This document outlines several approaches to teaching accounting, including the journal approach, ledger approach, balance sheet approach, equation approach, spiral development approach, complete cycle approach, and single entry approach. The journal approach introduces debit/credit rules and journal entries. The ledger approach starts with ledger accounts before introducing journals. The balance sheet approach focuses on the accounting cycle and financial statements. The equation approach uses accounting equations to teach the basic concepts. The spiral development approach incrementally builds the full accounting cycle. The complete cycle approach teaches the entire accounting process in one exercise. The single entry approach tracks assets and liabilities without revenue/expense accounts.

1. APPROACHES IN TEACHING
ACCOUNTING

2. 1. JOURNAL APPROACH
 Introducing debit and credit aspect together with
accounting rules
 Analysing the business transaction in terms of debit
and credit
 Familiarising of the procedure being followed in
writing the journal entries.
 Introducing the concept Ledger A/C.
 Introducing the procedure involved in posting.

3.  JOURNAL APPROACH
 LEDGER APPROACH
 BALANCE SHEET APPROACH
 EQUATION APPROACH
 SPIRAL DEVELOPMENT APPROACH
 COMPLETE CYCLE APPROACH
 SINGLE ENTRY APPROACH

4.  Balancing the Ledger A/C
 Preparing of T/B
 Introducing the concept of final A/C
 Preparation of T/P/L/A/C
 Preparation of B/S

5. 2.Leder approach
 Here the accounting procedure starts from the
Ledger A/C from where the learner moves back to
Journal.

6. Steps
 Defining debit and credit
 Analysing the transaction in terms of debit and
credit.
 Writing of debit and credit in ledger A/c.
 Balancing Ledger A/c.
 Preparation of T/B
 Writing journal entries using debit and credit.
 Preparation of T/P/L/A/c
 Preparation of B/S.

7. 3.The Balance Sheet Approach
 To starts with complete account cycle is introduced.
 Summery account of closing the Income and
Expense A/c is presented.
 Some adjustment of inventory A/c is added.
 Liabilities A/c is introduced after the review of
previous work.
 Adjustment work is added.

8.  Formal statement about accounts are maintained.
 Finally the scrutiny of accounts and the journalising
be introduced.

9. 4. The Equation Appraoch
 Presently NCERT follow this approach.
 Assest =L+C
 L=A-C
 C=A-L

10. Steps
 Introducing accounting equations
 Introducing the concept of increasing in Asset,
Liability, Capital, revenue, Expenses with the help
of sample B/S.
 Introducing the rules of debit and credit.
Nature of A/C Debit Credit
Asset + -
Liability - +
Owners equity - +
Revenue - +
Expense + -

11.  Introducing the concept of double entry system
 Preparing journal
 Preparing ledger A/c.
 Preparing T/B
 Preparing T/P/L/A/c
 Preparing B/S.

12. 5. The Spiral Development Approach
 This approach used in western countries and USA.
 In this approach the complete cycle is developed by
adding some additional knowledge while preparing
each steps.
 Every time a part of the complete cycle is re-taught
and a part of it is expanded.

13. Steps
 Introducing the concept of transaction.
 Transaction + debit and credit aspect.
 Transaction + debit and credit aspect+ journal.
 Transaction + debit and credit aspect+
journal+Journalising.
 Transaction + debit and credit aspect+
journal+Journalising+Ledger A/c.
 Transaction + debit and credit aspect+
journal+Journalising+Ledger A/c+Posting.

14.  Transaction + debit and credit aspect+
journal+Journalising+Ledger
A/c+Posting+Balancing.
 Transaction + debit and credit aspect+
journal+Journalising+Ledger
A/c+Posting+Balancing+T/B.
 Transaction + debit and credit aspect+
journal+Journalising+Ledger
A/c+Posting+Balancing+T/B+T/P/L/A/c.

15.  Transaction + debit and credit aspect+
journal+Journalising+Ledger
A/c+Posting+Balancing+T/B+T/P/L/A/c.
 Transaction + debit and credit aspect+
journal+Journalising+Ledger
A/c+Posting+Balancing+T/B+T/P/L/A/c+B/S.

16. 6. The Compete Cycle Approach.
 Under this approach the whole cycle of Book keeping
is introduced to the students viz, journalising,
posting, T/B, adjustment entries.
 It is suitable for remedial teaching.
 The entire exercise on the compete cycle should be
done on the sheet of a paper on one side. This may
be repeated for several days on different exercise.

17. Steps
 Students are supplied with a typical written problem
on complete cycle.
 Students are made to make a preliminary study of
the problem.
 Teacher discuss with and explain to pupil the nature
of the problem.
 Students are asked to rewrite the same problem in
another sheet of paper.

18.  Their doubts may be cleared.
 Help pupil to master the basic cycle
 Introducing a new concept after ensuring that the
basic cycle is mastered.
 Repeat the basic cycle every time while adding new
concepts.

19. 7. Single Entry Appraoch
 In this approach records of asset, liabilities and
capital are maintained, but no A/c of source of
P/L/A/c is maintained.
 In this approach an incoming asset is debited and
out going asset is credited.
 This is seldom used in popular business houses.
 It is used in small shops

20.  It doesnot provide the picture of final position of the
business.
 It provide only the position of debit and credit
 An entry made either for credit or debit.

21. Thank You.