora più importanza, dato che un banale incidente o un guasto di un veicolo possono degenerare in uno scenario che causa un elevato numero di vittime. Ad esempio, il 24 marzo 1999, 39 persone sono rimaste uccise quando un mezzo pesante che trasportava farina e margarina prese fuoco all’interno del Tunnel del Monte Bianco. Nella prima parte dell’articolo vengono spiegate le fasi logiche che un modello messo a disposizione dalla PIARC/OECD, il Quantitative Risk Assessment Model (QRAM) [1-2], segue nel processo di Assegnazione del Rischio, e come esso ricava i valori dei relativi indicatori. Nella seconda parte dell’articolo, invece, viene mostrata un’applicazione di tale modello su una galleria esistente che si trova nel sud Italia, accompagnata da un’analisi di sensitività sui parametri che influenzano maggiormente il livello di rischio.
Appunti sulle modellazioni discrete per ponti e viadotti.
Corso di GESTIONE DI PONTI E GRANDI STRUTTURE, prof. ing. Franco Bontempi, Sapienza Universita' di Roma
PGS - lezione 03 - IMPALCATO DA PONTE E PIASTRE.pdfFranco Bontempi
Appunti su piastre per impalcati di ponti e viadotti.
Corso di GESTIONE DI PONTI E GRANDO STRUTTRE, prof. ing. Franco Bontempi, Sapienza Universita' di Roma
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Pile Foundation by Venkatesh Taduvai (Sub Geotechnical Engineering II)-conver...
RISK ANALYSIS FOR SEVERE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN ROAD TUNNELS (PART II)
1. IF CRASC’15
III CONVEGNO DI INGEGNERIA FORENSE
VI CONVEGNO SU CROLLI, AFFIDABILITÀ STRUTTURALE, CONSOLIDAMENTO
SAPIENZA UNIVERSITA’ DI ROMA, 14-16 MAGGIO 2015
RISK ANALYSIS FOR SEVERE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN ROAD
TUNNELS (PART II)
C. Di Santo
Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza"
K. Gkoumas
Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza"
ABSTRACT
The safety in road tunnels is a very delicate issue, since that a minor accident or a failure of
a vehicle can degenerate into scenarios that can lead to a high number of victims. For example,
on the 24 March 1999, 39 people died when a Belgian HGV carrying flour and margarine
caught fire in the Mont Blanc Tunnel.
In the first part of this study has been summarized the operation logic of a specific model for
the risk analysis, the PIARC/OECD Quantitative Risk Assessment Model, and how it derives
risk indicators. In the second part, a comprehensive risk analysis is performed in a long tunnel
in South Italy, accounting for multifaceted aspects and parameters. The analysis is integrated
with a sensitivity analysis on specific parameters that have an influence on the risk.
The section 2 of this paper describes the tunnel San Demetrio on which was carried out risk
analysis applying the PIARC/OECD QRA model, and in the section 3 are reported the main
analysis results. In section 4, conclusions regard to risk analysis applied to real case and about
the sensitivity analysis are reported. In particular, the sensitivity analysis has highlighted the
most influential parameters in the model.
1. INTRODUCTION
QRAM software, created by the cooperation of OECD, PIARC and European Commission
is a tool whose purpose is to calculate the risk related to road traffic of heavy good vehicles.
In fact, heavy vehicles circulation in case of accident, especially for dangerous goods, implies
an additional risk to road users, for facilities, for the local population and the environment.
Therefore, through Quantitative Risk Analysis, the competent authorities may assess whether
to allow the transition of all types of goods through a given path or, simply, through a given
gallery. To help the authorities in this choice, with particular attention to the high extension
galleries, the PIARC (The World Road Association) and the OECD (The Organization for
Economic Co-operation and Development) have developed this model using risk assessment
methodologies used in the past in the chemical and nuclear industries. Accidents in this field
are rare, but can have major consequences.
2. C. Di Santo, K. Gkoumas
2. SAN DEMETRIO’S TUNNEL
The San Demetrio tunnel, completed in 2007 and currently managed by ANAS s.p.a., is lo-
cated on the Catania - Syracuse motorway, between Passo San Martino and km 130+400 of
the SS 114.
It is a natural tunnel with polycentric circular section, realized through traditional excavation,
having a thickness of the concrete lining of 50÷130cm (so is been chosen an intermediate
value of 60 cm). For the road platform thickness is been used a value of 0.3 m. The maximum
transversal slope is of 4.12% and the cross section area is about 87.31 m2
(11.2m · 8.06m).
The gallery is located entirely on the curve: southbound it has a radius of curvature of R =
5000m, and northbound radius is R = 2200m. The road platform includes two lanes of 3.75m
and a 3m lane emergency. The two unidirectional traffic tubes have a length of 2895 m in
direction SOUTH (Syracuse), and 2949 m in direction NORTH (Catania).
Being the structure REI120 classified as response to the fire, has been considered a value of
120 minutes under fire before it loses its mechanical strength, the seal to flames and hot gases,
the heat insulation. The temperature, under which the structure withstands for this time inter-
val, it has been assumed to be 1350 °C.
Figure 1. San Demetrio tunnel’s cross section and Plan of the road platform (Central Design
Management ANAS S.p.A. 2009).
Following the instructions provided in the QRA manual, for a double-tube tunnel with one-
direction traffic, at least three sections are needed to form the model.
Sections 2 and 3 towards the south, and sections 1 and 2 towards the north, must have zero
length. These sections will be skipped in the calculation, but they are necessary for the proper
modeling of the gallery. In particular, the section 3 southbound allows entering data for the
north tunnel. Equally, section 1 northbound allows entering data on the south bore. The open
sections numered as "2" are needed because it is not possible to insert two adjacent tunnel
sections.
In case of accident, evacuating people can use one of 9 pedestrian by-passes arranged every
300m that lead to the parallel tube, which serves as an escape route.
The tunnel is equipped with a longitudinal ventilation system consisting of 18 southbound
jet fans and 19 northbound jet fans. Identified the location of the fire, is activated automati-
cally, or at the hands of the control center, a ventilation system that pushes the air with an
average speed (on the cross section) of 3 m/s in the direction of traffic, freeing the route
3. Risk analysis for severe traffic accidents in road tunnels (part II)
21 - TUNNEL 3
2 3 - TUNNEL1
SOUTH (Syracuse)
NORTH (Catania)
x
Figure 2. San Demetrio Tunnel Model.
upstream of the incident by the toxic fumes. In this way is facilitated evacuation. For the
representation of the fire-fighting systems behavior, it is assumed a time of fire detection (via
thermo sensitive cable) of 3 minutes from the ignition, and a further time of 5 minutes for the
emergency ventilation establishment.
So, in the QRAM has been considered only a system of longitudinal ventilation, the volume
flow of extracted air by each segment has been set equal to 0. As regards, instead, the air flow
along the tunnel, it is assumed that, in normal operating conditions, is 0. With this choice it
is assumed that the axial fans only come into operation in case of emergency, and was ignored
piston effect due to vehicular traffic and to the pressure difference at the portals.
Identified a fire, jet fans start working at full capacity after 5 minutes after sending the com-
mand. These accelerate the air with an average speed along the tunnel of 3 m/s, then the
volume air flow moved at each node is equal to:
𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝑣𝑣 ∙ 𝐴𝐴 = 3
𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑠
∙ 87.31𝑚𝑚2
≅ 261
𝑚𝑚3
𝑠𝑠
(1)
For ventilation, has been given a positive sign to the flow in a southerly direction (+261 m3
/s)
and a negative sign in direction north (-261 m3
/s). In fact, the airflow must follow vehicles
direction, which is +1 southbound (for how the model was constructed) and -1 northbound.
The alarm is given automatically using CO sensors, opacimeters, linear thermal sensors (heat
sensing cable) and system of CCTV cameras, which detect the presence of flames along the
tunnel. Therefore, in the model has been considered, for emergency management systems, a
maximum level of allocations for communication and control over people fleeing. According
to this level of equipment, the tunnel must be equipped with at least a PA system (public
address system) and a CCTV cameras system. Regarding the first, there are no exact infor-
mation on the presence or not of such a system. However, the tunnel has, in addition to the
CCTV system, other allocations for the emergencies resolution, so it was decided however
to give the maximum score on safety equipment that limit the number of victims.
In case of flammable or toxic liquids leakage, there is a drainage system consists in drains
placed every 50m and with a capacity of 150 l/s. Then, in QRA model has been considered a
distance between the manholes of 50m. As opening area of each manhole, however, failing
to have more information, is been chosen a value of 0.075 m2
.
Traffic data were provided by an engineering company (Impresa Pizzarotti & C. S.p.A. 2007).
For each direction of travel, the Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) is 21190 [veh/day].
4. C. Di Santo, K. Gkoumas
The daily distribution of traffic is divided into three time periods: QUIET, that corresponds
at 9 night hours with a traffic, NORMAL, corresponding to 10 hours of quiet daytime period
and PEAK (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Traffic Data of the San Demetrio Tunnel.
Finally, the percentage of each type of hazardous goods, compared to the total traffic of dan-
gerous goods, is reported in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Percentage of each type of hazardous good.
The probability to have accidents involving HGVs was calculated by estimating the expected
rate of accidents in the year 2027: 0.161 acc/(MVkm*year) in direction SOUTH, and 0.160
acc/(MVkm*year) in direction NORTH.
3. QUANTITATIVE RISK ANALYSIS RESULTS
In this section is reported the FN curve in direction south and its EV (Figure 5). For practical
reasons, it was decided to show only the cumulative curve of all scenarios. Also because, for
the purposes of risk assessment, it is interesting to assess the risk due to all types of dangerous
goods that cross the tunnel.
As seen in the graph, the curve falls within the ALARP region. Being away from the curve
Total Traffic HGV ratio HGV Traffic
- - - SOUTH NORTH SOUTH NORTH CAR HGV
[veh/h] [-] [veh/h] [-] [-] [veh/h] [veh/h] km/h km/h
Quiet 325 0.02 7 0.0644 0.0244 1 1 126.4 90.5
Normal 1050 0.1 105 0.0644 0.0244 7 3 126.4 90.5
Peak 1553 0.117 182 0.0644 0.0244 12 4 114.5 82
DG-HGV ratio DG-HGV Traffic Speed
AADT (Average Annual Daily Traffic)
veh/day
21190
5. Risk analysis for severe traffic accidents in road tunnels (part II)
Figure 5. F-N curve in the south direction.
of tolerability, the tunnel is safe, however, must be taken into consideration possible risk
mitigation measures, that will be taken only after a cost - benefit analysis to verify the eco-
nomic consistency of operations compared to the reduction of risk that we want achieve.
Furthermore, it was decided to study how the societal risk varies changing an input parameter
at a time. This leads to a better understanding on what data influence more in the risk calcu-
lation using the QRA model.
Moreover, since the changes on the input variables have produced similar results in both
directions, it was decided to report only the diagram relating to the south direction (Figure
6).
Below 4 cases in particular are reported. In the first the accidents frequency involving HGVs
is increased and decreased by a factor of 10 (Figure 7). This variation leads to a vertical
translation of the risk curve, that is, towards higher and lower cumulative frequencies, in
direct proportion to the changes made to the initial values. These results are explained when
considering that the frequency of occurrence of each scenario depends directly on the value
of the incidental frequencies.
In the second, the time necessary to block incoming traffic to the tunnel in case of emergency
is varied (Figure 8). The curves show that after 5 minutes from the occurrence of any accident
scenario no longer any risk reduction is possible, even if the incoming traffic is deviated. This
is because the model when calculates the number of victims considers as the main parameter
the linear density of users on the road section concerned. This value depends mainly on the
traffic jam length upstream of the accident, which, apparently, is formed in the first 5 minutes
following the occurrence of the scenario.
In the third case, the number of lanes is varied (Figure 9): increasing the number of lanes, the
curve moves to a higher number of victims. In fact, increasing this number also increases the
density of users in the area occupied by the traffic jam.
In the fourth case, the LPG traffic is moved from vehicles equipped with tanks in vehicles
carrying such DGs in cylinders (Figure 10). This variation results in a significant reduction
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.00E+00
1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00
FCUM[acc/year]
N [FAT]
Tollerable Risk Line
Acceptable Risk Line
EV [Fat/year] 1.68E-02
6. C. Di Santo, K. Gkoumas
Figure6.Sensitivityanalysisresults(SOUTH).
7. Risk analysis for severe traffic accidents in road tunnels (part II)
of risk, because in the model it is assumed that in case of accident it is possible at maximum
the breaking of 2 cylinders simultaneously. This leads to an explosion that causes a number
of victims lower compared to the explosion that is generated after the rupture of a LPG tank.
Figure 7. Sensitivity of the model to the parameter "HGVs accident frequency".
Figure 8. Sensitivity of the model to the parameter "Delay for stopping approaching traffic".
1.00E-07
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.00E+00
1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00
initial curve
facc x 10
facc x 10-1
Tollerable Risk Line
Acceptable Risk Line
FCUM[acc/year]
N [FAT]
1.00E-07
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.00E+00
1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00
initial curve
Delayfor Stopping Approaching Traffic = 1 min
Delay for Stopping Approaching Traffic = 5 min
Tollerable Risk Line
Acceptable Risk Line
Delayfor Stopping Approaching Traffic = 10 min
Delayfor Stopping Approaching Traffic = 2 min
Delayfor Stopping Approaching Traffic = 3 min
Delayfor Stopping Approaching Traffic = 4 min
FCUM[acc/year]
N [FAT]
8. C. Di Santo, K. Gkoumas
Figure 9. Sensitivity of the model to the parameter "Number of Lanes".
Figure 10. Sensitivity of the model to the parameter "LPG ratio".
1.00E-07
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.00E+00
1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00
initial curve
Number of Lanes (for every section and in both directions) = 1
Number of Lanes (for every section and in both directions) = 3
Tollerable Risk Line
Acceptable Risk Line
FCUM[acc/year]
N [FAT]
1.00E-07
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.00E+00
1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00
initial curve
Propane in Bulk ratio =Propane in Cylinder ratio =0.15
Propane in Cylinder ratio = 0.30
Tollerable Risk Line
Acceptable Risk Line
FCUM[acc/year]
N [FAT]
9. Risk analysis for severe traffic accidents in road tunnels (part II)
4. CONCLUSIONS
The risk analysis carried out shows that the level of risk inherent of the studied gallery is
acceptable. However, because the risk curve falls within the ALARP region, it is necessary
to evaluate possible measures to mitigate risk, which will be applied only if is proven that the
benefits they bring in terms of reducing the risk are proportional to the cost needed to imple-
ment these measures.
Moreover, the tests carried out during sensitivity analysis show that the margin of safety is
high, since that in no test has been exceeded the limit of tolerability reported in the Legislative
Decree 264/06.
However, the sensitivity study shows the parameters that most affect the risk curve F-N:
• Parameters that define the value of the Road Users Density in the fluid traffic (DRUF) and
in the traffic jam (DRUJ) when a scenario “s” occurs: Total traffic [veh/h], Bus and Coaches
ratio (percentage of buses on the total traffic), Number of lanes, Average vehicle occu-
pancy.
• Parameters that influence the Traffic Jam Length (LJAM) before the scenario “s” occurs:
Delay for stopping approaching traffic (time needed to block the incoming traffic in the
specific section) [s].
• Parameters that define the value of the frequency of occurrence of the scenario s (involv-
ing DGs of type k) on the section i: DG-HGV traffic [veh/h], HGV ratio (percentage of
HGVs on the total traffic), Annual frequency of accidents involving HGVs on the section
i [acc/(MVkm*year)], Proportion of each DG type in the whole DG traffic. These param-
eters have a great influence on the expression used by the model to calculate the frequency
of occurrence of the scenario s:
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 = 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 ∙ 𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎_𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷,𝑖𝑖 ∙ (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ∙ 𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 ∙ 24 ∙ 365 ∙ 10−6) (2)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank: Franco Bontempi (Professor of Structural Analysis and Design at Univer-
sity of Rome “La Sapienza”), Giordana Gai (Student of PhD in Structural Engineering from
the University of Rome "La Sapienza"), Francesco Petrini (Researcher in Structural Engi-
neering from the University of Rome "La Sapienza"), Tiziano Baroncelli (University of Rome
"La Sapienza"), Eng. Luigi Carrarini (ANAS S.p.A.), Eng. Alessandra Lo Cane (M.I.T).
This work is partially supported by the spin-off company StroNGER s.r.l. which is gratefully
acknowledged.
REFERENCES
Central Design Management ANAS S.p.A.: Geometric and functional characteristics of the Road
Tunnels. 2009.
Impresa Pizzarotti & C. S.p.A.: Affidamento dell’opera di completamento del tratto stradale catania
siracusa con caratteristiche autostradali, compreso tra le localita’ passo s. martino ed Il Km 130+400
Della Ss. 114, Analisi Di Rischio. 2007.
PIARC, OECD: Safety in Tunnels, Transport of dangerous goods through road tunnels. OECD
Publications, 2001.