This document provides an overview of antifungal agents including their classification, mechanisms of action, indications, and adverse effects. It discusses several classes of antifungals such as azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. Azoles like ketoconazole and fluconazole inhibit ergosterol synthesis, while polyenes like amphotericin B bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane. Echinocandins target glucan synthesis. The document reviews specific drugs, their dosages, mechanisms, and side effects in treating superficial and systemic fungal infections. Future antifungal agents that may be effective for resistant fungal strains are also mentioned.
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
1. chemotherapy principles and problems JagirPatel3
The objective of chemotherapy is to study and to apply the drugs that have highly selective toxicity to the pathogenic microorganisms in the host body and have no or less toxicity to the host, so as to prevent and cure infective diseases caused by pathogens
I am Dr. Anil. this is my Lecture delivered to 3rd year MBBS for the subject of Pharmacology. These slides cover basics of Antifungal drugs mainly its pharmacology.
Broad spectrum antibiotics chloramphenicol, anaerobic,soil bacteria. Description includes Physicochemical Properties,Mechanism of action-50S ribosome ,Inhibits Bacterial protein synthesis,Resistance,Interactions,Indications of chloramphenicol-Pyogenic meningitis.
Anaerobic infections.
Intraocular infections.
Enteric fever
Drug of choice in some conditions.
Urinary tract infections
Topically In conjunctivitis & external ear Infections. Snehal chakorkar
1. chemotherapy principles and problems JagirPatel3
The objective of chemotherapy is to study and to apply the drugs that have highly selective toxicity to the pathogenic microorganisms in the host body and have no or less toxicity to the host, so as to prevent and cure infective diseases caused by pathogens
I am Dr. Anil. this is my Lecture delivered to 3rd year MBBS for the subject of Pharmacology. These slides cover basics of Antifungal drugs mainly its pharmacology.
Broad spectrum antibiotics chloramphenicol, anaerobic,soil bacteria. Description includes Physicochemical Properties,Mechanism of action-50S ribosome ,Inhibits Bacterial protein synthesis,Resistance,Interactions,Indications of chloramphenicol-Pyogenic meningitis.
Anaerobic infections.
Intraocular infections.
Enteric fever
Drug of choice in some conditions.
Urinary tract infections
Topically In conjunctivitis & external ear Infections. Snehal chakorkar
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Fungi
are eukaryotic, heterotrophic (not
self sustaining) organisms that live as
saprobes or parasites.
They
are complex organisms in
comparison to bacteria.
Fungal
infections are also called as
mycoses.
3.
They have nucleus and
well defined nuclear
membrane, and
chromosomes.
they have rigid cell wall
composed of chitin ( N –
acetylglucosamine )
where as bacterial cell
wall is composed of
peptidoglycan .
fungal cell membrane
contains ergosterol.
9. POLYENE ANTIBIOTICS
They
act by:
Binding to sterol in cell membrane.
Deformity in plasma membrane occurs
Interferes with permeability and with transport functions
This allows leakage of intracellular ions and enzymes
especially loss of intracellular k+
cell
death.
They
bind selectively to ergosterol in
fungus but not in mammalian cell wall.
10. AMPHOTERICIN B
It is macrolide antibiotic large lactone ring.
Poorly absorbed orally, useful for fungal infection of gastrointestinal
tract.
Locally used in corneal ulcers, arthritis and candidial bladder
irrigation
For systemic infections given as slow I/V infusion.
Highly protein bound.
Penetration through BBB is poor but increases in inflamed meninges.
Excreted slowly via kidneys, traces found in urine for months after
cessation of drugs.
Half life 15 days
11. Drug
of choice for
most systemic
infections.
Course
of treatment
lasts 6-12 weeks.
Dose
0.5-1
mgkgday.
12. ADVERSE EFFECTS:
Most serious is renal toxicity, which occurs in
80% of patients.
Hypokalaemia in 25% of patients, requiring
potassium supplementation.
Hypomagnesaemia
Anemia
Impaired hepatic function
Thrombocytopenia
13. Liposomal preparations of
amphotericin B(newer
preparations)
To reduce the toxicity of amphotericin B ,several new
formulations have been developed in which amphotericin B
is packaged in a lipid-associated delivery system, to assume
that they will less bind to mammalian cell.
Lipid vehicle act as a reservoir, reducing binding to human
cell.
In this way it permits a larger doses, even five times more
than colloidal preparation, they have better clearance .
Clinically they have more efficacy , less nephrotoxicity.
But these are very expensive.
14.
15. Nystatin
It
is polyene macrolide,similar in structure
to amphotericin and with same
mechanism of action.
Too
Not
toxic for systemic use
absorbed from GIT /skin therefore
administered orally.
16. Prevent
or treat superficial candidiasis of
mouth, esophagus or intestinal tract, oral
suspension of 100,000 U/ml 4 times a day
and tablets 500,000 U are used to
decrease GIT colonization with Candida.
Can be used in combination with
antibacterial agents and corticosteroids.
17. AZOLES:
a bivalent chemical group composed of two nitrogen
atoms.
They are antibacterial, antiprotozoal, anthelminthic and
antifungal.
These are group of synthetic fungistatic agents.
They have broad spectrum of activity.
Inhibit the fungal cytochrome P450 3A enzyme ,
(lanosine 14-desmethylase ),which is responsible for
converting lanosterol to ergosterol, the main sterol in the
fungal cell membrane, this alters fluidity of the
membrane, thus inhibiting the growth of fungi.
18. IMIDAZOLES
Ketoconazole,
miconazole,
clotrimazole,
isoconazole
,
Tioconazole
They
interfere with fungal oxidative enzymes to
cause lethal accumulation of hydrogen peroxide.
they reduce the formation of ergosterol by
inhibition of fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme,
which become permeable to cellular constituent
20. KETACONAZOLE:
First
azole that could be given orally to treat
systemic fungal infections.
Well
absorbed orally as acidic environment favours
its dissolution.
Only administered orally.
After
oral administration of 200,400 and 800 mg,
plasma conc. reaches to 4.8 and 20 ug/ml.
Half
mg
life increases with dose and it is 7-8 hrs with 800
21.
22. Decrease
in the
ergosterol in the fungal
membrane by
ketoconazle reduces
the fungicidal action of
amphotericin.
Oral
dose 400 mg daily.
23. As
it inhibits steroid biosynthesis, several
endocrinological abnormalities may be
evident as menstrual abnormalities,
gynecomastia, decreased libido and
impotency.
Contraindicated in pregnancy.
24. ITRACONAZOLE
It is a synthetic triazole
it is new drug
It lacks endocrine side effects
of ketoconazole.
It has broad spectrum
activirty
Administered orally as well as
I/V.
Do not penetrate CSF
adequately.
Dose 100 mg twice daily with
food, initially 300 mg thrice
daily as a loading dose
hypertriglyceridemia,
Hypokalaemia, hepatotoxicty
FLUCONAZOLE
It is fluorinated bistriazole.
Completely absorbed from GIT
Excellent bioavailability by oral route.
Concentration in plasma is same by
oral or I/v route
Drug interactions are less common.
It easily penetrate CSF and is a drug
of choice in cryptococcal meningitis
and coccido mycosis
Candidiasis: 200 mg on 1st day then
100 mg daily for 2 weeks.
Cryptococcosis: 400 mg daily for 8
weeks in meningitis.
Hepatic failure may lead to death
It is highly teratogenic.
25. Voriconazole
A new drug available in i.v and oral
fromulations.
recommended dosage is 400 mg/ day
high biological availability when given orally
hepatic metabolism predominant.
it is similar to itraconazole but more potent.
26. FLUCYTOSINE
Has useful activity against Candida and Cryptococcus.
it is synthetic pyrimidine antimetabolite that is often used
in combination with amphotericin B.
Mechanism of action
It is converted to antimetabolite 5-florouracil in a fungal cell.
This 5-FU inhibits thymidylate synthetase enzyme and thus
DNA synthesis.
27.
dose 100-150 mg /kg per day divided into 4
doses.
Generally use in combination with
amphotericin
For cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients
Side effects:
reversible neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and
occasional bone marrow depression.
28. Caspofungin
It
is echinocandin class of antifungal drugs
it interferes with the synthesis of fungal cell wall by
inhibiting synthesis of D-glucan.
especially useful for aspergillus and candida.
not active orally.
Has half life of 9-11 hours
Adverse
effects include nausea ,vomiting, flushing
very expensive
35. Itraconazoledeep
mycosis
Divided dosage1st 3 days 200mg three
times(loading dose)
Maitainence dose200mg once daily for
12wks.
Flucanozole
Oesophageal candidiasis
200mg 1st day.
100mg daily for 2 wks.
Coccidioial meningitis
Cryptococcal meningitis400mg daily 8wks
later 200mg for life
36. Future prospects
Posaconazole
azoles.
& rabuconazole newer
Very effective in
treatment of
zygomycosis in
immunocompromised
Nikkomycins
newer antifungals act by
inhibiting chitin synthesis.
37. Sordarinsupcoming
Inhibits fungal growth by blocking
elongation factor2.
Two
class of antifungals
new echinocandins
Micafungin
Anidulafungin
Effective in
immunocomprimised pts
against aspergillus &
candida infections.
38. Recombinant
form of human granulocyte
colony stimulating factors like
Lenogastrin
increase neutrophil count in
neutropenia pts with fungal infections.
These
are used along with antifungal
agents to enhance their efficacy in
immunocompromised pts.
