This document provides guidance on APA citation styles, including fundamentals, examples of popular source types, and rules for citing online sources. It discusses capitalization rules, formatting author names, and organizing reference lists alphabetically. Examples are given for citing books, book chapters, journal articles, websites, and more. Guidance is also offered on creating parenthetical citations and reference list entries for various source types found online, such as newspaper articles, blogs, and videos.

1. APA Citation Basics
6th Edition

2. Thisguidewillprovideinformationabout:
• Understanding thefundamentals ofAPAcitations,including:
o Capitalization rules
o Author formatting
o Organizing areferencelist
• APAcitationexamples ofsourcetypes,including:
o Popular and scholarly sources
o Audiovisual media
• Tipsandexamples forcitingonlinesources
• Creatingparenthetical,in-textcitations,including:
o Formattingparenthetical citations and blockquotes
o Citingsources withmultipleauthors and corporate authors

3. Table of Contents
Chapter 1: CitationFundamentals
pp.1-3
Chapter 2: ExamplesofPopularSources
pp.4-7
Chapter 3:WebRules&Citations
pp.8-10
Chapter 4:ParentheticalCitations
pp.11-15

4. APA CitationFundamentals
APA Citation
Fundamentals
1

5. APA CitationFundamentals
ContributorInformation&Titles
One author Last, F. M.
Two authors Last, F. M., & Last, F. M.
Three to seven authors Last, F. M., Last, F. M., & Last, F. M.
Seven or more authors Last, F. M., Last, F. M., Last, F. M., Last, F. M., Last, F. M.,
Last, F. M., . . . Last, F. M.
Sometimesthereareothercontributorstoawork,suchasaneditor.Ifthereisaneditorbutno
author,placetheeditor’snameintheauthor’spositionofthecitationandadd“(Ed.)”or“(Eds.)”
afterthelasteditor’sname.
Forworkswithanauthorand aneditor–suchasanarticleinaneditedanthology–placethe
editor’sname(s),uninverted,beforethesource’stitle.Note:Thename(s)shouldbeprecededby
“In”andfollowedbythesourcetitle.
Donotincludeauthorcredentials(e.g.,Ph.D,M.D.)inyourcitations.
Themaincontributorstothesource,normallytheauthors,areplacedfirstinthecitation.All
authornamesareformattedbylastname,followedbythefirstandmiddle(ifavailable)initialof
theauthor.Ifthereismorethanoneauthor,arrangetheminthesameorderasfoundinthe
source.(Formoreinformation,seetheAPA’sPublicationManual,6th Edition,6.27.)
*Forsourceswith7+authors:listthefirstsix authors,insertellipses, theninsertthelastauthorlisted inthesource.
Author and editor Author, F. M. (Year). Title of chapter. In F. M. Editor (Ed.), Title of
work (pp. xx-xx). Location: Publisher.
Editor, no author Editor, F. M., & Editor, F. M. (Eds.). (Year). Title of work. Location:
Publisher.
Generally, APAcitationsrequiresomeorall ofthe followingbibliographicdata:
2
• Publisher
• Cityandstate ofpublication
• Pageorparagraphnumbers
• Author
• Title
• Publicationyear
• Publicationmonthand date

6. APA CitationFundamentals
Kessman, J.
Kessman, R.
Chan, D.
Gover, E.
Kalita, R.
Parekh, R.
Selleck, A. C.
Arrangecitationentriesinareferencelistalphabeticallybyauthor’slastname.
Multipleworksbydifferentauthorswiththesamelastnameshouldbealphabetizedbythe
author’sfirstinitial:
Ifaworkisauthoredbyagrouporcorporation,alphabetizeitbythefirstmainwordinthegroup’s
name.
OrganizingYourBibliography
Alberto, A.
Association of National Advertisers.
Covert, K.
Ikemoto, W.
3
CapitalizationRules
CapitalizationinAPAstylevariesbasedonthesourceyouareciting.
Article or chaptertitles:
• Capitalizethefirstletterofthefirstwordofthetitleandanysubtitlesafteracolon,aswellas
thefirstletterofanypropernouns.
Journal, newspaperor magazine titles (periodical works):
• Includetheentiretitleinuppercaseandlowercaseletters.
• Italicizethetitle.
Book or report titles (nonperiodical works):
• Capitalizethefirstwordinthetitleandsubtitle, andanypropernouns.
• Italicizethetitle.
• Iftheworkincludesaneditionorvolumenumber, includeitinparenthesesafterthetitle.

7. APA Examplesof Popular Sources
APA Examplesof
Popular Sources
4

8. APA Examplesof Popular Sources
Book
Author, F. M. (Year of publication). Book title: Subtitle. City, State: Publisher.
Green, J. (2012). The fault in our stars. New York, NY: Dutton Books.
APA
Ex:
Chapter/Anthology
APA
Ex:
Author, F. M. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In F. M. Editor (Ed.), Title
of book (pp. xx-xx). Location: Publisher.
Melville, H. (1989). Hawthorne and his mosses. In N. Baym (Ed.), The Norton
anthology of American literature (pp. 5-25). New York, NY: W. W.
Norton.
5
Magazine
Author, F. M. (Year, month of publication). Article title. Magazine
Title, Volume(Issue), pp-pp.
Winerman, L. (2013, June). Breaking free from addiction. Monitor on
Psychology, 44(6), 30-34.
APA
Ex:
Newspaper
Author, F. M. (Year, month date of publication). Article title. Newspaper title,
pp. xx-xx.
Bowman, L. (1990, March 7). Bills target Lake Erie mussels. The Pittsburgh
Press, pp. A4.
APA
Ex:

9. APA Examplesof Popular Sources
Journal (online)
Author, F. M. (Publication year). Article title. Journal title, Volume(Issue), pp.-pp.
doi:xx.xxxxx OR Retrieved from journal URL
Trier, J. (2007). “Cool” engagements with YouTube: Part 2. Journal of Adolescent
& Adult Literacy, 50(7), 598-603. doi:10.1598/JAAL.50.7.8
APA
Ex:
*Database nameand retrievaldatearenotrequiredinAPAjournalarticle citations.
Journal (print)
Author, F. M. (Publication year). Article title. Periodical title, Volume(Issue),
pp.-pp.
Lin, M. G., Hoffman, E. S., & Borengasser, C. (2013). Is social media too
social for class? A case study of Twitter use. TechTrends, 57(2), 39-45.
APA
Ex:
Website
Author, F. M. (Year, month date of publication). Article title. Retrieved from
URL
Limer, E. (2013, October 1). Heck yes! The first free wireless plan is finally
here. Retrieved from http://gizmodo.com/heck-yes-the-first-free-
wireless-plan-is-finally-here-1429566597
APA
Ex:
TV/Radio Show
Writer, F. M. (Writer), & Director, F. M. (Director). (Year of airing). Episode
title [Television series episode]. In F. M. Producer (Executive
producer), TV series name. City, State of original channel: Channel.
Dick, L. (Writer), & Yaitanes, G. (Director). (2009). Simple explanation
[Television series episode]. In P. Attanasio (Executive producer),
House, M.D. Los Angeles, CA: Fox Broadcasting Company.
APA
Ex:
6

10. APA Examplesof Popular Sources
Audiorecording
Songwriter, F. M. (Copyright year). Song title [Recorded by F. M. Last
(performer’s name)]. On Album title [Medium of recording]. City, State
of label: Record label name.
Turner, A. (2013). Do I wanna know? [Recorded by Arctic Monkeys]. On AM
[MP3 file]. London, England: Domino Records.
APA
Ex:
Film
Producer, F. M. (Producer), & Director, F. M. (Director). (Release year). Title of
motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio.
Stiller, B. (Producer) & Ayoade, R. (Director). (2011). Submarine [Motion
picture]. United Kingdom: Film4 Productions.
APA
Ex:
*Ifthesongwriterandperformerarethesame person,leave outthebracketed data
[Recordedby ____] followingthesongtitle.
Online lecture slides
Author, F. M. (Publication year). Name or title of lecture [file format]. Retrieved
from URL
Jacobson, T. E. & Mackey, T. (2013). What’s in a name?: Information literacy,
metaliteracy, or transliteracy [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
http://www.slideshare.net/tmackey/acrl-2013
APA
Ex:
Thesis/dissertation
Author, F. M. (Publication year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Doctoral dissertation
or Master’s thesis). Retrieved from Name of database. (Accession or
Order No.)
Knight, K. A. (2011). Media epidemics: Viral structures in literature and new
media (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from MLA International
Bibliography database. (Accession No. 2013420395)
APA
Ex:
7

11. APA WebRules
APA Web Rules
8

12. APA WebRules
APAprovidescitationformatsfor manydifferentsource typesfoundonthe web,
such asonline newspapers,encyclopediasand blogs.
Here are sometipsfor citingsources youfindonthe web:
Allsources
• Onlyincluderetrievaldateinformationifthesource’sinformationislikelytochange(i.e.,wikis).
o Formatitasfollows:RetrievedMonthDate,Year,fromhttp://xxxxx
• IfaURLrunsacrossmultiplelinesoftextinthecitation,breaktheURLoffbefore punctuation
(e.g.,periods,forwardslashes)–except http://.
Journal/newspaper articles
• IncludetheDOI(digitalobjectidentifier)inthecitation.
o Formatitasfollows:doi:xxxxx
• IfnoDOIisprovided,includetheURLofthehomepage forthejournalthatpublishedthearticle.
o Formatitasfollows:Retrievedfromhttp://www.xxxxx
• Donotincludedatabaseinformation.
*Note:PurdueOWLincludesdatabaseinformation,buttheAPAPublicationManual(6th ed.)does
not.Checkwithyourinstructortoseeiftheyrequiredatabaseand/orretrievalinformation.
General websites
• Ifthesourceisnot easily identified asanonline:
…citeitasageneralwebsite.
• Forexample,websiteslikeTechCrunchandGizmodoregularlypublisharticles,butare
consideredneitherablog,noranonlinenewspaper.Thesewouldbegeneralwebsites.
• Onlyincluderetrievaldateinformationifthesourceislikelytochangeovertime(i.e.,wikis).
o Formatitasfollows:RetrievedMonthDate,Year,fromhttp://xxxxx
o Periodical
o Book/chapter
o Referencework
o Governmentdocument
o Conferencepaper/proceeding
o Thesis/dissertation
o Review
o Audiovisualmedia
o Internetmessageboard/mailinglistpost
o Blogpost
o Software,dataset,trainingvideo or
o Informallypublishedwork
9

13. APA WebRules
Examples ofcitationsfor a/an:
General website articlewith an author
Limer, E. (2013, October 1). Heck yes! The first free wireless plan is finally here. Retrieved
from http://gizmodo.com/heck-yes-the-first-free-wireless-plan-is-finally-here-
1429566597
General website articlewith no author
India: Country specific information. (2013, October 3). Retrieved 2013, October 23 from
http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1139.html
Journal article (foundina databaseor elsewhere online)
Trier, J. (2007). “Cool” engagements with YouTube: Part 2. Journal of Adolescent & Adult
Literacy, 50(7), 598-603. doi:10.1598/JAAL.50.7.8
Online encyclopediaarticle
Musser, G. (2013). Hedgehog. In Encylopædia Brittanica. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259273/hedgehog
Blogpost
Silver, N. (2013, July 15). Senate control in 2014 increasingly looks like a tossup [Web log
post]. Retrieved from http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/15/senate-
control-in-2014-increasingly-looks-like-a-tossup/
10
Online newspaper article
Kaplan, K. (2013, October 22). Flu shots may reduce risk of heart attacks, strokes and even
death. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com
*IncludethehomepageURLoftheonlinenewspaperattheendofyourcitation.
*IncludetheretrievaldateandURLiftheinformationonthesite may change(this website includesinformation
aboutlaws,whichcanchangeovertime).

14. APA Examplesof Popular Sources
APA Parenthetical
Citations
11

15. APA Parenthetical Citations
Parenthetical citationwhen author ismentioned in the text:
According to Belafonte, Harlem was full of artists and musicians in the late 1920s (2008).
Whywe include parenthetical/in-text citations
Researchersincludebriefparentheticalcitationsintheirwritingtoacknowledgereferencestoother
people’swork.Generally,APAparentheticalcitationsincludethelastnameoftheauthorandyearof
publication.Pagenumbersarealsoincludedwhencitingadirectquote.
Ifsomeofthisinformationisincludedinthebodyofthesentence,excludeitfromtheparenthetical
citation.In-textcitationstypicallyappearattheendofthesentence,betweenthelastwordandtheperiod.
The event resulted in thousands of participants flocking to the National Mall in support of the
cause (Stewart et al. 2010).
Parenthetical citationwithout author’sname inthe text:
Harlem had many artists and musicians in the late 1920s (Belafonte, 2008).
Workswith three to fiveauthors:
• Includeallnamesinthefirstin-textparentheticalcitation,separatedbycommasandthenan
ampersand(&).
• Forallsubsequentin-textparentheticalcitations,includeonlythefirstauthor,followedby“etal.”
andpublicationyearifitisthefirstcitationinaparagraph.
Firstin-textparentheticalcitation:
Allsubsequentin-textparentheticalcitations:
Continued…
Parenthetical citationswith multipleauthors
Workswith two authors:
• Includebothnames,separatedbyanampersand(&).
Rallying to restore sanity was a revolutionary undertaking (Stewart & Colbert, 2010).
Rallying to restore sanity was a revolutionary undertaking (Stewart, Colbert, & Oliver, 2010).
12

16. APA Parenthetical Citations
The study did not come to any definitive conclusions (Rothschild et al., 2013).
Workswith six or more authors:
• Includeonlythelastnameofthefirstauthor,followedby“etal.”andpublicationyearinall
parentheticalcitations.
Citingsources withoutan author
Ifaworkhasnoauthor, includethefirstfewwordsofthebibliographyentry(inmanycases,the
title)andtheyear.
• Usedoublequotationsaroundthetitlesofarticles,chaptersand/orwebsites
• Italicizethetitlesofperiodicals,books,brochuresorreports
Statistics confirm that the trend is rising (“New Data,” 2013).
The report includes some bleak results (Information Illiteracy in Academia, 2009).
SeeTable6.1intheAPAPublicationManual(6th ed.)formoreinformationonformattingparenthetical
citations.
Whencitingaspecificpartofawork,providetherelevantpagenumberorsectionidentifier,such
aschapters,tablesorequations.Directquotesshouldalwayshavepagenumbers.
Continued…
Citingpartofa work
One of the most memorable quotes is when he says, “You are going to live a good and long
life filled with great and terrible moments that you cannot even imagine yet!” to Augustus
(Green, 2012, p. 272).
13
*Note:Unlikeinyourreferencelist,parentheticalcitationsofarticles,chaptersand/orwebsiteshould
haveallmajorwordscapitalized.

17. APA Parenthetical Citations
Corporations,governmentagenciesandassociationscanbeconsideredtheauthorofasource
whennospecificauthorisgiven.
Writeoutthefullname ofthegroupinallparentheticalcitations:
However,youmayabbreviatethegroupnameifthegroup’snameislengthyanditisacommonly
recognizedabbreviationinallsubsequentparentheticalcitations:
Citinggroupsorcorporateauthors
The May 2011 study focused on percentages of tax money that goes to imprisonment over
education funding (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 2011).
The report found that over a half billion of taxpayer dollars went to imprison residents “from
24 of New York City’s approximately 200 neighborhoods” (NAACP, 2011, pp. 2).
Citingclassicalworks
Forclassicalsources,suchasancientGreekworks,citetheyearofthetranslationorversionused.
Precedethisinformationwith“trans.”or“version,”respectively.
Continued…
(Homer, trans. 1998).
Ifthesourcedoesnotincludepagenumbers(suchasonlinesources),youcanreferencespecificpartsofthe
workbyreferencingthe:
• Paragraphnumber(ifgiven)withtheabbreviation“para.xx”
• Sectionorheadingandthenumberoftheparagraphinwhichtheinformationisfound
o Forlengthyheadings,usethefirstfewwordsofthetitleintheparentheticalcitation
He quickly learned that pandas were not considered good pets (Chan, 2011, para. 3).
The sample population included both red and giant pandas (Chan, 2011, Methodology section,
para. 1).
14

18. APA Parenthetical Citations
Whencitingspecificcontentfromthesesources, include theparagraph/linenumbersthatareused
inclassicalworks.Thisinformationisconsistentacrossversions/editions,andistheeasiestwayto
locatedirectquotesfromclassicalworks.
Remember,youdonotneedtocreateformalcitationsinyourreferencelistforclassicalworks.
The Bible extols the virtues of love; “Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not
boast, it is not proud” (1 Cor. 13:4 New International Version).
Citingandformattingblockquotes
Whendirectlyquotinginformationfromsourcesinyourwriting,youmayneedtoformatit
differentlydependingonhowmany wordsareused.
Ifaquoterunsonformorethan40words:
• Startthedirectquotationonanewline
• Indentthetext roughlyhalfaninchfromtheleftmargin
o Iftherearemultipleparagraphsinthequotation,indentthemanextrahalfinch
• Removeanyquotationmarks
• Double-spacethetext
• Addtheparentheticalcitationafterthefinalsentence
…here is some text from the book that clearly defines early on in the novel:
He smiled understandingly-much more than understandingly. It was one of those rare
smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it, that you may come across four or
five times in life. It faced--or seemed to face--the whole eternal world for an instant,
and then concentrated on you with an irresistible prejudice in your favor. (Fitzgerald,
2012, p. 44)
15

19. APA Visual Guides
Part1

20. Table of Contents
1 Books
pp. 2-4
2 Journal articles
pp. 5-6
3 Newspapers
pp. 7-9
4 Reports
pp. 10-11
5 Scholarly projects
pp. 12-13
5 Online lecture notes
pp. 14
7 Encyclopedias
pp. 15
8 Religious/classical works
pp. 16

21. APA Visual Guides Part 1
Thisguidewillprovidevisualexamples ofcitingthefollowingin
APAstyle:
• Books
• Journalarticles
• Newspapers
• Reports
• Scholarlyprojects(theses/dissertations)
• Lecturenotes
• Encyclopediaentries
• Religious/classicalworks
BesuretocheckoutPart2,whichprovidesvisualguidesfor
citingmultimedia andelectronicsourcetypes.
1

22. APA Visual Guides Part 1
Structure:
Author, F.M.(Yearofpublication). Titleofwork. Publisher City,State:Publisher.
TitlePage
Muchoftheinformationyouneed to
create aprintbookcitation canbe
foundonthe title page.
The title pageisfoundwithin the first
coupleofpagesofthe book.
Titleofwork
Author
Publisher
Publisher
city/state
Year of
publication
Citinga book inprint
Citation:
James,H.(2009).Theambassadors. Rockville, MD:SerenityPublishers.
*Capitalizethe firstletter ofthe firstwordofthe titleand anysubtitles(the firstwordthat
followsacolon),aswell asthe firstletter ofanypropernouns.SeeourAPACitation Basics
guideortheAPAPublicationManualformoreinformation.
2

23. APA Visual Guides Part 1
*Somee-booksmaybeavailableonlinethroughyourlibrary’sdatabasesorcatalog.
Citingan e-book foundina database
Structure:
Author, F.M.(Yearofpublication).Titleofwork. Retrievedfromhttp://xxxxx OR
doi:xxxxx
Titleofwork
Authors
Year of
publication
DOI
Citation:
Rodriguez-Garcia, R.,&White,E.M.(2005). Self-assessment inmanaging for
results: Conducting self-assessment fordevelopmentpractitioners. doi:
10.1596/9780-82136148-1
3

24. APA Visual Guides Part 1
Kindle HDX
Booktitle
Author
Year of
Publication
Structure:
Author, F.M.(Yearofpublication).Titleofwork[E-reader version]. Retrieved
fromhttp://xxxxx OR doi:xxxxx
Citation:
Stoker,B.(2000).Dracula[Kindle HDXversion]. Retrievedfrom
http://www.overdrive.com/
Citingane-book from ane-reader (Kindle,iPad,nook, etc.)
4
Version

25. APA Visual Guides Part 1
Citinga journalarticle foundonline(ina databaseor elsewhere)
Structure:
Author, F.M.(Publication year).Articletitle. PeriodicalTitle,Volume(Issue),
pp.-pp. doi:XX.XXXXX ORRetrievedfromjournalURL
*Database information andretrievaldatearenotrequiredinAPAjournal articlecitations.
DOI
Title
Author
Periodical title
Publicationyear
Volumeand issue
Citation:
Trier, J.(2007).“Cool”engagements withYouTube: Part2. Journal of
Adolescent &Adult Literacy,50(7),598-603.doi:10.1598/JAAL.50.7.8
*IfnoDOIislisted,usetheperiodical’shomepageURL(e.g., Retrievedfromhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1936-2706).
5

26. APA Visual Guides Part 1
Citinga journalarticle foundinprint
Structure:
Author, F.M.,Author, F.M,&Author, F.M.(Publicationyear).Articletitle.
PeriodicalTitle,Volume(Issue), pp.-pp.
Title
Author
Periodical title
Publicationyear
Volumeand issue
Citation:
Lin,M.G.,Hoffman,E.S.,& Borengasser, C.(2013).Issocial mediatoosocialfor
class? Acase study ofTwitteruse. TechTrends, 57(2),39-45.
6

27. APA Visual Guides Part 1
Citinga newspaperinprint
Structure:
Author, F.M.(Year,MonthDateofpublication). Articletitle. Newspaper Title,
pp. xx-xx.
*Ifthearticleisprintedondiscontinuouspages,listallofthepagenumbers/ranges andseparate
themwithacomma. (e.g.,pp.C2,C4,C7-9.)
Citation:
Bowman, L.(1990,March 7).BillstargetLakeErie mussels. ThePittsburgh
Press,pp. A4.
Newspaper title
Author
Article
title
Page
Publicationdate
7

28. APA Visual Guides Part 1
Structure:
Author, F.M.(Year,MonthDateofpublication). Articletitle. Newspaper Title.
Retrievedfromnewspaper homepage URL
Citingan onlinenewspaper
Citation:
Kaplan, K.(2013,October22).Flushots mayreduce risk ofheart attacks,
strokes andevendeath. LosAngelesTimes.Retrievedfrom
http://www.latimes.com
Newspaper
title
Author
Article
title
Publicationdate
*UsetheURLofthenewspaper’s home pagetoavoidbroken links.
8

29. APA Visual Guides Part 1
Tips for Citing OnlineNewspaper Articles
• Youdonotneedtoincluderetrievalinformation(e.g.,dateof
access)inAPAcitationsforelectronicresources.
• Ifyoufoundanewspaper articlethroughanonlinedatabase
(e.g.,EBSCO’sAcademicSearchComplete),youdonotneed
toincludethatinformationinthecitation,either.
• IfaURLrunsacrossmultiplelines oftextinthecitation,break
theURLoffbeforepunctuation(e.g.,periods,forward
slashes) –excepthttp://.
• WhenyouuseabibliographytoollikeEasyBibtohelpyou
withyourcitations,makesureyouarecitinganewspaper
article–notawebsite!
9

30. APA Visual Guides Part 1
Citingan onlinereport
Cover page
Structure:
Author, F.M.(Publication year). Titleofreport(Report No.XXX).Retrieved
fromAgency namewebsite:URL
*Iftheagencyisidentifiedastheauthor,donotincludeitintheretrievalinformation.
Agencyname Titleofreport
Titlepage Publicationyear
Acknowledgements page
Author
Citation:
Gorbunova, Y.(2013).Lawsofattrition:Crackdown onRussia’s civilsociety
afterPutin’sreturntothepresidency. RetrievedfromHuman Rights
Watch website:http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/
russia0413_ForUpload_0.pdf
*Sincenoreportnumberwasidentified,itwasnotincludedinthecitation. 10

31. APA Visual Guides Part 1
Citinga print report
Structure:
Author, F.M.(Publication year). Titleofreport(Report No.XXX).Publisher
City,State:Publisher.
*Ifnospecificauthorisidentified,listtheorganizationbehindthereport.
Acknowledgements page
Publisher
Publisher
city/state
Citation:
Turnitin. (2013). What’swrongwithWikipedia?: Evaluating thesources usedby
students. Oakland, CA: iParadigms, LLC.
Cover page
Organization
(noauthorlisted)
Titleofreport
Publicationyear
*Sincenoreportnumberwasidentified,itwasnotincludedinthecitation.
11

32. APA Visual Guides Part 1
Citinga scholarly project (thesis,dissertation, etc.) from a database
Structure:
Author, F.M.(Publication year). Titleof dissertation/thesis (Doctoral
dissertation orMaster’s thesis). RetrievedfromNameofdatabase.
(Accession orOrder No.)
Titleofdissertation
Publicationyear
Nameofdatabase
Accessionno.
Author
Citation:
Knight, K. A. (2011).Mediaepidemics: Viralstructures inliterature andnew
media(Doctoraldissertation). RetrievedfromMLAInternational
Bibliography database. (Accession No.2013420395)
12

33. APA Visual Guides Part 1
Citinga scholarly project (thesis,dissertation, etc.) from a website
Structure:
Author, F.M.(Publication year). Titleof dissertation/thesis (Doctoral
dissertation orMaster’s thesis). RetrievedfromURL
Titleofthesis
Author
Publication
year
URL
Structure:
Simich, G.M.(2012).Socialmediaasaperformance space (Master’s thesis).
Retrievedfromhttp://www.academia.edu/1234099/
Masters_Thesis_Social_Media_as_a_Performance_Space
*Inthiscase,theURLrunsacrosstwolines.Whenthishappens,breaktheURLafteraforwardslashor
otherpunctuation.
13

34. APA Visual Guides Part 1
Citingonlinelecturenotesor presentationslides
TitleSlide of Lecture
Structure:
Author, F.M.(Publication year). Nameortitleoflecture [fileformat].
RetrievedfromURL
Lecturetitle
Authors
Publicationyear
Citation:
Jacobson, T.E.&Mackey,T.(2013). What’sinaname?:Information
literacy,metaliteracy,ortransliteracy [PowerPoint slides].
Retrievedfromhttp://www.slideshare.net/tmackey/acrl-2013
*Ifyouarecitingaclassroompresentation,includethesamedataexcepttheretrievalinformation.
14

35. APA Visual Guides Part 1
Citingan encyclopedia entry inprint
Author(s)
Front Cover Encyclopediatitle
KarenMcGheeandGeorgeMcKay
TitlePage(s) Provide
PublicationInformation
FirstpublishedinNorthAmericain2007by
theNationalGeographicSociety114517th
StreetN.W.Washington,D.C.20036-4688
Publisher
Cityofpublication
Publication
year
Structure:
Author, F.M.(Publication year).Entry title.In Encyclopedia title.(Vol.XX,pp.
XX-XX).City,Stateofpublication: Publisher.
First Page of the Article
PageNumber
Entrytitle
Citation:
McGhee,K., &McKay, G.(2007).Insects. In Encyclopedia ofanimals (p.
175).Washington, D.C.:National Geographic Society.
*Tertiarysourcesarenottypicallyappropriate forresearch papers.Checkwithyourinstructor.
15

36. APA Visual Guides Part 1
Bibletitle andversion
Take note!
Classicalreligioustexts,liketheBible,donotrequireacitationinthereferencelist inAPA
style.However,youmustincludeanin-textcitation anytimeyoureferencethesetextsin
yourwriting.
In-textCitations
• Whenquotingorparaphrasingspecificexcerpts fromthetext, includethe“relevant
namesand/ornumbersofchapters/verses/lines”inyourin-textcitation(Lee,2009).
Source:Lee, C. (2009,December 31).Happyholidayciting:Citationofclassicalworks[Web logpost].
IftheversionoftheBibleyouareusing
isrelevant, mentionitinthe first
referenceinyourwriting –this canbe
aseither ageneralreferenceora
formalin-text citation.
Remember, youonlyneedtocitetheversionoftheBibleusedinthefirstgeneral
referencetoorin-textcitationofthesource.Inallotherinstances,leaveitout.
In-text citation:
TheBibleextolsthe virtues oflove; “Love ispatient, love iskind.Itdoes
notenvy,itdoesnotboast, itisnotproud”(1Cor.13:4New International
Version).
16

37. APA Visual Guides
Part2

38. Table of Contents
1 Blogs
pp. 2
2 Musical recordings
pp. 3
3 Films
pp. 4
4 TV/radioprograms
pp. 5
5 Online dictionary entries
pp. 6
6 Websites
pp. 7-8

39. APA Visual Guides Part 2
Thisguidewillprovidevisualexamples ofcitingthefollowingin
APAstyle:
• Blogs
• Musicalrecordings
• Films
• Televisionandradioprograms
• Onlinedictionaryentries
• Websites
BesuretocheckoutPart1,whichprovidesadditionalvisual
guidesforcitingdifferentsourcetypes.
1

40. APA Visual Guides Part 2
Citinga blog or podcast
Structure:
Author, F.M. (Year,Month, Dateofpost).Titleofblogpost [Web logpost].
RetrievedfromURL ofblogpost
Citation:
Silver, N.(2013,July15).Senate controlin 2014increasingly lookslikea
tossup [Web logpost]. Retrievedfrom
http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/15/senate-control-
in-2014-increasingly-looks-like-a-tossup/
*Note:Ifafullnameisnotgiven,usetheauthor’sscreennameorhandleinstead.
BlogPost
Dateof
post
Author(if nofullnameisgiven,
usescreenname,handle,or
otherusername)
Titleofblogpost
2

41. APA Visual Guides Part 2
Citinga musicalrecording
*SongwriterinformationcanbefoundinthedigitalbookletortheCDsleeve(ifyou’reold school!).
Structure:
Songwriter F.M.(Copyright year).Songtitle[Recorded byF.M.Last
(performer’s name/musical group)]. OnAlbumtitle[Medium of
recording]. City,Stateoflabel:Recordlabelname.
Citation:
Turner, A.(2013).DoI wanna know? [Recorded byArctic Monkeys]. On AM
[MP3 file].London, England: DominoRecords.
Artist’sname
AlbumTitle
Album Cover Back Cover
Song
title
Recordlabel
information
*Ifthesongwriterandperformerarethesameperson, leaveoutthebracketeddata[Recordedby_______]
followingthesongtitle.
*In-textcitations,includebandortracknumbers(Turner,2013,track1).
3

42. APA Visual Guides Part 2
Citation:
Stiller,B.(Producer) & Ayoade, R.(Director).(2011). Submarine [Motion
picture]. UnitedKingdom: Film4Productions.
Citinga motionpicture
Structure:
Producer, F.M.(Producer), &Director, F.M.(Director).(Releaseyear). Title
ofmotionpicture [Motionpicture]. Country oforigin: Studio.
*Ifyoucannotlocatecertainbibliographicdatafromthefilm’scover,consult IMDB.comorasimilarwebsite.
Produceranddirector
Studio Titleofmotionpicture
Releaseyear
4

43. APA Visual Guides Part 2
Citingan episode from TV or radioshow
Structure:
Writer, F.M.(Writer), &Director, F.M.(Director).(Yearofairing). Episode
title[Television series episode]. InF.M. Producer (Executive
producer), TVseriesname.City,Stateoforiginal channel: Channel.
Citation:
Dick,L.(Writer), &Yaitanes, G.(Director).(2009).Simpleexplanation
[Television series episode]. InP. Attanasio (Executive producer),
House,M.D.LosAngeles, CA:FoxBroadcasting Company.
*Thisinformationisfoundintheopeningorclosingcreditsoftheepisode.Ifyoudonothaveaccesstothe
episodewhencompilingyourbibliography,consultIMDB.comorasimilarwebsite.
TVseriesname
Episodetitleand
yearofairing
Director
Writer
Executive producer
*House,M.D.originallyairedunderFoxBroadcasting,whichisheadquarteredinLosAngeles,CA.
5

44. APA Visual Guides Part 2
Structure:
Definedword. (Publicationyear). InWebsiteTitle.RetrievedfromURL
Citation:
Foodbaby.(2013).InOxfordDictionaries.com. Retrieved from
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/food-baby
Here is how you would cite the entry for “food baby” from an online dictionary
accessedOctober 22,2013:
Definition word
URLand
website title
Publicationyear
*Publicationyearmayalsobe foundatthebottom ofthepage.
*Website titlemayalsobe at
thetopleftofthepage.
6
Citingan onlinedictionaryentry

45. APA Visual Guides Part 2
Citinga generalwebsitearticle withanauthor
Take note!
ManysourceshaveAPAcitation formatsfortheir onlineversions(e.g.,online
newspapers, dictionariesandencyclopedias).CheckoutourotherguidesortheAPA
PublicationManual(6th ed.) firsttoseeifthereisacitation foraspecific sourcetypeinan
onlineformat.
Structure:
Author, F.M.(Year,MonthDateofpublication). Articletitle.RetrievedfromURL
Citation:
Limer,E.(2013,October1). Heckyes!Thefirstfreewirelessplanisfinallyhere.
Retrievedfromhttp://gizmodo.com/heck-yes-the-first-free-wireless-
plan-is-finally-here-1429566597
URL
Article title
Date
Author
*Onlyincludetheretrievaldateifthecontentislikelytochangeovertime(suchaswikis).If
necessary,includetheretrievalmonthdate,year,(inthatorder)between“Retrieved”and“from
URL”inthelastsegmentofthecitation.
**Whenawebsitedoesnothaveanarticletitle,replace itinthecitationwiththewebsitetitle.
7

46. APA Visual Guides Part 2
Take note!
ManysourceshaveAPAcitation formatsfortheir onlineversions(e.g.,online
newspapers, dictionariesandencyclopedias).Checkourotherguides,orthe APA
PublicationManual(6th ed.) firsttoseeifthereisacitation forcitingaspecificsource
typeinanonlineformat.
Citinga generalwebsitearticle withnoauthor
Structure:
Articletitle.(Year,MonthDateofpublication). RetrievedfromURL
*Onlyincludetheretrievaldateifthecontentislikelytochangeovertime(suchasthisexample,
which includesinformation aboutIndianlawsandcustoms).Ifnecessary,includetheretrieval
monthdate,year,(in thatorder)between“Retrieved”and“from URL”inthelastsegmentofthe
citation.
**Whenawebsitedoesnot have anarticletitle,replace itinthecitationwiththewebsitetitle.
Citation:
India:Countryspecific information.(2013,October3).Retrieved October23,
2013,fromhttp://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1139.html
Article title
Dateofpublication
URL
8