Pembahasan mendasar tentang agama Islam. Apa saja yang melandasi agama Islam mulai dari dogma, para rasul, hingga sejarah kelahiran dan proses penyebarannya ke penjuru dunia.

1. IAIN Sunan Ampel
Surabaya
©2011

2. o Sistem penata pola hidup manusia
o Dimensi spiritual dalam kehidupan manusia
o Jiwa, Meaning
o Some Categories:
Kepercayaan dan Amal saleh, Tempat Beribadah, Universal and
Particular, Mystical and Ethical, Self and Other-Power, Personal
and Civil.
o Agama vs Spiritual
o Mysticism vs Agama

3. The Families of Religions:
Indian: Hinduism, Buddhism, (Jainism), Sikhism
The Self
Chinese: Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese, Buddhism
Nature
Semitic: Judaism, Christianity, Islam
God and Revelation

4. Judaism
Christianity Hinduism
Shinto
Islam
Sikhism Jainism
Baha’i
Buddhism

5.  Experiential Dimension; emosi dan perilaku keagamaan
 Ideological Dimension; seseorang yang agamis akan memegang
kepercayaan tertentu
 Ritualistic Dimension; teknik menyembah Tuhan
 Intellectual Dimension; madzhab, kitab suci, dogma, dsb
 Consequential Dimension; seseorang yang agamis mestinya seperti ini
… seperti itu …

10.  Semenanjung Arabia
 Sebagian besar berupa padang pasir dengan gunung dan oase
 Daerah Subur kebanyakan di wilayah pegunungan selatan sekitar Yemen
 Suku Badui yang nomaden
▪ Tinggal di padang pasir
▪ Memelihara domba, dan unta
▪ Terorganisir dalam suku, klan dan sistem kekeluargaan
▪ Pentingnya loyalitas sesama klan
▪ Tipe suku klasik yang „paling keras kepala‟
 Kerajaan Romawi and Persia menguasai sebagian besar dunia
 Aktif perdagangan jarak jauh
▪ Dari Damaskus ke Mekkah atau Madinah ke Yaman
▪ Melewati Teluk Persia dan sepanjang pesisir pantai
▪ Bagian dari sistem perdagangan alur Laut Merah; antara Yaman and Abyssinia
▪ Menjual emas, frankincense dan myrrh
 Agama kebanyakan polytheist; banyak tuhan atau berhala
 Sejumlah pemeluk Yahudi dan Kristen agak sedikit di kawasan sentral Arabia

11. Kediaman suku Badui di zaman sekarang

12. Rute perdagangan klasik
kaum Arab

13. “Bodoh teologi (kufur) dan Bodoh Moral”

14.  Muhammad
 Lahir di Mekkah pada tahun 570 M
 Sering menyendiri dan meditasi di gua
 Turun Wahyu melalui perantara Jibril di Gua Hiro ketika Muhammad
berusia 40 tahun.
 Al-Qur‟an sebagai pegangan utama syiar Islam untuk merubah
masyarakat
10/6/2011 copyright 2006 BrainyBetty.com and our licensors 14

15. Kota utama
Agama Islam

16. • Mekkah sebagai pusat tradisi spiritual, mistik dan agama.
• Terdapat Ka‟bah yang dibangun Nabi Ibrahim dan Ismail. Saat itu banyak dipenuhi dengan
berhala-berhala.
• Karena dianggap pusat agama, berkelahi di Mekkah tidaklah boleh untuk kurun tertentu,
sehingga strategis dibuat area pusat perdagangan.

17.  Islam: penyerahan diri, selamat, damai
 Rukun Islam
1. Syahadah
2. Sholat Lima Waktu, Menghadap kiblat Ka’bah
3. Zakat
4. Puasa Ramadan
5. Haji

18.  Firman Allah; 6666 ayat, 114 surat, 30 juz, 7 bacaan
 Hanya ada 2 nama surat yang berkaitan dengan ibadah, selebihnya lagi
memiliki nama yang berhubungan dengan fenomena alam, sosial-politik,
ekonomi, sejarah, dan akhlak.
 Nama surat yang berkaitan dengan Ibadah adalah al-Sajdah dan al-Hajj;
kemudian al-Ra‟d, al-Nahl, al-Nūr, al-Baqarah, dan lainnya itu masuk
dalam kategori Fenomena Alam; al-Nisā, al-Munāfiqūn, al-Shūrā, dan
yang semisalnya dimasukkan tema Sosial-Politik; lalu nama surat
semisal al-Anfāl dan al-Zakāt masuk lajur tema Ekonomi; nama surat
seperti „Abasā dan al-Mutaffifīn dikaitkan dengan bidang Akhlak;
sedangkan nama-nama surat yang berkonotasi Kesejarahan adalah al-
Anbiyā‟, Ali Imrān, Yūsuf, Nūh, Ibrāhīm, dan al-Rūm.

19.  Kitab suci yang harus dipegang secara hati-hati; dalam keadaan
suci, ditradisikan untuk dibaca keras-keras (recite), memiliki
materi ajaran yang komplit, terkadang dijadikan untuk bacaan-
bacaan mistik oleh sebagian kalangan.
 Ahlul Kitab: Yahudi dan Kristen
▪ Muslim harus toleran dengan mereka
▪ Meyakini keberadaan nabi mereka, namun Yesus adalah nabi saja, bukan
messiah apalagi tuhan
▪ Muhammad adalah rasul terakhir

20.  Iman, Islam dan Ihsan
 Syari‟ah, Thariqat, Hakikat
 Muslim harus hidup dengan aturan hukum dan moral.
 Semua orang adalah sama posisinya, tidak ada diskriminasi.
 Sebagai bagian dari agama samawi; Islam meminjam atau
meneruskan ajaran Yahudi dan Kristen, dan kemudian
menyempurnakannya.
 Abrahamic Tradition; Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition (kasus Palestina)

21. This same rock is
believed by Jews to
be the slab upon
which Abraham
bound Isaac and
nearly sacrificed him
(in Islamic tradition,
it was Ishmael). And
that it was the rock
upon which the Ark
of the Covenant was
put.

30.  Konflik di Mekkah
 Hijrah ke Yathrib (Madinah) pada tahun 622 M
 Memperkuat basis umat dan pembentukan
masyarakat Madani di Yathrib
 Kembali untuk „Penaklukan Mekkah‟ pada tahun
630 M

32.  Uswatun Hasanah (teladan bagi umat Islam)
 Ketekunan Beribadah (Ibadah Ritual)
 Hidup Bermasyarakat (Ibadah Sosial)
 Kehidupan Rumah Tangga
 Akhlak dan Kepribadian
 Hadith dan riwayat sahabat
 Tidak meninggalkan apa-apa selain dua hal: “Al-Qur‟an dan
Sunnah Nabi”

33. The Rightly-Guided Caliphs
Khalifah politik dan agama setelah rasul
wafat:
•Abu Bakr
•Umar bin Khattab
•Uthman bin „Affan
•Ali bin Abi Thalib
Sahabat Nabi terdekat, Muslim shalih,
sebagiannya diikat menjadi saudara
sekeluarga dengan pernikahan

34. Perluasan Wilayah Islam
era Khulafaur Rashidin

35.  The caliph
 Upon Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr served as caliph ("deputy")
 Became head of state, chief judge, religious leader, military commander
 First four called Orthodox caliphs because they were original followers
 The expansion of Islam
 633-637, seized Byzantine Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia
 640's, conquered Egypt and north Africa
 651, toppled Sassanid dynasty
 711, conquered the Hindu kingdom of Sind
 711-718, conquered northwest Africa, most of Iberia
 Success due to weakness of enemies, vigor of Islam
 Referred to Islamic world as Dar al Islam
 The Shia and Sunnis
 The Shia sect supported Ali (last caliph and son in law of Muhammad)
▪ A refuge for non-Arab converts, poor; followers in Iraq, Iran
▪ Felt caliphs should be directly related to Muhammad
 The Sunnis ("traditionalists") accepted legitimacy of early caliphs
▪ Were Arab as opposed to Islamic
▪ Did not feel caliphs had to be related to Muhammad
 Two sects struggled over succession; produced a civil war, murder

36. Dua Aliran Besar Islam pasca Rasul Wafat
Sunni (90%) percaya bahwa penerus nabi (khalifah) itu dipilih ummat
Shi‟ah (10%) percaya bahwa khalifah itu dari keturunan nabi Muhammad SAW

37.  Setelah era Khulafaur Rashidin selesai, Islam didominasi sistem
kerajaan
 Umayyah (661-750 M)
 Abbasiyah (750-1258 M)
 Seljuks (1055-1090)
 Fatimiyyah (909-1171 M)
 Turki Ottoman (1281-1924 M)
 Safawiyah (1501-1722 M)

38.  Dinasti Umayyah (661-750 M)
 Setelah perang saudara; Khalifah Ali dibunuh, terbentuklah dinasti ini
 Memindahkan ibu kota Islam ke Damaskus, Syria
 Arabian military aristocracy
 Kebijakan bagi umat yang ditaklukkan
 Dhimmis adalah untuk Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians
 Wajib bayar jizya (head tax) bagi mereka yang tidak berpindah ke Islam
 Kehancuran Dinasti
 Khalifah teralienasi dari orang Arab sekitar abad 8
 Perlawanan fraksi Shi‟ah
 Ketidakpuasan publik dengan perilaku pemimpin
 Dibasmi oleh kalangan Abbasiyah, semua keluarga Umayyah dibunuh
 Satu keturunan berhasil lolos dan mendirikan dinasti Umayyah di Spanyol; Abdurrahman Ad-Dakhil

39.  Periode diskriminasi
budaya
 Ibu Kota berpindah ke
Damaskus, Syria
 Budaya Arab berkembang
pesat
39

40.  Abu al-Abbas
 A descendant of Muhammad's uncle; allied with Shias and non-Arab Muslims
 Seized control of Persia and Mesopotamia during 740's
 Shattered Umayyad forces at a battle in 750; annihilated the Umayyad clan
 The Abbasid dynasty (750-1258 C.E.)
 Showed no special favor to Arab military aristocracy
 Empire still growing, but not initiated by the central government
 Abbasid administration
 Relied heavily on Persians, Persian techniques of statecraft
 Central authority ruled from the court at Baghdad, newly built city
 Governors ruled provinces; Ulama, qadis (judges) ruled local areas
 Harun al-Rashid (786-809 C.E.)
 Represented the high point of the dynasty
 Baghdad became metropolis, center for commerce, industry, and culture
 Abbasid decline
 Struggle for succession between Harun's sons led to civil war
 Governors built their own power bases, regional dynasties
 Local military commanders took title of Sultan
 Popular uprisings and peasant rebellions weakened the dynasty
 A Persian noble seized control of Baghdad in 945
 Later, the Seljuk Turks controlled the imperial family

41.  Toleransi keberagamaan
dan budaya
 Ibu kota di Baghdad
 Damai

42. Baghdad
Generasi emas Islam; Baghdad menjadi
pusat pembelajaran dan perdagangan. Di
bawah Dinasti Abbasiyah, Baghdad
menjadi “a city of museums, hospitals,
libraries, and mosques.”
Baghdad was one of the largest and most
cosmopolitan cities in the world, home to
Muslims, Christians, Jews and pagans
from across the Middle East and Central
“Istana Abbasiyah di Baghdad”
Asia.
Menjelang tahun 800 M, populasi Baghdad mungkin mencapai setengah juta orang (ini berarti
sebesar Roma di masa Kekaisaran Romawi) dan merupakan kota terbesar di dunia di luar China.

43. The Golden Age
the "Golden Age" of Islamic civilization, karena sumbangsih ilmuwan Islam di
bidang sciences and humanities: medicine, mathematics, astronomy,
chemistry, literature, dan sebagainya.
Kebanyakan sarjana Muslim dari abad 9
hingga 13 mendapatkan pendidikan di
Baghdad.
“Here, teachers and students worked
together to translate Greek manuscripts,
preserving them for all time. They studied
the works of Aristotle, Plato, Hippocrates,
Euclid, and Pythagoras.”
The House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikmah) adalah pusat
utama; yang juga melahirkan ahli matematika Islam,
Al-Khawarizmi, “the father of algebra”

45. Harun al-Rashid
Raja sekaligus Tokoh seni dan
pembelajaran.
“is best known for the
unsurpassed splendor of his
court and lifestyle. Some of the
stories, perhaps the earliest, of
The Thousand and One Nights
were inspired by the glittering
Baghdad court, and King
Shahryar.”
Harun built a palace in Baghdad, far grander and more beautiful
than that of any caliph before him. He established his court there
and lived in great splendor, attended by hundreds of courtiers
and slaves.

46. Seni dan Arsitektur Abbasiyah
Paintings
Calligraphy Great Mosque at Samarra

47. Kemunduran Abbasiyah
o Perang saudara sesama penguasa
o Tensi semakin memanas antara Sunni dan Shi‟ah
o Korupsi penguasa
o Pemberontakan
o Orang Persia yang semakin mengontrol
Abbasiyah
o Orang Mongol mengakhiri dinasti ini pada tahun
1258 M.

48.  Seljuks
 Muslim Keturunan Turki
 Tinggal di kawasan Iran
 Menaklukkan Baghdad dan melemahkan kekaisaran Byzantium

49.  The Crusades
 Crusade: holy war
 Christian Pope menyerukan perang salib pada tahun 1095 M.
 Tujuannya menaklukkan Palestina, “the holy land”
 Ada 6 seri perang salib
 Beberapa sukses, beberapa gagal

50.  Mongols
 Datang dari Central Asia
 Mengambil Baghdad dari tangan Seljuks dan menghancurkannya pada
tahun 1258 M.
 Merusak peradaban Islam hingga 100 tahun
 Ada juga yang masuk Islam dan bergabung dengan budaya Timur
Tengah

51.  Ottoman Empire
 1281-1924 M
 Turkish speaking Muslims
 Sunni
 Menaklukkan Constantinople
pada tahun 1453 dan
mengakhiri era kekaisaran
Byzantium; lalu merubahnya
dengan nama Istanbul

52.  Safavid Empire
 1501-1722 M
 Iran di masa
sekarang
 Shi‟ah
 Pesaing Ottomans

53.  Arab Urban History
 Pre-Islamic Arabs were both urban, bedouin
▪ Mecca, Medina, Yemeni cities, cities of Palmyra, Arab Petropolis
▪ Center of the city was a market place often shared with religious center
▪ Cities designed with human-environment interaction in mind
▪ Nomads came to city to trade, city often settled by whole tribes
▪ Arabs had settled in cities in Syria, Iraq, Jordan
 Arabic cities linked to wider world through merchants, trade
 Arab cities exposed to Jews, Persians, Monophysites, Sabeans
 Arabic Empire and Urban Growth
 Islam as a culture requires mosque, merchant: very urban in outlook
▪ Capital moved from Mecca to Damascus by Umayyads
▪ Arabs founded military cities on edges of desert to rule empire
 As empire grew, needed something more permanent
▪ Abbasids moved capital from Damascus, Kufa to Baghdad
▪ Other designed for purpose cities include Fez, Cairo, Tunis
 Increasing agricultural production contributed to growth of cities
▪ Cities: centers for administration, industry, trade, education, faith
▪ Many different ethnic minorities settled in Muslim cities (quarters)
▪ Mosque at center surrounded by suk, square, in decreasing social order

54. THE FIRST TRANS-REGIONAL CIVILIZATION

55.  Merchants, pilgrims, travelers exchanged foods across empire
 The exchange and spread of food and industrial crops
 Indian plants traveled to other lands of the empire
 Staple crops: sugarcane, rice, new varieties of sorghum and wheat
 Vegetables: spinach, artichokes, eggplants
 Fruits: oranges, lemons, limes, bananas, coconuts, watermelons, mangoes
 Industrial crops: cotton, indigo, henna
 Effects of new crops
 Increased varieties and quantities of food
 Industrial crops became the basis for a thriving textile industry
 Foodstuffs increased health, populations of cities
 Agricultural experimentation
 Numerous agricultural manuals
 Agricultural methods and techniques improved
 Improved irrigation

56.  Pre-Islamic Arab Women
 Arabs as nomads allowed women many rights
 Women often poets, tribe leaders
 Some evidence of matrilineal tribes
 The Quran and women
 Quran enhanced rights, security of women
 Forced husbands to honor contracts, love women
 Allowed women to own property, protected from exploitation
 What produced the change
 Foreign Contacts changed the perspective
▪ Adopted veiling from Mesopotamia, Persia
▪ Isolation from India through purdah, harem
 Muslim rights for women
▪ Often weaken through Hadith, traditions
▪ Often reduced, ignored
▪ Patriarch beliefs reinforced by conquest
▪ Yet Quran, sharia also reinforced male domination
▪ Role of Hadith, Arab traditions reinforced male domination

57.  Camels and caravans
 Overland desert trade traveled mostly by camel caravan
 Caravanserais (motel, corrals) in Islamic cities
 Trading goods usually luxury in nature
 Maritime trade based on technological borrowing
 Arab, Persian mariners borrowed
▪ Compass from the Chinese
▪ Lateen sail from southeast Asian, Indian mariners
▪ Astrolabe from the Hellenistic mariners
 Organization and dominance of trade
▪ In North Africa across Sahara, down Nile, SW Asia, to India
▪ Eastern Mediterranean, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabia Gulf down coasts
▪ Many cities grew rich from trade
▪ Entrepreneurs often pooled their resources in group investments
▪ Different kinds of joint endeavors
 Banks
 Operated on large scale and provided extensive services
 Letters of credit, or sakk, functioned as bank checks
 Exchange of Ideas included Islam, technology, culture

59.  Al-Andalus
 Islamic Spain, conquered by Muslim Berbers
 Claimed independence from the Abbasid dynasty
 Participated in commercial life of the larger Islamic world
 Products of al-Andalus enjoyed a reputation for excellence
 Cordoba was a center of learning, commerce, architecture
 After death of Abd al Rahman III broke up into petty kingdoms
 A unique blended culture
▪ Arab, Latin, German, Islamic, Christian, Jewish
▪ Very tolerant and integrated society
 Warred for 700 years with Christian kingdoms in north
 North Africa
 Strong followers of Shia, broke with Abbassids
 Berbers followed many puritanical Shia like movements
 Eventually Fatimids conquered Egypt, formed rival caliphate
 Central Asia
 Largely Turkish, Persian and Islamic but not Arabic
 Tended to be distant from Baghdad and more tolerant
 Integrated into trans-Eurasian trade network

62.  Persian influence on Islam
 After Arabs most prominent of Muslims, resisted Arabization
▪ Cultural traditions often borrowed heavily by Islam
▪ Became early followers of Shia
 Government and regionalism
▪ Many advisors (vizer is Persian word) to Caliphs were Persian
▪ Cultured, diplomatic language of Abbassid court became Persian
 Literary achievements
▪ Omar Khayyam was greatest of Medieval Muslim poets
▪ The Arabian Nights largely in a Persian style
 Turkish influences
 Central Asian nomads converted to Islam, developed literary culture
 Invaded SW Asia and made caliphate dependent on Turkish nomads
 Formed military might, leadership of late Abbassid state
 Indian Influences
 Purdah and harem borrowed from Hindus
 "Hindi numerals," which Europeans called "Arabic numerals"
 Greek Influences
 Muslims philosophers especially liked Plato and Aristotle; Greek math
 Effort of harmonizing two traditions met resistance from Sufis

63.  Quran, sharia were main sources to formulate moral guidelines
 Constant struggle between what is Arabic and what is Islamic
 Use of Arabic script as only language of Islam strengthened trend
 Persians, Turks, Indians, and Africans struggled for acceptance
 Promotion of Islamic values
 Ulama, qadis, and missionaries were main agents
 Education also promoted Islamic values
 Sufis
 Islamic mystics, effective missionaries
 Encouraged devotion by singing, dancing
 Led ascetic, holy lives, won respect
 Encouraged followers to revere Allah in own ways
 Tolerated those who associated Allah with other beliefs
 The hajj
 The Kaa'ba became the symbol of Islamic cultural unity
 Pilgrims helped to spread Islamic beliefs and values

64. Islam di tahun 750 M

65. Islam sekarang …

66. 22 Major “Religions”!
200 Countries!
Image: http://www.adherents.com

68. http://www.religioustolerance.org/worldrel.htm