This document provides a quick reference guide for writing papers in APA style. It summarizes key formatting guidelines such as using 12-point Times New Roman font, double spacing, and 1-inch margins. Headings are described as having five levels to organize paper sections. The guide also summarizes rules for in-text citations, references, abbreviations, numbers, italics, and block quotes. Common errors students make regarding APA style are identified.
Apa Style Analysis
Apa Style Analysis
APA Ethical Guidelines Essay
APA Style Analysis
APA Style Format
Apa Critique Examples
Apa Plagiarism Essay
Examples Of APA Style
American Psychological Association ( Apa ) Essay
Advantages And Disadvantages Of APA Writing Style
Solving Problems in APA Style Format
APA Writing Style Essay
Depression: The Effects Of Drugs And Prescription
Apa Writing Purpose
Apa Style Essay
Write Apa Comparative Analysis
Apa Style
APA exemplar
Importance Of Apa Format
This document provides examples of solving mathematical problems in APA style format. It begins by solving three problems derived from a textbook, showing the steps and explaining the mathematical processes. It then rewrites the expressions without parentheses using the FOIL method. Finally, it evaluates the polynomials using the given values for P and r, showing the calculations and final answers.
The document discusses the APA style format, explaining that it is a widely used writing style developed by the American Psychological Association to standardize scientific writing. Key aspects of APA format covered include manuscript structure, in-text citations, references page formatting, and guidelines for titles, abstracts, headings, and quotations. Adhering to APA style helps ensure consistency, credibility, and easy navigation for readers in reviewing research in the social sciences.
The document provides an overview of several common style guides used in academic writing and publishing. It discusses the Associated Press (AP) style guide used primarily for journalism, the Modern Language Association (MLA) style for literature and humanities, the American Psychological Association (APA) style for social sciences, the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) for book publishing, and several other guides for specific fields like medicine, science, and chemistry. For each style, it briefly outlines the types of publications or disciplines where it is generally applied.
This document provides information about citing sources in APA style. It explains the general APA format for research papers, in-text citations, references, and it includes examples of how to cite different source types. The document is from the Purdue OWL, an online writing resource maintained by Purdue University writers and editors.
This module is designed to show the basic elements of APA style .docxjuliennehar
This module is designed to show the basic elements of APA style writing and provide examples of appropriate APA guidelines
Sixth Edition of the APA Manual
APA Style and Formatting
American Public University System
American
Military
UniversityAmerican
Public
University
Updated 12/09
APA Style and Formatting
This module is designed to show the basic elements of APA style writing and provide examples of appropriate APA guidelines; however, it is not intended as an exhaustive reference guide.
(Sixth Edition - 2010)
Why Use APA?
APA writing style is used to assist in the formatting and organization of written work for the presentation of ideas
APA rules permit uniformity of many styles to one consistent style
APA (Sixth Edition – effective 2010) has broadened its audience since it is consulted not only by psychologists but also by students & researchers in many fields such as business, education, social work, nursing and many other behavioral and social sciences
Basic APA paper consist of:
The title page
Abstract (optional – ask instructor)
Text of the paper
Reference page
The Title Page
APA requires five basic elements to your title page:
Note: We require you also
add course, professor name
and date – See next slide.
Running head: TITLE OF PAPER 1
Title of Paper
Author's Name
American Public University
2. Title should typed in upper and lower letters, centered and positioned in the upper half of page
Running head is aligned on the left margin on the same line as page number (page number is flush right margin). Should read “Running head: <space> Notice the Running head is flush left and the page number is flush right on the same line. They are permanent. (NOTE: “Running head:” should appear before the short title in the header on the title page only. Thereafter, the short title should appear in the header on its own appearing on each page of the paper with only page numbers changing). The title should be no more than 12 words in length and should not contain abbreviations. All letters of the title are capitalized. Headers must be PERMANENT. The Title page is always page 1. “Running head:” should appear before the short title in the header on the title page only. Thereafter, the short title should appear in the header on its own.
The Cover Page (or Title Page) is always page 1.
3. Author’s Name
4. Institution affiliation
#5: Sixth Edition requires an author’s note which is not needed for essay papers.
Elements of the header
Elements of the running head:
Make sure the words Running head are written out.
The word Running is capitalized, but the word head is not.
Place a colon (:) following the word head.
The running head title (not to exceed 50 characters, including spaces and punctuation) is written in all capital letters.
The number of the page should be on the same line flush right.
See 8.03 APA Manual (Sixth Edition)
6
Title
The title is typed in u ...
The document provides an overview of various style guides used for different types of writing. It lists the Associated Press (AP) style guide used primarily for journalism, the Modern Language Association (MLA) style for literature and humanities, the American Psychological Association (APA) style for social sciences, and the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) used for book publishing. It also briefly describes the Turabian, American Medical Association (AMA), and National Library of Medicine (NLM) style guides used for research and medical/health fields respectively.
Apa Style Analysis
Apa Style Analysis
APA Ethical Guidelines Essay
APA Style Analysis
APA Style Format
Apa Critique Examples
Apa Plagiarism Essay
Examples Of APA Style
American Psychological Association ( Apa ) Essay
Advantages And Disadvantages Of APA Writing Style
Solving Problems in APA Style Format
APA Writing Style Essay
Depression: The Effects Of Drugs And Prescription
Apa Writing Purpose
Apa Style Essay
Write Apa Comparative Analysis
Apa Style
APA exemplar
Importance Of Apa Format
This document provides examples of solving mathematical problems in APA style format. It begins by solving three problems derived from a textbook, showing the steps and explaining the mathematical processes. It then rewrites the expressions without parentheses using the FOIL method. Finally, it evaluates the polynomials using the given values for P and r, showing the calculations and final answers.
The document discusses the APA style format, explaining that it is a widely used writing style developed by the American Psychological Association to standardize scientific writing. Key aspects of APA format covered include manuscript structure, in-text citations, references page formatting, and guidelines for titles, abstracts, headings, and quotations. Adhering to APA style helps ensure consistency, credibility, and easy navigation for readers in reviewing research in the social sciences.
The document provides an overview of several common style guides used in academic writing and publishing. It discusses the Associated Press (AP) style guide used primarily for journalism, the Modern Language Association (MLA) style for literature and humanities, the American Psychological Association (APA) style for social sciences, the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) for book publishing, and several other guides for specific fields like medicine, science, and chemistry. For each style, it briefly outlines the types of publications or disciplines where it is generally applied.
This document provides information about citing sources in APA style. It explains the general APA format for research papers, in-text citations, references, and it includes examples of how to cite different source types. The document is from the Purdue OWL, an online writing resource maintained by Purdue University writers and editors.
This module is designed to show the basic elements of APA style .docxjuliennehar
This module is designed to show the basic elements of APA style writing and provide examples of appropriate APA guidelines
Sixth Edition of the APA Manual
APA Style and Formatting
American Public University System
American
Military
UniversityAmerican
Public
University
Updated 12/09
APA Style and Formatting
This module is designed to show the basic elements of APA style writing and provide examples of appropriate APA guidelines; however, it is not intended as an exhaustive reference guide.
(Sixth Edition - 2010)
Why Use APA?
APA writing style is used to assist in the formatting and organization of written work for the presentation of ideas
APA rules permit uniformity of many styles to one consistent style
APA (Sixth Edition – effective 2010) has broadened its audience since it is consulted not only by psychologists but also by students & researchers in many fields such as business, education, social work, nursing and many other behavioral and social sciences
Basic APA paper consist of:
The title page
Abstract (optional – ask instructor)
Text of the paper
Reference page
The Title Page
APA requires five basic elements to your title page:
Note: We require you also
add course, professor name
and date – See next slide.
Running head: TITLE OF PAPER 1
Title of Paper
Author's Name
American Public University
2. Title should typed in upper and lower letters, centered and positioned in the upper half of page
Running head is aligned on the left margin on the same line as page number (page number is flush right margin). Should read “Running head: <space> Notice the Running head is flush left and the page number is flush right on the same line. They are permanent. (NOTE: “Running head:” should appear before the short title in the header on the title page only. Thereafter, the short title should appear in the header on its own appearing on each page of the paper with only page numbers changing). The title should be no more than 12 words in length and should not contain abbreviations. All letters of the title are capitalized. Headers must be PERMANENT. The Title page is always page 1. “Running head:” should appear before the short title in the header on the title page only. Thereafter, the short title should appear in the header on its own.
The Cover Page (or Title Page) is always page 1.
3. Author’s Name
4. Institution affiliation
#5: Sixth Edition requires an author’s note which is not needed for essay papers.
Elements of the header
Elements of the running head:
Make sure the words Running head are written out.
The word Running is capitalized, but the word head is not.
Place a colon (:) following the word head.
The running head title (not to exceed 50 characters, including spaces and punctuation) is written in all capital letters.
The number of the page should be on the same line flush right.
See 8.03 APA Manual (Sixth Edition)
6
Title
The title is typed in u ...
The document provides an overview of various style guides used for different types of writing. It lists the Associated Press (AP) style guide used primarily for journalism, the Modern Language Association (MLA) style for literature and humanities, the American Psychological Association (APA) style for social sciences, and the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) used for book publishing. It also briefly describes the Turabian, American Medical Association (AMA), and National Library of Medicine (NLM) style guides used for research and medical/health fields respectively.
APA Style Writing.pptxAPA Style WritingAmerican Psychologi.docxarmitageclaire49
This document provides an overview of APA style writing guidelines for research papers. It covers topics such as formatting papers, in-text citations, reference pages, and sections of a research paper like the introduction, method, results, and discussion. Key points include: APA style was developed to facilitate clear scientific communication; it must include a title page with a running head and page numbers, as well as sections like the abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and references; short quotations require only the author and year while long quotations are in a block of text with no quotation marks; paraphrasing also requires the author and year with an optional page number; headings have five levels and specific formatting; and the reference
APA Style Writing.pptxAPA Style WritingAmerican Psychologi.docxRAHUL126667
APA Style Writing.pptx
APA Style Writing
American Psychological Association Introduction and Rules
Rules, Plagiarism,
And Before You Begin…
APA Rules
APA Style® was established to codify the many components of scientific writing to facilitate clear communication and has enabled psychologists and scholars in other social and behavioral sciences to enhance the dissemination of knowledge in their respective fields.
APA rules are drawn from an extensive body of psychological literature, from editors and authors experienced in scholarly writing, and from recognized authorities on publication practices
Plagiarism
Researchers do not claim the words and ideas of another as their own; they give credit where credit is due.
Quotation marks should be used to indicate the exact words of another.
Each time you paraphrase another author, you need to credit the source in the text.
Before You Begin
Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides.
You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font.
The Cover Page
The Set-Up and the Title of Your Research
Cover Page – The Title
A title should summarize the main idea of the manuscript simply and, if possible, with style.
It should be a concise statement of the main topic and should identify the variables or theoretical issues under investigation and the relationship between them in your paper.
Cover Page – The Title, cont.
Includes the title, your name, (which is the name of the author), and the institutional affiliation of the author when the research was conducted.
Home Baked Cakes vs. Cake Mixes
Cynthia Oglesby
University of the Potomac
Cover Page
Include a page header (also known as the "running head") at the top of every page, insert page numbers flush right.
Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation. Example:
Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER
Pages after the title page should have a running head that looks like this:
TITLE OF YOUR PAPER (notice the words “running head” are not here after the cover page)
The Title
Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. APA recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in length and that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose.
Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced and no more than 12’ font.
The Abstract
The Purpose & The Format
The Abstract
Begin a new page. Your abstract page should have the running head in caps only (not the words, “running head”).
On the first line of the abstract page, center the word “Abstract” (not bolded, not in italics, not underlined, or in “quotation marks”).
The abstract is 150-2.
APA Style Writing.pptxAPA Style WritingAmerican Psychologi.docxfestockton
APA Style Writing.pptx
APA Style Writing
American Psychological Association Introduction and Rules
Rules, Plagiarism,
And Before You Begin…
APA Rules
APA Style® was established to codify the many components of scientific writing to facilitate clear communication and has enabled psychologists and scholars in other social and behavioral sciences to enhance the dissemination of knowledge in their respective fields.
APA rules are drawn from an extensive body of psychological literature, from editors and authors experienced in scholarly writing, and from recognized authorities on publication practices
Plagiarism
Researchers do not claim the words and ideas of another as their own; they give credit where credit is due.
Quotation marks should be used to indicate the exact words of another.
Each time you paraphrase another author, you need to credit the source in the text.
Before You Begin
Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides.
You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font.
The Cover Page
The Set-Up and the Title of Your Research
Cover Page – The Title
A title should summarize the main idea of the manuscript simply and, if possible, with style.
It should be a concise statement of the main topic and should identify the variables or theoretical issues under investigation and the relationship between them in your paper.
Cover Page – The Title, cont.
Includes the title, your name, (which is the name of the author), and the institutional affiliation of the author when the research was conducted.
Home Baked Cakes vs. Cake Mixes
Cynthia Oglesby
University of the Potomac
Cover Page
Include a page header (also known as the "running head") at the top of every page, insert page numbers flush right.
Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation. Example:
Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER
Pages after the title page should have a running head that looks like this:
TITLE OF YOUR PAPER (notice the words “running head” are not here after the cover page)
The Title
Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. APA recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in length and that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose.
Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced and no more than 12’ font.
The Abstract
The Purpose & The Format
The Abstract
Begin a new page. Your abstract page should have the running head in caps only (not the words, “running head”).
On the first line of the abstract page, center the word “Abstract” (not bolded, not in italics, not underlined, or in “quotation marks”).
The abstract is 150-2 ...
The document discusses the American Psychological Association (APA) style format. It explains that APA style is primarily used in the social sciences for writing research papers, essays, and journal articles. Some key aspects of APA style include in-text citations, a references page, formatting guidelines for margins, spacing, fonts, and headings. Following APA style helps bring uniformity to academic writing and allows readers to easily understand sources that are cited.
The document provides an overview of different citation styles used in academic writing, including MLA, APA, Chicago, and others. It discusses the disciplines that typically use each style and provides basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style, such as double spacing, font size, margins, headers, and citations. Key details include that MLA is mostly used in the humanities, APA is for social sciences, and Chicago is for book publishing. The document also shows a sample MLA title page and discusses the components of an MLA Works Cited page.
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide and its uses and conventions. APA style is commonly used for publications in social sciences like psychology, nursing, business, and education. It addresses various aspects of writing such as in-text citations, reference lists, headings, manuscript structure, grammar, and reducing bias. Following APA style helps establish credibility by appropriately citing sources and allowing readers to find relevant information. The document reviews guidelines for paraphrasing, quoting, and summarizing sources in the text and provides examples of different source types formatted according to APA style.
This document provides an overview of APA formatting guidelines. It discusses the five levels of headings, general formatting guidelines regarding margins, fonts, and paragraph spacing. It also covers how to format citations within the text and structure the reference section. The document aims to help readers learn APA style through examples and explanations of citation formats for different source types, including journal articles, books, websites, and more.
This document provides guidelines for writing and formatting papers according to APA style. It includes information on formatting papers, references, in-text citations, headings, file names, and examples of references for different publication types such as books, journal articles, theses/dissertations, digital/online content, social media, and more. Sample title pages, abstract pages, and reference pages are also included. The document is intended to serve as a reference for students at the IIRP Graduate School in properly writing and citing their work according to APA style.
This document provides an overview of different citation styles used in academic writing, including MLA, APA, Chicago, and others. It discusses the disciplines that typically use each style and some key differences between them. For example, it notes that MLA style is mostly used in the humanities, APA is used in the social sciences, and Chicago style is used in book publishing. The document also provides brief descriptions of styles like ACS, IEEE, and ASA.
Sample APA Paper
Apa Style Essay
Examples Of APA Style
Apa Style Analysis
APA Reflection Paper
APA Style Format
APA Writing Style Essay
Apa Style Analysis
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide, which is commonly used for papers in the social sciences. It discusses key aspects of APA style including formatting papers, in-text citations, references lists, and writing style. The document explains that APA governs elements such as headings, punctuation, citations, and more. It provides examples of how to format titles pages, references lists, and how to incorporate citations into papers using both in-text citations and a references list.
Complete Guide to APA Format Example to RememberAPA Editor
What do you need to know about the APA citation? Check out this guide for an APA format example that will help you get your task started and done today! http://apaeditor.net/
This document provides an overview of APA formatting guidelines. It explains that APA style is used in many fields like psychology and sociology. The document outlines how to format elements like title pages, citations, and references in APA style. It emphasizes learning APA style helps avoid plagiarism by giving proper credit. The document provides examples of citing sources in-text and creating reference list entries. It cautions that automated citation tools can contain errors, so understanding APA style is important.
Running head SAMPLE PAPER 1 A Sample Paper for the Purpos.docxjeanettehully
This document provides instructions for formatting a sample paper according to the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide. It details formatting requirements such as double spacing, font, margins, headings, citations, references, and more. Examples are provided to illustrate proper APA formatting. The document is intended to help students learn how to format papers correctly in APA style.
Grand Canyon UniversityAmerican Psychological Association [APA] St.docxshericehewat
Grand Canyon University
American Psychological Association [APA] Style Guide for WritingIntroduction
Students of Grand Canyon University (GCU) are required to use the guidelines provided by the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) for preparing written assignments, except where otherwise noted. GCU has made APA templates and other resources available within the Student Success Center; therefore, students are not required to purchase the APA manual.
PLEASE NOTE:
The curriculum materials (Syllabus, Lectures/Readings, Resources, etc.) created and provided by GCU in the online or Web-enhanced modalities are prepared using an editorial format that relies on APA as a framework but that modifies some formatting criteria to better suit the nature and purpose of instructional materials. Students and faculty are advised that GCU course materials do not adhere strictly to APA format and should not be used as examples of correct APA format when preparing written work for class.
APA Format and Style
General
Academic writing, which is independent thought supported by reliable and relevant research, depends on the ability to integrate and cite the sources that have been consulted. Use APA style for all references, in-text citations, formatting, etc.
Write in first- and second-person sparingly, if ever. This means, avoid using I, we, and you; instead, use he, she, and they. Do not use contractions.Paper Format
1) Use standard-sized paper of 8.5″ x 11″.
2) Margins should be 1″ all around (top, bottom, left, right).
3) Use Times New Roman 12-point font.
4) For emphasis, use italics (not quotation marks, bold, etc.).
5) Double-space.
6) Align the text flush left. Organization
The basic organization of an APA-style paper includes the title page, abstract, body, and reference section, though students are encouraged to follow any specific directions given in their Overview assignment.
Title Page
The title page includes four elements that should be centered in the middle of the page: title, author byline, institutional affiliation followed by the course prefix and number (e.g., Grand Canyon University: PSY 351), and date of submission. Please note that even though APA does not require the date on a title page, it is a requirement for GCU papers.
Being the first page, the title page is where to set up your page header, which includes the running head and the page number. The running head—an abbreviated title that is a maximum of 50 characters—should appear flush left in all uppercase letters in the header on all pages. Page numbers should be in the header, flush right.
To format your running head and page numbers in Microsoft Word 2010, click InsertHeader Blank. In the header box that shows up, type Running head: ABBREVIATED TITLE HERE. After the title, tab over till the cursor is at the right margin, highlight the space, and click InsertPage Number and select Current PositionPlain Number.
Abstract
The abstract covers the ma ...
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and formatting style. It discusses the key elements of APA papers such as the title page, abstract, headings, in-text citations, references, and appendices. Examples are provided to illustrate how to format these sections, including title pages, in-text citations, quotations, references for different source types, and appendices. Guidance is also given on writing style, avoiding bias, evaluating sources, paraphrasing versus quoting, and citing secondary sources in APA style.
1 Forbes School of Business APA Style Standards The.docxmercysuttle
1
Forbes School of Business APA Style Standards
These standards are excerpted from the 6
th
edition of the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, published in 2010. These standards are intended to provide an
overview of APA formatting necessary for Ashford University writing assignments.
Standard 1: Manuscript Elements
o Manuscript Format
Left, top, bottom, and right margins should be 1 inch.
Paper is prepared in Times New Roman, 12-point font and is double-spaced
throughout.
Page numbers are Arabic numerals in the upper right corner of each page, ½
inch from the top, and are consecutive from the title page through any
appendices. Preliminary pages contain numbers in lowercase Roman
numerals.
o Title Page
Requirements (in order):
A Running Head
o The term “Running head: YOUR TITLE” appears on first page
(i.e. Title Page) in the header. All subsequent pages contain
YOUR TITLE, but do not include the words “Running head,”
which is only for the title page.
o The running head needs to be left justified and on the same line
as the page number throughout the document.
o The running head can be the title of the manuscript or a
shortened version of it.
Title
o The title should concisely reflect the main idea of the
manuscript.
o The title should be typed with initial capitalizations for nouns,
verbs, adjectives, and any prepositions five or more letters in
length.
o The title should be centered between the left and right margins,
and positioned in the upper half of the page.
o Recommended title length: no more than 12 words.
Student Name
Course Name and Number
Instructor
Submission Date
o Abstract
2
An abstract is a brief comprehensive summary of the contents of the
manuscript and it allows readers to survey the contents of the manuscript
quickly.
An abstract should only be included if the manuscript is longer than 15-double
spaced pages, excluding the title page and reference page.
Abstract length should range from 150–250 words.
The abstract should be the second page of the manuscript (after the title page).
The label Abstract should appear with initial capitalization and lowercase
letters, centered, at the top of the page, like a title.
The abstract should be a single paragraph without paragraph indentation.
o The Introduction
Begins on a new page (page 2 [or page 3 if an abstract is included]) and the
full title of the paper is centered one inch from the top of the page with initial
capitalizations and lowercase letters (not underlined, boldfaced, or italicized)
and is double-spaced above the first paragraph of text.
A manuscript must open with an introduction that presents the thesis, the
statement of purpose, the argument, or the specific problem under study.
There should be no heading labeling it the “Introduction.”
o The Body
This is the main part of ...
Has your instructor asked you to write an essay or paper in APA Format? Then you need to learn how to write an essay in APA Format so that you can organize your work. If you have never used this format before, you may find it a bit daunting. In this powerpoint presentation, we will be discussing APA in detail.
The document provides information about MLA style guidelines for formatting research papers, in-text citations, headings, and citing sources. It discusses setting up the title page, formatting the text, using parenthetical citations, and creating a Works Cited page. Examples are given of how to properly cite different sources in-text and format headings for essays and books.
Running head SHORT TITLE1SHORT TITLE 7Please delete .docxSUBHI7
This document provides instructions and guidelines for an assignment on position papers regarding healthcare stakeholders in the American Psychological Association (APA) format. It defines key requirements for the assignment, including selecting one healthcare stakeholder to analyze, discussing their involvement in specific areas, supporting statements with peer-reviewed sources, and formatting the paper in APA style. It specifies the assignment should be 5-7 pages not including front/back matter and reference pages, and include at least 3 peer-reviewed sources no older than 5 years that are properly cited. The document also includes a rubric for grading the assignment and emphasizes critical thinking.
The document outlines 5 steps for requesting and receiving writing assistance from HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, submitting a request form, reviewing bids from writers, authorizing payment after receiving a satisfactory paper, and having the option to request revisions. The process aims to match clients with qualified writers and ensure high quality original content through revisions and refunds for plagiarized work.
How To Write Your Essays In Less Minutes Using This Website Doy NewsNathan Mathis
This document summarizes steps for writing essays quickly using the website HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. Attach sample work to imitate writing style.
3. The website uses a bidding system. Choose a writer based on qualifications, history, and feedback, then pay a deposit to start.
4. Check the paper and authorize full payment if pleased, or request revisions for free using the site's revision policy.
APA Style Writing.pptxAPA Style WritingAmerican Psychologi.docxarmitageclaire49
This document provides an overview of APA style writing guidelines for research papers. It covers topics such as formatting papers, in-text citations, reference pages, and sections of a research paper like the introduction, method, results, and discussion. Key points include: APA style was developed to facilitate clear scientific communication; it must include a title page with a running head and page numbers, as well as sections like the abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and references; short quotations require only the author and year while long quotations are in a block of text with no quotation marks; paraphrasing also requires the author and year with an optional page number; headings have five levels and specific formatting; and the reference
APA Style Writing.pptxAPA Style WritingAmerican Psychologi.docxRAHUL126667
APA Style Writing.pptx
APA Style Writing
American Psychological Association Introduction and Rules
Rules, Plagiarism,
And Before You Begin…
APA Rules
APA Style® was established to codify the many components of scientific writing to facilitate clear communication and has enabled psychologists and scholars in other social and behavioral sciences to enhance the dissemination of knowledge in their respective fields.
APA rules are drawn from an extensive body of psychological literature, from editors and authors experienced in scholarly writing, and from recognized authorities on publication practices
Plagiarism
Researchers do not claim the words and ideas of another as their own; they give credit where credit is due.
Quotation marks should be used to indicate the exact words of another.
Each time you paraphrase another author, you need to credit the source in the text.
Before You Begin
Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides.
You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font.
The Cover Page
The Set-Up and the Title of Your Research
Cover Page – The Title
A title should summarize the main idea of the manuscript simply and, if possible, with style.
It should be a concise statement of the main topic and should identify the variables or theoretical issues under investigation and the relationship between them in your paper.
Cover Page – The Title, cont.
Includes the title, your name, (which is the name of the author), and the institutional affiliation of the author when the research was conducted.
Home Baked Cakes vs. Cake Mixes
Cynthia Oglesby
University of the Potomac
Cover Page
Include a page header (also known as the "running head") at the top of every page, insert page numbers flush right.
Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation. Example:
Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER
Pages after the title page should have a running head that looks like this:
TITLE OF YOUR PAPER (notice the words “running head” are not here after the cover page)
The Title
Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. APA recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in length and that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose.
Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced and no more than 12’ font.
The Abstract
The Purpose & The Format
The Abstract
Begin a new page. Your abstract page should have the running head in caps only (not the words, “running head”).
On the first line of the abstract page, center the word “Abstract” (not bolded, not in italics, not underlined, or in “quotation marks”).
The abstract is 150-2.
APA Style Writing.pptxAPA Style WritingAmerican Psychologi.docxfestockton
APA Style Writing.pptx
APA Style Writing
American Psychological Association Introduction and Rules
Rules, Plagiarism,
And Before You Begin…
APA Rules
APA Style® was established to codify the many components of scientific writing to facilitate clear communication and has enabled psychologists and scholars in other social and behavioral sciences to enhance the dissemination of knowledge in their respective fields.
APA rules are drawn from an extensive body of psychological literature, from editors and authors experienced in scholarly writing, and from recognized authorities on publication practices
Plagiarism
Researchers do not claim the words and ideas of another as their own; they give credit where credit is due.
Quotation marks should be used to indicate the exact words of another.
Each time you paraphrase another author, you need to credit the source in the text.
Before You Begin
Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides.
You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font.
The Cover Page
The Set-Up and the Title of Your Research
Cover Page – The Title
A title should summarize the main idea of the manuscript simply and, if possible, with style.
It should be a concise statement of the main topic and should identify the variables or theoretical issues under investigation and the relationship between them in your paper.
Cover Page – The Title, cont.
Includes the title, your name, (which is the name of the author), and the institutional affiliation of the author when the research was conducted.
Home Baked Cakes vs. Cake Mixes
Cynthia Oglesby
University of the Potomac
Cover Page
Include a page header (also known as the "running head") at the top of every page, insert page numbers flush right.
Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation. Example:
Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER
Pages after the title page should have a running head that looks like this:
TITLE OF YOUR PAPER (notice the words “running head” are not here after the cover page)
The Title
Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. APA recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in length and that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose.
Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced and no more than 12’ font.
The Abstract
The Purpose & The Format
The Abstract
Begin a new page. Your abstract page should have the running head in caps only (not the words, “running head”).
On the first line of the abstract page, center the word “Abstract” (not bolded, not in italics, not underlined, or in “quotation marks”).
The abstract is 150-2 ...
The document discusses the American Psychological Association (APA) style format. It explains that APA style is primarily used in the social sciences for writing research papers, essays, and journal articles. Some key aspects of APA style include in-text citations, a references page, formatting guidelines for margins, spacing, fonts, and headings. Following APA style helps bring uniformity to academic writing and allows readers to easily understand sources that are cited.
The document provides an overview of different citation styles used in academic writing, including MLA, APA, Chicago, and others. It discusses the disciplines that typically use each style and provides basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style, such as double spacing, font size, margins, headers, and citations. Key details include that MLA is mostly used in the humanities, APA is for social sciences, and Chicago is for book publishing. The document also shows a sample MLA title page and discusses the components of an MLA Works Cited page.
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide and its uses and conventions. APA style is commonly used for publications in social sciences like psychology, nursing, business, and education. It addresses various aspects of writing such as in-text citations, reference lists, headings, manuscript structure, grammar, and reducing bias. Following APA style helps establish credibility by appropriately citing sources and allowing readers to find relevant information. The document reviews guidelines for paraphrasing, quoting, and summarizing sources in the text and provides examples of different source types formatted according to APA style.
This document provides an overview of APA formatting guidelines. It discusses the five levels of headings, general formatting guidelines regarding margins, fonts, and paragraph spacing. It also covers how to format citations within the text and structure the reference section. The document aims to help readers learn APA style through examples and explanations of citation formats for different source types, including journal articles, books, websites, and more.
This document provides guidelines for writing and formatting papers according to APA style. It includes information on formatting papers, references, in-text citations, headings, file names, and examples of references for different publication types such as books, journal articles, theses/dissertations, digital/online content, social media, and more. Sample title pages, abstract pages, and reference pages are also included. The document is intended to serve as a reference for students at the IIRP Graduate School in properly writing and citing their work according to APA style.
This document provides an overview of different citation styles used in academic writing, including MLA, APA, Chicago, and others. It discusses the disciplines that typically use each style and some key differences between them. For example, it notes that MLA style is mostly used in the humanities, APA is used in the social sciences, and Chicago style is used in book publishing. The document also provides brief descriptions of styles like ACS, IEEE, and ASA.
Sample APA Paper
Apa Style Essay
Examples Of APA Style
Apa Style Analysis
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APA Style Format
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Apa Style Analysis
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide, which is commonly used for papers in the social sciences. It discusses key aspects of APA style including formatting papers, in-text citations, references lists, and writing style. The document explains that APA governs elements such as headings, punctuation, citations, and more. It provides examples of how to format titles pages, references lists, and how to incorporate citations into papers using both in-text citations and a references list.
Complete Guide to APA Format Example to RememberAPA Editor
What do you need to know about the APA citation? Check out this guide for an APA format example that will help you get your task started and done today! http://apaeditor.net/
This document provides an overview of APA formatting guidelines. It explains that APA style is used in many fields like psychology and sociology. The document outlines how to format elements like title pages, citations, and references in APA style. It emphasizes learning APA style helps avoid plagiarism by giving proper credit. The document provides examples of citing sources in-text and creating reference list entries. It cautions that automated citation tools can contain errors, so understanding APA style is important.
Running head SAMPLE PAPER 1 A Sample Paper for the Purpos.docxjeanettehully
This document provides instructions for formatting a sample paper according to the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide. It details formatting requirements such as double spacing, font, margins, headings, citations, references, and more. Examples are provided to illustrate proper APA formatting. The document is intended to help students learn how to format papers correctly in APA style.
Grand Canyon UniversityAmerican Psychological Association [APA] St.docxshericehewat
Grand Canyon University
American Psychological Association [APA] Style Guide for WritingIntroduction
Students of Grand Canyon University (GCU) are required to use the guidelines provided by the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) for preparing written assignments, except where otherwise noted. GCU has made APA templates and other resources available within the Student Success Center; therefore, students are not required to purchase the APA manual.
PLEASE NOTE:
The curriculum materials (Syllabus, Lectures/Readings, Resources, etc.) created and provided by GCU in the online or Web-enhanced modalities are prepared using an editorial format that relies on APA as a framework but that modifies some formatting criteria to better suit the nature and purpose of instructional materials. Students and faculty are advised that GCU course materials do not adhere strictly to APA format and should not be used as examples of correct APA format when preparing written work for class.
APA Format and Style
General
Academic writing, which is independent thought supported by reliable and relevant research, depends on the ability to integrate and cite the sources that have been consulted. Use APA style for all references, in-text citations, formatting, etc.
Write in first- and second-person sparingly, if ever. This means, avoid using I, we, and you; instead, use he, she, and they. Do not use contractions.Paper Format
1) Use standard-sized paper of 8.5″ x 11″.
2) Margins should be 1″ all around (top, bottom, left, right).
3) Use Times New Roman 12-point font.
4) For emphasis, use italics (not quotation marks, bold, etc.).
5) Double-space.
6) Align the text flush left. Organization
The basic organization of an APA-style paper includes the title page, abstract, body, and reference section, though students are encouraged to follow any specific directions given in their Overview assignment.
Title Page
The title page includes four elements that should be centered in the middle of the page: title, author byline, institutional affiliation followed by the course prefix and number (e.g., Grand Canyon University: PSY 351), and date of submission. Please note that even though APA does not require the date on a title page, it is a requirement for GCU papers.
Being the first page, the title page is where to set up your page header, which includes the running head and the page number. The running head—an abbreviated title that is a maximum of 50 characters—should appear flush left in all uppercase letters in the header on all pages. Page numbers should be in the header, flush right.
To format your running head and page numbers in Microsoft Word 2010, click InsertHeader Blank. In the header box that shows up, type Running head: ABBREVIATED TITLE HERE. After the title, tab over till the cursor is at the right margin, highlight the space, and click InsertPage Number and select Current PositionPlain Number.
Abstract
The abstract covers the ma ...
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and formatting style. It discusses the key elements of APA papers such as the title page, abstract, headings, in-text citations, references, and appendices. Examples are provided to illustrate how to format these sections, including title pages, in-text citations, quotations, references for different source types, and appendices. Guidance is also given on writing style, avoiding bias, evaluating sources, paraphrasing versus quoting, and citing secondary sources in APA style.
1 Forbes School of Business APA Style Standards The.docxmercysuttle
1
Forbes School of Business APA Style Standards
These standards are excerpted from the 6
th
edition of the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, published in 2010. These standards are intended to provide an
overview of APA formatting necessary for Ashford University writing assignments.
Standard 1: Manuscript Elements
o Manuscript Format
Left, top, bottom, and right margins should be 1 inch.
Paper is prepared in Times New Roman, 12-point font and is double-spaced
throughout.
Page numbers are Arabic numerals in the upper right corner of each page, ½
inch from the top, and are consecutive from the title page through any
appendices. Preliminary pages contain numbers in lowercase Roman
numerals.
o Title Page
Requirements (in order):
A Running Head
o The term “Running head: YOUR TITLE” appears on first page
(i.e. Title Page) in the header. All subsequent pages contain
YOUR TITLE, but do not include the words “Running head,”
which is only for the title page.
o The running head needs to be left justified and on the same line
as the page number throughout the document.
o The running head can be the title of the manuscript or a
shortened version of it.
Title
o The title should concisely reflect the main idea of the
manuscript.
o The title should be typed with initial capitalizations for nouns,
verbs, adjectives, and any prepositions five or more letters in
length.
o The title should be centered between the left and right margins,
and positioned in the upper half of the page.
o Recommended title length: no more than 12 words.
Student Name
Course Name and Number
Instructor
Submission Date
o Abstract
2
An abstract is a brief comprehensive summary of the contents of the
manuscript and it allows readers to survey the contents of the manuscript
quickly.
An abstract should only be included if the manuscript is longer than 15-double
spaced pages, excluding the title page and reference page.
Abstract length should range from 150–250 words.
The abstract should be the second page of the manuscript (after the title page).
The label Abstract should appear with initial capitalization and lowercase
letters, centered, at the top of the page, like a title.
The abstract should be a single paragraph without paragraph indentation.
o The Introduction
Begins on a new page (page 2 [or page 3 if an abstract is included]) and the
full title of the paper is centered one inch from the top of the page with initial
capitalizations and lowercase letters (not underlined, boldfaced, or italicized)
and is double-spaced above the first paragraph of text.
A manuscript must open with an introduction that presents the thesis, the
statement of purpose, the argument, or the specific problem under study.
There should be no heading labeling it the “Introduction.”
o The Body
This is the main part of ...
Has your instructor asked you to write an essay or paper in APA Format? Then you need to learn how to write an essay in APA Format so that you can organize your work. If you have never used this format before, you may find it a bit daunting. In this powerpoint presentation, we will be discussing APA in detail.
The document provides information about MLA style guidelines for formatting research papers, in-text citations, headings, and citing sources. It discusses setting up the title page, formatting the text, using parenthetical citations, and creating a Works Cited page. Examples are given of how to properly cite different sources in-text and format headings for essays and books.
Running head SHORT TITLE1SHORT TITLE 7Please delete .docxSUBHI7
This document provides instructions and guidelines for an assignment on position papers regarding healthcare stakeholders in the American Psychological Association (APA) format. It defines key requirements for the assignment, including selecting one healthcare stakeholder to analyze, discussing their involvement in specific areas, supporting statements with peer-reviewed sources, and formatting the paper in APA style. It specifies the assignment should be 5-7 pages not including front/back matter and reference pages, and include at least 3 peer-reviewed sources no older than 5 years that are properly cited. The document also includes a rubric for grading the assignment and emphasizes critical thinking.
The document outlines 5 steps for requesting and receiving writing assistance from HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, submitting a request form, reviewing bids from writers, authorizing payment after receiving a satisfactory paper, and having the option to request revisions. The process aims to match clients with qualified writers and ensure high quality original content through revisions and refunds for plagiarized work.
How To Write Your Essays In Less Minutes Using This Website Doy NewsNathan Mathis
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The document discusses respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), a condition seen in premature newborns where their immature lungs lack sufficient surfactant, causing difficulty drawing breath. Causes include prematurity and related risk factors. Symptoms include rapid breathing and oxygen desaturation. Treatment focuses on providing supplemental oxygen, humidified air, and mechanical ventilation if needed to support breathing until the lungs mature enough.
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Unusual How To Start Off A Compare And Contrast EssayNathan Mathis
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The document discusses the potential of the Five Factor personality model to predict employee performance. It describes the Five Factor model and its dimensions of Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. It notes that research has found consistent relationships between some FFM traits like conscientiousness and job performance, but other traits like agreeableness are not strongly related to performance. However, the model may overestimate personality's ability to predict performance due to other factors influencing it.
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting an assignment request on the HelpWriting.net site. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a form with assignment details. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions as needed, with HelpWriting.net offering refunds for plagiarized work.
The document discusses the process for requesting essay writing help from HelpWriting.net. It involves 5 steps: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and HelpWriting.net offers refunds for plagiarized work.
How To Make A Cover Page For Assignment Guide - AsNathan Mathis
The document discusses Kanban, a system for scheduling lean and just-in-time production. Kanban was developed by Taiichi Ohno at Toyota to improve production and maintain high levels of output. It became an effective tool for running a production system as a whole unit. Areas with problems were highlighted by reducing the number of Kanban cards in circulation. The document traces the origins of Kanban to Toyota studying supermarkets in the 1940s and applying their stocking and shelf techniques to the factory floor.
This document provides information about writing essays for creative writing and getting help with assignments from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process for using their services: 1) Create an account; 2) Complete an order form with instructions; 3) Review bids from writers and choose one; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions if needed. The website promises original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work.
Sites That Write Papers For You. Websites That Write Essays For YouNathan Mathis
The document describes the career of computer programming. It begins by noting how integral computer programs are to modern life and technology. It then states that computer programmers play an important role in developing user-friendly interfaces from complex machines. The summary outlines that computer programming is a challenging but fulfilling career that requires knowledge of programming languages like Visual Basic, C++, and Java. Programmers use different languages daily, similar to how foreign languages have similarities and differences.
This document provides instructions for how to organize and arrange writing assistance through the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work.
This document provides instructions for seeking writing help from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and the company offers refunds for plagiarized work.
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1. APA Quick Reference Guide
University of North Carolina
School of Social Work
Revised October 15, 2010
Prepared by
Diane Wyant
Academic Editor
dwyant@email.unc.edu
2. APA Quick Reference Guide 2
APA Quick Reference Guide
Caveat: This guide is intended to supplement —not replace—the sixth edition of the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2010). As a
quick reference, this guide is not comprehensive but covers the most common
style issues that arise in student writing.
Disclaimer: This reference tool is based on the APA Manual of Style (6th ed.). As such, none of
the contents should be assumed the original work or thoughts of the
editor/compiler.
The UNC School of Social Work follows the writing standards of the American Psychological
Association as detailed in the APA Manual of Style (2010). However, each instructor has the
discretion to accept or require other styles and modifications to the APA standards. Therefore,
always check with your instructor professor to determine his or her requirements.
3. APA Quick Reference Guide 3
Basic Format for APA Papers
The basic structure for a paper in APA style includes four components:
1. Cover or title page
2. Abstract
3. Body of the paper
4. Reference section
In addition, tables, figures, and appendices may be added to the paper. For most student
papers, tables and figures will be incorporated into the body of the paper. However, papers
being submitted for publication should indicate an approximate placement for tables or figures
in the body of the paper, and tables and figures (printed one per page) are included with the
paper after the Reference section.
Essentials of APA Page Formatting and Style
Margins Mi i u of a gi o all sides
Flush left (ragged right edge)
Font New Times Roman for text;
Sans Serif font (e.g., Arial) for statistic in tables and figures
Font size 12 pt. for text and headings; Table font can be reduce to 10 pt., but no smaller
Spacing Double-spaced throughout, including references
One space following any punctuation mark; one space between sentences
No spaces on internal punctuation for abbreviations such as i.e., or e.g.,
O e spa e et ee autho ’s initials
Example: ...funky lowercase (e.g., the writing of e. e. cummings).
Paragraphs Indent the beginning of a new paragraph .
Avoid one-sentence paragraphs.
Pagination Page numbers begin with the title page (i.e., page 1), but the number is not shown on
the title page. Beginning with page 2, numbers are placed in the upper right-hand
corner.
Allow 5 spaces between the end of the header and the page number.
Numbers Numbers less than 10 are written out as words (i.e., one through nine)
Numbers 10 and greater use Arabic figures (10 – 999,999)
Use the % symbol and figures to report any number as a percentage (6%, 22.5%)
EXCEPTIONS: Do not use a figure to start a sentence: write out the number
-Whe iti g out the u e also ite out pe e t
-Use the word percentage when writing in general terms and not referring to a
specific numerical value.
4. APA Quick Reference Guide 4
Example: “Sixty-seven percent of the sample....as compared to 2% that did not qualify.
This was a larger percentage than previously …”
Italics Correct use:
1. To introduce a word used as a term; drop italics on subsequent use of term
(APA 4.21)
2. Titles of books, periodicals, brochures, reports--in text & reference entries
(APA 6.15)
3. Anchors of a scale
Examples: “Familism is …preserving the family of origin. Thus, familism …”
“Oprah’s latest book club selection, Share the Wealth Girlfriend, sold a staggering…”
“…used a 3-point scale with ratings that ranged from 1 (poor) to 3 (excellent)…”
Incorrect use:
▪ Do ’t use itali s for emphasis – rely on your writing to give emphasis to a thought.
▪ Foreign phrases that have become accepted as English words (i.e., included in
Merriam-We ster’s Collegiate Dictionary) Examples:
et al. per se vis-à-vis ad hoc ad infinitum quid pro quo
a posteriori ad lib a priori pro bono ad nauseam sine qua non
Language Avoid biased or pejorative language and language that refers to people by diagnosis.
Examples:
Terms to Avoid Preferred Terms
elderly older adults, aging adults
mentally ill those with mental illness
disabled children children with disabilities
Hyphen use
APA style is stingy with hyphens, and most students tend to overuse hyphens.
Note: Ig o e Wo d’s suggestio s fo h phe atio —it’s ot APA o plia t.
Words that are always hyphenated:
▪ Any compound words with self- as the prefix (self-report, self-talk, self-esteem)
▪ Two words acting as a compound adjective to modify a third word
- (low-dosage group, 12th-grade students, a two-thirds majority)
▪ Any word easily misunderstood without a hyphen
- (re-pair for pairing again, re-form for form again)
▪ Any compound with a base that is capitalized, a number, or an abbreviation
- (non-Latino, post-1990, anti-FBI rally)
Do not hyphenate:
o Racial/ethnic group names
- (African American, European American, Arab American, Scot Irish)
o Compound adjectives that include an adverb ending in -ly
5. APA Quick Reference Guide 5
- (federally funded grant, randomly assigned rats, widely accepted term)
o Compounds that includes a comparative or superlative adjective
(better written text, less informed group, higher order analysis, worst case scenario)
Abbreviations
&
Acronyms
APA recognizes only seven acronyms as words that do not require definition:
HIV, AIDS, IQ, ESP, REM, NADP, ACTH
Define all other abbreviations by writing out name in full on first use and putting
abbreviation in parentheses. Example: “…School of Social Work (SSW) …”
Once defined, you must use the abbreviation for all subsequent references;
no flip-flopping!
Use abbreviations sparingly—overuse turns a paper into alphabet soup!
APA does not set a limit on the number of abbreviations allowed; however, most
readers can keep track of only 4 to 5 unfamiliar abbreviations.
Quotes
Less than 40
words
is an in-line
uote.
40 or more
words
are set as a
block quote
Students tend to overuse quotes either because they lack confidence in their ability to
express profound ideas in their own words or because they are lazy writers. In either
case, your instructors are interested in learning your thoughts on a topic, not the
words of another author.
It is app op iate to i lude a uote he the autho ’s u i ue ph asi g suffe s
substantially or loses meaning when paraphrased.
Quotes must be introduced in the text by explaining the meaning, relevance, or
significance of the quote to your text. In-line quotations are incorporated into the
text, set within double quotation marks, and followed by the in-text citation with the
page number of the quote. Use p. for a quote from a single page, use pp. for a quote
that spans a range of pages. Note that the sentence punctuation follows the citation.
Example: Keep your writing accessible by avoiding use of “pointy-headed prose”
(Barbaro, 2007, p. 7).
If an in-text citation for the quoted author was given earlier in the sentence, only the
page number follows the quote.
Example: Smith and Jones (1993) found gum chewing improved students’ retention of
classroom material, but also noted professors found “the sight of 30 cud-chewing faces
disgusting and demoralizing” (p. 32).
Long quotes of 40 words or more are set as block quotes; each line is indented 5
spaces . i . a d dou le-spaced. See Sample APA paper for an example.
6. APA Quick Reference Guide 6
Headings: Roadmaps for Your Reader
Headings disclose ou pape ’s o ga izatio to the eade , hi h helps the eade
process the information. Used correctly, headings can help clarify how the material in one
section relates to other sections. If used incorrectly, headings can be as confusing as bad driving
directions.
APA style uses five levels of headings:
Illustration from Lee, C. (2009). Five essential tips for APA heading styles. Retrieved from
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/07/five-essential-tips-for-apa-style-headings.html
Most student papers will use two or three levels of headings. How do you know how
many levels of headings to use? The headings levels are based on the amount of detail in your
paper. The best way to determine heading levels is to make an outline of your paper to see how
many levels of subsections are needed to present your supporting evidence.
The headings are used sequentially in a top-down progression. Headings that use both
upper- and lowercase letters are referred to as headline-style capitalization. Sentence-style
capitalization refers to headings in which only the first word, proper nouns, and first word
following internal punctuation are capitalized. Levels 3, 4, and 5 use sentence-style
capitalization.
These heading styles apply to the body of the paper; title page, abstract, references,
tables are not considered parts of body of the paper; therefore, headings on those pages are
not boldface. Tables and figures have special rules for titles. See Table 1 on the next page.
7. APA Quick Reference Guide 7
Table 1
APA Manuscript Order and Heading Styles
Section Heading Style Example
Title page
-title
Centered Headline: Not
Boldface
APA Rules: New Meaning for “Too Much Information!”
Author
Note
Centered, Headline -Style
Caps, Not Boldface
Author Note
Start each paragraph with an indent, type separate paragraphs for
affiliations, changes in affiliations, acknowledgements, special circumstances.
Abstract Centered, not boldface
Abstract
Introduction Trick question! APA
does not use this heading.
Just dive in and start the paper. Your first heading may be several paragraphs
or pages into your paper.
Method Centered, sentence style,
Boldface
Method
Results Centered, sentence style,
Boldface
Results
Discussion Centered, sentence style,
boldface
Discussion
Conclusion Centered, sentence style,
boldface
Conclusion
References Centered, sentence style;
not bold
References
Footnotes APA strongly discourages
the use of footnotes;
however, if you must…
Centered, not bold
Footnotes
Tables Flush Left, Headline,
Italics, Not Bold
Table 1
Sociodemographic Data of Research Participants by Intervention Condition
Figures:
Legends
Captions
Flush Left, Headline: Not
Italics, Not Bold
Figure X . The remainder
not italics, not bold, flush
left. Placed under figure.
Figure 1 Details of Participant Flow Through Screening Procedures
Figure 3. Schematic of the critical multilevel screening process that
simultaneously determined potential participants’ eligibility for inclusion in
the research study and eligibility for the Work First program.
Appendix Centered, Headline,
Not Bold
Appendix A
8. APA Quick Reference Guide 8
Quick Reference for In-Text Citations
One author Every citation: (last name, publication year)
(Gambrill, 2001)
2 authors E e itatio : Autho & Autho , ea Use & ithi pa e theses. W ite
out the o d a d he autho s’ a es a e used i the signal phrase.
“…thus, leading to higher rates of HIV infection (Peacock & Slocum, 2004).
“According to Peacock and Slocum (2004), the higher rates of HIV …”
3-5 authors First use: List all authors (separate names with commas) and publication date
(Ivy, Dees, & Coe, 1999)
Subsequent use: List fi st autho + et al., + date; et al. ea s a d othe s
(Ivy et al., 1999)
Note: et is Latin and (not an abbreviation, no period)—al. is an abbreviation
for the Latin alia othe s a d the efo e always uses a period. In the
citation, a comma separates et al. from the date.
6 or more
authors
First use: first author + et al., + date (comma separates et al. and date)
(Bucket et al., 2003)
Organization or
Government
Dept. as
corporate
author
If individual authors are not listed, use the organization as the author.
To define an abbreviation within a citation for a corporate author that you
will cite several times, enclose the abbreviation in square brackets.
(March of Dimes Foundation, 2009)
(Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 2007)
Internet site Use same format author–date format. If no individual author for a Web page,
list the organization as the author. Use date given on Web page as copyright
date, last updated, or last revised date for publication date (usually at
bottom of Web page). If no date given, substitute .d. for no date.
DO NOT put web address in the text of the paper.
(Planned Parenthood, n.d.) (Stearns, 2009) (National Health Statistics, 2003)
Citing multiple
pages from one
Web site
When citing multiple pages from an organization’s Web, the reference entry
should use the exact URL for each page. Because each in-text entry would
have the same author/organization and year, you will need to add a
lowercase letters to the year to distinguish citations for each page. Letters
are assigned in the order that the citations are used in the text.
9. APA Quick Reference Guide 9
Citing multiple
pages (cont.)
In-text (1st
pg.)
Ref. entry
In-text (2nd
pg.)
Ref. entry
In-text (3rd
pg.)
Ref. entry
The examples below are different pages from North Carolina (NC )Division of
Social Services Web site that would all be cited as (NC Division of Social
Services, 2010). A lowercase letter is added to in-text citation and the
corresponding reference entry. If you choose to abbreviate the source, you’ll
need to define the abbreviation only once and then apply to all:
(North Carolina Division of Social Services [NCDSS], 2010a)
North Carolina Division of Social Services. (2010a). Role & responsibilities of CSE
agency. Retrieved from http://www.ncdhhs.gov/dss/cse/geninfo.htm#role
(NCDSS, 2010b)
North Carolina Division of Social Services. (2010b). Work First. Retrieved from
http://www.ncdhhs.gov/dss/workfirst/index.htm
(NCDSS, 2010c)
North Carolina Division of Social Services. (2010c). Low income energy assistance
program. Retrieved from http://www.ncdhhs.gov/dss/energy/index.htm
Personal
Communication
Sources such as letters, e-mails, telephone conversations, nonarchived
electronic bulletin boards. Nonretrievable source, therefore no reference
entry
“According to a service representative at Duke Power (I. M. Gil, personal
communication, May1, 2009), connection charges incurred…”.
“ T. L. Graf (personal communication, May 1, 2009) noted the eligibility…”
More than one
work by same
author or
group
Use a comma to separate years of multiple works.
(Shelter, 1999, 2004, 2007)
(Peacock, Tibbs, & Slocum, 1989, 1992)
More than one
work –
different
authors
Use semicolons to separate different works within the same parentheses.
Citations are alphabetized by first author within the parentheses.
“Findings from several research studies have supported this hypothesis (Adey,
1999; Coe & Kin, 2006; Long, Vic, Trout, & Gamble, 2001; Wing et al., n.d.;
Xavier, Malton-Ruiz, McBride, Healy, Keefer, 1999)
More than one
work
Same author,
same year
Add a lowercase letter to distinguish between same author–same year
works. The first citation encountered in the body is assigned a, the second b,
and so on. Be sure to add the letters to the reference entries.
(Smith, 2002a) (Smith, 2002b) (Smith, 2002a, 2002b)
10. APA Quick Reference Guide 10
Classical works
or republished
Reprinted or republished works, not issued as revised editions. Include both
the original publication year and the date of reprinting.
(Freud, 1923/1961)
Newspaper
article,
pamphlet,
brochure
No author
Use a sho te ed e sio of a ti le’s title i pla e of the autho a e. Use
double quotation marks to enclose the title of an article, web page, or
chapter. Use italics for the titles of a book, periodical, brochure, or report.
To ite e spape sto : “oldie ’s “e i e Leads to Custod Battle at Ho e,
shorten title to “oldie ’s “e vice athe tha Custod Battle –keeping
the first words allows the reader to easily find source in the reference list.
“ …complicated scenarios (“Soldier’s Service,” 2009).”
“...range of programs (Dual MSW/PHA Degree, n.d.)”
Federal
Statutes
Basic form: Name of Act (Year) or Name of Act of Year
“ The Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) established … or
“ as mandated by the American with Disabilities Act of 1990.”
Identifying author/organization, title, and URL for a Web page
In-text (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2010)
Ref. entry U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. (2010).
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Retrieved from
http://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/ [ Page title is proper name therefore capped like a proper noun.]
URL
Page title
Organization as
author
Publication date (scroll
to bottom of page)
11. APA Quick Reference Guide 11
Quick Guide to Reference Entries
Note: Be sure to double-space your reference entries.
Print Version
Journal
article
One author
Basic form:
Author A. A., & Author, B. B. (Publication year). Title of article with first word
capped. Journal Name, vol(issue no.), page range.
Gambrill, E. D. (2001). The tide is turning: Corporeal punishment in our schools.
Quarterly of Social Work Teaching and Education, 27(2), 14-19.
Journal
article with
7 authors.
paginated by
volume
Article with
more than 7
authors
paginated by
issue
List first 6 authors + & + 7th author.
Author, 1., Author, 2., Author, 3., Author, 4., Author, 5., Author 6., & Author 7.
(Year). Title in sentence style caps: Cap first word after internal
punctuation. Journal Title in Headline Caps and Italics, 2, 124-129.
If journal uses continuous pagination, do not include issue number in reference.
List first 6 authors + …, + last autho . (Remainder of format is the same as above)
Guo, S., June, B., May, F., Day, S., Bird, M., Tyro, G., …Bates, B. (2009). Effects of
small group process on personal goal setting. Group Work, 12(3), 1-7.
If each issue of a journal begins with page 1, include issue number in reference.
Electronic
Source
Journal
Articles
using
DOI
What’s a DOI? Digital object identifier, a unique alphanumeric identifier that acts
as a persistent link to content on the Web. Usually found on the abstract page.
Crossref.org (http://www.crossref.org/ ) is a search engine for finding DOI
u e s usi g the autho ’s a e a d/o the jou al title, a d a e used to
locate an article using the DOI.
You can convert a DOI to an active Internet link to the article by adding the DOI
proxy server before the number: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-006-9049-4.
Articles with
DOI assigned
Format is the same as for print articles but add the DOI instead of retrieval infor-
mation. For entry, doi is lowercase and followed by a colon, no space after colon.
No retrieval date is needed. Note: Do not add punctuation after DOI number
Smokowski, P. R., & Bacallao, M. L. (2006). Acculturation and aggression in Latino
adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 657-671. doi:
10.1007/s10802-006-9049-4
12. APA Quick Reference Guide 12
Electronic
Journal
article -
no DOI
available
Article
retrieved
from
database
Not all journal articles will have a DOI number. If retrieved online from a public
database or journal with open access, then give the specific URL (uniform
resource locator, a.k.a. Web address) that will link the reader to the article.
Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem. E-
Journal of Applied Psychology, 45, 12-20. Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap/article/view/71
- No retrieval date is needed because the final (archived) copy is referenced.
If the article has been retrieved from a journal or aggregate database that
requires a su s iptio , gi e the URL fo the jou al’s ho e page rather than
the database link. For example, the article below was retrieved from the UNC
library using the EBSCOhost database, which is a subscription database.
Rose, R., & Bowen, G. (2009). Power analysis in social work intervention research:
Designing cluster-randomized trials. Social Work Research, 33, 43-54.
Retrieved from http://www.naswpress.org/publications/journals/swr.html
On-line first
Advanced
print
electronic
publication
Many journals make articles available online as soon as they are accepted for
publication. These copies are sometimes called e-pages, online first, or other
designation. Usually these articles have been peer reviewed but may not
incorporate final changes; if nothing else, pagination is likely to change in the
final print version.
With DOI assigned: Add Advance online publication afte jou al title + doi
Lurie, N. C. (2009). Public health preparedness and health care reform. Journal of
the American Medical Association. Advance online publication. doi:
10.1056/NEJMp0906503
No DOI assigned: I lude Advance online publication a d gi e the URL of the
jou al’s ho e page. The APA manual no longer requires retrieval dates
u less the sou e ate ial is likel to ha ge o e ti e . . Ho e e ,
because on-line first articles may change, I suggest including a retrieval date if
a DOI is not assigned.
Cla k, K. F. 9 . What a I sa esides sou d it out ? Coa hi g o d
recognition in beginning reading. Reading Teacher, 57, 440-449. Advanced
online publication. Retrieved July 1, 2009, doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0597-7
13. APA Quick Reference Guide 13
Book – basic
format
up to 7
authors
more than 7
Author, 1., & Author, 2. (Year). Title in italics and sentence style caps. City, ST:
Publisher.
Livermore, J. B., & Quigley, E. (2002). Field assessment in crisis counseling (2nd
ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
List first 6 + & + 7th.
List fi st 6 + …, + last.
No author Merriam-We ster’s collegiate dictionary. (10th ed.). (1998). Springfield, MA:
Merriam-Webster.
Editors
instead of
authors
Richman, J., & Fraser, M. (Eds.). (2004). Assessment tools for behavior of
elementary-school children. New York, NY: Aldine.
Article from
the
Encyclopedia
of Social
Work -
Electronic
Version
Hagen, J. L., & Lawrence, C. K. (2008). Temporary assistance for needy families. In
T. Mizrahi & L. E. Davis (Eds.-in-Chief), Encyclopedia of social work (20th
ed.) [Electronic]. Washington, DC, and New York, NY: NASW Press and
Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://www.oxford-
naswsocialwork.com/entry?entry=t203.e393
Chapter in
edited book
Sharpe, T. J., & Creed. R. T. (2007). Developmental disabilities. In S. J. Parish & H.
Hu (Eds.), Advances in serving vulnerable populations (pp. 33-67). Medfield,
OR: Walnut Press. Note: Editors names are not inverted.
Organization
or
Government
Dept.
Put o ga izatio ’s a e i pla e of autho ’s name slot:
Department of Health and Human Services. (2007). Guide to service policy and
program administration. Washington, DC: Author.
If the age o o ga izatio is also the pu lishe , put Autho i the spot fo
publisher rather than repeating the name.
Reference
for
Federal
Laws
Cite a statute in its location in the U.S. Code. Basic form:
Name of Act § Section number, Volume number U.S.C. § Section number (Year).
Name of Act, Pub. L. No. Number, § Section number, Volume number Stat. Page
number.
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 § 102, 42 U.S.C. § 4332 (1994).
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-336, §2, 104 Stat. 328
(1991).
14. APA Quick Reference Guide 14
APA Rules for Tables
When to use a table, and what data to include in a table, can be challenging questions. Tables
are meant to supplement the text rather than replace text; therefore, your text must refer to and
discuss the key information presented in each table. The fifth edition of the APA Manual (2006)
provided succinct advice on what makes a good table: "Tables that communicate quantitative data are
effective only when the data are arranged so that their meaning is obvious at a glance" (p. 128).
Simple Table Rules
Each table should be placed on a separate page. Some instructors may allow tables to be embedded
in text; embedded ta les should e i de ted . f o left a gi .
Tables are numbered with Arabic figures: Example, Table 1. If the table is included in an appendix,
then the table number will include the appendix letter: Example, Table B1 denotes the first table in
Appendix B.
Each table should have a title in italics with headline style capitalization; the title starts on the line
under the table number.
All elements of a table should be double-spaced, with the exception of table notes that are place
immediately below table.
For statistical tables, use a sans serif font such as Arial; for text tables, use Times New Roman font.
Font size for tables may be reduced to 10 pt., but no smaller.
Do not include vertical lines or table grids. Place a solid horizontal bar below the column headers
and below the table to separate the table notes.
For aesthetics sake, do not make the column headings much wider than the column entries.
Align columns of numbers on commas, decimal points, or places.
Tables follow the Reference section in the final draft.
Three types of table notes and order for listing under table:
Ge e al otes: Begi s ith Note.
o Qualifies, explains, or provides information from the table, followed by explanations of
abbreviations in the table.
Specific note: Use a superscript lowercase letter
o Basically a table footnote. Superscript letter is placed beside table entry and in the note
section to give additional information.
Probability notes: Use asterisk(s) to indicate findings have specific statistical significance.
EXAMPLE: If some results are significant at the p = .05 level and others are significant at the p = .01
level, put different levels of asterisks next to those results in the table and provide an explanatory
note underneath the table. Begin probability notes with the symbol being defined and end these
notes a period: *p < .05. **p < .01. Note that p should be in italics in the text and tables.
15. APA Quick Reference Guide 15
Example of a text table
Table 4
Sociometric Characteristics of Third-Grade Students and Relationship to Bullying
Example of a statistical table
Table 4
Homicides by Race of the Victim: United States, 1993
Race Populationa
Homicides Rateb
Blackc
29,986 12,114 40.5*
White 199,686 12,153 6.1
Othersd
19,038 635 3.3**
Note. Data developed from the Statistical Abstract of the United States–1993.
a
Population in 1000s. b
Rate per 100,000 in population. c
The rate for Black males was
69.2, for White male the rate was 9.0. d
About one half of the Other category was
composed of Asian Americans.
* p <0.001, two-tailed test ** p <0.05, two-tailed test
Sociometric
category
Definition Risk factors Protective factors Bullying
Popular Many friends; few
negative peer
reports; high
visibility in group
Few. May feel need
to protect status by
excluding others.
Prosocial behavior;
respect for authority
& rules; peer
engagement
Witness to bullying.
Under stress, may
engage in relational
aggression.
Average Both positive and
negative peer
reports; mid-range
visibility &
preference status in
group.
Few. May see their
position as tenuous.
May see associating
with lower status
peers as risk to their
status.
Moderate level of
social skills; support
from small group of
same-status peers.
Witness to bullying.
Unlikely to intervene
because they fear
becoming the next
victim.
16. APA Quick Reference Guide 16
Word Tips to Make Life Easier
The tips below can help you create tables and polish papers with less stress and frustration.
These tips are for Word 2003 and 2007.
Hint 1. How to align a column of numbers on the decimal points
1. Make sure Word display is in Print Layout so that the ruler is showing across the top of the page.
2. Select the cell or cells containing the figures you want to align.
3. In the box at the left edge of the ruler, click repeatedly on the tab stop marker until you see the
symbol for a decimal tab, which looks like an inverted T with a decimal point to the right of the
center bar.
4. Click on the ruler above the selected cells at the location where you want the numbers aligned.
Hint 2: How to remove extra spaces from text using Word’s Find and Replace function
According to the APA style manual, only one space should follow any punctuation mark. In other
words, you should leave only one space between sentences. If your typing or keyboarding teacher
taught you to leave two spaces between sentences, hitting the space bar twice may be hardwired into
your brain. However, those extra spaces can give your paper a snaggletoothed appearance. The e’s a
simple fix to the double spaces problem using Wo d’s Find and Replace feature.
1. I the Fi d o , put the cursor to the far left, and then hit the space bar twice.
2. I the Repla e o , put the cursor to the far left, and then hit the space bar once.
3. Fo the ti id, li k o the Fi d Ne t o - Word will show you the next double-space
o u e e; li k Repla e to fi .
4. Fo the a e, li k o the Repla e All o . A
pop-up box will report how many replacements were
made.
Voilá! Your document is no longer snaggletoothed --
and you may have gained a few extra lines for text.
Decimal tab
stop marker
17. APA Quick Reference Guide 17
APA Style Resources on the Web
The links below were active as of August 31, 2009; however, most on-line sites have not
updated content to reflect the changes to APA style introduced in the APA Manual (6th ed.).
Nevertheless, these sites are good resources for the basics of good writing and examples of
common citation formats used in APA.
Diana Hacker site: Error-free examples of formats for in-text citations and reference entries
http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/p04_c09_s1.html
UNC Writing Center link to APA Citation handouts
http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/apa.html
Citation Universal: Lots of examples, with a few minor errors (e.g., extra punctuation). But,
correct Ex. 2 to include issue number for the journal paginated by issue.
http://citationonline.net/CitationHelp/csg04-manuscripts-apa.htm
APA’s help site - tutorial on APA basics, FAQs, blog with Q&As
http://www.apastyle.org/learn/
Unive sity of Wisconsin’s Writing Center APA Overview
http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPA.html
Other Online Writing Resources
Indiana Univ. Plagiarism Test http://education.indiana.edu/~frick/plagiarism/index2.html
UNC Writing Center Handouts -http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/
Univ. of Wisconsin Writing Center Handbook– http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook
Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) – http://owl.english.purdue.edu/oldindex.html
Guide to Grammar and Writing – http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/index.htm
Merriam-Webster Online – http://www.m-w.com/
The Jargon Files – http://www.emcf.org/pub/otherresources.htm
Bedford-St. Martins Reference Room – http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/researchroom/
- General resource room with instructions how to use the features of your word processor to APA
citation and formatting
Recommended Books on Writing
Hacker, D. (2003). A writer’s referen e (5th ed.). New York, NY: Bedford/St. Martin.
Szuchman, L. T., & Thomlison, B. (1999). Writing with style: APA style for social work. Belmont,
CA: Brooks/Cole. (Includes section on poster sessions)
Strunk, W., & White, E. B. (1999). The elements of style (4th ed.). New York, NY: Longman
18. APA Quick Reference Guide 18
Avoid Plagiarism by Acknowledging Sources
Plagiarism occurs when a writer—intentionally or unintentionally—presents the work, words,
thoughts, or ideas of others as his or her own. Plagiarism is a serious violation of the UNC Honor Code to
which all faculty and students are bound.
Avoiding plagiarism is easily accomplished by making sure that your reading notes include all
the information you will need to create accurate citations in your work (e.g., papers, posters,
PowerPoint presentations) to acknowledge the source of the ideas, statistics, or other details that you
use to present a convincing argument. Although the original germ of the ideas may come from other
sources, the way you combine and synthesize the material becomes your contribution to the field.
In-text citations appear in the body text of your paper to acknowledge the source of the ideas
or data discussed in your paper. APA uses the author–date autho ’s last a e, ea of pu li atio
system of in-text citations that encloses the citation within parentheses. Citations are typically placed at
the end of the sentence that first presents the idea, fact, date, reference to a study, contrasting opinion,
or whatever else you have gleaned from a source; the citation precedes the end punctuation for the
sentence.
Example: Some s hola s hold that Edith Wilso as, i effe t, the atio ’s fi st woman
president (Lynn, 1999).
References appear as a separate section at the end of the paper, and should always start on a
new page after the body of the paper. With two exceptions1
, every in-text citation must have an entry in
the Reference section that provides the reader with all the information needed to retrieve the source.
Every reference entry must have at least one in-text citation. The APA manual has numerous examples
of variations and nuances in reference formats.
The format for the Refe e e se tio uses a ½ o 5-space hanging indent, and is double-spaced
throughout. Only the sources cited in the text of your paper are listed in the Reference section.
References are listed ith autho s’ a es i e ted i.e., su a e p e edes i itials fo fi st and middle
a es a d e t ies a e listed alpha eti all fi st autho ’s last a e. If the e a e t o o o e o ks
by the same author(s), those works are arranged by publication date with the oldest work cited first.
1
The two exceptions are personal communication and the first source in a secondary source. Personal
communication (e.g., letters, e-mail) are considered non retrievable sources but should be documented in the text.
A secondary citation occurs when you cite information from Author A that appears in a work by Author B. For
example, you read a book by Gurst that reported on the research of Borge and you want to use evidence from
Bo ge’s esea h i ou pape . You a ot ead Bo ge’s o igi al o k e ause the a ti les e e itte i Fi ish
and English translations are not available. In this case, your in-text citation would use the following format:
(Borge, 2002, as cited in Gurst, 2008). Gurst would be listed in your Reference section, but not Borge because your
source was the secondary source. Secondary sources should be used sparingly; it is always better to use the
primary source.
19. APA Quick Reference Guide 19
Running Head: 50 CHARACTERS MAX. ALL CAPS
Your Paper Title: 10 to 12 Words
Your Name
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
School of Social Work
Class Number and Shortened Title (SOSW 102 : Evaluation)
Professor’s Name
Date of Submission
20. APA Quick Reference Guide 20
Abstract
Both single mothers and mothers with disabilities are overrepresented among the U.S. population
living in poverty. Single mothers with disabilities face special challenges raising children in low-
income households. To develop a better understanding of their experience, we conducted 6 focus
groups with a total of 36 single mothers with disabilities who are receiving Supplemental Social
Security benefits. Using coding methods appropriate for qualitative data, we analyze themes
related to the dynamic nature of challenges these mothers face as their children age. Findings
show that none of these women identify their disability as a specific challenge. All participants
agree increased advocacy services are critical to helping them to successfully raise their children.
Recommendations for future research and practice implications are discussed.
a gi at top of page
Center heading, not bold
Double-space
No indentation
Heade is ½ f o top of page
Abstract is p. 2 of paper
Abstracts vary in length, but 120 words is a typical length.
The Abstract should clearly state
▪ study purpose
▪ study methods
▪ study findings
▪ conclusions or implications of the study
Abstracts follow special style rules:
▪ use present tense whenever possible
▪ no indentation on first line
▪ use digits for all numbers, except those starting a sentence
rst use
LOW-INCOME MOTHERS WITH DISABILIT IES 2
21. APA Quick Reference Guide 21
Financial Burden in Families of Children with Special Health Care Needs
An estimated 1 out 5 children in the United States is considered to have special health
care needs, defined as chronic developmental, emotional, physical or behavioral conditions that
necessitate health care and supportive services beyond those required by typically developing
children (McPherson & Arrango, 1998, 2002). The costs of meeting the care needs of children
with chronic or disabling conditions are high relative to typically developing children,
(Newacheck, Inglas, & Kim, 2004; Newacheck & Kim, 2003; U.S. General Accounting Office
[GAO], 2006). As identified by Newacheck et al. (2004), these increased costs are incurred
because of extraordinary needs:
…elevated requirements for primary and specialty medical care, as well as therapeutic
supportive services such as rehabilitation, environmental adaptations, assistive devices,
personal assistance, mental health, or respite care. Therapeutic and supportive services
often allow families to care for their children at home rather than seeking expensive,
and often publicly-financed, out-of-home care. (p. 59)
Influential Financial Factors
evidence related to factors that influence the family financial burden of caring for children
with special health care needs (CSHCN) is limited. Some studies have examined the
expenditures associated with caring for children with specific impairments (Chan, Zahn, &
Homer, 2002) or in specific states (Lukemeyer, Mayers, & Smeeding, 2000). Very few studies
have examined family financial burden for a nationally representative sample of CSHCN
(Comstock & Kim, 2005; Kuhlthau, Hill, Yucel, & Perrin, 2005). Kuhlthau and Yin (1999)
found that approximately 40% of U.S. families caring for CSHCN reported financial concerns,
Center the Level
1 Title
Indent 5 spaces
for paragraph
In-text citations give
(Author, date).
Most appear at the
end of a sentence.
LOW-INCOME MOTHERS WITH DISABILIT IES 3
Quotes of 40 words or
more are set as block quote
without quote marks – each
line is double- spaced and
indented 5 spaces. The page
number is put in parentheses
outside the quote punctuation.
To define an
abbreviation,
write out fully
on 1st use &
give abbr. in
parentheses.
Multiple
references within the
same parentheses are
separated with a
semicolon,
alphabetized by first
author.
When
autho s’ a es a e
used in the text
(signal phrase),
replace the & with
a d.
Level 2
heading
Use
[square]
brackets to
define abbr.
within
parentheses
22. APA Quick Reference Guide 22
References
Abelson, A. G. (1999). Respite care needs of parents of children with developmental disabilities.
Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 14(2), 96-101. Journal
Bruns, E. J., & Burchard, J. D. (1998). The financial impact of disabilities on America’s poor.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Book
Kuhlthau, K., Hill, K. S., Yucel, R., Dau, W., Lea, T., Perrin, J. M., …Fisher, M. (2005).
Financial burden for foster families raising children with disabilities. Maternal and Child
Health Journal, 9, 207-218.
National Center for Education Statistics. (2002). Current expenditures per student, 1999-2000.
Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/bat/
Newacheck, P. W., Inkelas, M., & Kim, S. E. (2005). Health services use and health care
expenditures for children with disabilities. In S. L. Parish & M. Selzer (Eds.),
Implications of caregiving for U.S. families (pp. 79-85). Chapel Hill; University of North
Carolina Press.
Newacheck, P. W., & Kim, S. E. (2004). A national profile of health care utilization for children
with special health care needs. Archives of Pediatric Medicine, 159(11),10-17.
doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2238
U.S. General Accounting Office. (2000). Medicaid managed care: Challenges in implementing
safeguards for children with special needs (GAO/HEHS-00-37). Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office.
Reference section starts on new
page
Heading, sentence caps, not bold
Entries use a 5-space hanging
i de t . i de t .
I e t autho s’ a es, use
surname and initials
Alphabetize entries by first
autho ’s last a e.
Double-spaced throughout
No extra line of space between
entries
Multiple works with same 1st author are ordered
d autho ’s last a e.
Note: No end punctuation with URL
Government agency as author.
Web site
Chapter in
edited
book
More than
7 authors
Electronic article with doi assigned; don’t add period to doi
23. APA Quick Reference Guide 23
Transitions: Little Words That Do a Lot
The goal of academic writing is to convey complex, technical information in a way that makes
the information accessible to the reader. Transitions help you achieve this goal by linking your
ideas together in a smooth, logical progression and enhancing the reader’s ability to process the
information presented.
Transitions serve as important “road maps” for readers, telling them how to handle, organize,
and weigh the information. Transitions can be a single word, a brief phrase, a full sentence, or a
complete paragraph. Effective writing uses transitions between sections of lengthy papers,
between paragraphs, and within paragraphs.
The type of transition signals the reader about the relationship between pieces of information or
ideas. Transitional words such as further or moreover alert the reader’s brain to take note of
additional information whereas however signals that contrasting information follows.
Function Examples of Transitions:
Illustration thus, for example, for instance, namely, to illustrate, in other words, in
particular, specifically, such as
Contrast
despite, on the contrary, but, however, nevertheless, in spite of, in
contrast, yet, on one hand, on the other hand, rather, or, nor, conversely,
at the same time, although this may be true, surely, notwithstanding,
indeed…but
Addition
in addition to, furthermore, moreover, besides, too, also, both-and,
another, equally important, again, further, last, finally, not only-but also,
as well as, in the second place, next, likewise, similarly, in fact, as a
result, consequently, in the same way, for example, for instance,
however, thus, therefore, otherwise.
Time
since, afterward, before, then, once, next, last, at length, formerly, rarely,
usually, finally, soon, meanwhile, later, ordinarily, generally, in order to,
subsequently, previously, immediately, eventually, concurrently,
simultaneously
Concession
although, at any rate, at least, still, thought, even though, granted that,
although it may be true, in spite of, of course.
Comparison showing
Similarity
similarly, likewise, in like fashion, in like manner, analogous to
Emphasis
above all, indeed, truly, of course, certainly, surely, in fact, really, in
truth, again, besides, also, furthermore, in addition.
24. APA Quick Reference Guide 24
Details
specifically, especially, in particular, to explain, to list, to enumerate, in
detail, namely, including.
Examples
for example, for instance, to illustrate, thus, in other words, as an
illustration, in particular.
Consequence or Result
so that, with the result that, thus, consequently, hence, accordingly, for
this reason, therefore, so, because, due to, as a result, in other words,
then.
Summary
altogether, in other words, in particular, in short, in simpler terms, in
summary, that is, to put it differently, to summarize therefore, finally,
consequently, thus, in conclusion, in brief, as a result, accordingly
Suggestion
for this purpose, to this end, with this in mind, with this purpose in mind,
therefore.
Concluding therefore, thus, so, and so, hence, consequently, finally,
on the whole, all in all, in other words, in short
Trace Cause and Effect accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, otherwise,
Pro of course, no doubt, doubtless, to be sure, whereas, granted
that, certainly, perhaps, conceivably, although